SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Approved by AICTE & Permanently Affiliated to JNTUA

Ayyalurmetta, Nandyal – 518503. Website: www.svrec.ac.in
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

(19A04305) BASIC SIMULATION LAB ( R19)

II B. Tech (ECE) I Semester 2020-21

STUDENT NAME
ROLL NUMBER
SECTION
 SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Approved by AICTE & Permanently Affiliated to JNTUA
Ayyalurmetta, Nandyal – 518503. Website: www.svrec.ac.in

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2020-2021

This is to certify that the bonafide record work done by

Mr./Ms.___________________________________________ bearing

H.T.NO. _____________________ of II B. Tech I Semester in the

BASIC SIMULATION LAB

Faculty In-Charge Head of the Department

 JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPURAMU

B.Tech –II-I Sem (19A04305) BASIC SIMULATION LAB

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS Branch: ECE Regulation:R19

1. Write a program to generate various Signals and Sequences: Periodic and Aperiodic, Unit Impulse, Unit Step,
Square, Saw tooth, Triangular, Sinusoidal, Ramp, Sinc function.

2. Perform operations on Signals and Sequences: Addition, Multiplication, Scaling, Shifting, Folding,
Computation of Energy and Average Power.

3. Write a program to find the trigonometric & exponential Fourier series coefficients of a rectangular periodic
signal. Reconstruct the signal by combining the Fourier series coefficients with appropriate weightages- Plot
the discrete spectrum of the signal.

4. Write a program to find Fourier transform of a given signal. Plot its amplitude and phase spectrum.

5. Write a program to convolve two discrete time sequences. Plot all the sequences.

6. Write a program to find auto correlation and cross correlation of given sequences.

7. Write a program to verify Linearity and Time Invariance properties of a given Continuous/Discrete System.

8. Write a program to generate discrete time sequence by sampling a continuous time signal. Show that with
sampling rates less than Nyquist rate, aliasing occurs while reconstructing the signal.

9. Write a program to find magnitude and phase response of first order low pass and high

pass filter. Plot the responses in logarithmic scale.

10. Write a program to find response of a low pass filter and high pass filter, when a speech signal is passed
through these filters.

11. Write a program to generate Complex Gaussian noise and find its mean, variance, Probability Density
Function (PDF) and Power Spectral Density (PSD).

12. Generate a Random data (with bipolar) for a given data rate (say 10kbps). Plot the same for a time period of
0.2 sec.

13. To plot pole-zero diagram in S-plane/Z-plane of given signal/sequence and verify its stability.

Note: All the experiments are to be simulated using MATLAB or equivalent software.
 ECE DEPT VISION & MISSION PEOs and PSOs

Vision

To produce highly skilled, creative and competitive Electronics and Communication Engineers to meet the

emergingneeds of the society.

Mission

 Impart core knowledge and necessary skills in Electronics and Communication Engineering

Through innovative teaching and learning.

 Inculcate critical thinking, ethics, lifelong learning and creativity needed for industry and society

 Cultivate the students with all-round competencies, for career, higher education and self-employability

I. PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOS)

PEO1: Graduates apply their knowledge of mathematics and science to identify, analyze and solve
problems in the field of Electronics and develop sophisticated communication systems.

PEO2: Graduates embody a commitment to professional ethics, diversity and social awareness in
theirprofessional career.

PEO3: Graduates exhibit a desire for life-long learning through technical training and

professional activities.

II. PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOS)

PSO1: Apply the fundamental concepts of electronics and communication engineering to design a
variety of components and systems for applications including signal processing, image
processing, communication, networking, embedded systems, VLSI and control system

PSO2: Select and apply cutting-edge engineering hardware and software tools to solve complex
Electronics and Communication Engineering problems.
III. PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (PO’S)

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals,

and anengineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering
problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and
engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design
system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the
public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research methods
including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to
provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an
understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in
societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable
development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of
the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in
diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering
community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and
design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering
and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to
manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

IV. COURSE OBJECTIVES:

 To introduce MATLAB and use it as a computation and visualization tool in the study of Signals &
Systems.
 Students will then be exposed to the applications of MATLAB to signal analysis and system design.
 Synthesize Laplace transform and able to locate poles and zeros of a system.
 Compute various statistical properties of a random noise and verify whether it is stationary.
 Apply convolution and correlation operations on different signals.
 V. COURSE OUTCOMES:

After the completion of the course students will be able to

Course Course Outcome statements BTL

Outcomes
To study about signals and systems
CO1 L1

To do analysis of signals & systems (continuous and discrete) using

time
CO2 L2
domain & frequency domain methods

Students able to learn Various signals and Sequences (Periodic and

CO3 Aperiodic L3

Students able to learn Various Operations on Signals,Auto correlation

CO4 and Cross correlation L4

Students able to learn Fourier Transform,Laplace Transform,Sampling

Theorem ,
CO5 L5
Removal of Noise by Auto Correlation

VI. COURSE MAPPING WITH PO’S AND PEO’S:

CourseTitle PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PSO PSO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2
BASIC
SIMULATION 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 3 2
LAB

VII. MAPPING OF COURSE OUTCOMES WITH PEO’S AND PO’S:

Course PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PSO PSO

Title 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2
2 3 2 2 3 2 2 1 3 3 3 3 3 3
CO1
1 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 3 2 2 3
CO2
2 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 1 1 3 2 2
CO3
3 2 2 2 3 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 2
CO4
2 3 2 3 3 2 1 2 2 3 2 3 3 2
CO5
 LABORATORY INSTRUCTIONS

1. While entering the Laboratory, the students should follow the dress code. (Wear shoes and

White apron, Female Students should tie their hair back).

2. The students should bring their observation book, record, calculator, necessary stationery items
and graphsheets if any for the lab classes without which the students will not be allowed for doing
the experiment.

3. All the Equipment and components should be handled with utmost care. Any breakage or damage

will becharged.

4. If any damage or breakage is noticed, it should be reported to the concerned in charge immediately.

5. The theoretical calculations and the updated register values should be noted down in the

observation bookand should be corrected by the lab in-charge on the same day of the laboratory

session.

6. Each experiment should be written in the record note book only after getting signature from the lab
in-charge in the observation notebook.

7. Record book must be submitted in the successive lab session after completion of experiment.

8. 100% attendance should be maintained for the laboratory classes.

Precautions.

1. Check the connections before giving the supply.

2. Observations should be done carefully.
 BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

I N D E X
Page Date of Date of Marks Signatur
Name of the Experiment
No. Obtained e oflab
Performed Submission incharge
1. Write a program to generate various
Signals and Sequences: Periodic and
Aperiodic, Unit Impulse, Unit Step,
15-21
Square, Saw tooth, Triangular, Sinusoidal,
Ramp, Sinc function.

2. Perform operations on Signals and

Sequences: Addition, Multiplication,
Scaling,Shifting,Folding,Computation of 22-27
Energy and Average Power.

3. Write a program to find the

trigonometric & exponential Fourier series
coefficients of a rectangular periodic
signal. Reconstruct the signal by
28-31
combining the Fourier series coefficients
with appropriate weightages- Plot the
discrete spectrum of the signal.

4. Write a program to find Fourier

transform of a given signal. Plot its
32-33
amplitude and phase spectrum.

5. Write a program to convolve two

discrete time sequences. Plot all the
34-36
sequences.

6.Write a program to find auto correlation

and cross correlation of given sequences. 37-39

7. Write a program to verify Linearity and

Time Invariance properties of a given
40-42
Continuous/Discrete System.

8. Write a program to generate discrete

time sequence by sampling a continuous 43-44

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 9

 BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

time signal. Show that with sampling rates

less than Nyquist rate, aliasing occurs
while reconstructing the signal.

9. Write a program to find magnitude and

phase response of first order low pass and
high pass filter. Plot the responses in 45-46
logarithmic scale.

10. Write a program to find response of a

low pass filter and high pass filter, when a
speech signal is passed through these 47
filters.

11. Write a program to generate Complex

Gaussian noise and find its mean,
variance, Probability Density Function 48-49
(PDF) and Power Spectral Density (PSD).

12. Generate a Random data (with bipolar)

for a given data rate (say 10kbps). Plot the
50-
same for a time period of 0.2 sec.

13. To plot pole-zero diagram in S-

plane/Z-plane of given signal/sequence
51-53
and verify its stability.

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 10

BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

Objective of Laboratory
The main objective of this lab is to learn MATLAB and know why it is an
indispensable tool, especially for electronics and communication engineer.

 Day-to-day evaluation:
The concerned teachers have to do necessary corrections with explanations and evaluate each lab
experiment.
Concerned Lab Incharge should also enter the marks in index page of the record and observation
book & also at the end of each experiment with signature.
 Internal Laboratory examination:
30 marks will be awarded for internal Lab exam, the division of the marks as given below:

1. Matlab program & Execution : 12Marks

2. Observations and Graphs : 6 Marks

3. Result : 6 Marks

4. Viva voce : 6 Marks

Internal lab exam will be conducted by the in-charge Faculty member along with Associate
Faculty members
Evaluation Procedure for External Laboratory Examinations
This examination will be conducted by the teacher in-charge of the lab and another two faculty
members of the same department (who have more knowledge in the concern lab), recommended
by Head of the Department with the approval of Principal.
The maximum marks for this examination is 70.
The distribution of marks for the evaluation is as follows.
1. Matlab program : 25 Marks

2. Execution : 10 Marks

3. Observations and Graphs : 10 Marks

4. Result : 15 Marks

5. Viva voce : 10 Marks

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 11

BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

MATLAB INTRODUCTION:
MATLAB, which stands for Matrix Laboratory, is a state-of-the-art mathematical
software package, which is used extensively in both academia and industry. It is an interactive
program for numerical computation and data visualization, which along with its programming
capabilities provides a very useful tool for almost all areas of science and engineering. Unlike
other mathematical packages, such as MAPLE or MATHEMATICA, MATLAB cannot perform
symbolic manipulations without the use of additional Toolboxes. It remains however, one of the
leading software packages for numerical computation.

As you might guess from its name, MATLAB deals mainly with matrices. A scalar is a 1-
by-1 matrix and a row vector of length say 5, is a 1-by-5 matrix.. One of the many advantages of
MATLAB is the natural notation used. It looks a lot like the notation that you encounter in a
linear algebra. This makes the use of the program especially easy and it is what makes MATLAB
a natural choice for numerical computations. The purpose of this experiment is to familiarize
MATLAB, by introducing the basic features and commands of the program.

MATLAB is case-sensitive, which means that a + B is not the same as a + b. The

MATLAB prompt (») in command window is where the commands are entered.

Operators:

1. + addition

2. -subtraction

3. * multiplication

4. ^ power

5. ' transpose

6. \ left division

7. / right division

Remember that the multiplication, power and division operators can be used in conjunction with
a period to specify an element-wise operation.

Built in Functions:

1. Scalar Functions:

Certain MATLAB functions are essentially used on scalars, but operate element-wise when

applied to a matrix (or vector). They are summarized below.

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 12

BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

1. sin -trigonometric sine

2. cos -trigonometric cosine

3. tan -trigonometric tangent

4. asin -trigonometric inverse sine (arcsine)

5. acos -trigonometric inverse cosine (arccosine)

6. atan -trigonometric inverse tangent (arctangent)

7. exp -exponential

8. log -natural logarithm

9. abs -absolute value 10. sqrt -square root

11. rem -remainder 12. round -round towards nearest integer

13. floor -round towards negative infinity 14. ceil -round towards positive infinity

2. Vector Functions:

Other MATLAB functions operate essentially on vectors returning a scalar value. Some of

these functions are given below.

1. max largest component : get the row in which the maximum element lies

2. min smallest component

3. length length of a vector

4. sort sort in ascending order

5. sum sum of elements

6. prod product of elements

7. median median value

8. mean mean value std standard deviation

3. Matrix Functions:

Much of MATLAB’s power comes from its matrix functions. These can be further separated into
two sub-categories. The first one consists of convenient matrix building functions, some of
which are given below.

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 13

BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

1. eye -identity matrix

2. zeros -matrix of zeros

3. ones -matrix of ones

4. diag -extract diagonal of a matrix or create diagonal matrices

5. triu -upper triangular part of a matrix

6. tril -lower triangular part of a matrix

7. rand -randomly generated matrix

eg: diag([0.9092;0.5163;0.2661])

ans =

0.9092 0 0

0 0.5163 0

0 0 0.2661

Commands in the second sub-category of matrix functions are

1. size size of a matrix

2. det determinant of a square matrix

3. inv inverse of a matrix

4. rank rank of a matrix

5. rref reduced row echelon form

6. eig eigenvalues and eigenvectors

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 14

BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

1. Write a program to generate various Signals and Sequences: Periodic and

Aperiodic, Unit Impulse, Unit Step, Square, Saw tooth, Triangular,
Sinusoidal, Ramp, Sinc function.

Aim: Generate various signals and sequences (Periodic and aperiodic), such as Unit Impulse,
Unit Step, Square, Saw tooth, Triangular, Sinusoidal, Ramp, Sinc.
Software Required: Matlab software
Theory: If the amplitude of the signal is defined at every instant of time then it is called
continuous time signal. If the amplitude of the signal is defined at only at some instants of time
then it is called discrete time signal. If the signal repeats itself at regular intervals then it is called
periodic signal. Otherwise they are called aperiodic signals.
EX: ramp,Impulse,unit step, sinc- Aperiodic signals square,sawtooth,triangular sinusoidal –
periodic signals.
» plot(x,y)

It is good practice to label the axis on a graph and if applicable indicate what each axis
represents. This can be done with the xlabel and ylabel commands.

» xlabel('x')

» ylabel('y=cos(x)')

Inside parentheses, and enclosed within single quotes, we type the text that we wish to be
displayed along the x and y axis, respectively. We could even put a title on top using

» title('Graph of cosine from -pi to pi')

» plot (x,y,’g’)

Where the third argument indicating the color, appears within single quotes. We could get a
dashed line instead of a solid one by typing

» plot (x,y,’--’)

or even a combination of line type and color, say a blue dotted line by typing

» plot (x,y,’b:’)

We can get both graphs on the same axis, distinguished by their line type, using

» plot(x,y,'r--',x,z,'b:')

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 15

BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

When multiple curves appear on the same axis, it is a good idea to create a legend to label and
distinguish them. The command legend does exactly this.

» legend ('cos(x)','sin(x)')

The text that appears within single quotes as input to this command, represents the legend
labels. We must be consistent with the ordering of the two curves, so since in the plot command
we asked for cosine to be plotted before sine, we must do the same here.

At any point during a MATLAB session, you can obtain a hard copy of the current plot
by either issuing the command print at the MATLAB prompt, or by using the command menus
on the plot window. In addition, MATLAB plots can by copied and pasted (as pictures) in your
favorite word processor (such as Microsoft Word). This can be achieved using the Edit menu on
the figure window. Another nice feature that can be used in conjunction with plot is the
command grid, which places grid lines to the current axis (just like you have on graphing paper).
Type help grid for more information. Other commands for data visualization that exist in
MATLAB include subplot create an array of (tiled) plots in the same window log log plot using
log-log scales semi logx plot using log scale on the x-axis semi logy plot using log scale on the
y-axis
The Sinc Function
The sinc function computes the mathematical sinc function for an input vector or matrix x.

Viewed as a function of time, or space, the sinc function is the inverse Fourier transform of the
rectangular pulse in frequency centered at zero of width 2p and height
The sinc function has a value of 1 when x is equal to zero, and a value of for all other elements
of x.
% Generation of signals and sequences
clc;
clear all;
close all;
%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
%generation of unit impulse signal
t1=-1:0.01:1
y1=(t1==0);
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(t1,y1);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('unit impulse signal');
%generation of impulse sequence
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(t1,y1);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('amplitude');

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 16

BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

title('unit impulse sequence');

%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
%generation of unit step signal
t2=-10:1:10;
y2=(t2>=0);
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(t2,y2);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('unit step signal');
%generation of unit step sequence
subplot(2,2,4);
stem(t2,y2);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('unit step sequence');
%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
%generation of square wave signal
t=0:0.002:0.1;
y3=square(2*pi*50*t);
figure;
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(t,y3);
axis([0 0.1 -2 2]);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('square wave signal');
%generation of square wave sequence
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(t,y3);
axis([0 0.1 -2 2]);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('square wave sequence');
%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
%generation of sawtooth signal
y4=sawtooth(2*pi*50*t);
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(t,y4);
axis([0 0.1 -2 2]);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('sawtooth wave signal');
%generation of sawtooth sequence
subplot(2,2,4);
stem(t,y4);
axis([0 0.1 -2 2]);

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 17

BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

xlabel('n');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('sawtooth wave sequence');
%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
%generation of triangular wave signal
y5=sawtooth(2*pi*50*t,.5);
figure;
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(t,y5);
axis([0 0.1 -2 2]);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title(' triangular wave signal');
%generation of triangular wave sequence
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(t,y5);
axis([0 0.1 -2 2]);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('triangular wave sequence');
%generation of sinsoidal wave signal
y6=sin(2*pi*40*t);
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(t,y6);
axis([0 0.1 -2 2]);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title(' sinsoidal wave signal');
%generation of sin wave sequence
subplot(2,2,4);
stem(t,y6);
axis([0 0.1 -2 2]);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('sin wave sequence');
%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
%generation of ramp signal
y7=t;
figure;
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(t,y7);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('ramp signal');
%generation of ramp sequence
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(t,y7);

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 18

BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

xlabel('n');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('ramp sequence');
%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
%generation of sinc signal
t3=linspace(-5,5);
y8=sinc(t3);
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(t3,y8);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title(' sinc signal');
%generation of sinc sequence
subplot(2,2,4);
stem(y8);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('sinc sequence');

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 19

BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 20

BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

Result: Various signals & sequences generated using Matlab software.

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 21

BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

2. Perform operations on Signals and Sequences: Addition, Multiplication,

Scaling, Shifting, Folding, Computation of Energy and Average Power.
Aim: To performs functions on signals and sequences such as addition, multiplication, scaling,
shifting, folding, computation of energy and average power.

Theory:

Signal Addition
Addition: any two signals can be added to form a third signal,
z (t) = x (t) + y (t)
Multiplication:
Multiplication of two signals can be obtained by multiplying their values at every instant. z
z(t) = x (t) y (t)
Time reversal/Folding:
Time reversal of a signal x(t) can be obtained by folding the signal about t=0.
Y(t)=y(-t)
Signal Amplification/Scaling : Y(n)=ax(n) if a < 1 attenuation
a >1 amplification
Time shifting: The time shifting of x(n) obtained by delay or advance the signal in time by
using y(n)=x(n+k)
If k is a positive number, y(n) shifted to the right i e the shifting delays the signal
If k is a negative number, y(n ) it gets shifted left. Signal Shifting advances the signal

Program :

clc;
clear all;
close all;
% generating two input signals
t=0:.01:1;
x1=sin(2*pi*4*t);
x2=sin(2*pi*8*t);
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(t,x1);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('input signal 1');
subplot(2,2,2);

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 22

BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

plot(t,x2);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('input signal 2');
% addition of signals
y1=x1+x2;
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(t,y1);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('addition of two signals');
% multiplication of signals
y2=x1.*x2;
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(t,y2);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('multiplication of two signals');
% scaling of a signal1
A=2;
y3=A*x1;
figure;
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(t,x1);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('input signal')
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(t,y3);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('amplified input signal');
% folding of a signal1
h=length(x1);
nx=0:h-1;
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(nx,x1);
xlabel('nx');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('input signal')
y4=fliplr(x1);
nf=-fliplr(nx);
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(nf,y4);
xlabel('nf');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('folded signal');

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 23

BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

%shifting of a signal 1
figure;
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,x1);
xlabel('time t');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('input signal');
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t+2,x1);
xlabel('t+2');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('right shifted signal');
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t-2,x1);
xlabel('t-2');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('left shifted signal');
%operations on sequences
n1=1:1:9;
s1=[1 2 3 0 5 8 0 2 4];
figure;
subplot(2,2,1);
stem(n1,s1);
xlabel('n1');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('input sequence1');
s2=[1 1 2 4 6 0 5 3 6];
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(n1,s2);
xlabel('n2');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('input sequence2');
% addition of sequences
s3=s1+s2;
subplot(2,2,3);
stem(n1,s3);
xlabel('n1');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('sum of two sequences');
% multiplication of sequences
s4=s1.*s2;
subplot(2,2,4);
stem(n1,s4);
xlabel('n1');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('product of two sequences');
%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 24

BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

% program for energy of a sequence

z1=input('enter the input sequence');
e1=sum(abs(z1).^2);
disp('energy of given sequence is');e1
% program for energy of a signal
t=0:pi:10*pi;
z2=cos(2*pi*50*t).^2;
e2=sum(abs(z2).^2);
disp('energy of given signal is');e2
% program for power of a sequence
p1= (sum(abs(z1).^2))/length(z1);
disp('power of given sequence is');p1
% program for power of a signal
p2=(sum(abs(z2).^2))/length(z2);
disp('power of given signal is');

Output:
enter the input sequence[1 3 2 4 1]
energy of given sequence is
e1 = 31
energy of given signal is
e2 = 4.0388
power of given sequence is
p1 = 6.2000
power of given signal is
p2 = 0.3672

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 25

BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 26

BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

Result: Various operations on signals and sequences are performed

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 27

BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

3. Write a program to find the trigonometric & exponential Fourier series

coefficients of a rectangular periodic signal. Reconstruct the signal by
combining the Fourier series coefficients with appropriate weightages- Plot
the discrete spectrum of the signal.
Aim: To find the trigonometric & exponential Fourier series coefficients of a rectangular
periodic signal. Reconstruct the signal by combining the Fourier series coefficients with
appropriate weightages- Plot the discrete spectrum of the signal.

Theory: to compute the trigonometric fourier series coefficients of a periodic square wave time
signal that has a value of 2 from time 0 to 3 and a value of -12 from time 3 to 6. It then repeats
itself. I am trying to calculate in MATLAB the fourier series coefficients of this time signal and
am having trouble on where to begin.

The equation is x(t) = a0 + sum(bk*cos(2*pi*f*k*t)+ck*sin(2*pi*f*k*t))

The sum is obviously from k=1 to k=infinity.
a0, bk, and ck are the coefficients
Program:
% Description: This M-file plots the truncated Fourier Series
% representation of a square wave as well as its
% amplitude and phase spectrum.

clear; % clear all variables

clf; % clear all figures

N = 11; % summation limit (use N odd)

wo = pi; % fundamental frequency (rad/s)
c0 = 0; % dc bias
t = -3:0.01:3; % declare time values

figure(1) % put first two plots on figure 1

% Compute yce, the Fourier Series in complex exponential form

yce = c0*ones(size(t)); % initialize yce to c0

for n = -N:2:N, % loop over series index n (odd)

cn = 2/(j*n*wo); % Fourier Series Coefficient
yce = yce + real(cn*exp(j*n*wo*t)); % Fourier Series computation
end

subplot(2,1,1)
plot([-3 -2 -2 -1 -1 0 0 1 1 2 2 3],... % plot original y(t)

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 28

BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

[-1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1], ':');

hold;
plot(t,yce); % plot truncated exponential FS
xlabel('t (seconds)'); ylabel('y(t)');
ttle = ['EE341.01: Truncated Exponential Fourier Series with N = ',...
num2str(N)];
title(ttle);
hold;

% Compute yt, the Fourier Series in trigonometric form

yt = c0*ones(size(t)); % initialize yt to c0

for n = 1:2:N, % loop over series index n (odd)

cn = 2/(j*n*wo); % Fourier Series Coefficient
yt = yt + 2*abs(cn)*cos(n*wo*t+angle(cn)); % Fourier Series computation
end

subplot(2,1,2)
plot([-3 -2 -2 -1 -1 0 0 1 1 2 2 3],... % plot original y(t)
[-1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1], ':');
hold; % plot truncated trigonometric FS
plot(t,yt);
xlabel('t (seconds)'); ylabel('y(t)');
ttle = ['EE341.01: Truncated Trigonometric Fourier Series with N = ',...
num2str(N)];
title(ttle);
hold;

% Draw the amplitude spectrum from exponential Fourier Series

figure(2) % put next plots on figure 2

subplot(2,1,1)
stem(0,c0); % plot c0 at nwo = 0

hold;
for n = -N:2:N, % loop over series index n
cn = 2/(j*n*wo); % Fourier Series Coefficient
stem(n*wo,abs(cn)) % plot |cn| vs nwo
end
for n = -N+1:2:N-1, % loop over even series index n
cn = 0; % Fourier Series Coefficient
stem(n*wo,abs(cn)); % plot |cn| vs nwo
end

xlabel('w (rad/s)')
ylabel('|cn|')
ttle = ['EE341.01: Amplitude Spectrum with N = ',num2str(N)];
title(ttle);
grid;
hold;

% Draw the phase spectrum from exponential Fourier Series

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 29

BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

subplot(2,1,2)
stem(0,angle(c0)*180/pi); % plot angle of c0 at nwo = 0

hold;
for n = -N:2:N, % loop over odd series index n
cn = 2/(j*n*wo); % Fourier Series Coefficient
stem(n*wo,angle(cn)*180/pi); % plot |cn| vs nwo
end
for n = -N+1:2:N-1, % loop over even series index n
cn = 0; % Fourier Series Coefficient
stem(n*wo,angle(cn)*180/pi); % plot |cn| vs nwo
end
xlabel('w (rad/s)')
ylabel('angle(cn) (degrees)')
ttle = ['EE341.01: Phase Spectrum with N = ',num2str(N)];
title(ttle);
grid;
hold;

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 30

BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

Result: Trigonometric & exponential Fourier series coefficients of a rectangular periodic signals
are plotted.

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 31

BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

4. Write a program to find Fourier transform of a given signal. Plot its

amplitude and phase spectrum.

Aim: To find the Fourier Transform of a given signal and plotting its magnitude and phase
spectrum.
Software Required: Matlab software
Theory:
Fourier Transform:
The Fourier transform as follows. Suppose that ƒ is a function which is zero outside of some
interval [−L/2, L/2]. Then for any T ≥ L we may expand ƒ in a Fourier series on the interval
[−T/2,T/2], where the "amount" of the wave e2πinx/T in the Fourier series of ƒ is given by By
definition Fourier Transform of signal f(t) is defined as

Program:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
fs=1000;
N=1024; % length of fft sequence
t=[0:N-1]*(1/fs);
% input signal
x=0.8*cos(2*pi*100*t);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,x);
axis([0 0.05 -1 1]);
grid;
xlabel('t');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('input signal');
% Fourier transform of given signal
x1=fft(x);
% magnitude spectrum
k=0:N-1;
Xmag=abs(x1);
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(k,Xmag);
grid;
xlabel('t');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('magnitude of fft signal')
%phase spectrum

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 32

BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

Xphase=angle(x1);
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(k,Xphase);
grid;
xlabel('t');
ylabel('angle');
title('phase of fft signal');

Result: Magnitude and phase spectrum of FFT of a given signal is plotted.

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 33

BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

5. Write a program to convolve two discrete time sequences. Plot all the
sequences
Aim: Write the program for convolution between two signals and also between two
sequences.
Software Required: Matlab software
Theory:
Convolution involves the following operations.
1. Folding
2. Multiplication
3. Addition
4. Shifting

Convolution is an integral concatenation of two signals. It is used for the determination of the
output signal of a linear time-invariant system by convolving the input signal with the impulse
response of the system. Note that convolving two signals is equivalent to multiplying the Fourier
transform of the two signals.

These operations can be represented by a Mathematical Expression as follows:

x[n]= Input signal Samples
h[ n-k]= Impulse response co-efficient.
y[ n]= Convolution output.
n = No. of Input samples
h = No. of Impulse response co-efficient.
Example : X(n)={1 2 -1 0 1}, h(n)={ 1,2,3,-1}

Program:
clc;
close all;
clear all;
%program for convolution of two sequences
x=input('enter input sequence: ');
h=input('enter impulse response: ');
y=conv(x,h);
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(x);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x(n)');
title('input sequence')

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 34

BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

subplot(3,1,2);
stem(h);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('h(n)');
title('impulse response sequence')
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(y);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('y(n)');
title('linear convolution')
disp('linear convolution y=');
disp(y)
%program for signal convolution
t=0:0.1:10;
x1=sin(2*pi*t);
h1=cos(2*pi*t);
y1=conv(x1,h1);
figure;
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(x1);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('x(t)');
title('input signal')
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(h1);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('h(t)');
title('impulse response')
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(y1);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('y(n)');
title('linear convolution');
.
Output:
enter input sequence: [1 3 4 5]
enter impulse response: [2 1 4]
linear convolution y=
2 7 15 26 21 20

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 35

BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

RESULT: convolution between signals and sequences is computed

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 36

BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

6. Write a program to find auto correlation and cross correlation of given

sequences.
Aim: To compute Auto correlation and Cross correlation between signals and sequences.
Software Required: Mat lab software
Theory:
Correlations of sequences:
It is a measure of the degree to which two sequences are similar. Given two real-valued
sequences x(n) and y(n) of finite energy,
Convolution involves the following operations.
1. Shifting
2. Multiplication
3. Addition
Program:
clc;
close all;
clear all;
% two input sequences
x=input('enter input sequence');
h=input('enter the impulse suquence');
subplot(2,2,1);
stem(x);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x(n)');
title('input sequence');
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(h);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('h(n)');
title('impulse sequence');
% cross correlation between two
y=xcorr(x,h);
subplot(2,2,3);
stem(y);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('y(n)');
title(' cross correlation between two sequences ');
% auto correlation of input sequence
z=xcorr(x,x);
subplot(2,2,4);
stem(z);

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 37

BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

xlabel('n');
ylabel('z(n)');
title('auto correlation of input sequence');
% cross correlation between two signals
% generating two input signals
t=0:0.2:10;
x1=3*exp(-2*t);
h1=exp(t);
figure;
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(t,x1);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('x1(t)');
title('input signal');
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(t,h1);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('h1(t)');
title('impulse signal');
% cross correlation
subplot(2,2,3);
z1=xcorr(x1,h1);
plot(z1);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('z1(t)');
title('cross correlation ');
% auto correlation
subplot(2,2,4);
z2=xcorr(x1,x1);
plot(z2);
xlabel('t');
ylabel('z2(t)');
title('auto correlation ');

Output: enter input sequence [1 2 5 7]

enter the impulse sequence [2 6 0 5 3]

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 38

BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

Result: Auto correlation and Cross correlation between signals and sequences is computed.

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 39

BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

7. Write a program to verify Linearity and Time Invariance properties of a

given Continuous/Discrete System.

Aim: Verify the Linearity of a given Discrete System.

Software Required: Mat lab software 7.0 and above
Theory:
linearity property:
Any system is said to be linear if it satisfies the superposition principal. Superposition principal
state that Response to a weighted sum of input signal equal to the corresponding weighted sum
of the outputs of the system to each of the individual input signals. If x(n) is a input signal and
y(n) is a output signal then y(n)=T[x(n)]
y1(n)=T[x1(n)] and y2(n)=T[x2(n)]
x3=[a*x1(n) +b *x2(n) ]
Y3(n)= T [x3(n)]
T [a*x1(n)+b*x2(n) ] = a y1(n)+ b y2(n)
Program (A) :
% Verification of Linearity of a given System.
% a) y(n)=nx(n) b) y=x^2(n)
clc;
clear all;
close all;
n=0:40;
a1=input('enter the scaling factor a1=');
a2=input('enter the scaling factor a2=');
x1=cos(2*pi*0.1*n);
x2=cos(2*pi*0.4*n);
x3=a1*x1+a2*x2;
%y(n)=n.x(n);
y1=n.*x1;
y2=n.*x2;
y3=n.*x3;
yt=a1*y1+a2*y2;
yt=round(yt);
y3=round(y3);
if y3==yt
disp('given system [y(n)=n.x(n)]is Linear');
else
disp('given system [y(n)=n.x(n)]is non Linear');
end
%y(n)=x(n).^2
x1=[1 2 3 4 5];
x2=[1 4 7 6 4];
x3=a1*x1+a2*x2;
y1=x1.^2;

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 40

BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

y2=x2.^2;
y3=x3.^2;
yt=a1*y1+a2*y2;
if y3==yt
disp('given system [y(n)=x(n).^2 ]is Linear');
else
disp('given system is [y(n)=x(n).^2 ]non Linear');
end

Output:
enter the scaling factor a1=3
enter the scaling factor a2=5
given system [y(n)=n.x(n)]is Linear
given system is [y(n)=x(n).^2 ]non Linear
Program (B) :

% Verification of Time Invariance of a Discrete System

% a)y=x^2(n) b) y(n)=nx(n)
clc;
clear all;
close all;
n=1:9;
x(n)=[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9];
d=3; % time delay
xd=[zeros(1,d),x(n)];%x(n-k)
y(n)=x(n).^2;
yd=[zeros(1,d),y];%y(n-k)
disp('transformation of delay signal yd:');disp(yd)
dy=xd.^2; % T[x(n-k)]
disp('delay of transformation signal dy:');disp(dy)
if dy==yd
disp('given system [y(n)=x(n).^2 ]is time invariant');
else
disp('given system is [y(n)=x(n).^2 ]not time invariant');
end
y=n.*x;
yd=[zeros(1,d),y(n)];
disp('transformation of delay signal yd:');disp(yd);
n1=1:length(xd);
dy=n1.*xd;
disp('delay of transformation signal dy:');disp(dy);
if yd==dy
disp('given system [y(n)=nx(n)]is a time invariant');
else
disp('given system [y(n)=nx(n)]not a time invariant');
end

Output:
transformation of delay signal yd:
0 0 0 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81
delay of transformation signal dy:
0 0 0 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 41

BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

given system [y(n)=x(n).^2 ]is time invariant

transformation of delay signal yd:
0 0 0 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81
delay of transformation signal dy:
0 0 0 4 10 18 28 40 54 70 88 108
given system [y(n)=nx(n)]not a time invariant

Result: The Linearity of a given Discrete System is verified and the

Time Invariance of a given Discrete System is verified.

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 42

BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

8. Write a program to generate discrete time sequence by sampling a

continuous time signal. Show that with sampling rates less than Nyquist rate,
aliasing occurs while reconstructing the signal.

Aim: Verify the sampling theorem.

Software Required: Matlab software
Theory:
Sampling Theorem:
\A bandlimited signal can be reconstructed exactly if it is sampled at a rate atleast twice the
maximum frequency component in it."

The maximum frequency component of g(t) is fm. To recover the signal g(t) exactly from its
samples it has to be sampled at a rate fs ≥ 2fm.
The minimum required sampling rate fs = 2fm is called ' Nyquist rate

Program:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
t=-10:.01:10;
T=4;
fm=1/T;
x=cos(2*pi*fm*t);
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(t,x);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('x(t)');
title('continous time signal');
grid;
n1=-4:1:4;
fs1=1.6*fm;
fs2=2*fm;
fs3=8*fm;
x1=cos(2*pi*fm/fs1*n1);
subplot(2,2,2);
stem(n1,x1);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('x(n)');
title('discrete time signal with fs<2fm');
hold on;
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(n1,x1);
grid;
n2=-5:1:5;
x2=cos(2*pi*fm/fs2*n2);

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 43

BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

subplot(2,2,3);
stem(n2,x2);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('x(n)');
title('discrete time signal with fs=2fm');
hold on;
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(n2,x2)
grid;
n3=-20:1:20;
x3=cos(2*pi*fm/fs3*n3);
subplot(2,2,4);
stem(n3,x3);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('x(n)');
title('discrete time signal with fs>2fm')
hold on;
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(n3,x3)
grid;

Result: Sampling theorem is verified.

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 44

BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

9. Write a program to find magnitude and phase response of first order low
pass and high pass filter. Plot the responses in logarithmic scale.

Aim: To find magnitude and phase response of first order low pass and high pass filter. Plot the
responses in logarithmic scale.

Theory: To get the phase response in the time domain you need to estimate the delay between
the input and the output at the test frequency and then convert to phase. For sure, taking the angle
of the RMS ratio will not yield that delay. If you really want to estimate the delay in the time
domain, there is a function called finddelay that may be of use.

However, the alternative approach is to work in the frequncy domain, i.e., use the ratio of the
frequency response of the output to the frequency resposne of the input to directly stimate the
magnitude and phase response of the system. The code that follows shows how to do that for a
simple low pass filter. Keep in mind, that any approach you use may begin to suffere as you test
frequency gets close to the Nyquist frequency. You can experiment with this code to see how
close you can get before this simple approach begins to break down.

Program :
f=1:15;
% second order filter with 10 Hz pass band
H = @(f,s) 1./(1./(2*pi*f).^2*s.^2 + 2./(2*pi*f)*s + 1);
H10 = @(s) H(10,s);
% magnitude estimation
magn = abs(H10(1j*2*pi*f));
% phase estimation
phase = rad2deg( angle(H10(1j*2*pi*f)) );
figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
semilogx(f,mag2db(magn));
title('Frequency response of the filter using abs(Out/Inp)')
xlabel('Frequency');
ylabel ('Change in output/input P-P' );
subplot(2,1,2);
semilogx(f,phase);
title('Phase response of the filter using angle(Out/Inp)')
xlabel('Frequency');
ylabel ('phase' );
% check against inbuilt functions
H_tf = @(f) tf(1,[1./(2*pi*f).^2 2./(2*pi*f) 1]);

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 45

BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

figure;
bodeplot(H_tf(10),2*pi*f)

Result: The magnitude and phase response of LPF plotted.

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 46

BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

10. Write a program to find response of a low pass filter and high pass filter,
when a speech signal is passed through these filters.

Aim: To find response of a low pass filter and high pass filter, when a speech signal is passed
through these filters.

Theory:

y = lowpass(x,wpass) filters the input signal x using a lowpass filter with normalized passband
frequency wpass in units of π rad/sample. lowpass uses a minimum-order filter with a stopband
attenuation of 60 dB and compensates for the delay introduced by the filter. If x is a matrix, the function
filters each column independently.
y = lowpass(x,fpass,fs) specifies that x has been sampled at a rate of fs hertz. fpass is the
passband frequency of the filter in hertz.
y = lowpass(xt,fpass) lowpass-filters the data in timetable xt using a filter with a passband frequency
of fpass hertz. The function independently filters all variables in the timetable and all columns inside each
variable.
y = lowpass(___,Name,Value) specifies additional options for any of the previous syntaxes using name-
value pair arguments. You can change the stopband attenuation, the transition band steepness, and the
type of impulse response of the filter.
[y,d] = lowpass(___) also returns the digitalFilter object d used to filter the input.
lowpass(___) with no output arguments plots the input signal and overlays the filtered signal.

Program :
% Read standard sample tune that ships with MATLAB.
[dataIn, Fs] = audioread('guitartune.wav');
% Filter the signal
fc = 800; % Make higher to hear higher frequencies.
% Design a Butterworth filter.
[b, a] = butter(6,fc/(Fs/2));
freqz(b,a)
% Apply the Butterworth filter.
filteredSignal = filter(b, a, dataIn);
% Play the sound.
player = audioplayer(filteredSignal, Fs);
play(player);

Result: Response of a low pass filter and high pass filter, when a speech signal studied.

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 47

BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

11 .Write a program to generate Complex Gaussian noise and find its mean,
variance, Probability Density Function (PDF) and Power Spectral Density
(PSD).

Aim: Write the program for generation of Gaussian noise and computation of its mean, mean
square value, standard deviation, variance, and skewness.
Software Required: Matlab software
Theory:
Gaussian noise is statistical noise that has a probability density function (abbreviated pdf) of
the normal distribution (also known as Gaussian distribution). In other words, the valuestha the
noise can take on are Gaussian-distributed. It is most commonly used as additive white noise to
yield additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN).Gaussian noise is properly defined as the noise
with a Gaussian amplitude distribution. says nothing of the correlation of the noise in time or of
the spectral density of the noise. Labeling Gaussian noise as 'white' describes the correlation of
the noise. It is necessary to use the term "white Gaussian noise" to be correct. Gaussian noise is
sometimes misunderstood to be white Gaussian noise, but this is not the case.
Program:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
%generates a set of 2000 samples of Gaussian distributed random numbers
x=randn(1,2000);
%plot the joint distribution of both the sets using dot.
subplot(211)
plot(x,'.');
title('scatter plot of gaussian distributed random numbers');
ymu=mean(x)
ymsq=sum(x.^2)/length(x)
ysigma=std(x)
yvar=var(x)
yskew=skewness(x)
p=normpdf(x,ymu,ysigma);
subplot(212);
stem(x,p);
title(' gaussian distribution');
Output:
ymu = 0.0403
ymsq = 0.9727
ysigma = 0.9859
yvar = 0.9720
yskew = 0.0049

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 48

BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

Result: Gaussian noise and its characteristics are studied.

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 49

BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

12. Generate a Random data (with bipolar) for a given data rate (say 10kbps).
Plot the same for a time period of 0.2 sec.

Aim: To Generate a Random data (with bipolar) for a given data rate (say 10kbps). Plot the same
for a time period of 0.2 sec.

Theory:

X = rand returns a single uniformly distributed random number in the interval (0,1).

X = rand(n) returns an n-by-n matrix of random numbers.

X = rand(sz1,...,szN) returns an sz1-by-...-by-szN array of random numbers

where sz1,...,szN indicate the size of each dimension. For example, rand(3,4) returns a 3-by-4
matrix.

X = rand(sz) returns an array of random numbers where size vector sz specifies size(X). For
example, rand([3 4]) returns a 3-by-4 matrix.

X = rand(___,typename) returns an array of random numbers of data type typename.

The typename input can be either 'single' or 'double'. You can use any of the input arguments in
the previous syntaxes.

Program :
clc;
clear all;
a=-3
b=3
x=rand
c=a+(b-a)*x
y=c^2
z=y
for i=1:1000
x1=rand
c1=a+(b-a)*x1
y1=c1^2

if y1<z
z=y1
else
z;
end
end
z

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 50

BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

Result: Random data generated and studied.

13. To plot pole-zero diagram in S-plane/Z-plane of given signal/sequence and

verify its stability

Aim: Write the program for locating poles and zeros and plotting pole-zero maps in s-plane
and z-plane for the given transfer function.
Software Required: Matlab software
Theory:
Z-transforms
The Z-transform, like many other integral transforms, can be defined as either a one-sided or
two-sided transform.

Program
clc;
clear all;
close all;

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 51

BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

%enter the numerator and denamenator cofficients in square brackets

num=input('enter numerator co-efficients');

den=input('enter denominator co-efficients');

% find poles and zeros
poles=roots(den)
zeros=roots(num)
% find transfer function H(s)
h=tf(num,den);
% plot the pole-zero map in s-plane
sgrid;
pzmap(h);
grid on;
title('locating poles and zeros on s-plane');
%plot the pole zero map in z-plane
figure
zplane(poles,zeros);
grid on;
title('locating poler and zeros on z-plane');
Result: Pole-zero maps are plotted in s-plane and z-plane for the given transfer function.
Output:
enter numerator co-efficients[1 -1 4 3.5]
enter denominator co-efficients[2 3 -2.5 6]
poles =
-2.4874
0.4937 + 0.9810i
0.4937 - 0.9810i
zeros =
0.8402 + 2.1065i
0.8402 - 2.1065i
-0.6805

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 52

BASIC SIMULATION LAB II B.TECH I SEMISTER

Result: Stability test verified for given pole zero plot.

DEPT. OF ECE. SVR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page 53