Neuroanatomy Text and Atlas 4/E Inkling Chapter
(ENHANCED EBOOK), 4th Edition
Visit the link below to download the full version of this book:
https://medipdf.com/product/neuroanatomy-text-and-atlas-4e-inkling-chapter-enhan
ced-ebook-4th-edition/
Click Download Now
To Carol, Caitlin, Emma, and Rachel
6
Box Features
Box 1–1 Development of the Basic Plan of the Brain and Spinal Cord 10
Box 1–2 C-shaped Development of the Cerebral Hemisphere 20
Box 2–1 Anatomical Techniques for Studying the Regional and Microscopic Anatomy of the Human
Central Nervous System 36
Box 2–2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Visualizes the Structure and Function of the Living Human Brain 38
Box 3–1 Radiological Imaging of Cerebral Vasculature 68
Box 5–1 The Patterns of Somatic Sensory Impairments After Spinal Cord Injury 115
Box 6–1 Cranial Nerve and Nuclei Historical Nomenclature 134
Box 7–1 The Functions of the Different Higher-Order Visual Areas Are Revealed by Imaging and Analysis
of Deficits Produced by Lesions 172
Box 9–1 Adult Neurogenesis in the Olfactory Bulb 218
Box 10–1 Lesions of the Descending Cortical Pathway in the Brain and Spinal Cord Produce Flaccid
Paralysis Followed by Changes in Spinal Reflex Function 238
Box 11–1 Cortical Control of Swallowing 269
Box 13–1 Inhibitory Circuitry of the Cerebellum 315
Box 14–1 Knowledge of the Intrinsic Circuitry of the Basal Ganglia Helps to Explain Hypokinetic and
Hyperkinetic Signs 334
Box 15–1 Lesions in Diverse Locations Can Produce Horner Syndrome 376
Box 16–1 Circuits of the Hippocampal Formation and Entorhinal Cortex Are Important for Memory 390
7
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Guide to Using This Book
SECTION I | THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. Organization of the Central Nervous System
Neurons and Glia Are the Two Principal Cellular Constituents of the Nervous System
All Neurons Have a Common Morphological Plan
Neurons Communicate With Each Other at Synapses
Glial Cells Provide Structural and Metabolic Support for Neurons
The Nervous System Consists of Separate Peripheral and Central Components
The Spinal Cord Displays the Simplest Organization of All Seven Major Divisions
The Brain Stem and Cerebellum Regulate Body Functions and Movements
The Diencephalon Consists of the Thalamus and Hypothalamus
The Cerebral Hemispheres Have the Most Complex Shape of All Central Nervous System Divisions
The Subcortical Components of the Cerebral Hemispheres Mediate Diverse Motor, Cognitive, and
Emotional Functions
The Four Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex Each Have Distinct Functions
Cavities Within the Central Nervous System Contain Cerebrospinal Fluid
The Central Nervous System Is Covered by Three Meningeal Layers
An Introduction to Neuroanatomical Terms
2. Structural and Functional Organization of the Central Nervous System
The Dorsal Column–Medial Lemniscal System and Corticospinal Tract Have a Component at Each Level
of the Neuraxis
The Modulatory Systems of the Brain Have Diffuse Connections and Use Different Neurotransmitters
Neurons in the Basal Forebrain and Diencephalon Contain Acetylcholine
The Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area Contain Dopaminergic Neurons
Neurons in the Locus Ceruleus Give Rise to a Noradrenergic Projection
Neurons of the Raphe Nuclei Use Serotonin as Their Neurotransmitter
Guidelines for Studying the Regional Anatomy and Interconnections of the Central Nervous System
The Spinal Cord Has a Central Cellular Region Surrounded by a Region That Contains Myelinated Axons
The Direction of Information Flow has Its Own Set of Terms
Surface Features of the Brain Stem Mark Key Internal Structures
The Organization of the Medulla Varies From Caudal to Rostral
The Pontine Nuclei Surround the Axons of the Corticospinal Tract in the Base of the Pons
8
The Dorsal Surface of the Midbrain Contains the Colliculi
The Thalamus Transmits Information From Subcortical Structures to the Cerebral Cortex
The Internal Capsule Contains Ascending and Descending Axons
Cerebral Cortex Neurons Are Organized Into Layers
The Cerebral Cortex Has an Input-Output Organization
The Cytoarchitectonic Map of the Cerebral Cortex Is the Basis for a Map of Cortical Function
3. Vasculature of the Central Nervous System and the Cerebrospinal Fluid
Neural Tissue Depends on Continuous Arterial Blood Supply
The Vertebral and Carotid Arteries Supply Blood to the Central Nervous System
The Spinal and Radicular Arteries Supply Blood to the Spinal Cord
The Vertebral and Basilar Arteries Supply Blood to the Brain Stem
The Internal Carotid Artery Has Four Principal Portions
The Anterior and Posterior Circulations Supply the Diencephalon and Cerebral Hemispheres
Collateral Circulation Can Rescue Brain Regions Deprived of Blood
Deep Branches of the Anterior and Posterior Circulations Supply Subcortical Structures
Different Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex Are Supplied by Different Cerebral Arteries
Cerebral Veins Drain Into the Dural Sinuses
The Blood-Brain Barrier Isolates the Chemical Environment of the Central Nervous System From That of
the Rest of the Body
Cerebrospinal Fluid Serves Many Diverse Functions Most of the Cerebrospinal Fluid Is Produced by the
Choroid Plexus
Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulates Throughout the Ventricles and Subarachnoid Space
Cerebrospinal Fluid Is Drawn From the Lumbar Cistern
The Dural Sinuses Provide the Return Path for Cerebrospinal Fluid
SECTION II | SENSORY SYSTEMS
4. Somatic Sensation: Spinal Mechanosensory Systems
Somatic Sensations
Functional Anatomy of the Spinal Mechanosensory System Mechanical Sensations Are Mediated by the
Dorsal Column–Medial Lemniscal System
Regional Anatomy of the Spinal Mechanosensory System The Peripheral Axon Terminals of Dorsal Root
Ganglion Neurons Contain the Somatic Sensory Receptors
Dermatomes Have a Segmental Organization
The Spinal Cord Gray Matter Has a Dorsoventral Sensory-Motor Organization
Mechanoreceptor Axons Terminate in Deeper Portions of the Spinal Gray Matter and in the Medulla
The Ascending Branches of Mechanoreceptive Sensory Fibers Travel in Dorsal Columns
The Dorsal Column Nuclei Are Somatotopically Organized
The Decussation of the Dorsal Column–Medial Lemniscal System Is in the Caudal Medulla
9
Mechanosensory Information Is Processed in the Ventral Posterior Nucleus
The Primary Somatic Sensory Cortex Has a Somatotopic Organization
The Primary Somatic Sensory Cortex Has a Columnar Organization
Higher-Order Somatic Sensory Cortical Areas Are Located in the Parietal Lobe, Parietal Operculum,
and Insular Cortex
5. Somatic Sensation: Spinal Systems for Pain, Temperature, and Itch
Functional Anatomy of the Spinal Protective Systems
Pain, Temperature, and Itch Are Mediated by the Anterolateral System
Visceral Pain Is Mediated by Dorsal Horn Neurons Whose Axons Ascend in the Dorsal Columns
Regional Anatomy of the Spinal Protective Systems
Small-Diameter Sensory Fibers Mediate Pain, Temperature, and Itch
Small-Diameter Sensory Fibers Terminate Primarily in the Superficial Laminae of the Dorsal Horn
Anterolateral System Projection Neurons Are Located in the Dorsal Horn and Decussate in the Ventral
Commissure
Vascular Lesions of the Medulla Differentially Affect Somatic Sensory Function
Descending Pain Suppression Pathways Originate From the Brain Stem
Three Separate Nuclei in the Thalamus Process Pain, Temperature, and Itch
Limbic and Insular Areas Contain the Cortical Representations of Pain, Itch, and Temperature
Sensations
6. Somatic Sensation: Trigeminal and Viscerosensory Systems
Cranial Nerves and Nuclei
Important Differences Exist Between the Sensory and Motor Innervation of Cranial Structures and
Those of the Limbs and Trunk
There Are Seven Functional Categories of Cranial Nerves
Cranial Nerve Nuclei Are Organized Into Distinctive Columns
Functional Anatomy of the Trigeminal and Viscerosensory Systems
Separate Trigeminal Pathways Mediate Touch and Pain and Temperature Senses
The Viscerosensory System Originates From the Caudal Solitary Nucleus
Regional Anatomy of the Trigeminal and Viscerosensory Systems
Separate Sensory Roots Innervate Different Parts of the Face and Mucous Membranes of the Head
The Key Components of the Trigeminal System Are Present at All Levels of the Brain Stem
The Caudal Solitary and Parabrachial Nuclei Are Key Brain Stem Viscerosensory Integrative Centers
Somatic and Visceral Sensation Are Processed by Separate Thalamic Nuclei
7. The Visual System
Functional Anatomy of the Visual System
Anatomically Separate Visual Pathways Mediate Perception and Ocular Reflex Function
The Pathway to the Primary Visual Cortex Is Important for Perception of the Form, Color, and Motion
of Visual Stimuli
10
The Pathway to the Midbrain Is Important in Voluntary and Reflexive Control of the Eyes
Regional Anatomy of the Visual System
The Visual Field of Each Eye Partially Overlaps
Optical Properties of the Eye Transform Visual Stimuli
The Retina Contains Three Major Cell Layers
Each Optic Nerve Contains All of the Axons of Ganglion Cells in the Ipsilateral Retina
The Superior Colliculus Is Important in Ocular Motor Control and Orientation
The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus Transmits Retinotopic Information to the Primary Visual Cortex
The Primary Visual Cortex Has a Columnar Organization
The Magnocellular and Parvocellular Systems Have Differential Laminar Projections in the Primary
Visual Cortex
Higher-Order Visual Cortical Areas Analyze Distinct Aspects of Visual Stimuli
Object Recognition Is Transmitted by the Ventral Stream and Spatial Localization and Action, by the
Dorsal Stream
The Visual Field Changes In Characteristic Ways After Damage to the Visual System
8. The Auditory System
Functional Anatomy of the Auditory System
Parallel Ascending Auditory Pathways Are Involved in Different Aspects of Hearing
Regional Anatomy of the Auditory System
The Auditory Sensory Organs Are Located Within the Membranous Labyrinth
The Cochlear Nuclei Are the First Central Nervous System Relays for Auditory Information
The Superior Olivary Complex Processes Stimuli From Both Ears for Horizontal Sound Localization
The Olivocochlear System Regulates Auditory Sensitivity in the Periphery
Auditory Brain Stem Axons Ascend in the Lateral Lemniscus
The Inferior Colliculus is Located in the Midbrain Tectum
The Medial Geniculate Nucleus Is the Thalamic Auditory Relay Nucleus
The Primary Auditory Cortex Comprises Several Tonotopically Organized Representations Within
Heschl’s Gyri
Caudal Secondary and Higher-Order Auditory Areas Give Rise to Projections for Distinguishing the
Location of Sounds
Rostral Secondary and Higher-Order Auditory Areas Give Rise to Projections for Processing the
Linguistic Characteristics of Sounds
Damage to Frontotemporal Regions in the Left Hemisphere Produces Aphasias
9. Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell
The Gustatory System: Taste
The Ascending Gustatory Pathway Projects to the Ipsilateral Insular Cortex
Regional Anatomy of the Gustatory System
Branches of the Facial, Glossopharyngeal, and Vagus Nerves Innervate Different Parts of the Oral
Cavity
11
The Solitary Nucleus Is the First Central Nervous System Relay for Taste
The Parvocellular Portion of the Ventral Posterior Medial Nucleus Relays Gustatory Information to the
Insular Cortex and Operculum
The Olfactory System: Smell
The Olfactory Projection to the Cerebral Cortex Does Not Relay Through the Thalamus
Regional Anatomy of the Olfactory System
The Primary Olfactory Neurons Are Located in the Nasal Mucosa
The Olfactory Bulb Is the First Central Nervous System Relay for Olfactory Input
The Olfactory Bulb Projects to Structures on the Ventral Brain Surface Through the Olfactory Tract
The Primary Olfactory Cortex Receives a Direct Input from the Olfactory Bulb
Olfactory and Gustatory Information Interacts in the Insular and Orbitofrontal Cortex for Sensing
Flavors
SECTION III | MOTOR SYSTEMS
10. Descending Motor Pathways and the Motor Function of the Spinal Cord
Functional Anatomy of the Motor Systems for Limb Control and Posture
Diverse Central Nervous System Structures Comprise the Motor Systems
Many Cortical Regions Are Recruited Into Action During Visually Guided Movements
Functional Anatomy of the Descending Motor Pathways
Multiple Parallel Motor Control Pathways Originate From the Cortex and Brain Stem
Three Rules Govern the Logic of the Organization of the Descending Motor Pathways
Two Laterally Descending Pathways Control Limb Muscles
Four Medially Descending Pathways Control Axial and Girdle Muscles to Regulate Posture
Regional Anatomy of the Motor Systems and the Descending Motor Pathways
The Cortical Motor Areas Are Located in the Frontal Lobe
The Projection From Cortical Motor Regions Passes Through the Internal Capsule En Route to the
Brain Stem and Spinal Cord
The Corticospinal Tract Courses in the Base of the Midbrain
The Pontine and Medullary Reticular Formation Gives Rise to the Reticulospinal Tracts
The Lateral Corticospinal Tract Decussates in the Caudal Medulla
The Intermediate Zone and Ventral Horn of the Spinal Cord Receive Input From the Descending
Pathways
11. Cranial Nerve Motor Nuclei and Brain Stem Motor Functions
Organization of Cranial Motor Nuclei
There Are Three Columns of Cranial Nerve Motor Nuclei
Neurons in the Somatic Skeletal Motor Column Innervate Tongue and Extraocular Muscles
The Branchiomeric Motor Column Innervates Skeletal Muscles That Develop From the Branchial
Arches
12
The Autonomic Motor Column Contains Parasympathetic Preganglionic Neurons
The Functional Organization of the Corticobulbar Tract
The Cranial Motor Nuclei Are Controlled by the Cerebral Cortex and Diencephalon
Bilateral Corticobulbar Tract Projections Innervate the Hypoglossal Nucleus, Trigeminal Nucleus, and
Nucleus Ambiguus
Cortical Projections to the Facial Motor Nucleus Have a Complex Pattern
Regional Anatomy of Cranial Motor Nuclei and Corticobulbar Tract
Lesion of the Genu of the Internal Capsule Interrupts the Corticobulbar Tract
The Trigeminal Motor Nucleus Is Medial to the Main Trigeminal Sensory Nucleus
The Fibers of the Facial Nerve Have a Complex Trajectory Through the Pons
The Glossopharyngeal Nerve Enters and Exits From the Rostral Medulla
A Level Through the Mid-Medulla Reveals the Locations of Six Cranial Nerve Nuclei
The Spinal Accessory Nucleus Is Located at the Junction of the Spinal Cord and Medulla
12. The Vestibular System and Eye Movements
Functional Anatomy of the Vestibular System
An Ascending Pathway From the Vestibular Nuclei to the Thalamus Is Important for Perception,
Orientation, and Posture
The Vestibular System Regulates Blood Pressure in Response to Changes in Body Posture and Gravity
The Vestibular Nuclei Have Functionally Distinct Descending Spinal Projections for Axial Muscle
Control
Functional Anatomy of Eye Movement Control
The Extraocular Motor Neurons Are Located in Three Cranial Nerve Motor Nuclei
The Vestibuloocular Reflex Maintains Direction of Gaze During Head Movement
Voluntary Eye Movements Are Controlled by Neurons in the Frontal Lobe and the Parietal-Temporal-
Occipital Association Cortex
Regional Organization of the Vestibular and Eye Movement Control Systems
Vestibular Sensory Organs Are Contained Within the Membranous Labyrinth
The Vestibular Nuclei Have Functionally Diverse Projections
The Extraocular Motor Nuclei Are Located Adjacent to the MLF in the Pons and Midbrain
Parasympathetic Neurons in the Midbrain Regulate Pupil Size
Eye Movement Control Involves the Integrated Functions of Many Brain Stem Structures
The Ventral Posterior Nucleus of the Thalamus Transmits Vestibular Information to the Parietal and
Insular Cortical Areas
Multiple Areas of the Cerebral Cortex Function in Eye Movement Control
13. The Cerebellum
Gross Anatomy of the Cerebellum
Functional Anatomy of the Cerebellum
The Cerebellum Has a Basic Circuit
All Three Functional Divisions of the Cerebellum Display a Similar Input-Output Organization
13
Damage to the Cerebellum Produces Limb Motor Signs on the Same Side as the Lesion
Regional Anatomy of the Cerebellum
Spinal Cord and Medullary Sections Reveal Nuclei and Paths Transmitting Somatic Sensory
Information to the Cerebellum
The Inferior Olivary Nucleus Is the Only Source of Climbing Fibers
The Vestibulocerebellum Receives Input From Primary and Secondary Vestibular Neurons
The Pontine Nuclei Provide the Major Input to the Cerebrocerebellum
The Intrinsic Circuitry of the Cerebellar Cortex Is the Same for the Different Functional Divisions
The Deep Cerebellar Nuclei Are Located Within the White Matter
The Ventrolateral Nucleus Relays Cerebellar Output to the Premotor and Primary Motor Cortical
Areas
The Cerebellum is Important for Many Nonmotor Functions
The Corticopontine Projection Brings Information From Diverse Cortical Areas to the Cerebellum for
Motor Control and Higher Brain Functions
14. The Basal Ganglia
Organization and Development of the Basal Ganglia
Separate Components of the Basal Ganglia Process Incoming Information and Mediate the Output
The Complex Shapes and Fractionation of Basal Ganglia Components Are Understood by How the
Basal Ganglia Develop
Functional Anatomy of the Basal Ganglia
Direct and Indirect Pathways Form Common Circuits Throughout All Functional Divisions of the
Basal Ganglia
Knowledge of Basal Ganglia Connections and Neurotransmitters Provides Insight Into Their Function
In Health and Disease
Parallel Circuits Course Through the Basal Ganglia
Integration of Information Between the Basal Ganglia Loops
Regional Anatomy of the Basal Ganglia
The Anterior Limb of the Internal Capsule Separates the Head of the Caudate Nucleus from the
Putamen
The Three Components of the Striatum Are Located at the Level of the Anterior Horn of the Lateral
Ventricle
The External Segment of the Globus Pallidus and the Ventral Pallidum are Separated by the Anterior
Commissure
The Ansa Lenticularis and the Lenticular Fasciculus Are Output Tracts of the Internal Segment of the
Globus Pallidus
Lesion of the Subthalamic Nucleus Produces Hemiballism
The Substantia Nigra Contains Two Anatomical Divisions
The Pedunculopontine Nucleus Is Part of a Parallel Path From the Basal Ganglia to Brain Stem
Locomotor Control Centers
14
Stimulation-based Treatments for Movement and Nonmovement Disorders Rely on Knowledge of the
Regional Anatomy and Circuitry of the Basal Ganglia
The Vascular Supply of the Basal Ganglia Is Provided by the Middle Cerebral Artery
SECTION IV | INTEGRATIVE SYSTEMS
15. The Hypothalamus and Regulation of Bodily Functions
Gross Anatomy of the Hypothalamus
Functional Anatomy of the Hypothalamus
Separate Parvocellular and Magnocellular Neurosecretory Systems Regulate Hormone Release From
the Anterior and Posterior Lobes of the Pituitary
The Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System Originate From
Different Central Nervous System Locations
Hypothalamic Nuclei Coordinate Integrated Visceral Responses to Body and Environmental Stimuli
The Hypothalamus Coordinates Circadian Responses, Sleep, and Wakefulness
Regional Anatomy of the Hypothalamus
The Preoptic Area Influences Release of Reproductive Hormones From the Anterior Pituitary
Section Through the Median Eminence Reveals Parvocellular and Magnocellular Nuclei
The Posterior Hypothalamus Contains the Mammillary Bodies
Descending Autonomic Fibers Course in the Periaqueductal Gray Matter and in the Lateral
Tegmentum
Nuclei in the Pons Are Important for Bladder Control
Dorsolateral Brain Stem Lesions Interrupt Descending Sympathetic Fibers
Preganglionic Neurons Are Located in the Lateral Intermediate Zone of the Spinal Cord
16. The Limbic System and Cerebral Circuits for Reward, Emotions, and Memory
Anatomical and Functional Overview of Neural Systems for Reward, Emotions, and Memory
The Limbic Association Cortex Is Located on the Medial Surface of the Frontal, Parietal, and
Temporal Lobes
The Hippocampal Formation Plays a Role in Consolidating Explicit Memories
The Amygdala Contains Three Major Functional Divisions for Emotions and Their Behavioral
Expression
The Mesolimbic Dopamine System and Ventral Striatum Are Important in Reward
Connections Exist Between Components of the Limbic System and the Three Effector Systems
All Major Neurotransmitter Regulatory Systems Have Projections to the Limbic System
Regional Anatomy of Neural Systems for Emotions, Learning, and Memory, and Reward
The Nucleus Accumbens and Olfactory Tubercle Comprise Part of the Basal Forebrain
Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Systems Have Diffuse Limbic and Neocortical Projections
The Cingulum Courses Beneath the Cingulate and Parahippocampal Gyri
The Three Nuclear Divisions of the Amygdala Are Revealed in Coronal Section
15
The Hippocampal Formation Is Located in the Floor of the Inferior Horn of the Lateral Ventricle
A Sagittal Cut Through the Mammillary Bodies Reveals the Fornix and Mammillothalamic Tract
Nuclei in the Brain Stem Link Telencephalic and Diencephalic Limbic Structures With the Autonomic
Nervous System and the Spinal Cord
SECTION V | ATLAS
Atlas I: Surface Topography of the Central Nervous System
Atlas II: Myelin-Stained Sections Through the Central Nervous System
Answers to Clinical Cases
Answers to Study Questions
Glossary
Index
16
Preface
Neuroanatomy plays a crucial role in the health science curriculum by preparing students to understand the
anatomical basis of neurology and psychiatry. Imaging the human brain, in both the clinical and research
setting, helps us to identify its basic structure and connections. And when the brain becomes damaged by
disease or trauma, imaging localizes the extent of the injury. Functional imaging helps to identify the parts of
the brain that become active during our thoughts and actions, and reveals brain regions where drugs act to
produce their neurological and psychiatric effects. Complementary experimental approaches in animals—such
as mapping neural connections, localizing particular neuroactive chemicals within different brain regions, and
determining the effects of lesions—provide the neuroscientist and clinician with the tools to study the
biological substrates of disordered thought and behavior. To interpret this wealth of information requires a
high level of neuroanatomical competence.
Since the third edition of Neuroanatomy: Text and Atlas, clinical neuroscience has become even more
dependent on localization of function for treatment of disease. Electrophysiological procedures, such as deep
brain stimulation (DBS) for Parkinson disease, target small regions within the basal ganglia. DBS, as this is
called, is routine in many major medical centers. Interventional neuroradiology is a chosen approach for
treating many vascular abnormalities, such as repair of arterial aneurysms. Surgery to resect small portions of
the temporal lobe is the treatment of choice for many patients with epilepsy. Neurosurgeons routinely use
high-resolution imaging tools to characterize the functions and even the connections of regions surrounding
tumors, to resect the tumor safely and minimize risk of loss of speech or motor function. Each of these
innovative approaches clearly requires that the clinical team have a greater knowledge of functional
neuroanatomy to design and carry out these tasks. And this demand for knowledge of brain structure,
function, and connectivity will only be more critical in the future as higher-resolution and more effective
approaches are developed to repair the damaged brain.
Neuroanatomy helps to provide key insights into disease by providing a bridge between molecular and
clinical neural science. We are learning the genetic and molecular bases for many neurological and psychiatric
diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and schizophrenia. Localizing defective genes to particular brain
regions and neural circuits helps to further our understanding of how pathological changes in brain structure
alter brain function. And this knowledge, in turn, will hopefully lead to breakthroughs in treatments and even
cures.
An important goal of Neuroanatomy: Text and Atlas is to prepare the reader for interpreting the new wealth
of human brain images—structural, functional, and connectivity—by developing an understanding of the
anatomical localization of brain function. To provide a workable focus, this book is largely restricted to the
central nervous system. It takes a traditional approach to gaining neuroanatomical competence: Because the
basic imaging picture is a two-dimensional slice through the brain, the locations of structures are examined on
two-dimensional myelin-stained sections through the human central nervous system.
What is new for the fourth edition of Neuroanatomy: Text and Atlas? All chapters have been revised to
reflect advances in neural science since the last edition. In addition to full color illustrations, there are many
17
new features:
• Chapters begin with a clinical case to illustrate the connections and function of the key material. Some of
these cases are specialized and not apt to be seen in routine practice. They were chosen to show how human
behavior can change in remarkable ways following damage to a localized brain region; sometimes a very
small region.
• Chapters end with a series of multiple choice review questions.
• Material on central nervous system development is now included in the relevant individual chapters rather
than a single development chapter.
• There are separate chapters on touch and pain.
Designed as a self-study guide and resource for information on the structure and function of the human
central nervous system, this book can serve as both text and atlas for an introductory laboratory course in
human neuroanatomy.
For over 23 years, both at Columbia University’s College of Physicians and Surgeons and now at the City
University of New York’s Medical School, we use this book in conjunction with a series of neuroanatomy
laboratory exercises during the neuroscience teaching block in the curriculum. Rather than presenting the
material in a traditional lecture format, we have successfully taught neuroanatomy in a dynamic small group
learning environment. Supplemented with use of brain models and specimens, neuroanatomy small group
sessions complement neural science lecture material and round-out medical, graduate, and allied health
science students’ learning experience.
The organization of Neuroanatomy: Text and Atlas continues to parallel that of Principles of Neural Science,
edited by Eric R. Kandel, James H. Schwartz, Thomas Jessell, Steven A. Siegelbaum, and A. James Hudspeth
(McGraw-Hill). Like Principles of Neural Science, Neuroanatomy: Text and Atlas is aimed at medical students,
and graduate students in neuroscience, biology, and psychology programs. The content of many of the
chapters is geared to dental students, such as a chapter focus on the trigeminal system, as well as physical
therapy and occupational therapy students by considering the motor systems in detail.
John H. Martin
18
Acknowledgments
I take this opportunity to recognize the help I received in the preparation of the fourth edition of
Neuroanatomy: Text and Atlas. I am grateful to the following friends and colleagues who have read portions of
the manuscript or have provided radiological or histological materials for this or previous editions: Dimitris
Agamanolis, David Amaral, Richard Axel, Bertil Blok, Eric Bushong, Bud Craig, Mike Crutcher, Maurice
Curtis, Adrian Danek, Aniruddha Das, Sam David, Mony deLeon, John Dowling, Mark Ellisman, Susan
Folstein, Blair Ford, Peter Fox, Stephen Frey, Eitan Friedman, Guido Gainotti, Lice Ghilardi, Mickey
Goldberg, James Goldman, Pat Goldman-Rakic, Suzanne Haber, Shaheen Hamdy, Andrei Holodny,
Jonathan Horton, David Hubel, Matilde Inglese, Sharon Juliano, Joe LeDoux, Kevin Leung, Marge
Livingstone, Camillo Marra, Randy Marshall, Etienne Olivier, Elizabeth Pimentel, Jesús Pujol, Josef
Rauschecker, David Ruggiero, Neal Rutledge, Thomas Schultz, Brian Somerville, Bob Vassar, Bob Waters,
Torsten Wiesel, Rachel Wong, and Semir Zeki. I also would like to thank Alice Ko for help with the three-
dimensional reconstructions that provided the basis for various illustrations. I am grateful to Dr. Frank
Galliard, who created the Radiopaedia.com website, for selection of many fine MRIs illustrating neurological
damage. I would especially like the to highlight and thank Dr. Joy Hirsch—and her associates at the College
of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, Steve Dashnaw and Glenn Castilo—for many of the
high-resolution MRIs used in the fourth edition.
I would like to extend a special note of thanks to members of the neuroanatomy teaching faculty at the
College of Physicians and Surgeons and the Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education at the City
University of New York for many helpful discussions. For the illustrations, I thank the Dragonfly Media
Group, and especially Rob Fedirko for bringing to fruition the many facets of the complex art program,
notably adding color to the illustrations and all of the new artwork. For artwork carried over from previous
editions, I also thank Michael Leonard, the original illustrator and Dragonfly Media Group. I especially thank
Howard Radzyner for the superb photographs of myelin-stained brain sections that have helped to define
Neuroanatomy: Text and Atlas from its first edition. At McGraw-Hill, I am indebted to Armen Ovespyan for
his careful management of the art program. I greatly appreciate the hard work and patience of Christie
Naglieri, Senior Project Development Editor, and Catherine Saggese, Senior Production Supervisor. I thank
Sandhya Gola at Cenveo Publisher Services and Sheryl Krato for permissions. Finally, I would like to thank
my editor Michael Weitz for his support, patience, and guidance—not to mention timely pressure—in the
preparation of the fourth edition. Last, and most important, I thank Carol S. Martin for her untiring support
during the preparation of this edition and all previous editions of the book.
19
