Scribd
Upload
5 views4 pages

Geography Revision Notes

The document provides comprehensive geography exam revision notes covering key topics such as rivers, coasts, population dynamics, urbanization, climate change, sustainable development, and biomes. It outlines processes of erosion, transportation, and deposition for rivers and coasts, factors influencing population distribution, causes and problems of urbanization, and the impacts of climate change. Additionally, it discusses the importance of sustainable development and the consequences of inaction on climate change across environmental, social, and economic dimensions.

Uploaded by

bwad001307
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
5 views4 pages

Geography Revision Notes

The document provides comprehensive geography exam revision notes covering key topics such as rivers, coasts, population dynamics, urbanization, climate change, sustainable development, and biomes. It outlines processes of erosion, transportation, and deposition for rivers and coasts, factors influencing population distribution, causes and problems of urbanization, and the impacts of climate change. Additionally, it discusses the importance of sustainable development and the consequences of inaction on climate change across environmental, social, and economic dimensions.

Uploaded by

bwad001307
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

Geography Exam Revision Notes

Rivers

Source: Where a river begins (mountains or hills).

Mouth: Where it ends (usually in a lake, sea, or ocean).

Erosion Processes:

- Hydraulic action: Water forces air into cracks, breaking rock.

- Abrasion: Rocks scrape riverbed and banks.

- Attrition: Rocks smash into each other and become smaller and rounder.

- Solution: River water dissolves soluble minerals.

Transportation:

- Traction: Large boulders rolled on the riverbed.

- Saltation: Pebbles bounce along.

- Suspension: Fine material carried in water.

- Solution: Dissolved load transported in flow.

Deposition: Occurs when river slows down and loses energy.

Landforms:

- Upper course: V-shaped valleys, interlocking spurs, waterfalls, gorges.

- Middle course: Meanders, river cliffs, slip-off slopes, oxbow lakes.

- Lower course: Levees, floodplains, estuaries, deltas.

Coasts

Erosion processes: Same as rivers plus:

- Wave pounding: Repeated impact of waves breaks rock.

- Cavitation: Bubbles collapse with force in cracks.

Transportation:
Geography Exam Revision Notes

- Longshore drift: Moves sediment along coast.

Deposition: When wave energy decreases, material is laid down.

Landforms:

- Erosional: Headlands, bays, caves, arches, stacks, stumps.

- Depositional: Beaches, spits, bars, tombolos, sand dunes.

Population

Population density: People per square km.

Population distribution: How population is spread.

Influencing Factors: Climate, water, jobs, soil, conflict, infrastructure.

DTM:

1. High birth & death rates

2. Falling death rate

3. Falling birth rate

4. Low birth & death rates

5. Aging population

Population pyramids: Show age and gender.

Migration: Voluntary (job, lifestyle), Forced (war, disaster).

Urbanization

Definition: Growth in % of people in urban areas.

Causes:

- Push: Lack of services, disasters, poverty.


Geography Exam Revision Notes

- Pull: Jobs, health, education, infrastructure.

Problems: Slums, air/water pollution, congestion, waste.

Solutions: Public transport, green energy, recycling, planning.

Climate Change

Definition: Long-term change in Earth's climate.

Natural causes:

- Volcanoes

- Solar output

- Milankovitch cycles

Human causes:

- Fossil fuels: CO2

- Deforestation: Less CO2 absorption

- Farming: Methane

Impacts: Sea level rise, extreme weather, biodiversity loss, desertification.

Sustainable Development

Definition: Development that doesn't harm future needs.

3 Pillars:

1. Environmental: Ecosystem protection

2. Social: Quality of life

3. Economic: Jobs, fair growth


Geography Exam Revision Notes

Examples: Renewable energy, Fair trade, Eco-tourism, Green buildings.

Biomes

Definition: Large areas with similar climate, plants, animals.

Main Biomes:

- Rainforest: Hot, wet, high biodiversity (Amazon)

- Desert: Dry, hot (Sahara)

- Temperate forest: Moderate (UK)

- Tundra: Cold, dry, permafrost (Arctic)

- Grasslands: Seasonal rain (Savanna)

Threats: Logging, climate change, farming, mining.

Consequences of Inaction on Climate Change

Environmental:

- Melting glaciers, floods

- Droughts, wildfires

- Coral bleaching, habitat loss

Social:

- Climate migration

- Food/water scarcity

- Disease and heat stress

Economic:

- Infrastructure damage

- Cost of disasters

- Crop failure, food prices

You might also like