Student 1 : Fatih Çakır 2515765 Date : 26.10.
2022
Student 2 : Berkay Sayer 2516854 Group : Wednesday Afternoon
Assistant : Mehmet Çetinkaya
Experiment 1
Introduction to Voltage, Current, and Resistance Measurements
Introduction
The purpose of the experiment is to learn about the oscilloscope and signal generator, to
teach the use of these instruments, and to teach what they can do with them. In the first two steps,
we connected the Channel 1 probes of the oscilloscope to the oscilloscope itself; then, we
investigated the square waves produced by the oscilloscope by changing the settings. We played
with the vertical-horizontal division and position control settings and measured the peak-to-peak
and frequency values of the signal by counting the squares on display. Then, using the submenu and
softkeys, we observed the AC-DC coupling difference and the function of the "Invert" button, and we
repeated all these steps for Channel 2. In step 4, we pressed the "Cursor" button and calculated the
waveform's peak-to-peak, frequency, and period values using the x and y type cursors. In step 5, we
pressed the "Measure" button and calculated these values using this mode. The 6th step aimed to
calculate the phase difference of the circuit created using a signal generator, capacitor, and resistor.
We set the signal generator to "High Z" mode and measured the phase difference with the
oscilloscope using two different methods by using cursors in "X-Y" mode and "Time-Mode". The next
step aimed to measure amplitude and frequency with the "Measure" function of the oscilloscope
after operating the signal generator in "High Z" and sinusoidal waveform mode and adjusting it to
the desired peak-to-peak and frequency values. Step 8 was aimed to teach the oscilloscope trigger
system. We connected Channel 1 of the oscilloscope to the signal generator and Channel 2 to the
probe comp, set it to the trigger mode and selected the source, Channel 1 and Channel 2, one by
one. We then observed the steady signal one by one and played with the frequency of the sinusoidal
wave until they both became a steady waveform. We interpreted the differences in cases where the
frequency of the sinusoidal wave is lower and higher than the square wave. The purpose of the last
step is to perform mathematical operations using the oscilloscope. We built a circuit consisting of
the signal generator, 1k, and 1.5k resistors; then, we made some mathematical operations on the
resistors' amplitudes using the oscilloscope's "Math" function.
Experimental Results
Step 1:
Table 1. Peak-to-Peak Voltage and Period Values
Measured Value Square # and Scale Value
Peak-to-Peak Voltage 2.5 squares in 1V scale 2.5 V
Period 2 squares in 500μs scale 1000 μs
a) Playing with the “Vertical Division Control” of the Channel 1 changed the scale of V. As
increasing the scale increases the voltage value represented by a single square, the graph appears to
shorten on the vertical axis. Downscaling gives the opposite reaction.
Student 1 : Fatih Çakır 2515765 Date : 26.10.2022
Student 2 : Berkay Sayer 2516854 Group : Wednesday Afternoon
Assistant : Mehmet Çetinkaya
b) Playing with the “Horizontal Division Control” of the Channel 1 changed the scale of
period. As increasing the scale increases the time value represented by a single square, the graph
appears to shorten on the horizontal axis. Downscaling gives the opposite reaction.
c) “Vertical Position Control” changes the reference point that corresponds to the ground
level of the waveform, the arrow representing the reference point moves up and down with the
movement of the knob.
d) “Horizontal Position Control” adds a positive or negative delay to the wave, causing the
wave to move left or right.
Discussion:
First, we observed how a wave looks on the screen of the oscilloscope and learned how to
read a wave using the scales (squares). Then, we played with different settings of the oscilloscope
and learned what each knob or button does experimentally. We also pushed the knobs and
observed it changed the sensitivity of the knob. This step helped us to use the oscilloscope with ease
in the other steps.
Step 2:
a) Changing the coupling mode from “DC” to “AC” resulted in a change in the position of
the reference point from the lowest point of the wave to the middle point of the wave.
b) Invert button reversed the wave with respect to the reference point. In other words, the
reference point moved from the lowest point of the graph to the highest point of the
graph.
Student 1 : Fatih Çakır 2515765 Date : 26.10.2022
Student 2 : Berkay Sayer 2516854 Group : Wednesday Afternoon
Assistant : Mehmet Çetinkaya
Discussion:
We experimented with “AC-DC coupling” and “Invert” modes and observed the results. As
far as we saw AC coupling mode moves the reference point to the middle of the graph and DC
coupling mode moves the reference point to the bottom of the graph. The "Invert" button is used
for the inversion of the graph in other words it moves the reference point from the bottom part to
the upper part of the graph.
Student 1 : Fatih Çakır 2515765 Date : 26.10.2022
Student 2 : Berkay Sayer 2516854 Group : Wednesday Afternoon
Assistant : Mehmet Çetinkaya
Step 3: The results were the same, but we needed to use the “Trigger” button at first.
Discussion:
We observed that the first and second channels work exactly the same way. But since the
"trigger" is adjusted for the first channel in the first two steps, we had to adjust the "trigger" for the
second channel in order to get a stable graphic on the second channel.
Step 4:
b)
Table 2. Cursor Values and Calculations for part 4b
Cursor Value
Y1 -100.0 mV
Y2 +2.4125 V
Peak-to-peak Value(ΔY) +2.512 5V
c)
Table 3. Cursor Values and Calculations for part 4c
Cursor Value
X1 -1.00 ms
X2 0.00 s
Period(ΔX) 1.00 ms
Frequency(1/ΔX) 1.000 kHz
Discussion:
We learned how to use cursors to measure some properties of the graph. First, we played
with the "Cursors Knob" and understood how it operates. Then, for the b step, we moved Y1 to the
bottom of the graph and Y2 to the upper peak of the graph. Then calculated the peak-to-peak value
by subtracting the Y1 value from the Y2 value. The procedure for the c step was similar. First, we
moved X1 to a rising point of the graph and moved X2 to the next rising point of the graph. Then
again calculated period by subtracting X1 from X2. We calculated frequency by taking the reciprocal
of the period.
Step 5:
a) Automatically measured value of the peak-to-peak voltage: 2.53V
b) Automatically measured period: 998.8 μs
Student 1 : Fatih Çakır 2515765 Date : 26.10.2022
Student 2 : Berkay Sayer 2516854 Group : Wednesday Afternoon
Assistant : Mehmet Çetinkaya
c) Automatically measured frequency: 1.001 kHz
Discussion: We learned how to use the “Measure” function of the oscilloscope in this step. We
observed that oscilloscopes can automatically measure certain properties including the ones that we
calculated in the former step of the graph with ease. When we compared the oscilloscope's results
with our own results, we saw that they are really close which means our calculations were accurate.
Step 6:
Figure 1. The circuit diagram for Part 6. (R=3.3 kΩ, C=47 nF.)
a)
Student 1 : Fatih Çakır 2515765 Date : 26.10.2022
Student 2 : Berkay Sayer 2516854 Group : Wednesday Afternoon
Assistant : Mehmet Çetinkaya
Table 4. Measurements and Calculations for Part 6a
Measurements and Calculations Results
ΔT: horizontal spacing of the peak values 89 μs
(or the zero crossings) of the two signals
T: horizontal spacing for one period. 500 μs
ϴ=(ΔT/T) *360 (phase difference in 64.08 °
degrees)
ϴ=(ΔT/T) *2π (phase difference in 0.089π
radians)
b)
Table 5. Measurements and Calculations for Part 6b
Measurements and Calculations Results
B: vertical difference between highest and 1.804V
lowest points
A: vertical difference between the points 1.602V
where the graph intersects the y-axis
ϴ =sin-1(A/B) (phase difference in degrees) 62.626 °
Student 1 : Fatih Çakır 2515765 Date : 26.10.2022
Student 2 : Berkay Sayer 2516854 Group : Wednesday Afternoon
Assistant : Mehmet Çetinkaya
Discussion:
First, we set up the circuit given in Figure 1. Then we set up the signal generator’s peak-to-
peak value of the voltage to 4V and frequency to 2kHz by looking at the vin(t) function. Then we
connected the CH1 and CH2 probes as seen in Figure 1 in order to observe vin(t) and vo(t)
simultaneously. When we looked at the graph, we saw a phase difference because of the capacitor
in the circuit. Then, we calculated the time difference between two consecutive peaks of different
graphs and the period of one graph (both can be used since they have the same period) using
cursors. Using these calculations, we found the phase difference (both in degrees and radians) using
the formulas given in the Table 4. For the b part, we changed the “Time Mode” to “X-Y” mode and
observed an ellipsoid on the screen which can be seen in the “Voltage of CH2 versus Voltage of CH1”
graph. We enlarged this ellipsoid as much as possible and again using the cursors calculated the
vertical difference between the highest and lowest points and the vertical difference between the
points where the graph intersects the y-axis. Using the formula given in the Table 5 and our results,
we calculated the phase difference in degrees. When we compared our results in the part a and part
b we saw that they are really close which means our calculations are accurate.
Step 7:
Table 6. Amplitude and Frequency Measurement Results
Measurements Results
Amplitude 3.06V
Frequency 1.0026 kHz
Discussion:
First, we adjusted the peak-to-peak value of the voltage to 3V and frequency to 1.003kHz in
the signal generator. Then we connected Channel 1 of the oscilloscope directly to the signal
generator. Using the “Autoscale” button scaled the graph. Then using the “Measure” function of the
oscilloscope measured the amplitude and frequency of the signal. We observed that the
oscilloscope's measurements were really close to the real values of the wave. The differences may
be caused by inconsistencies in the oscilloscope and signal generator and some measurement errors
in the “Measure” function.
Step 8:
a) Signal 1 was steady when we selected the source as “CH 1” for triggering.
b) Signal 2 was steady when we selected the source as “CH 2” for triggering.
c) Two steady waveforms were observed when the frequency value was 1001.16 Hz.
The sinusoidal wave was going to right when sinusoidal wave frequency was lower
and going to right when sinusoidal wave frequency was higher.
Student 1 : Fatih Çakır 2515765 Date : 26.10.2022
Student 2 : Berkay Sayer 2516854 Group : Wednesday Afternoon
Assistant : Mehmet Çetinkaya
Discussion:
First, we connected the CH2 probe to the “Probe Comp” output while the CH1 probe was
still connected to the function generator. After pressing the “Autoscale” button both waves were
observable. After selecting the “Trigger” source as CH1 the wave from Channel 1 was steady and the
second wave was moving. For part b, we chose CH2 as the trigger source that caused the second
wave to be stable and the first wave to move. Then we adjusted the function generator's frequency
digit by digit until we get two steady waves. We observed two steady waves at 1.00116 kHz. When
we arranged sinusoidal wave frequency to a higher value than 1.00116 kHz we observed that the
sinusoidal wave was moving to right relative to the stable CH2 wave and it was moving to the left
when we arranged the frequency lower than other wave. We tried to explain this situation from our
point of view. Each frame reflected on the oscilloscope's screen will reference the start of the source
signal in the trigger mode Assuming that one source signal wave is reflected in each frame, if the
frequency of the non-source signal is lower than the source signal's frequency, less than one wave of
the non-source signal will enter the frame. In the next frame, the wave will continue from where it
left off, so it will seem as if it is shifting to the right. If the frequency of the non-source signal is
higher than the frequency of the source signal, this time more than one wave of non-source signals
will enter each frame. Since the wave will continue from where it left off in the next frame, more
than one wave of the non-source signal will appear in each frame, so it will seem as if it is shifting to
the left.
Step 9:
a and b)
Figure 2. The circuit diagram for Part 9.
Student 1 : Fatih Çakır 2515765 Date : 26.10.2022
Student 2 : Berkay Sayer 2516854 Group : Wednesday Afternoon
Assistant : Mehmet Çetinkaya
Discussion:
First, we set up the circuit given in Figure 2. Then we set up the signal generator’s peak-to-
peak value of the voltage to 4V and frequency to 2kHz by looking at the vin(t) function. We
connected the Channel 1 and Channel 2 probes as shown in Figure 2. First, we observed that two
different waves were formed on the screen with different amplitudes in the same phase. This is
because in the circuit we are only measuring the voltage across two LTI resistors of different values.
Then, using the "Math" function and the necessary operators, we had the oscilloscope calculate the
differences and then the sums of these two waves, respectively, and observed them on the screen.
The “-” operator subtracts the signal in CH2 from the signal in CH1 and the “+” operator sums the
signals in CH1 and CH2. The plotted versions of these two results in MATLAB can be seen in the
"’Voltage versus Time Graph’ of two signals in different channels and their mathematical
operations".
Conclusion
In the first step, we learned that the vertical division control button controls the scale of V,
and the horizontal division control button controls the scale of the period. We observed that the
value represented by a single square increases with increasing scale value. And we observed that as
the scale increases, the graph gets shorter on the axis where the scale is controlled. Then, we
noticed that the vertical position control button is used to change the position of the waveform
ground level vertically, and the horizontal position control knob moves the waveform to the right or
left; in other words, it adds a delay. In the second step, when we changed the coupling mode from
DC to AC, we noticed that the position of the reference point came to the middle of the wave from
the bottom of the wave. We observed that the invert button takes the symmetry of the wave with
respect to the reference point. In the third step, we repeated Step 1 and Step 2 by using Channel 2,
and we get the same results. Also, we learned that if we want to observe a steady waveform when
changing the channel, we need to adjust the trigger setting of the oscilloscope. In the fourth step,
Student 1 : Fatih Çakır 2515765 Date : 26.10.2022
Student 2 : Berkay Sayer 2516854 Group : Wednesday Afternoon
Assistant : Mehmet Çetinkaya
we learned to measure the waveform's peak-to-peak value, frequency, and period by using X and Y
type cursors. In the fifth step, we measured the waveform's peak-to-peak value, frequency and
period using the oscilloscope's "Measure" function. When we compared the measurements of the
oscilloscope with the results we measured in the previous step, we found that they were pretty
close, and we concluded that we made an accurate measurement. In the sixth step, after adjusting
the signal generator to the desired values, we tried to calculate the phase difference caused by the
capacitor in the circuit with the help of the oscilloscope. We calculated the phase difference in both
"Time Mode" and "X-Y" modes, and we saw that the phase differences we calculated in these two
modes are pretty close. We thought that the difference was due to measurement errors. In the
seventh step, we adjusted the signal generator to the desired values, connected it to the
oscilloscope, and observed a sinusoidal wave. We measured the amplitude and frequency of the
signal using the "Measure" function of the oscilloscope. We observed that the measured values and
the expected output values from the signal generator are pretty close to each other. We thought
there was a slight difference due to inconsistencies in the oscilloscope and signal generator. In the
eighth step, we selected channel 1 and channel 2 as sources for triggering one by one, and observed
that the signal selected as a source was steady. Then we chose channel 2 as the source and played
with the generator's frequency until we observed two steady waveforms, so we aimed to equalize
the frequency of the signal in channel 1 with the signal in channel 2. Finally, we observed that the
signal in channel 1 shifts left or right depending on whether the frequency of the signal coming from
the signal generator is higher or lower than the frequency of the source signal. We thought the
reason for this was related to the number of waves of the non-source signal in each frame. In the
ninth step, we adjusted the signal generator to the desired value; then, we connected the
oscilloscope's channel 1 and channel 2 to 1k and 1.5k resistors, respectively. Afterward, we
performed mathematical operations on the signals in channel 1 and channel 2 using the "Math"
function of the oscilloscope. Additionally, we validated operations such as addition and subtraction
using cursors.
Appendix I
Total time spent on/during:
● Pre-lab preparation: 1.0 hours (average of both students) (including the preliminary work
& simulations)
● Experimental work: 2.5 hours (hours spent in lab)
● Report writing: 5.0 hours
