IGM

17/07/23. Lecture Notes

What is Government?

Government is an established authority that consists of institutions, processes and systems, and public officials both
elected and appointed to serve public interest

Government is an established authority that consists of processes, institutions and systems and public official
both appointed and elected to serve Public Interest.

Established authority basically means that the power that government derive from is of course from the constitution

Separation of power basically means the three arms of government must operate very independently, that is one
arm of government must not overpower the other arms of government

The primary function of parliament

 Provide oversight and control on the performance of the executive arm of government
 Provide oversight and control on the expenditure of the national budget
 Act as a mirror or public opinion
 Makes law

Processes and system are basically mechanism or processes within the governmental bodies or institution of
government which are used by government to make decisions, implement policies and plans to achieve public good

Processes and systems are basically mechanism or process used by the governmental bodies to make decisions,
implement policies and plans to achieve public good.

Process and systems of government are defined, prescribed and mandated by laws

Example. When a government wants to make an appointment of the provincial administrator for Morobe, the
department of personal management collect applications sit down and do the screening and submit through public
service commission , commissioners sit down and deliberate on the applications and submit it to the provincial
executive council and then to National Executive government for the final decision.

Institutions are governmental bodies of the legislator, judiciary and the executive that includes national
Agencies,provinces and local level government, SOE and statutory bodies

All state own entities are institution of government

Public officials_ is an elected person who holds public office in governmental bodies to deliver specific tasks to
achieve public good
Public Official- is an elected or appointed person holding several offices within governmental bodies, performing
specific tasks to deliver public service

Functions of government

1. to protect basic human rights to liberty, life, and property

2. has a defense function to protect our territories in times of war and during natural disaster
3. manage our macro-economy (make decisions to stimulate economic growth)
4. provide public utilities
5. Maintenance of law and order
6. Collects and distribute resources
Threes arms of Government
- section 99 of the constitution sets out the structure

Treasurer presents three budget bills. One for the

o public service three sets of appropriation bill

o judiciary 1. legislator 3. executive that includes the public servants and the consolidated parts
o parliament 2. judiciary

When the budget gets approved they called it appropriation bill. When parliament approves the budget it becomes a law.
Therefore budget is a law.

The IRC as the agency regulated to collect revenue on behalf of the government put implace tax policies.

IRC is the implementation agency

Law_policy_implementation

Transparency, openness and accountability are values that guide democracy

functions of judiciary
1. they apply and interpret the law
2. settle disputes
3. punish lawbreakers

the executive arm of the government implements a law

ministerial responsibility_ is a fundamental constitutional principle in a West minister system of government

Ministerial responsibility is not defined in the Constitution therefore it is called a constitutional convention
Chief justice conducts the first seating of parliament

An appropriation bill is when the budget gets approved. When parliaments approve the budget, it becomes a law

The core principle of Democracy

1. popular sovereignty_ people are the ultimate source of authority for the government
people have the power or source of authority for the government
2. majority rule and minority rights_ democracy is characterized by majority rule. The rights of minority must
be protected and respected
3. limited government_ powers of government are limited by law
4. checks and balances _ highlights the importance of separation of power principle
5. Due process of law_ individual rights to life, liberty and property are directed by due process of law
6. leadership succession through election
Integrity institutions and accountability institutions such as the ombudsman commission

The core values of democracy

i) basic human rights

ii) freedom of conscience and expression
iii) privacy and civil society
iv) justice and equality
v) Openness
systems of government
 democracy_ rule by people
 autocracy_ rule by one
 socialism
 communism
 oligarchy _ rule by few

under democracy

 unitary _Most or all of the governing power resides in a centralized government

Unitary basically means the power are being centralized
 federal _ensure a central government in which no individual or group gains too much control
 Confederation_
two parts to Ministerial responsibility
i) individual responsibility
 Ministers are personally responsible to the parliament, to their constituent and even to the country
a) for their own conduct
b) Conduct of their agencies or the ministry
c) For the conduct of public servant under his ministry
ii) collective responsibility
a) collective responsibility
i) signifies that the executive government remains in office, so long as it retains the confidence of the
parliament
ii) implies that ministers are bound by the decision of the cabinet
iii) all members speak as one in parliament unless the prime minister relieves them of that duty
(especially when there is a matter of national importance)
Ministers are personally responsible to the parliament and to the country
ministers are responsible to the parliament for the conduct of their ministry and government as a whol e

WEEK 5 LECTURE 2:
The National Executive Council is chaired by the prime Minister
Ministerial responsibility is a fundamental constitutional principle in a Westminster parliamentary system of
government
Ministers are responsible to the parliament for the conduct of their ministry and government as a whole
Ministerial responsibility is not define in the constitution, or it is not define in any courts or legislation therefore it is
called a CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION - basically meaning that when it is not define by law it is an
acceptable facts in an office. Therefore it is a constitutional principal

Chief Justice conducts the first seating of parliament

Irrespective of the views of minister the decision of the cabinet remains and they have the responsibility as a minister
to argue and implement the decision of the cabinet

Important element of government are: accountability, transparency,openness in government decision

The powers of National and Provincial Government

Powers of national Government
i. Makes money ( in economics it is called quantitative thesis)
ii. Collect tax
iii. They regulate and conduct international trade
iv. Regulate treaties and foreign policy
v. Provide army
vi. Has the power to borrow money
vii. Control immigration
Provincial Government
i. public safety and health
ii. Makes law depending on the issues in the province

wk 6 lecture 1

- Public administration is the detailed and systematic execution of public law

- Every other application of the law is an act of public administration
Keys elements that underpin public administration
i) Planning_ is a process of setting goals and defining specific actions to achieve a goal
ii) Organizing_ process of developing structures and allocating resources in a systematic way to
achieve objectives or goals
iii) Staffing_ process of finding the right person with the right qualifications to perform a specific role
iv) Directing_ process of instructing or inspiring workers to do certain activities to achieve
organizational goals
v) Coordinating_ is a process of organizing people to work together properly at work to achieve the
goal of the organizations
vi) Reporting_ is a process of collecting, processing, storing and presenting information and data to
the management of the organization
vii) Budgeting _ is the plan of estimated revenue and expense over a period of time
⁃ In the preamble of the Constitution it provides the 5 key National Goals and Directive
Principles:
1. Integral Human Development - every person is dynamic and must be alive to grow and prosper
2. Equality and Participation - everybody must be conferred equal opportunity to be able to make
decisions by making decision-making platforms available for everyone to participate in making
decisions.
3. National Sovereignty and Self-reliance —as an independent people and independent nation we all rely
on our own capacity to provide the needs of our people.
4. Natural Resources and the Environment —we must continue to promote and depend our environment
from being destroyed or abused or overused. And have to replenish our natural resources for our
future generations
5. Papua New Guinea's way

Vision 2050 pillars

 Papua New Guinea dream in 2050 is to be smart, wise, fair and wealthy society

1. Human capital development-gender, youth and people empowerment

2. Wealth creation
3. Institutions and service delivery
4. Security and international relation
5. Environmental sustainability and climate change
6. Spiritual cultural and community development
7. Strategic planning and controlling

· Human Capital Development: Enhancing people's skills and health.

· Wealth Creation: Building economic value and financial growth.
· Institutions and Service Delivery: Efficiently providing essential public services.
· Security and International Relations: Ensuring safety and managing global ties.
· Environmental Sustainability and Climate Change: Protecting the environment for the future.
· Spiritual, Cultural, and Community Development: Preserving values and strengthening communities.
· Strategic Planning and Controlling: Setting goals and tracking progress.

The Vision 2050——————

We as a Nation want to be smart, wise, fair, healthy and happy society in 2050.
7 strategic outcomes in the vision 2050
1. Human capital development - gender, youth, people empowerment. We need to develop our
human capital and empower them with whatever skills necessary so that they are equipped with
that and enable them to grow mature and contribute meaningfully to the development of the
country.
2. Wealth Creation — we need to create wealth for us.
3. Institutional and service delivery—our institutions should be well grounded to be able to deliver
services better and effectively.
4. Security and international relations— the vision 2050 provides that we protect ourselves from
external influences and in our borders. We also need to provide security internally for ourselves.
5. Environmental Sustainability and Climate Change - an important global agenda and our
government continuously engage internationally on climate change matters.
6. Spiritual Cultural and Community Development— we emphasis on the importance of our
spirituality as a community and emphasis on our culture and our development in our community.
 7. Strategic Planning and Controlling — we need to strategically plan in-order to achieve our goals
and objectives.

LDDP key areas

1. Increase revenue and wealth creation

2. Quality infrastructure and utility
3. Sustainable social development
4. Improve law and justice and National security
5. Improve service delivery
6. Improve governance
7. Responsible sustainable development
8. Sustainable population
 When running a government there must always be a plan to guide.

1. Increase Revenue and Wealth Creation: This means finding ways to earn more money as a country and making sure people
have opportunities to grow their income and improve their lives.
· 2.· Quality Infrastructure and Utility: This refers to building and maintaining good roads, bridges, schools, hospitals, and
utilities like water and electricity, so that people have access to essential services.
· 3 · Sustainable Social Development: This involves improving the well-being of people by ensuring they have access to
education, health care, and other services in a way that can be maintained over time without harming future generations.
·4 · Improve Law, Justice, and National Security: This means making sure laws are fair and enforced, ensuring people feel safe
in their communities, and protecting the country from threats.
5· · Improve Service Delivery: This focuses on making sure government services, like health care, education, and social
support, are provided efficiently and reach everyone who needs them.
6· · Improve Governance: This is about making sure the government is run effectively, with transparency and accountability,
so that decisions are made in the best interest of the people.
7· · Responsible Sustainable Development: This means developing the economy in a way that doesn't deplete natural
resources or harm the environment, ensuring that growth can continue in the long term.
·8 · Sustainable Population: This involves managing the growth of the population so that the country's resources can support
everyone, ensuring a good quality of life for all.

3/09/24

Public policy and Government Management

Public policy is a set of actions, guidelines and laws undertaken by government in order to serve public interest

- basically a deliberate and systematic attempt to address social and economics needs

Public policy bridge between citizen and their government

Five stages of public policy

1. Agenda setting- The prime minister sets the agenda, the executive government depending on the need of the
people. So the government sets the agenda for free affordable education and health care services.

2. Policy formulation _ the executive sits down and think about how it will make it happen and they go through
the process of formulating the policy to support the government provide affordable services

3. Policy adoption_this is where the government allow for the implementation of the policy to occur

4. Implementation stage

5. Monitoring and evaluation stage

Why public policy is important Promotes and address public interest

1. It promotes societal issues Guides resources allocation

2. Promotes public interest Promotes or boosts economic growth

3. Promotes or boost economic growth Enhancing governance and democracy

4. Enhancing governance and democracy Promotes long term sustainability

5. Long term sustainability Government management determine the

6. Guides resources allocation

1. Special Parliamentary Committees, they are established by parliament depending on issues of national
importance such as setting of treaties, special committees for election, public sector reforms.

They are established with specific focused mandate to conduct inquiries

2. Permanent parliament committees /public accounts committees_ are extended functions of national parliament
basically because they take the functions of the parliament outside of the parliament.
PAC scrutinize the expenditure of government.

All methods of expenditure of government are scrutinized by public accounts committee.

PAC is an important accountability institution because it has its powers from the constitution. The provides for
the establishment for the permanent parliamentary committees.

Public finance Management act is the legislation that provides the overarching frame for the government of the
expenditure, provide all the needs, conduct inquiries into the expenditure of the public finance

Office of the Auditor General is the next institution of accountability.

All reports that comes out of the office of the Auditor General is submitted to the parliament. PAC is the number
one client of the office of Auditor General.

Accountability is the principle of answerability by individuals or department for the performance or outcomes of
specific activities.

Functions of accountability. Why accountability is important

1. To improve governance_ when there is accountability in institutions of government it strengthen the quality, an
integrity of the process and systems

2. Provides and improves oversight

3. Maintains improves and enhances legitimacy

4. Improving performance

LEADERSHIP

Leadership is the ability of an individual or a group of individuals to influence and guide members of the an
organization towards achieving a common goal.

Six values of leadership

1. Honesty

2. Integrity

3. Accountability

4. Respect
5. Wisdom

6. Responsibility

GLOBAL govername

Four important features that define what nationhood is.

1. An established government

2. A permanent population

3. Boundaries/Borders

4. Sovereignty

Sovereignty- is a government free from external control and has the ability to have engagements with other nations
in the world through international relations.

Institution of Government — basically means any governmental body including legislative, executive, judiciary
arms, also includes statutory bodies, state owned enterprises (SOE).
Process of government - basically established mechanisms and processes by which the governmental bodies make
decisions, implement policies to serve public interests. Example, Appointment of provincial administrators takes
several steps and processes.

Morobe provincial administrator— Department of personnel management—-Public service commission —- NEC

Secretary and to the NEC.

Example of statutory bodies;

-coffee board

-BPNG

-IPA

-National Fisheries Authority

Example of state owned enterprises (SOEs);

-Kumul Petroleum Holdings Limited

-PNG Power Ltd

-MVIL

-NDB
Roles of government ;

1.Has the role of protecting our basic human

rights including right to liberty/freedom,right to life and our right to privacy

2.Has the right to depend us and our sovereignty against the external influences.

3.To raise revenue through taxation and distributing those revenues to look after us through National Budget.

4.To manage the economic conditions of the country

5.To provide goods and services such as the public utilities (education, health,roads,power etc…)

27/07/23-Lecture Notes

The three arms of Government

1. Legislative

2. Judiciary

3. Executive

1)Legislative arm;

consists of members of parliament chaired by the speaker of parliament.

Main functions include,

1. makes laws

2. Control over the budget

3. Control or oversight over the performance of executive branch of government

4. Make sure that the ministers perform their duties properly

5. Act as a mirror of public opinion and the parliament debates on that matter.
2)Executive arm;

Consist of the ministers and the prime minister (NEC).NEC is shared by the prime minister.

Functions include:

1. Enforcement of the Laws through the agencies of the Government including police, defense and
correctional institutions.

2. Make appointment of all the heads of departments and other government agencies

3. They have the treaty making functions

4. Defense wars functions

5. Make Foreign Policy

6. Have the function of policy making

DSIP= district service improvement program

JDP=Joint District Planning

BPC= Budget Priority Committee

3)Judicial arm of government

a)Interpret and apply the laws

b)settle disputes

C)punish law breakers

DDA stands for District Development Authority

Reform made in 2014

1/08/23- Lecture
Extended function

-The judiciary makes law called judicial precedent which is the primary function of the legislative branch.

Three Levels of Government

1. National government

2. Provincial government

3. Local level of government

1Organic law of provincial government 1977

1995- Organic law of provincial and LLG

3.

National government consist of 3 arms of government ,national agencies and institutions having specific functions
to be able to serve public interest

Provincial Government

1.

2.

DDA-1. A service delivery mechanism

2.Corporate personality- it operates as a company.

3/8/23 Lecture

89 districts in the country

Three levels of government - read more notes on it

Topic: KPHL Should be Endorsed by the Government as an Alternate fuel distributor in the country.

Order

Topic

Introduction

Literature Review

Case Study

Discussion

Recommendation

Conclusion

Tutorial Exercise

Government basic functions

1. protect , promote,defend basic rights

2. Maintain law and order

3. Raise Revenue

4. National defence

5. Regulate economic

6. Provide public utility

State vs Government

State

-constitute the entire population living in the area

-State posses original powers

-State is permanent and contains forces

-Sovereignty is the hail mark of state

-It is abstract and invisible

Government

-made up of elected officials/ representatives of people through election powers

-Power of Government is derived from state

-Temporarily many come and go

-Government uses it on behalf of the state

-Concrete and visible

Basic functions of government

To protect life, liberty and property of the citizens of the country.

Government-Established authority consisting of processes, institutions and officials to serve public interest.
Common Rules are rules that are written down while informal rules are not written down and expected to do or
live.

Types of official

Appointed Officials and elected officials

Main features of state

Boundaries - because the usage of government powers is only accepted or applied within the boundaries.

Arms of government

Legislative-enact law

Control budget

Oversight of executive performance

Mirror of public opinion

Executive

-enforce/implement laws

Make appointment

Treaty making functions

Foreign relations - only made by nec

Policy making functions

Judiciary

-Apply or interpret laws settle disputes

Punish law breakers

State - is a legal and political entity

8/ 8/23- Lecture Notes

The first reform on the decentralisation of government power was made in 1977- organic laws on the provincial
government

Second reform in 1995- organic law on the provincial and local level government

Third reform in 2014- Act of Parliament on DDA.All these reforms have been made primarily to improve service
delivery based on a good governance system.

10/8/23

Provincial Government don’t have judicial arm of government except the other two

The legislative branch of the provincial government is the provincial assembly

Provincial Executive Council (PEC) is made up of the provincial governor and the local members who preside over
some portfolios

For provincial affairs………

Is the chief accountable officer- Provincial Administrator

10/8/23- Tutorial Exercise

Reason for having DDA

1. Improve service delivery

2. Can enter into business to make their own money to…

Sub headings are more better to use in writing

1995-Organic law on Provincial and Local Level government

1977-Organic law on provincial government

Four important aspects of DDA

1. DDA must have perpetually succession that basically means, irrespective of the changes in the
composition of the DDA board members, delivery of services will still continue.

2. It must have a common seal to legitimise

3. They must hold or obtain real properties (properties attached to the ground) and personal
properties eg computer.

4. DDA can sue and be sued in their own corporate name.Example, giving contracts to a company and
some differences between them make them to go to court.It is more like a company.

Decentralisation -

-the key responsibility is to balance responsibilities with accountability ,resources and service delivery.

DDA formed because of lack of service delivery so services delivery and corporate personality were their aims.

DDA is the service delivery mechanism

DdA is the biggest public sector reform

DDA is considered as the service delivery mechanism, it has attained:

1. Get the opinion

2.

DDA Act 2014

Organic Law on Provincial Government 1977-political and administrative powers were granted to the provincial
government but subject to the approval of National Government as dictated by the 1983 reform.

1983- Parliament passed an amendment to the organic law that streamlined the suspension process.

DDA is chaired by the elected Member of Parliament. The District Administrator (currently CEO) is the ex-officio
member ( a person holding an office who is entitled to certain privileges.)

Three Appointed Members of the DDA Board

1. women representative

2. Youth representative

3. Church representative

DDA is required to conduct meetings 3 times in a year in the district in public.

The District Procurement Committee- is a committed accountability mechanism

National Procurement Commission-The National Procurement Act 2018 established the National Procurement
Commission Board to oversee procurement operations for all public and statutory bodies.

District CEO— LLG president—ward councillor—ward development committee appointed by the councillor

It is prescribed in the constitution that there must be a ward development committee appointed by the ward
councillor.

Public sector reform in PNG

Public sector reform- aimed at improving the performance of the public service
Public sector reform is essentially about the implementation of service delivery.

Lecture Notes on the 23/08/23

Google the old model of public Administration- basically it will show the reforms that have been made over the
years.

The organic law on the provincial and local level government 1995 brought tremendous change to both the political
and administrative levels .

Some of the key characteristics the government wants efficiency,economy, effectiveness in service delivery.

In order to do that, they need to bring in entrepreneurial banking into the public service by allowing public sector to
embrace corporate personality , in order to be able to improve delivery of goods and services.

Collaborative Government - where citizens are equally involved in decision making.

One thing that comes right across in those transitions is the sovereignty of the citizens.In the old public
administration, the citizens are recipients of the services of government .

The arguments at the independence to have autonomy is basically for two reasons:

1. To increase citizens participation in decision making

2. Bring government closer to the people

Public Service is the biggest employer and biggest service delivery mechanism

When talking about public sector, there are two important factors that are always come to the point;
 1. Good Governance

2. Public Sector Reforms

PUBLIC SECTOR REFORM- is essentially about the implementation of changes in the roles, activities and
performance of the executive arm of the government in carrying out its functions as established under the
constitution.

In public sector, when there are reforms made , we want to see changes in a manner in which the public service is
conducted effectively so that;

⁃ the services are being delivered

⁃ decisions are made

⁃ The institutions of government are managed

5 KEY AREAS Of PUBLIC SECTOR REFORM

(1) Financial Management System

Briefly about the budget passed every November in the Parliament Session called the Budget Session of the
Legislative arm of the Government.

Two types of budget

1. Recurrent budget

2. Development budget

Our Financial system is governed by the Public Finance Management Act -it provides the regulatory and the
legislative environment within which the expenditure of our public finance must be governed.

Section 32 officer under the Public Finance management act is a delegated authority by the secretary of finance ,
giving them the financial authority to commit to certain financial powers.

(2) Personal Management System

Department of Personal Management !!is for the public sector while in private sector is Human Resources
Management

(3) Asset management system

(4) performance management system

(5)Service Delivery System

All of the above come under IPM Model of Public Sector Reform

I = Institutions

P= Policy (process and system)- policies and regulations that provide framework for the institution

M= Management-basically the public officials

19/09/23 - Lecture

The preamble of our constitution and vision 2050

Different layers of government plans :

1. sector plans

2. District development plans

3. Provincial development plans )

and why it is important to managing government.

Leadership- is an ability of an individual or a collection of individuals to be able to influence others in the

organisation to achieve a particular outcome or objective. Leadership is the ability to exert influence on core
work mates or colleagues in any organisation either in public or private sector to be able to drive common
objective.

Six core values of leadership

1. Honesty -truthful and correct in what you do in public service

2. Integrity

3. Accountability - being answerable for what you do.It is the core value of the public service.

4. Respect

5. Wisdom - A good judgment or wise decision.

6. Responsibilities - take responsibility of your decision.

Ministerial responsibility- is an important turn up of democracy and it defines the roles of the ministries .

Ministerial responsibility comes in two forms

1. The collective responsibility of ministers

2. Individual Responsibility of ministers

As an individual , they are responsible or answerable to the parliament on the conduct of the ministry or portfolio
they preside over, and the conduct of the department, CEO and the line department .

They may have differing views but in parliament, they stand united as one as the executive government.

Ministers are also responsible to the executive arm of the government and importantly to the citizens on matters of
national importance

As public service, heads of departments, heads of statutory organisations , we’ve got a department of public service
management act (DPSM Act)- prescribes the responsibilities of public service and how they are to be conducted
especially heads of government departments and heads of statutory organisations .They need to conduct in a
manner that is acceptable by the government and the public.These are provided by the public service general
orders and public services management Act.

Department of personnel management as what they call values and ethics based executives leadership
management capabilities framework.

There is a policy In place called ethics and value based executives leadership and management capabilities
framework— it is a policy framework that provides a number of key pillars for leaders in public service .

An important aspect of government management is planning.

Need to understand the different layers of planning in government and how they provide the guidelines of how
government should be managed.

1. Constitution

⁃ the Constitution provides the framework within which the exercise of government or establishment
of governmental powers are conducted. I

The NGDPs provide that all levels of government plans must be done in accordance with the preamble of the
constitution , including the NGDPs and the eighth point plan set by the constitution planning committee .

PNG Development Strategic Plan— Vision 2010 to 2030

We have medium term development plan for 5 years that falls in line with the electoral cycle

Look at their key pillars and try to relate them

PNGDSP- has four key pillars:

1. Economic corridor concept

2. Micro economic and Fiscal sector Management

3. Land service transport and utilities development strategies

4. Economic sectoral strategies- fisheries,forestry

The essence of planning is that-you cannot be able to manage a government or an organisation without having
proper planning .

21/09/23– lecture notes

Decision making in managing government

When public officials make decisions there is always criticism and that’s the way of life in managing government.

The decision that you make as a public official must not be in favour or fear of others but must have the ultimate
aim of serving public interest. If the outcome of the particular decision that you have made is not in the interest of
the public, then you have to take the full responsibility of the decision.

Public Policy is the bridge between the public or the citizens and the government and its institutions.It ensures
that the aspirations of the government including the plans and all the good things that the government aspires
and embraces for the good of its people must be implemented by way of public policy decisions

Public Policy- is a set of actions guidelines and laws decided and taken by government in order to serve public
interest.it basically means that government is able to deliver its goods and services, intentions , aspirations and
ultimately the public good that it wants to deliver by way of public policy decisions and flat form. Examples of
policies: Quality and affordable education , free and affordable education policy (under this policy we have Hecas
and AES awards andTHESA that support’s tertiary institutions )

5 steps of public policy

1. Agenda setting - there needs to be an agenda for a policy.

2. Policy formulation- once the agenda is set, the government gets done through the process of
formulating the policy with the help of other government agencies so that it’s inclusive, embracing and reflecting
the needs of the sector and the people. In the policy formulation process there must be consultation.

3. Adoption- the NEC provides its decision about the terms of reference by directing how the
particular policy has to be carried out.

4. Implementation— after the necessary information is collected based on the NEC direction , the
report is submitted to the NEC with suggestions.Then the NEC sees and gives the power to implement the policy.

5. Evaluation- evaluation is very important therefore the National planning and Responsibility Act
2016 provides that all sectors must have …..Evaluation is very important because the lessons you draw from the
evaluation , the lessons you draw from implementing that policy will then inform you on the next stage.

Distortion of Accountability within our broader government is a big challenge for the public officials.

Institutions of accountability

IMP- basically means institutions, policy and management

Traditional model of public administration is very hierarchical and accountability is maintained.

Government is an established authority that consist of institutions, process and systems and the public officials

- Institution – are the governmental bodies

- Systems and process – are processional mechanism

- Those processional mechanism are being defined by policies that have legal bases

- The legislative provides for the existence of the institution and that gives the mandate how the organization and
the institutions operates.

- Policy – public policy does not exist on its own. Public policies and legislative co-exist

- For example if you are looking to reform one institutions or one policy and that particular policy affects a
processional requirement in terms of appointment.

- Key functions of the organizations under the IPM model

- The five key functions of the organizations

1. Financial management -

2. Personal management

3. Assets management

4. Performance management

5. Service delivery management

- Key element of the reform agenda are the finical mangemt, personal management and the asset management

- Constitutional law reform committee- which is the mandated intuitions to conduct any manner of reforms of law.

- It does this through NCE providing the reference

- Before there is a reformations there needs to some evolutions, consultation and audit

- Important key point- there is a clear distortion or dislocation of accountability structure

- In the traditional public administration what do you have; it’s basically hierarchical. E.g. the supervisors give you
directions and you perform it and if you don’t do it you are held accountable.

- The heart of this course – how are we going to address accountability

- Types of intuitions that directly responsible for accountability

1. Parliament-

is an arm of government
- Members of the parliament

- It is accountability intuitions because it

- The parliament provide oversight the performance of our budget

- They also monitor the functions of the executive

2. Parliamentary public accounts committee

- Is a permanent parliamentary accounts committee. PAC is an institution because it has the extended function of
the Parliament

- It exist just as the west minister system of parliament

- Exist in any democracy parliament

PAC- parliament as the legislative arm of government. PAC consist of all leaders and member of all opposition and
government

4. The office of auditor general-

is important and ist the intuitions of accountability.

- The prime requirement of the auditor is to provide audit reports to the parliament every fiscal year on the public
accounts of PNG.

- Institutions like ombudsman commission, independent commission against corruption, the office of public
prosecutor, the department of provincial and local level government. And also the department of rural
development Is the office where DDA submit their acquaintance, department of finance, because they provide the
custody of the public finance management act.

- What is accountability? Is the principle of answerability by an individual or a department for the performance or
outcomes for specific activities.

- Answerability basically means the responsibility or justifying once actions.

✓ Four functions of accountability

1. Improves governance- it strengthens quality and integrity of organizations, departments and process and systems
2. Provides oversight- there is provision and supervision so that decisions are made based on the expectations of
the public in terms of delivery of services.

How do we provide oversight- by consistence monitoring and reporting of the direction or the decisions.

3. Maintains, enhance and improves legitimacy- ensures that the lawful process that being prescribed is followed.
Therefore it gives prominence to the existence of the…….accountability

4. Improves performance – improves performance of the organizations

The three institutions

1. Parliament-

- Legislative – important accountability institution

2. Public accounts committee – is an extended function of parliament that consist of members from both
opposition and government

- Oldest committee

- Important principle of democracy – because it performs the important function of accountability

- Scrutinize and report to the national parliament.

- What needs to do now is to get our accountability intuitions perhaps in order but most importantly making sure
they perform.

- Examines and reports to the parliament on the public accounts of the PNG

3. The auditor general – is responsible for conducting inspections and audits

- And report once in a fiscal year to the parliament on the public accounts of PNG.

The public accounts of PNG includes- transactions containing public money and properties of PNG

- Reports comes from the audit.

A number of other institutions like the;

1. Ombudsman commission
 2. Independent Commission against Corruption

3. Office of public prosecutor

4. Department of provincial and local level government

Government is an established authority that consists of processes, systems, institutions and public officials both
appointed and elected to serve public interest

Explanations of the meaning

1. Processes

2. System

3. institutions

With all these key institutions, you cannot do one without the others. All of them are systematically go together. If
there is an institution with no system and processes then it won’t be well managed and no proper outcome of the
institution. Systems and processes are there to well manage the institutions of the government.

And also the public service

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