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x Ray Machine

The document explains the functioning of the focusing cup in x-ray tubes, detailing its size, shape, and the importance of its design for producing a concentrated electron stream to generate clear images. It discusses the proximity of the cathode and anode, the role of thermionic emission, and the differences between stationary and rotating anodes. Additionally, it covers the materials used, advantages and limitations of different anode types, and the operation of grid-controlled x-ray tubes.

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Angel Mae Manila
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14 views4 pages

x Ray Machine

The document explains the functioning of the focusing cup in x-ray tubes, detailing its size, shape, and the importance of its design for producing a concentrated electron stream to generate clear images. It discusses the proximity of the cathode and anode, the role of thermionic emission, and the differences between stationary and rotating anodes. Additionally, it covers the materials used, advantages and limitations of different anode types, and the operation of grid-controlled x-ray tubes.

Uploaded by

Angel Mae Manila
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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How the focusing cup works ● Size and shape

● Shape of the focusing cup ● Charge


● Projectile electron stream ● Filament size and shape
● Position of the filament w/in
Stray electron pattern cup
● a non-functioning focusing cup
would result in a wide spray
pattern of electrons. This
would result in xrays being
generated in a wide area
rather than in a small focal
spot which is essential for
clear images.

Cathode and anode proximity


● you can clearly see that the
distance between the cathode
and the rotating anode disc is
very close. This is designed
this way to ensure that the
projectile electron stream has
a reasonably good chance of
arriving at the anode in a
relatively light pattern. If the
electrons were premitted to
spread out, then the x-ray
production process would
become very inefficient.

● Thermionic emission
● How mA (milli-amperage) Anode
influences the exposure. ● The anode is a metal target
electrode that is maintained
at a large positive potential
difference relative to the
cathode.
● The production of x-rays,
generates a large amount of
heat in anode.
● There are two types of anode
x-ray tubes, stationary or
fixed
and rotating

Focusing cup Four factor X-RAY TUBE


determine the ● Stationary Anode
effectiveness of the cup: ● Rotating Anode
Stationary / Fixed Anode higher electrical loads or high
mAs
Consist of small plate of tungsten, 2
or 3mm thick that is embedded in a Applications
large mass of copper. ● Denfal x-ray sets, small
portable and mobile x-ray
The anode angle is typically range in units with limited output.
6 to 20 degree, with 12 to 15 degree
angels being the most common.

Tungsten is chosen as the target


material for several reason:

● High atomic number: makes it


more efficient for x-ray
production.

● High melting point: able to


withstand the high temp.

● Good heat absorption: able to


dissipate heat away from the
fargel area

► Copper serves a dual role: if


mechanically support the fungsten
insert and efficiently conducts heat
from the tungsten target. Rotating anode x ray tube

► Copper is a better conductor of


heat the tungsten,

► The actual focal size is


considerably larger than the area
actually bombarded by the stream of
electrons.

Advantages
● Compact unit
● Less cost

Limitations
● Since area covered by electrons
beam on the target i.e. x-ray
source and the area over
which heat is spread are the
same so we cannot use
● Rotating anode is used for
diagnostic x-ray applications,
mainly because of greater
heat loading and higher
intensity x-ray output.
● The anode is beveled disc
mounted on a rotor assembly
supported by the bearing in
the x-ray tube insert

● The Rotor consist of copper


bars arranged around a
cylindrical iron core.

● The beveled edge of the ● A donut shaped later device,


tungsten disc is used to take comprised of electromagnet,
advantage of the line focus surrounds the rotor and is
principle which allow large mounted outside the x-ray
focal spot to be bombarded by tube inserts.
electrons for greater heat ● The periodic reversal of
loading and providing small electron movement in
effective focal area to produce conductor, passes through the
good radiographic detail. stator windings, produces a
● The diameter of the fungsten magnetic field which induces
disc determines the total electrical current in the rotor's
length of the target tract and copper bar that causes it to
obviously affects the spin.
maximum permissible loading
of the anode. Typical disc
diameter measure 7.5, 10,
12.5cm
- In conventional x-ray tube a
focusing cup is electrically
connected to the filament which
helps to concentrate the electrons
on the target.

- Grid biasing requires


approximately-4000V applied to the
focusing cup with respect to the
- Rotation speed are 3000 to filament to switch the x-ray tube
3600 (low speed) or 9000 to 10,000 current off
(high speed) revolution per minuter
(rpm).

- A safety circuit is incorporated


into the x-ray circuit that prevents
an x-ray exposure from being made
until the rotor has reached its full
speed, this is the cause for the short
delay (0.5 to 15) when the x-ray
tube exposure button is pushed.

- Most rotating anode are


cooled by infrared radiation
emission, transferring heat to the x-
ray tube insert and to the
surrounding oil bath and tube
housing.

Anode

Grid-Biased/Grid-Controlled X-ray
Tube

- The controlled grid is an


electrode used in amplifying
thermionic valves (vacuum tubes)
such as the triode, tetrode and
pentode, used to control the flow of
the flow of electrons from the
cathode to anode electrode.

- A grid-controlled tube
contains its "switch" which allows
the x-ray tube to be turned on and
off rapidly as required by the sine
angiography.

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