The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life

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Preface

These proceedings are the extended abstracts of the papers presented at the 2010 Second
International Meeting on the Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life that took place in August in Cork,
Ireland. The meeting brought together 248 scientists, regulators, and representatives from industry
and environmental groups, representing 21 countries from all continents, to hear papers and discuss
a broad range of topics focused on underwater sound and its effects on organisms living in the
aquatic environment. This meeting followed from the immensely successful first conference that
took place in 2007 in Nyborg, Denmark. The Cork meeting was, if anything, more successful than
the first meeting in bringing people with different interests and experiences together and in allowing
them to get to know one another, learn about new findings, and interact very successfully.
The basis for the first two meetings, and the third which will be held in Europe in August 2013,
arises from concern that has been growing since at least the early 1990s. Humans are adding sub-
stantial noise to the aquatic environment, and this noise might have an impact on the quality of life,
and even the survival, of aquatic organisms. While the original concern focused on marine mam-
mals, this has changed in more recent years to the point where equal emphasis is now being placed
upon fish and, most recently, on invertebrates. Indeed, while fish and marine mammals were well
represented in Nyborg, with no representation of invertebrates, we are most pleased that a number
of outstanding papers were presented in Cork on invertebrates.
The Cork conference was packed with papers; so many that we extended the idea, first tested at
Nyborg, of having groups of rapid-fire presentations in the evening. These were as successful in
arousing interest and provoking comment as the longer presentations given at the conference. We
can have no doubt that the subject of underwater noise and its impact has come of age and that a
community of people with strong interest in this topic has now been formed. We are planning to
hold this community together in the period leading up to our next conference.

Arthur N. Popper, College Park, MD

Anthony Hawkins, Aberdeen, Scotland

vii
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Acknowledgments

The editors and the conference attendees are immensely grateful to the following agencies and
organizations for providing the financial assistance that enabled us to support attendance of a large
number of delegates at the Conference and to publish this volume.

Funding Agencies

Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement (USA)

Fisheries and Oceans (Arctic and Atlantic Divisions, Canada)
Marine Mammal Commission (USA)
National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (USA)
National Science Foundation (USA) Grant No. 0952925
Office of Naval Research – Global (UK)
Office of Naval Research (USA)

Companies

ExxonMobil (USA)
Greenridge Associates (USA)
JASCO (Canada)
Loughine Ltd (UK)
Oil and Gas Producers Association (OGP)
SIMRAD (Norway)

Organizations

Acoustical Society of America

Fáilte Ireland
College of Chemical and Life Sciences & The Center for Comparative and Evolutionary Biology of
Hearing, University of Maryland (USA)

ix
x Acknowledgments

The editors/organizers would also like to express their gratitude to a large number of people
who have provided help in planning and executing the meeting.
We start with our wives, Susan Hawkins and Helen Popper, for substantial and invaluable guid-
ance in selecting the meeting site and planning the non-science activities for the meeting. We also
thank Helen Popper for the many hours spent in editing the manuscripts in preparation for
publication.
We are grateful to Erica Casper for tireless efforts in keeping track of delegates, manuscripts, and
other items.
The logistics and organization of the meeting in Cork, and the running of the meeting, could not
have been carried out without the exceptional guidance, wisdom, and help of the staff of Venues
Ireland. In particular, we acknowledge the enormous contributions of Terri Cullinane, Triona
Dillon, and Fiona McGarry. We do not know what we would have done without their help.
Charlene Hurley, the Conference and Events Executive of the Clarion Hotel Cork, rendered
invaluable assistance in arranging facilities for the conference at the hotel.
We thank Sara Therrien (University of Maryland) and Jenni Stanley (University of Auckland) for
organization of the student participants helping with the meeting, and the many students in atten-
dance who agreed to help during various parts of the meeting.
We also thank Patty Selby of the Department of Biology at the University of Maryland for her
meticulous work to ensure that our funding was managed properly and that we were in the position
to reimburse delegates getting support in the most efficient manner. Mr. James Parker, also of the
Department of Biology, has been of major assistance in arranging the dispersal of funds.
We are grateful to Ann Avouris, our editor at Springer Science + Business Media, for showing
great flexibility and resourcefulness as we worked to develop ways to rapidly produce a very high
quality book as the work product of this meeting.
Finally, we want to express greatest gratitude and thanks to Roger Gentry, Marta Picciulin, Mark
Tasker, and Doug Wartzok for serving on our steering committee and for providing invaluable
insights and guidance as the meeting evolved. We also are most grateful to Elizabeth Burkhard,
Peter Cott, Tom Carlson, Douglas Cato, John Dalen, Bob Gisiner, Bill Lang, Jennifer Miksis-Olds,
Brandon Southall, Amy Scholik-Schlomer, Alexander Supin, Magnus Wahlberg, and Lidia (Eva)
Wysocki for serving on our advisory committee and for being willing to provide their guidance
during the development of the program.
Some Views of the Meeting

Susan Hawkins, Cork Lord Mayor Michael

O’Connell, Tony Hawkins, and Colleen Le Prell

xi
xii Some Views of the Meeting

Michele Halvorsen, Thor Halvorsen

(the youngest attendee)

Some of the members of the organizing committee: Pete Cott, William Lang, Doug Wartzog, Roger Gentry,
Mark Tasker, Tom Carlson, Jennifer Miksis-Olds, Arthur Popper, John Dalen, Tony Hawkins
Some Views of the Meeting xiii

Organizers Tony Hawkins and Arthur Popper along

with Triona Dillon from Venues Ireland

Bruce Mate, Bill Ellison, Roger Gentry, Colleen

LePrell
xiv Some Views of the Meeting

Meeting site at the Clarion Hotel, Cork

Some Views of the Meeting xv

(forefront) Brandon Casper, Mark Tasker, Paul

Nachtigall, Colleen LePrell
Carl Schilt, Tony Hawkins

Bob Dooling, Art Popper, Pete Rogers, Tony Hawkins, River Lee in Cork
Dick Fay
xvi Some View of the Meeting

Brandon and Erica Casper, Mike and Tarralei Smith

enjoying closing “shindig”

Jameson Brewery, site of the closing “shindig”

Contents

Part I Introduction

1 Noise and Marine Life: Progress From Nyborg to Cork in Science

and Technology to Inform Decision Making ................................................................. 3
Brandon L. Southall
2 Listening Backward: Early Days of Marine Bioacoustics............................................ 11
William N. Tavolga

Part II Sound Detection by Aquatic Animals

3 Effects of Underwater Noise on Marine Mammals ...................................................... 17

Christine Erbe
4 Psychophysical Studies of Auditory Masking in Marine Mammals:
Key Concepts and New Directions ................................................................................. 23
Colleen Reichmuth
5 On the Relationship Between Environmental Noise, Critical Ratios,
and Comodulation Masking Release in the Bottlenose Dolphin
(Tursiops truncatus) .......................................................................................................... 29
Brian K. Branstetter, Jennifer S. Trickey, and James J. Finneran
6 Direct Measurements of Subjective Loudness in a Bottlenose Dolphin ...................... 33
Carolyn E. Schlundt and James J. Finneran
7 High Auditory Time Resolution in Bottlenose Dolphins Is Effective
Protection Against Reverberation .................................................................................. 37
Gennadi Zaslavski
8 Frequency Selectivity in the Bottlenose Dolphin Auditory System ............................. 41
Gennadi Zaslavski
9 Auditory Brain Stem Responses Associated with Echolocation
in an Atlantic Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) ................................................ 45
Songhai Li, Paul E. Nachtigall, and Marlee Breese
10 Hearing, Noise, and Echolocating Odontocetes ............................................................ 49
Paul E. Nachtigall, Alexander Y. Supin, and Marlee Breese

xvii
xviii Contents

11 Evoked Potential Audiometry in Aquatic Mammals .................................................... 53

Alexander Y. Supin
12 Prediction of a Mysticete Audiogram via Finite Element Analysis
of the Middle Ear ............................................................................................................. 57
Andrew Tubelli, Aleks Zosuls, Darlene Ketten, and David C. Mountain
13 Reverse Engineering the Cetacean Ear to Extract Audiograms.................................. 61
Aleks Zosuls, Seth O. Newburg, Darlene R. Ketten, and David C. Mountain
14 Validation of a Vibroacoustic Finite Element Model Using Bottlenose
Dolphin Experiments ....................................................................................................... 65
Petr Krysl, Vanessa Trijoulet, and Ted W. Cranford
15 Acoustic Function in the Peripheral Auditory System of Cuvier’s
Beaked Whale (Ziphius cavirostris) ................................................................................ 69
Ted W. Cranford and Petr Krysl
16 Auditory Evoked Potential Measurement of Hearing Sensitivity in Pinnipeds ......... 73
Jason Mulsow, Colleen Reichmuth, Dorian Houser, and James J. Finneran
17 Hearing in Birds: What Changes From Air to Water .................................................. 77
Robert J. Dooling and Sara C. Therrien
18 Amphibious Hearing in Sea Turtles ............................................................................... 83
Wendy E. Dow Piniak, David A. Mann, Scott A. Eckert, and Craig A. Harms
19 Hearing Capabilities of Loggerhead Sea Turtles (Caretta caretta)
Throughout Ontogeny ..................................................................................................... 89
Ashley L. Lavender, Soraya M. Bartol, and Ian K. Bartol
20 Are Sharks Even Bothered by a Noisy Environment?.................................................. 93
Brandon M. Casper, Michele B. Halvorsen, and Arthur N. Popper
21 Optimal Auditory Sensitivity Under Variable Background Noise
Conditions: A Theoretical Model ................................................................................... 99
Marco Lugli
22 A Critical Reevaluation of the Role of Acoustic Pressure in Source
Localization by Fish ......................................................................................................... 101
Peter H. Rogers, James S. Martin, and John R. Bogle
23 Vibration of the Otoliths in a Teleost ............................................................................. 105
Carl R. Schilt, Ted W. Cranford, Petr Krysl, Robert E. Shadwick,
and Anthony D. Hawkins
24 Hearing Sensitivity of the Painted Goby, Pomatoschistus pictus.................................. 109
Marta Bolgan, Silvia S. Pedroso, Raquel O. Vasconcelos,
Joana M. Jordão, M. Clara P. Amorim, and Paulo J. Fonseca
25 Acoustic Communication in Pomatoschistus spp.: A Comparison Between
Closely Related Species.................................................................................................... 113
Silvia S. Pedroso, Marta Bolgan, Joana M. Jordão, Paulo J. Fonseca,
and M. Clara P. Amorim
26 Importance of Hearing for Survival of Danio rerio (Zebrafish)
in an Experimental Predator/Prey Environment .......................................................... 117
Rikke Agner Jørgensen, Christian Brandt, Magnus Wahlberg,
and Jakob Christensen-Dalsgaard
Contents xix

27 Lateral Line Canal Morphology and Noise Reduction ................................................ 121

Adrian T. Klein and Horst Bleckmann
28 Potential for Sound Sensitivity in Cephalopods ............................................................ 125
T. Aran Mooney, Roger Hanlon, Peter T. Madsen, Jakob Christensen-Dalsgaard,
Darlene R. Ketten, and Paul E. Nachtigall
29 Listening in Noise ............................................................................................................. 129
Richard R. Fay
30 Discovery of Sound in the Sea: An Online Resource .................................................... 135
Kathleen J. Vigness-Raposa, Gail Scowcroft, James H. Miller, and Darlene Ketten

Part III Sound Production by Aquatic Animals

31 Whistles of Bottlenose Dolphins: Group Repertoires and Geographic

Variations in Brazilian Waters........................................................................................ 141
Lisa S. Hoffmann, Elton Ferlin, Pedro F. Fruet, Rodrigo C. Genovês,
Fernanda P. Valdez, Juliana Di Tullio, Glauco Caon, and Thales R. Freitas
32 Detection and Classification of Vocalizations for the Study of Marine
Mammal Distributions in the Chukchi Sea ................................................................... 145
David Hannay
33 Acoustic Ecology and Behavior of Minke Whales in the Hawaiian
and Marianas Islands: Localization, Abundance Estimation,
and Characterization of Minke Whale “Boings” .......................................................... 149
Thomas Norris, Stephen Martin, Len Thomas, Tina Yack, Julie N. Oswald,
Eva-Marie Nosal, and Vincent Janik
34 What You See Is Not What You Hear: The Relationship Between
Odontocete Echolocation Click Production and Hearing ............................................ 155
Laura N. Kloepper, Paul E. Nachtigall, and Marlee Breese
35 Sound Production and Reception in Southern Sea Otters
(Enhydra lutris nereis) ...................................................................................................... 157
Asila Ghoul and Colleen Reichmuth
36 Nocturnal Acoustic Activity in the Shallow Waters of the WWF-Miramare
Natural Marine Reserve (Trieste, Italy) ......................................................................... 161
Antonio Codarin, Marta Picciulin, Linda Sebastianutto, Giuliana Calcagno,
Maurizio Spoto, and Enrico A. Ferrero
37 Acoustic Ecology of the California Mantis Shrimp
(Hemisquilla californiensis) ............................................................................................. 165
Erica R. Staaterman, Christopher W. Clark, Austin J. Gallagher,
Thomas Claverie, Maya S. deVries, and Sheila N. Patek
38 Influence of Turbidity on the Incidence of Sound Production in Atlantic
Croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) in Pamlico Sound, North Carolina .................... 169
Cecilia S. Krahforst, John P. Walsh, Mark W. Sprague, Devon O. Eulie,
D. Reide Corbett, and Joseph J. Luczkovich
39 Propagation of Lusitanian Toadfish Sounds in Estuarine Shallow Waters ................ 173
Andreia Ramos, M. Clara P. Amorim, and Paulo J. Fonseca
xx Contents

40 Sound Production in Some Physostomous Fish Species and Effects

of Biological Sounds on Fish ........................................................................................... 177
Michail Y. Kuznetsov and Yury A. Kuznetsov
41 Is Biological Sound Production Important in the Deep Sea? ...................................... 181
Rodney A. Rountree, Francis Juanes, Clifford A. Goudey, and Kenneth E. Ekstrom
42 Unusual and Unexpected Biological Noisemakers in the Irish Sea
and St. George’s Channel ................................................................................................ 185
Rodney Coates, Gillian A. Coates, Rachel Porter, Andrew Davies, and Dylan Evans

Part IV Physiological Effects of Sounds

43 Noise-Induced Hearing Loss: From Animal Models to Human Trials ....................... 191
Colleen G. Le Prell
44 Auditory Effects of Underwater Noise in Odontocetes................................................. 197
James J. Finneran
45 Implementation of Acoustic Dosimeters With Recoverable Month-Long
GPS/TDR Tags to Interpret Controlled-Exposure Experiments
for Large Whales .............................................................................................................. 203
Bruce R. Mate
46 Marine Mammal Auditory System Noise Impacts: Evidence and Incidence ............. 207
Darlene R. Ketten
47 Effect of Broadband Sounds on the Auditory Evoked Potential Thresholds
in the Beluga Whale ......................................................................................................... 213
Vladimir V. Popov and Alexander Y. Supin
48 The ESME Workbench: Simulating the Impact of Anthropogenic Sound
on Marine Mammals........................................................................................................ 217
David C. Mountain, David Anderson, Andrew Brughera, Matthew Cross,
Dorian S. Houser, Nael Musleh, Michael Porter, and Martin Siderius
49 Using EarLab to Study Masking Due to Anthropogenic Sound.................................. 221
David C. Mountain, David Anderson, and Andrew Brughera
50 Portable Auditory Evoked Potential System to Assess Odontocete Hearing.............. 225
Aude F. Pacini, Paul E. Nachtigall, and Laura N. Kloepper
51 Barotrauma in Fish and Barotrauma Metrics .............................................................. 229
Thomas J. Carlson
52 Assessment of Barotrauma Injury and Cumulative Sound Exposure Level
in Salmon After Exposure to Impulsive Sound ............................................................. 235
Michele B. Halvorsen, Brandon M. Casper, Thomas J. Carlson,
Christa M. Woodley, and Arthur N. Popper
53 Shipboard Assessment of Hearing Sensitivity of Tropical Fishes Immediately
After Exposure to Seismic Air Gun Emissions at Scott Reef ....................................... 239
Mardi C. Hastings and Jennifer Miksis-Olds
54 A Lack of Correlation Between Air Gun Signal Pressure Waveforms
and Fish Hearing Damage ............................................................................................... 245
Robert D. McCauley and Chandra Salgado Kent