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Lecture 1

The document provides an overview of chemistry, focusing on the properties and classification of matter, including definitions of atoms, elements, and molecules. It discusses methods of classification, types of changes in matter, and the distinction between physical and chemical properties. Additionally, it covers concepts related to measurements, including mass, weight, density, and the International System of Units (SI).

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10 views25 pages

Lecture 1

The document provides an overview of chemistry, focusing on the properties and classification of matter, including definitions of atoms, elements, and molecules. It discusses methods of classification, types of changes in matter, and the distinction between physical and chemical properties. Additionally, it covers concepts related to measurements, including mass, weight, density, and the International System of Units (SI).

Uploaded by

fardaautas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Scientific Method

&
Properties and Classification of
Matter
Chemistry
Chemistry is the study of composition, structure,
properties and change of matter.

CHEMISTRY

Health and Medicine (Vaccines and antibiotics)

Food and Agriculture (Fertilizers, cooking)

Energy and Environment (Fossil fuels, Solar


energy)
Materials and Technology (Polymers, ceramics)
…
..
Etc.
Properties of Matter

er: Occupies space, has mass and inertia

position: Parts or components


ex. H2O, 11.19% H and 88.81% O

erties: Distinguishing features


physical and chemical properties
Classifications of Matter
Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.

• Atoms are the building


blocks of matter.
• Each element is made of a
unique kind of atom.
• A compound is made of
two or more different
kinds of elements.

Note: Balls of different colors are used to


represent atoms of different elements.
Attached balls represent connections between
atoms that are seen in nature. These groups of
atoms are called molecules.
Classifications of Matter
Atom: The smallest particle of a chemical element and it contains
all properties of the element.

Is composed of a small, compact core called the nucleus and it is


surrounded by a cloud of electrons.

The nucleus is composed of two types of particles; protons and


neutrons.
Classifications of Matter
Elements: Pure substances that are composed of the same type
of atoms.

They cannot be decomposed into more simpler substances by


physical or chemical changes.

Building block of elements are atoms.

Elements are shown with symbols; symbols are consist of one or


two letters.
(hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), mercury (Hg), carbon (C),...)
Classifications of Matter
Molecule: A molecule is an electrically neutral group of at
least two atoms held together by covalent bonds.

A molecule may consist of atoms of a single chemical


element as with oxygen (O2),

or

of different elements, as with water (H2O).


Methods of Classification

• State of Matter

• Composition of Matter
States of Matter

9
Composition of Matter
Fixed composition Composition can vary from
and properties one sample to another

Cannot be subdivided Elements united in Uniform Nonuniform


fixed ratios Composition Composition
Au,O2, Fe H2O, CO2 Air, Salty water, Oil-water, milk, blood
Alloy
Types of Changes
A physical change does not alter the composition or identity
of a substance.
sugar dissolving
ice melting in water

A chemical change alters the composition or identity of the


substance(s) involved.

hydrogen burns in air


to form water
H2(g) + O2(g)  H2O(g)
Identifying Matter: Types of
Properties
Physical Properties can be observed without changing a
substance into another substance.
• Temperature • Melting (freezing) point
• Pressure • Boiling point
• Mass • Density
• Volume • Color
• State (solid, liquid, gas) • Hardness
Chemical Properties can only be observed when a substance is
changed into another substance. Eg. Enthalpy of formation, Heat
of Combustion, Chemical Stability, Flammibility

Sucrose heat Carbon + Water


Separating Mixtures
Physical means can be used to
separate a mixture into its pure
components.

distillation

filtration
extraction

magnet
Extensive and Intensive Properties
An extensive property of a material depends upon how much
matter is being considered.
• Mass
• Length
• Volume

An intensive property of a material does not depend upon how


much matter is being considered.
• Density
• Temperature
• Color
Numbers and Chemistry
• Numbers play a major role in chemistry. Many topics
are quantitative (have a numerical value).

Concepts of numbers in science


 Units of measurement
 Quantities that are measured and calculated
 Uncertainty in measurement
 Significant figures
 Dimensional analysis
Mass & Weight
Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.

mass – measure of the quantity of matter


SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg)
1 kg = 1000 g = 1 x 103 g

weight – force that gravity exerts on an object

weight = g x mass
International System of Units
(SI)
International System of Units
(SI)

 Prefixes
convert the
base units
into units
that are
appropriate
for common
usage or
appropriate
measure.
Volume
• Note that volume is not a base unit for SI;
it is derived from length
(m × m × m = m3)

• The most commonly used metric units for


volume are the liter (L) and the milliliter
(mL).

 A liter is a cube 1 decimeter (dm) long on


each side.
1 L = 1000 mL = 1000 cm3 = 1 dm3

 A milliliter is a cube 1 centimeter (cm) long


on each side, also called 1 cubic centimeter
(cm × cm × cm = cm3). 1 m3 = ……. mL
1 mL = 1 cm3
Density
Density – SI derived unit for density is kg/m3

mass m
density = d=
volume V

1 g/cm3 = 1 g/mL = 1000 kg/m3

Example: A piece of gold ingot with a mass of 301 g has a volume


of 15.6 cm3. Calculate the density of gold.

m
d=
V
301 g
= 15.6 cm3 = 19.3 g/cm3
Temperature Scales
K = 0C + 273

273 K = 0 0C
373 K = 100 0C

9
0
F = x 0C + 32
5

32 0F = 0 0C
212 0F = 100 0C
Numbers Encountered in Science
• Exact numbers are counted or given
by definition. For example, there are
12 eggs in 1 dozen.

• Inexact (or measured) numbers


depend on how they were
determined. Scientific
instruments have limitations.
Some balances measure to ±0.1 g;
others measure to ±0.0001g.
Dimensional Analysis
• We use dimensional analysis to convert one quantity to
another.
• Most commonly, dimensional analysis utilizes conversion
factors (e.g., 1 in. = 2.54 cm).
• We use the ratio which allows us to change units (puts the
units we have in the denominator to cancel).
given quantity x conversion factor = desired quantity
desired unit
given unit x = desired unit
given unit
Example 1

A 75 g sample of sodium chloride (table salt) is to be produced


by evaporating to dryness a quantity of seawater containing
3.5% sodium chloride by mass. What volume of seawater, in
liters, must be taken for this purpose? Assume a density of
1.03 g/mL for seawater.

mass NaCl mass seawater volume seawater unit !!


Example 2

Density of methanol

Mass of water 35.552g – 25.601g = 9.951 g


Volume of water
(pycnometer)

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