New Research on Parenting Programs for Low Income
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NEW RESEARCH ON
PARENTING
PROGRAMS FOR
LOW-INCOME
FATHERS
Edited by Jay Fagan and Jessica Pearson
First published 2021
by Routledge
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158
and by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business.
© 2021 selection and editorial matter, Jay Fagan and Jessica Pearson;
individual chapters, the contributors.
The right of Jay Fagan and Jessica Pearson to be identified as the authors of
the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has
been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in
any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing
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Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or
registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation
without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this title has been requested
ISBN: 978-0-367-36343-7 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-36342-0 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-36344-4 (ebk)
Typeset in Bembo
by MPS Limited, Dehradun
Jay dedicates this book to his wife, Jo; two daughters, Anna Fried
and Lisa Fagan; his son-in-law, Eric Fried; and his grandson,
Jordan Fried.
Jessica dedicates this book to her grandchildren: Zeke, Jude,
Ezra, and Nomi Lev; Ronin and June Bucy; and Asher Pearson.
CONTENTS
About the Authors x
Foreword xxiii
Acknowledgments xxvii
1 Introduction 1
Jay Fagan and Jessica Pearson
2 The Effectiveness of Responsible Fatherhood Programs
Targeting Low-Income and Nonresident Fathers: A
Qualitative Meta-Synthesis 12
Erin Kramer Holmes, Clare R. Thomas, Braquel R. Egginton,
Virginia K. Leiter, and Alan J. Hawkins
3 Does Curriculum Matter? A Randomized Control Study
of the “Developing All Dads for Manhood and Parenting
Program (DAD MAP)” Curriculum 29
Bright Sarfo and Vernon Wallace
4 Factors Associated With Fatherhood Program
Effectiveness: A Randomized Controlled Trial of
TYRO Dads 44
Young-Il Kim, Sung Joon Jang, and Brenda J. Oyer
viii Contents
5 Engaging Fathers in Perinatal Home Visiting: Early
Lessons From a Randomized Controlled Study of Dads
Matter-HV 58
Jennifer L. Bellamy, Justin S. Harty, Aaron Banman, and Neil
B. Guterman
6 A Mixed‐Methods Evaluation of Key to Kane, a
Text‐Messaging Intervention for Fathers in Hawaii 74
Selva Lewin-Bizan, David “Kawika” Mattos, and Edeluisa
“Edel” Baguio-Larena
7 Challenges and Opportunities for Engaging Unmarried
Parents in Court-Ordered, Online Parenting Programs 90
Claire S. Tomlinson, Brittany N. Rudd, Amy G. Applegate,
and Amy Holtzworth-Munroe
8 A Mixed‐Methods Study of a Mother-Only Program to
Enhance Coparenting Relationships 105
Jay Fagan, Jessica Pearson, and Abigail Henson
9 Fatherhood and Coparenting: A Study of Engaging
Mothers in Paternal Involvement Interventions 118
Armon R. Perry, Aaron C. Rollins Jr., Ebony O’Rea, and
Abby, F. Perez
10 Engaging Mothers in Coparenting Services With the
Nonresident Fathers of Their Children via Fatherhood
Programs: Insights Into Barriers and Solutions 133
Kimberly Gentry Sperber and Sarah W. Whitton
11 “You Gotta Make Them Feel”: A Study of Evidence-
Informed Strategies for Addressing Domestic Violence in
Fatherhood Programs 148
Kristie A. Thomas and Fernando Mederos
12 Journey of a Policy Change to Include Fathers in
Homeless Shelters 168
Karin M. Eyrich-Garg and Karen M. Hudson
Contents ix
13 Estimating the Monetary Value of Fatherhood Programs 183
Richard A. Chase
14 Developing Father Inclusion Policy at the State Level: A
Qualitative Assessment of Enablers and Barriers 198
Jessica Pearson
15 What Have We Learned and Where Do We Go
From Here? 215
Jessica Pearson and Jay Fagan
Index 235
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Amy G. Applegate, Clinical Professor of Law and Ralph F. Fuchs Faculty
Fellow, and Director of the Viola J. Taliaferro Family and Children Mediation
Clinic, joined the faculty at the Indiana University Maurer School of Law in
2001. Ms. Applegate currently teaches mediation theory and practice in the
clinical law program that she developed at the Law School. Through this
program, law students provide mediation services to indigent and low-income
litigants in disputed custody, parenting-time, and other family law cases. Ms.
Applegate has received teaching, research, and service awards for her work. She
has been a leader in clinical legal education on the national level, and actively and
significantly involved in state and local bar activities, with a special emphasis in
the areas of delivery of pro bono services, training mediators, and mediation
ethics. Ms. Applegate and colleagues have conducted research on family law
issues, focusing on families experiencing parental divorce or separation. She and
her colleagues have developed and tested the best methods of screening for a
history of intimate partner violence (IPV) in cases seeking family mediation. They
also conduct randomized controlled trials testing the effectiveness of family law
interventions, including different mediation approaches (for both families with
and without histories of IPV) and online parent education programs. Ms.
Applegate has co-authored many publications in her research areas.
Additionally, she has presented individually, as well as with her collaborators,
in presentations at state, national, and international conferences about her
research and practice areas.
Edeluisa “Edel” Baguio-Larena is the Chief Executive Officer of Maui
Family Support Services, Inc. (MFSS), a private nonprofit agency providing
40 years of continuous services to the children and families of Maui County.
About the Authors xi
Through multiple programs that include Early Head Start–Center base and
Homebased, Early Identification and Community Resources, Healthy Families
America, Youth Services, and more, the mission of MFSS is to promote healthy
family functioning by providing supportive services that build on family
strengths. She joined MFSS in 2001 and served in various leadership positions
within the agency until she became the CEO in 2014. Her interests include
community and family engagement, early childhood education, participatory
leadership, and management. Ms. Baguio-Larena holds a bachelor of science in
social work and a master’s in international and intercultural management. Most
importantly, Ms. Baguio-Larena and her husband, who live in Maui, HI, are the
proud parents of boy and girl twins who are turning 15 soon. Every day, they
inspire Ms. Baguio-Larena to invest her time and energy in supporting families
and children to thrive.
Aaron Banman, PhD, LCSW, is an Assistant Professor, at Grace Abbott
School of Social Work at the University of Nebraska at Omaha (UNO) and a
Faculty Fellow at the Support and Training for the Evaluation of Programs
(STEPs) at UNO. He earned his PhD at the University of Chicago, School of
Social Service Administration, where he was a recipient of a Doris Duke
Fellowship for the Promotion of Child Well-Being. He received his master's of
social work from Columbia University School of Social Work, and a BA in social
work from St. Olaf College. Dr. Banman's research interests include fathers and
fathering; prevention of child maltreatment; child welfare; intervention
development and adaptation; evidence-based practice; and implementation of
evidence-based practice within human services organizations. He has worked on
the Dads Matter project since its inception.
Jennifer L. Bellamy, PhD, is the Associate Dean for Research and Faculty
Development and Professor at the Graduate School of Social Work (GSSW) at the
University of Denver. She received her master's of science in social work from
The University of Texas at Austin in 2000. Before earning her PhD, she worked
as a Crisis Counselor and a Project Coordinator for a multisite demonstration
project serving young, unmarried, low-income fathers. Dr. Bellamy completed
her PhD at the Columbia University School of Social Work in 2006 and
postdoctoral training at the George Warren Brown School of Social Work at
Washington University in Saint Louis in 2008. Her current research and
scholarship focus on the engagement of fathers in child and family services,
child welfare, and evidence-based practice. She is currently engaged in the
development and testing of strategies and interventions to better serve fathers in
child welfare as Principal Investigator on the Fathers and Continuous Learning in
Child Welfare Project in Partnership with Mathematica Policy Research.
Dr. Bellamy is also the Co-Developer of an intervention designed to better
engage fathers in home visiting services to prevent child maltreatment called Dads
xii About the Authors
Matter-HV. She serves as Board Member-At-Large for the Society for Social
Work and Research and Co-Chairs the Council on Social Work Education
Evidence-Based Practice Track.
Richard Chase, Senior Research Manager at Wilder Research, for 37 years
worked with diverse community-based groups, foundations, and government
agencies to design and carry out useful studies focused on equity, outcomes, and
improvement. Now retired, Richard led Wilder's economic studies unit, which
conducts cost–benefit and return on investment studies of educational and social
programs. Richard studied early childhood policies, services, and indicators
and evaluated the effectiveness of school readiness, prevention, and capacity-
building programs for children, youth, and families. He also co-developed tools
for measuring and promoting family and community knowledge and engagement
through an asset-based approach (https://www.wilder.org/wilder-research/research-
library/center-family-and-community-data-knowledge-and-well-being-0). Richard
holds a doctorate in American Studies from the University of Minnesota.
Braquel R. Egginton, received her MS in marriage, family, and human
development from Brigham Young University and is currently working toward a
PhD in human environmental science at the University of Missouri. The focus of
her research is to explore the diversity of the stepfamily experience to identify
factors that promote positive family interactions and resilience for these families.
This includes an exploration of the nonresidential parent–child relationships in
addition to children’s relationships with their resident biological and step-parents.
Recent work has also included an exploration of stepcouple relationships, and the
positive impact couple relationship education programs can have for these
couples.
Karin M. Eyrich-Garg, LCSW, is an Associate Professor and MSW Program
Director at Temple University School of Social Work. Her training is in social
work and psychiatric epidemiology. Dr. Eyrich-Garg’s research focuses on
vulnerable populations, with special attention to people experiencing
homelessness. She has examined the strength and resilience as well as
challenges these populations encounter. Her research has included the topics of
substance use, mental health, technology use, engagement in treatment, faith/
spirituality, and volunteerism. Dr. Eyrich-Garg is also a Licensed Clinical Social
Worker. She has practice experience with women experiencing homelessness and
co-occurring substance use and mental health problems; families who have a child
with a behavioral health disorder; and youth in the foster care system.
Jay Fagan, PhD, is Professor in the School of Social Work at Temple University
and Co-Director of the Fatherhood Research and Practice Network, funded
between 2013 and 2019 by the Administration for Children and Families (Grant
About the Authors xiii
#90PR0006, OPRE). His research has focused on father–child relationships and
coparenting in nonresidential and low-income families; responsible fatherhood
programs; coparenting interventions for low-income, nonresidential fathers;
fathers with children in Head Start and child welfare; adolescent fathers; family
structure effects on young children; fathers and early childhood programs;
fathering in the context of family processes; and the relationship between
childcare and work–family balance among low-income women. He is currently
conducting studies on the association between early paternal and maternal risk
and child social-emotional development in middle childhood. He published the
textbook, Fathers and Early Childhood Programs (Delmar Publishing, 2004), with
Dr. Glen Palm, and Clinical and Educational Interventions with Fathers (Haworth
Press, 2001), with Dr. Alan J. Hawkins. Dr. Fagan has published 88 peer-
reviewed research papers, mostly on fathers. He was the founding editor of the
journal, Fathering. He has taught human behavior and social environment courses
at Temple University since 1990.
Neil B. Guterman, PhD, serves as Dean and Paulette Goddard Professor at the
NYU Silver School of Social Work. Dr. Guterman holds scholarly interests in
services targeting children and violence, with special interest in child abuse and
neglect prevention. He has published numerous peer-reviewed articles on these
topics and is the author of Stopping Child Maltreatment Before it Starts: Emerging
Horizons in Early Home Visitation Services (Sage, 2001). His expertise has been
sought by the U.S. Surgeon General’s Office, the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention, the International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and
Neglect, Prevent Child Abuse America, Children’s Trust Funds, and the
National Conference of State Legislatures. He consults as an editor to a
number of professional journals, including Child Abuse and Neglect, Social Work,
and the American Journal of Public Health, and serves on the editorial board of Child
Maltreatment. Dr. Guterman is a Fellow of the American Academy of Social Work
and Social Welfare and previously served as Dean, the Moses and Sylvia Firestone
Professor, and Director of the Beatrice Cummings Mayer Program in Violence
Prevention at the University of Chicago School of Social Service Administration.
From 1993 to 2006, he served on the faculty of the Columbia University School
of Social Work and was a Lady Davis Postdoctoral Fellow at the Hebrew
University in Jerusalem. Dr. Guterman holds a PhD in Social Work and
Psychology, and an MSW from the University of Michigan. He earned his BA
in psychology with highest honors from the University of California, Santa Cruz.
Justin S. Harty, MSW, LCSW, is a doctoral candidate at the University of
Chicago School of Social Service Administration. He earned bachelor’s degrees
in both sociology and philosophy from the University of Illinois at Urbana-
Champaign in 2011. He received his master’s of social work, with a
concentration in children and families from the Jane Addams College of Social
xiv About the Authors
Work at the University of Illinois at Chicago in 2013. After earning a master’s
degree, Mr. Harty worked for three years as a foster care worker in Chicago. He
is a licensed clinical social worker serving child welfare–involved fathers and
provides father-focused trainings to child welfare, foster care, and family-
strengthening agencies around father involvement and engagement. Mr.
Harty’s research interests include the outcomes and preparedness of young
fathers aging out of the foster care system, father engagement in child welfare
services, and father-related social services in the history of the social work
profession. His current research examines ways to better serve fathers in home
visiting, child welfare, and foster care settings. He is currently conducting his
dissertation research on the experiences and needs of young Black fathers in foster
care as they leave state care and transition to independent adulthood and early
fatherhood. He is a Research Assistant on the Dads Matter-HV study testing a
father-focused enhancement to home visiting services. He is also the Project
Coordinator and Research Assistant on the California Youth Transitions to
Adulthood Study (CalYOUTH), examining the impact of extended foster care
among transition-age foster youth in California.
Alan J. Hawkins, PhD, is a Professor and Director of the School of Family Life
at Brigham University in Provo, Utah. He earned a PhD in Human
Development and Family Studies at Pennsylvania State University in 1990.
Dr. Hawkins’ scholarship and outreach efforts focus on educational interventions
and policies to help couples form and sustain healthy marriages and relationships
and to help fathers be deeply involved in the lives of their children. He is widely
cited for his work that examines the overall effectiveness of marriage and
relationship education, as well as fatherhood education, including nearly 10 peer-
reviewed meta-analytic studies of the overall effectiveness of these educational
programs. He has been intricately involved in state and federal policy efforts to
strengthen families. In 2002–2003, he was a visiting scholar with the Office of
Planning, Research, and Evaluation (OPRE), Administration for Children and
Families, working on the Federal Healthy Marriage and Responsible Fatherhood
Initiative. He was the Research Director for the original National Healthy
Marriage Resource Center from 2004 to 2006. He is the past-Chair of the Utah
Marriage Commission. He has served on the Research Advisory Group for the
Oklahoma Marriage Initiative since 2010.
Abigail Henson, PhD, is an Assistant Professor in the School of Criminology
and Criminal Justice at Arizona State University. Her research interests include
policy and program evaluation and the impact of corrections and policing on
identity, families, and communities. Her work strives to shift narratives and
eliminate stigmas by both engaging in strengths-based, human-centered
frameworks and applying a critical gaze toward systemic injustices.
About the Authors xv
Erin Kramer Holmes, PhD, is the Marjorie Pay Hinckley Associate Professor in
the Brigham Young University School of Family Life. She earned her PhD at The
University of Texas at Austin. Dr. Holmes’ research focuses on fathering,
mothering, and the work–family interface. For her research in these areas, Dr.
Holmes won the National Council on Family Relations Award for Best Research
Article by a New Professional, and was a finalist for the international Rosabeth Moss
Kanter Award for Excellence in Work-Family Research (placing her article in the
top seven of 2,500 articles published on work and family in 2012). She has received
various departmental, college, and university awards for her research, teaching,
mentoring, and service. She currently serves on the editorial boards of Journal of
Marriage and Family, Family Relations, and Journal of Family Theory and Review.
Amy Holtzworth-Munroe, PhD, is a Professor in Indiana University’s (IU)
Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences. She has a PhD, in clinical
psychology, from the University of Washington. She has conducted research on
intimate partner violence (IPV) since the mid-1980s. Her research initially
compared the social information processing skills of violent and nonviolent
husbands and the communication behaviors of violent and nonviolent couples.
Her team then developed and tested a typology of male batterers, highlighting
dimensions that differentiate various types of IPV. Since 2006, in collaboration
with others, Dr. Holtzworth-Munroe has conducted research on family law
issues, focusing on families experiencing parental divorce or separation. The
research team has developed and tested IPV screening measures for cases seeking
family mediation. They also conduct randomized controlled trials testing the
effectiveness of family law interventions, including online parent education
programs, mediation approaches designed to help parents focus on their
children’s needs, and mediation approaches designed to be safer for parties
reporting high levels of IPV. Dr. Holtzworth-Munroe has co-authored
numerous research publications, encyclopedia entries, and book chapters on
IPV and family law. She has served as a grant reviewer and on journal editorial
boards. She was a member of Association of Family and Conciliation Court
(AFCC) national taskforces writing policy on family law issues, such as new
AFCC guidelines for child custody evaluators to use when assessing IPV. Dr.
Holtzworth-Munroe is a Fellow in the Association for Psychological Science, and
a recipient of the Stanley Cohen Distinguished Research Award from the AFCC.
Karen M. Hudson, PhD, LSW, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and
University of Pennsylvania. Her practice interests converge at the intersection of
health caredelivery, advocacy, health education, the training of health care
professionals, and family homelessness. Her practice efforts involve improving the
health and wellness of children and families experiencing homeless and reducing
health disparities that could negatively impact this goal. Her research interests
have focused on both the exclusion and inclusion of fathers from family homeless
xvi About the Authors
shelters and efforts to understand the barriers to their involvement and
contributions to the health and wellness of their children living in shelters.
Sung Joon Jang is Research Professor of Criminology and Co-Director of the
Program on Prosocial Behavior at the Institute for Studies of Religion at Baylor
University. His research focuses on the effects of strain and religion on criminal
offending and desistance and has appeared in various journals of criminology and
criminal justice. Mr. Jang is currently conducting a series of studies on the
rehabilitative effects of faith-based programs on prisoners in Colombia and South
Africa as well as in the United States.
Young-Il Kim is Department Chair and Assistant Professor of Sociology at
George Fox University. Prior to joining George Fox, he worked as a
Postdoctoral Scholar and a Research Assistant Professor at the Baylor Institute
for Studies of Religion, where he embarked on a research project that spawned a
chapter in this edited book. His research interests revolve around family,
voluntary associations, and prosocial behavior. He has published articles on
these topics in The Sociological Quarterly, Social Science Research, Nonprofit and
Voluntary Sector Quarterly, Sociological Perspectives, and Review of Religious Research.
Virginia K. Leiter is a graduate student in the Brigham Young University
School of Family Life. Her research interests include fathering, mothering,
poverty, and immigration, with a focus on intersectionality between these factors.
Selva Lewin-Bizan, PhD, is a teaching faculty at the Lynch School of
Education and Human Development at Boston College, and was previously a
faculty member at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. She teaches developmental
and methodology courses and guides students in independent research. Dr.
Lewin‐Bizan’s practice and research interest and experience lie in the area of
fatherhood, ranging from direct work with parents to basic research on the
father–child relationship to evaluation research of programs that aim to support
men’s parenting. She has collaborated with practitioners and state‐level
government on studying and responding to central issues of concern for fathers
and fathering. Dr. Lewin‐Bizan earned a PhD in developmental psychology from
the Lynch School at Boston College, a Master’s degree from the School of Social
Service Administration at the University of Chicago, and a Bachelor’s degree
from the Bob Shapell School of Social Work at the Tel‐Aviv University.
David “Kawika” Mattos is the Program Supervisor and Lead Facilitator at
Kāne Connections, the men’s support team at Maui Family Support Services,
Inc. (MFSS), a private nonprofit agency providing 40 years of continuous services
to the children and families of Maui County. The mission of MFSS is to promote
healthy family functioning by providing supportive services that build on family
About the Authors xvii
strengths. Mr. Mattos also provides life skills classes to men and women at the
Aloha House Residential Treatment Center and is the current Chairman of the
Hawaii State Commission on Fatherhood. Self-development and always learning
something new have been Mr. Mattos’s quest, even after dropping out of college
after getting married and starting a family. He has learned psychology through
many various ways, which has enhanced his own personal self-growth.
Mr. Mattos lives in Maui, HI, and has been married to his wife for 33 years, is
the father of four sons—two of them adopted biological brothers—and one
daughter, ages 22–33, and the grandfather of four grandsons and two
granddaughters, ages 2–13. Over the years he and his wife have also fostered
more than 30 teenagers that were deemed high risk in the community. To be
able to help, educate, and support others is truly a great blessing to him.
Fernando Mederos, Ed.D., is a practitioner and collaborator in studies focused
on low-income men, domestic violence, and fatherhood. He is interested in
approaches that build on men’s strengths and core values to help them move
toward self-care, responsibility, and safe and nurturing relationships with partners
and children. In 2016, as adjunct faculty at Simmons College Graduate School of
Social Work, he began collaborating with Dr. Kristie Thomas on research on
fatherhood groups and low-income fathers. Before joining Simmons, he was
Director of Fatherhood Engagement at the Massachusetts Department of
Children and Families (DCF) for nine years (2006–2015). At DCF, he stressed
the importance of identifying and working with all fathers and male caretakers
(including stepfathers and boyfriends, for example) in the appropriate way,
depending upon the men’s strengths and risks. This strength- and responsibility-
based approach built on strengths such as the desire to be a good father and
responsible nurturing, but it also privileged the safety of all family members, and
was proactive on mental health, substance abuse, and domestic violence.
Ebony O’Rea is the Founder of Making Changes Together, LLC, and is a
Consultant for local and national organizations focused on building stronger
communities and creating lasting impact. As a social worker, Ms. O’Rea has
dedicated years to strengthening social networks, sharing opportunities, resources,
and developing organizational strategies through facilitating conversations and
trainings focused on education, leadership development, and community
organizing. She cultivates relationships that deliver value, respect,
accountability, and reciprocity. Ms. O’Rea earned her master's from the
University of Louisville Kent School of Social Work, where her studies
concentrated on policy change for social justice issues with a heavy emphasis
on fatherhood practices and policy.
Brenda J. Oyer currently serves as Research Development Officer for Bowling
Green State University (BGSU) in Ohio, where she assists faculty in developing
