Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
ScienceDirect www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Procedia Computer Science 217 (2023) 1076–1085

4th International Conference on Industry 4.0 and Smart Manufacturing

4th International Conference on Industry 4.0 and Smart Manufacturing
Technological Transformation Model for SMEs
Technological Transformation Model for SMEs
Alicia Mona, Horacio René Del Giorgioa*
Alicia Mona, Horacio René Del Giorgioa*
a
Universidad Nacional de La Matanza, Florencio Varela 1903, (1754) San Justo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
a
Universidad Nacional de La Matanza, Florencio Varela 1903, (1754) San Justo, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Abstract
Abstract
The development of Industry 4.0 generates an important effect on the integration of value chains. The speed of this transformation
takes various forms
The development of depending
Industry 4.0ongenerates
the branches of industrial
an important effectproduction and has of
on the integration a differentiated impact
value chains. The speedon of
SMEs, deepening the
this transformation
development
takes various gapformsin the differentonregions
depending of the world.
the branches In this scenario,
of industrial production theand
SMEs
has of the manufacturing
a differentiated impactindustry
on SMEs,in Latin American
deepening the
countries
development findgap
themselves immersed
in the different in anofenvironment
regions the world. In ofthis
great speed ofthe
scenario, transformation that in turn is complex
SMEs of the manufacturing industryand unknown
in Latin in all
American
its dimensions.
countries find themselves immersed in an environment of great speed of transformation that in turn is complex and unknown in all
Based on a study carried out in Argentina on industries from various branches of activity, the current level of technological
its dimensions.
development
Based on a study and the state out
carried of transformation
in Argentina on in industries
which theyfrom are found
varioushave been evaluated.
branches of activity,Asthe
a result
current of level
the study, it has been
of technological
detected that this
development and type of companies
the state faces a great
of transformation lack ofthey
in which knowledge
are found about
havethebeen
technologies
evaluated.that
As could be of
a result developed,
the study,implemented
it has been
or integrated
detected that in
thistheir
typedifferent functional
of companies facesareas. This
a great lackignorance turns out
of knowledge aboutto the
be the main limitation
technologies of hisbetransformation.
that could developed, implemented
That
or is why, inintheir
integrated this different
article, the preliminary
functional areas.results of an ongoing
This ignorance research
turns out project
to be the main are introduced
limitation of hisintransformation.
which a proposal for a
Technological
That is why, inTransformation
this article, theProcess Model results
preliminary is beingofdesigned.
an ongoing Thisresearch
Model allows
projectSMEs to know the
are introduced in products
which a that they could
proposal for a
implement, according
Technological to the added
Transformation valueModel
Process needs isin being
its different functional
designed. areas and
This Model adopt
allows a path
SMEs to of transformation
know the productstowards Industry
that they could
4.0.
implement, according to the added value needs in its different functional areas and adopt a path of transformation towards Industry
©
4.0.2022 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
© 2022
This is anThe
openAuthors. Published
access article underby theELSEVIER
CC BY-NC-ND B.V. This is an
license open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 4th International Conference on Industry 4.0 and Smart
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 4th International Conference on Industry 4.0 and Smart
Manufacturing
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 4th International Conference on Industry 4.0 and Smart
Manufacturing
Keywords: ICTs Index; Technological Development; Industrial Development; Industry 4.0
Manufacturing
Keywords: ICTs Index; Technological Development; Industrial Development; Industry 4.0

1. Introduction
1. Introduction
The digital transformation of production systems and the accelerated pace that the fourth industrial revolution
unfolds requirestransformation
The digital the horizontalofintegration
productionofsystems
productsand
andthe
processes supported
accelerated by collaborative
pace that networksrevolution
the fourth industrial in which
unfolds requires the horizontal integration of products and processes supported by collaborative networks in which

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +54-911-59696940 fax: +54-11-44808900.

* Corresponding [email protected]
E-mail address:author. Tel.: +54-911-59696940 fax: +54-11-44808900.
E-mail address: [email protected]
1877-0509 © 2022 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V.
This is an open
1877-0509 access
© 2022 Thearticle under
Authors. the CC BY-NC-ND
Published by ELSEVIER license
B.V.(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under
This is an open responsibility
access of the
article under the scientific
CC BY-NC-NDcommittee of the
license 4th International Conference on Industry 4.0 and Smart Manufacturing
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 4th International Conference on Industry 4.0 and Smart Manufacturing
1877-0509 © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 4th International Conference on Industry 4.0 and Smart
Manufacturing
10.1016/j.procs.2022.12.306
 Alicia Mon et al. / Procedia Computer Science 217 (2023) 1076–1085 1077
2 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000

workers and ICTs cover multiple areas of a manufacturing plant [1]. The speed of this transformation takes various
forms depending on the branches of industrial production and has a differentiated impact on SMEs, deepening the
development gap in the different regions of the world.

According to ECLAC, the abyss in the digitalization of companies in Latin American countries is highly significant
[2] and risks increasing in the coming years with the accelerated evolution of Industry 4.0. In the same sense, the Inter-
American Development Bank (IDB) recommends public and private initiatives to support small businesses in the use
of technological solutions for their operations [3].
Based on the application of their Conditional Digitalization Index, the IDB carried out a comparative study between
Argentina and Brazil in the 2019-2020 period, analyzing the perception of the companies themselves towards digital
transformation, the results of which indicate that the self-perception of the companies in the region includes the lack
of knowledge about the available technologies, about the adoption processes and about the technological potential for
their business in particular [3].
In addition to this lack of knowledge and focusing on the reality of Argentina, it is observed that the software
industry represents 28% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the productive structure of the country in terms of
exports, where less than 10% of the software industry develops products for the manufacturing industry, while 56%
of software production is directed towards multinational companies, from the financial or commercial sector [4], which
indicates the scarce link between the potential of technological development with the local manufacturing industry,
leaving relegated the technological updating of small and medium-sized manufacturing companies that represent the
majority of the productive structure of Argentina.
In this sense, the lack of technological updating strategies directed towards industrial SMEs and the lack of
investments to improve competitiveness based on innovation and technological transformation emerge, given that it
does not turn out to be a demanding sector for the development of ICTs compared to other sectors.
From this perspective, given the speed of the transformation process and the lack of knowledge of companies about
the decisions to be made, it is necessary to know what the specific technological products that make up Industry 4.0
are and provide information on the path of adoption and complementarity of technologies. that industrial SMEs could
incorporate and initiate a process of transformation towards Industry 4.0.
In order to know the current state of technological development of SMEs, a study was carried out in a region of
Argentina using the InTICs® Index [5] created by the GIS (Grupo de Ingeniería de Software) research group as an
evaluation instrument, which determines the level of technological development of each industry according to the
software, hardware and infrastructure products that it currently has implemented, fulfilling specific tasks. In this case,
the products discriminated by functional area of each company were evaluated in order to identify the technologies
implemented in each company according to the added value in each function.
As a result of the detailed analysis of each functional area within each company and differentiating between the
products and the insertion of each one of the technologies, a process model is being designed that makes it easier for
SMEs to adopt technologies for technological transformation. The process model that is being created starts from the
result of the evaluation of ICTs by functional area, with the aim that each company can obtain information regarding
the technologies that it has installed and used in the different functions and can define the needs of technological
incorporation to generate a reconversion.
In this article, the results of the study carried out with companies using the InTICs® index are introduced, analyzing
the technological products by functional area and then, as a solution proposal, a preliminary version of the
Technological Transformation Process Model that is being designed is introduced.

2. Materials and Methods

To carry out the analysis of the level of technological development by functional area, a study was carried out in
an industrial district of the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, where 40 companies from different branches of
industrial activity were evaluated, in the period 2019-2020.
The InTIC´s® index was applied for the evaluation [6], which is structured from the technological products
differentiated into 3 ICT components: Software, Hardware and Infrastructure grouped according to the specificities of
1078 Alicia Mon et al. / Procedia Computer Science 217 (2023) 1076–1085
Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000 3

each type of technology and implemented in the functional areas where these technologies fulfill specific tasks within
the industries [5].
The generic functional areas that differentiate the index in which a typical company is structured to develop the
different functions, are the following.

• Logistics: Includes logistics tasks, both entry and exit.

• Production: Includes operation activities.
• Sales: This area includes the marketing and sales functions.
• Management: This area includes the support functions of the company's infrastructure and human
resources.
• Accounting and Finance: This area is also part of the company's infrastructure support activities.
• Engineering: This area includes technology development activities. This includes the functions of product
and process design.
• Purchases: Includes improvements in communication that results in a reduction in the purchasing cycle
and better prices.

Once the technological products have been identified at their crossroads with each functional area, the index
generates a 3-Level assessment, weighting each product according to its degree of development in terms of the time
each one of them has been in force in the market, allowing to distinguish by company in what level it is according to
the implemented technology:

• Basic level for those companies that have old technology

• Medium level for those companies that have medium current technology
• Advanced level for those companies that have advanced technology

The ICT products identified by the index are 74 in the different functional areas, within which, those corresponding
to the Basic Level are 20, those of the Medium Level are 30 and those of the Advanced Level are 24. Not all the
products included in the latter Advanced Level are the latest generation, but they are essential for the integration and
operation of the others. Therefore, from the set of products of the Advanced Level that defines the index, those
technological products that make up industry 4.0 were extracted.

Figure 1 represents the specific products of the Index that, when integrated, make up the subset of Industry 4.0
products. This topic has been worked on and presented in different conferences [7].

Fig. 1. Enabling ICT Products for Industry 4.0

 Alicia Mon et al. / Procedia Computer Science 217 (2023) 1076–1085 1079
4 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000

The structure of the index allows evaluating the installed products that belong to the Advanced Level in each
functional area of a company and the 11 products that belong to the Industry 4.0 subset.

3. Results and Discussion

To analyze the level of technological development by functional area, a study was carried out applying the InTICs®
index in the district of La Matanza, in the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, where 40 companies from different
branches of industrial activity were evaluated, in the 2019-2020 period. The surveyed municipality has a population
of 2 million inhabitants and 7,000 industrial establishments from different sectors of the manufacturing industry and
made up mostly of small and medium-sized companies [8].
From the results of the study, it can be deduced that 62.50% of the surveyed industries are at a Basic Level, 35.00%
at a Medium Level and 2.50% at an Advanced Level. Likewise, of the total number of companies, 67.50% have
implemented some Industry 4.0 products and only one Advanced Level company contains 10 (out of 11) Industry 4.0
products, which means that, of all the surveyed industries, only 1 (one) belongs entirely to this segment.

Fig. 2. Distribution according to score

Based on this global analysis of the level of development of the surveyed companies, a detailed analysis of the
subset of Industry 4.0 technologies has been carried out for each functional area in all the companies where the
existence of any of these products has been detected.
In this way, and analyzing each area, it is observed that in the "Purchasing" functions, the analyzed companies have
30 Industry 4.0 products distributed as shown in the following graph:

Fig. 3. Enabling ICT Products for Industry 4.0 in “Purchases”

 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000 5

1080 Alicia Mon et al. / Procedia Computer Science 217 (2023) 1076–1085

Regarding the "Logistics" area, the companies have implemented 34 Industry 4.0 products distributed as follows:

Fig. 4. Enabling ICT Products for Industry 4.0 in “Logistics”

Regarding the "Sales" area, the companies have implemented 54 Industry 4.0 products, and the detail is shown in
the following graph:

Fig. 5. Enabling ICT Products for Industry 4.0 in “Sales”

Regarding the products implemented in the "Management" area, the companies have implemented 53 Industry 4.0
products distributed as follows:

Fig. 6. Enabling ICT Products for Industry 4.0 in “Management”

Regarding the "Accounting and Finance" area, the companies have implemented 42 Industry 4.0 products as
introduced in the following graph:
6 Alicia
Author Mon/ Procedia
name et al. / Procedia Computer
Computer ScienceScience 217000–000
00 (2022) (2023) 1076–1085 1081

Fig. 7. Enabling ICT Products for Industry 4.0 in “Accounting and Finance”

In the "Engineering" area, the companies have 42 Industry 4.0 products implemented, distributed as follows:

Fig. 8. Enabling ICT Products for Industry 4.0 in “Engineering”

Analyzing these data, it is observed that the products implemented in all the areas of the surveyed companies are
those of Cyber Security, followed by Cloud Computing and in third place by Internet of Things. Far from these 3
products appears, very rarely, any of the remaining 8 products.
Therefore, if 67% of the surveyed companies have some Industry 4.0 product, standing out those applied to Cyber
Security, Cloud Computing and Internet of Things distributed in various functional areas of each company; it is
possible to affirm that the process of adoption of technologies is carried out by contracting services on existing
technologies, which do not imply their own developments, at the same time that integration with the other components
that could enhance their performance is not detected An example of something expected to be found could be the case
of Internet of Things networks with Sensors to collect their own data that are treated with Big Data Software for
analysis and Machine Learning algorithms in decision making.
This analysis allows us to glimpse that there is a low level of implementation of Industry 4.0 technologies, that the
products are not integrated transversally to the different functional areas, that those implemented products are
purchased or contracted services. As the hypothesis of this investigation stands, there is a high level of ignorance on
the part of industrial SMEs about the available technologies and the integration process that requires their adoption.

4. Proposed Solution

For the management of the technology adoption and integration process, we propose a preliminary version of a
Process Model that an industrial SME could follow to start the product identification that allows it to start a
Technological Transformation (TT).
The model is made up of 11 sub-processes that are carried out consecutively, and the result of each sub-process
constitutes the input information for the next one.
1082 Alicia Mon et al. / Procedia Computer Science 217 (2023) 1076–1085
Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000 7

Figure 9 shows the model where each process is represented by a circle and the threads they contain are linked in
the form of a rectangle with its name. The arrows indicate the flow of information between the threads.

Fig. 9. Technological Transformation Model

The proposed Model is based on the analysis of the existing functional Areas in a company [6], to carry out an
evaluation of the technologies implemented in each Area, detect which is the key functional Area, to analyze and
define the goals of Technological Transformation (TT) of the organization as well as of the key area. Once the goals
have been defined, the model allows identifying the technological products to be implemented, developed, or
integrated, which will define the strategies for the development, implementation, or integration of ICT products [5].
The Model considers each cycle as a continuum, in which each industry can start when it decides that it requires a
technological update to improve its productivity.
The definition of the processes of the Model is based on the InTICs® index scheme, in which an organization can
be analyzed based on its Functional Areas and evaluate the specific and effective ICT products that it has implemented
in the real context of use for each function. Thus, each process of the Model is described below.

4.1. Analysis of Functional Areas of the Company

This process initiates the Technological Transformation Model from the identification of the Functional Areas of
a typical company, according to the ICT index, in which they are distinguished in Management, Accounting and
Finance, Engineering, Purchases, Logistics, Production and Sales.

4.2. Evaluation of existing ICTs in the Organization by Functional Area (Technological Assets)

ICT products are evaluated for an organization based on the analysis of the index, depending on whether they
belong to the set of hardware, software or infrastructure products by Functional Area. These ICT products are
identified in the Model as Technological Assets [9]. That is, the ICT products that an organization has in its functional
areas. For example, an old PC, a Wi-Fi network, another LAN, among other options. This constitutes the "Photo" of
the current situation of an organization, about the areas it has, and the products implemented in each area. The use of
 Alicia Mon et al. / Procedia Computer Science 217 (2023) 1076–1085 1083
8 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000

the index makes it possible to detect which products are in operation and to assess the level of development of the
company.

4.3. Detection of Key Functional Areas (KFA)

As a next process, the Model proposes to find the Key Functional Area (KFA) for each company, according to the
following options:

4.3.1. Core Business Area Detection for the enterprise

Analysis of the central business area for the company, the one on which it produces and the one that defines its
mission within a branch of activity. A "Core Business Area" determines the main focus of a company's production
and business operations. That primary focus may be the business in which the company was founded or a business in
which the company's business operations have evolved over time. [10]

4.3.2. Detection of the level of technological development for each area of the company
The detection of the Core Business Area allows the evaluation of the specific ICT products it contains and the level
of specific technological development to detect the influence of ICTs on the productivity of its Core Business Area.
The evaluation can be carried out by the InTICs® index, with a specific cut of the area in question.

4.3.3. Area detection with more potential

The evaluation of the areas of the company, as well as the identification of the Core Business Area and its level of
technological development allows identifying the area with the most development potential based on its level, or its
contribution to the Core Business Area.
In other words, if the Core Business Area has an acceptable level of development above the average of the rest of
the areas, or there is a functional area that limits the productivity potential of the Core Business Area due to its low
level of development, the latter will constitute the area with the most potential, given that its technological update will
enhance the productivity increase of the company's Core Business Area. In this sub-process, the economic and
technological indicators are being developed that allow evaluating and discriminating between the different areas,
which would be the area with the most potential.
With these three options, the Model allows determining the Key Functional Area (KFA), as the most important
area or with the greatest potential to initiate a process of technological transformation.

4.4. Definition of Technological Transformation (TT) goals for the Organization

Based on the determination of the KFA, the Technological Transformation Goals for the organization in general
are defined. In this process, the company defines the objectives to be achieved in terms of technological development
for the entire company, linked to the acquisition of its own technologies or developments, the integration of existing
technologies, the training of its human resources or profiles to be incorporated, as well as other aspects involving the
organization in general.

4.5. Definition of Technological Transformation (TT) goals for the Key Functional Area

The definition of Technological Transformation Goals for the entire Organization provides the necessary
framework for the following process with the definition of technological transformation goals for the key functional
area (KFA) selected through process 3.3. In this process, the company defines the goals to be achieved in terms of
technological development for the specific area according to the definitions of the general goals.
1084 Alicia Mon et al. / Procedia Computer Science 217 (2023) 1076–1085
Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000 9

4.6. Selection of ICTs to implement

4.6.1. Definition of Infrastructure products or Services

This sub-process allows to determine which specific infrastructure products or services the company will adopt
according to the TT Goals of the KFA and the TT Goals of the organization in general. This difference allows the
adoption of technologies according to the following discrimination:

4.6.1.1. Implement
Implement new technological products that do not exist in the KFA. As an example, install a new network for the
Internet of Things.

4.6.1.2. Integrate
Integrate existing products with new products and/or services. For example, integrating the new Internet of Things
network with existing stock data processing software.

4.6.2. Definition of Hardware products or Devices

This sub-process allows determining which specific products of hardware equipment or devices the company will
adopt according to the TT Goals of the KFA and the TT Goals of the organization in general. This difference allows
the adoption of products according to the following discrimination:

4.6.2.1. Implement
Implement new technological products that do not exist in the KFA. For example, incorporating notebooks
increasing processing capacity.

4.6.2.2. Integrate
Integrate existing products with new products. As an example, integrate the notebooks to the data network installed
for data processing.

4.6.3. Definition of Software products

This sub-process allows determining which specific software products the company will adopt based on the TT
Goals of the KFA and the TT Goals of the organization in general. This difference allows the adoption of products
according to the following discrimination:

4.6.3.1. Develop
Own development of software that does not exist in the KFA. As an example, develop a transactional Web page.

4.6.3.2. Implement
Implement software from the purchase of existing packages or products on the market. For example, adopt a stock
control software.

4.6.3.3. Integrate
Integrate existing software with new applications or software products. As an example, integrate an existing web
page with the new development of a transactional Web page.

4.7. Start of development, implementation or integration process

This process allows the starting of the implementation, integration or development of the products defined in the
previous item.
 Alicia Mon et al. / Procedia Computer Science 217 (2023) 1076–1085 1085
10 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2022) 000–000

4.8. Evaluation

Once the development has been completed, the ICTs implemented, developed and/or integrated are evaluated,
already as new Technological Assets, and a new cycle of the TT Process begins.

5. Conclusions

In this article, the results of a survey carried out in 40 industries of a district of Argentina have been introduced,
where it is observed that a significant number of companies, regardless of the level of technological development in
which they are, incorporate Cyber Security products or Cloud Computing services as support to perform different
functions of your company. The incorporation of these products makes it possible to affirm that the companies hire
technological services, and are unaware of the possibilities of other products, or their transversal integration to enhance
the rest of the technologies that they have implemented.
From this high degree of ignorance, as a proposed solution, the preliminary structure of a Technological
Transformation Process Model was exposed, which is being designed within the framework of a research project,
which allows small and medium-sized companies from the industry to know the available technologies and adopt a
path of transformation towards Industry 4.0, based on the analysis of technological products by functional area of a
company.
As a future work, this preliminary model will be validated with recognized companies and specialists. Once
validated, the drafting of more specific recommendations will continue to carry out each of the proposed items, and
the implementation of a pilot test will begin.

References

[1] Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología: Industria 4.0: Escenarios e impactos para la formulación de políticas tecnológicas en los umbrales de la
Cuarta Revolución Industrial. Ed. Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva. (2015). Available from
http://www.infoplc.net/files/documentacion/industria4/infoPLC_net_0000038319.pdf
[2] CEPAL. (2021). "Datos y hechos sobre la transformación digital". Séptima Conferencia Ministerial sobre la Sociedad de la Información de
América Latina y el Caribe. Available from https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/46766/1/S2000991_es.pdf
[3] Ferraz, Joao Carlos, Torracca, Julia, Urraca Ruiz, Ana, Britto, Jorge, and Schmidt, Henrique. (2021). "Argentina-vs.-Brasil-La-travesia-por-la-
digitalizacion". Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo - Instituto para la integración de América Latina y el Caribe. Available from
https://publications.iadb.org/publications/spanish/document/Argentina-vs.-Brasil-La-travesia-por-la-digitalizacion.pdf
[4] Cámara de la Industria Argentina del Software (CESSI). (2022). "Informe Observatorio Permanente de software y servicios informáticos OPSSI-
2012. Available from http://www.cessi.org.ar/opssi
[5] Del Giorgio, Horacio René, and Mon, Alicia. (2019). "Las TICs en las Industrias". Ed Universidad Nacional de La Matanza. Available from
https://indicetics.unlam.edu.ar/it/pdf/Las_TICs_en_las_Industrias.pdf
[6] Mon, Alicia and Del Giorgio, Horacio René (2020). "Evaluation of Information and Communication Technologies towards Industry 4.0".
International Conference on Industry 4.0 and Smart Manufacturing (ISM-2020). Available from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877050921003355
[7] Mon, Alicia and Del Giorgio, Horacio René (2021). "Analysis of Industry 4.0 Products in Small and Medium Enterprises". International
Conference on Industry 4.0 and Smart Manufacturing (ISM-2021). Available from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877050922002988
[8] Mon, Alicia and Del Giorgio, Horacio René. (2019). “Análisis de la conformación industrial del partido de La Matanza”. Universidad Nacional
de La Matanza. Observatorio Social. Available from https://observatoriosocial.unlam.edu.ar/descargas/19_Sintesis_146.pdf
[9] Camisón, César, and Forés, Beatriz. (2010). Knowledge absorptive capacity: New insights for its conceptualization and measurement. Journal
of Business Research, 63(7), 707-715
[10] Augier, Mie, and Teece, David. (2018). "The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Strategic Management". Springer. Available from
https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1057/978-1-137-00772-8_51