Biomagnetics Principles and Applications of Biomagnetic
Stimulation and Imaging 1st Edition
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BIOMAGNETICS
Principles and Applications of
Biomagnetic Stimulation and Imaging
Edited by
Shoogo Ueno
Professor Emeritus, The University of Tokyo
Masaki Sekino
Associate Professor, The University of Tokyo
Boca Raton London New York
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Contents
Foreword, vii
Preface, ix
Acknowledgments, xv
Editors, xvii
Contributors, xix
CHAPTER 1 ◾ Introduction 1
SHOOGO UENO
CHAPTER 2 ◾ Principles of Biomagnetic Stimulation 23
SHOOGO UENO AND MAsAKI SEKINO
CHAPTER 3 ◾ Applications of Biomagnetic Stimulation
for Medical Treatments and for Brain Research 61
SHOOGO UENO AND MAsAKI SEKINO
CHAPTER 4 ◾ Biomagnetic Measurements 89
SuNAO IWAKI
CHAPTER 5 ◾ Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 121
MAsAKI SEKINO, NORIO IRIGucHI, AND SHOOGO UENO
CHAPTER 6 ◾ Prospects for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
of Impedance and Electric Currents 145
MAsAKI SEKINO, NORIO IRIGucHI, AND SHOOGO UENO
v
vi ◾ Contents
CHAPTER 7 ◾ Magnetic Control of Biological Cell Growth 185
SHOOGO UENO AND SAcHIKO YAmAGucHI-SEKINO
CHAPTER 8 ◾ Effects of Radio Frequency Magnetic Fields
on Iron Release and Uptake from and into
Cage Proteins 219
OscAR CEsPEDEs AND SHOOGO UENO
CHAPTER 9 ◾ Safety Aspects of Magnetic
and Electromagnetic Fields 259
SAcHIKO YAmAGucHI-SEKINO, TsuKAsA SHIGEmITsu, AND SHOOGO UENO
CHAPTER 10 ◾ New Horizons in Biomagnetics
and Bioimaging 305
SHOOGO UENO AND MAsAKI SEKINO
Foreword
Biomagnetics covers a vast field in the multidisciplinary world of physics,
chemistry, biology, and medicine, touching many aspects of our lives. To
start with, we ourselves generate some degree of a magnetic field in our
bodies, although not strongly. In biological systems, there are interactions
with magnetism present in the natural environment as well as with those
imposed by modern-age technology where highly developed electromag-
netic devices are part of everyday conversation.
In his long and successful academic career, Professor Shoogo Ueno has
contributed significantly to the scientific and technological development
of the biomagnetics field. He and his associates have worked in many areas
of the biological effects of the magnetism field, some of which, such as the
Moses effect, have been revelatory. Professor Ueno is well known as the
inventor of the “figure-eight” TMS coil, which has been “the device” for
noninvasive stimulation of the human brain because of its capacity for
stimulus localization.
This book, Biomagnetics: Principles and Applications of Biomagnetic
Stimulation and Imaging, covers the whole range of the field and builds
upon the editors’ past work. Many observable phenomena induced by the
interaction of magnetic fields with biological materials are described here
together with the underlying basic physics of magnetism and/or electro-
magnetics so that readers can better understand these phenomena. For
those whose work is highly specialized in the field, this book will be very
useful to widen their scope of understanding biomagnetics. Magnetic
fields can permeate normal biological material, and, therefore, it is pos-
sible to build noninvasive devices to measure magnetic phenomena inside
the body. From the observable interaction of magnetic fields with bio-
logical materials, the in vivo information of physical properties can be
obtained. However, some interaction, especially by time-varying mag-
netic fields, leads to unexpected/unintended phenomena, which could be
vii
viii ◾ Foreword
hazardous to the body under examination. Safety issues of medical nonin-
vasive devices are discussed in this book. There are also many phenomena
in biomagnetics that still need further study to promote their utilization.
In turn, the authors note the possible future trends of the field, which may
encourage young aspiring scholars to work in the field.
Seiji Ogawa, PhD
Professor
Kansei Fukushi University
Aobaku, Sendai, Japan
Preface
Biomagnetics is an interdisciplinary field where magnetics, biology, and
medicine overlap. Recent advances in biomagnetics have enabled us not
only to detect extremely weak magnetic fields from the human brain
but also to control cell orientation and cell growth by extremely high
magnetic fields. Pulsed magnetic fields are used for transcranial mag-
netic stimulation of the human brain, and both high-frequency magnetic
fields and magnetic nanoparticles have promising therapeutic applica-
tions for treatments of cancers and brain diseases such as Parkinson’s and
Alzheimer’s.
On the imaging front, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is now a
powerful tool for basic and clinical medicine. New methods of MRI based
on the imaging of impedance of the human body, called impedance MRI,
and the imaging of neuronal current activities in the human brain, called
current MRI, are also being developed.
To understand the most advanced technologies in biomagnetics, basic
sciences such as physics, biology, chemistry, magnetics, electromagnetics,
physiology, and neurophysiology are important to build a foundation and
construct bridges between science and medicine. These basic items are
included in this book.
This book, Biomagnetics: Principles and Applications of Biomagnetic
Stimulation and Imaging, is focused on three important fields: (1) mag-
netic nerve stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS),
(2) biomagnetic measurements and imaging of the human brain by
advanced technologies of magnetoencephalography (MEG) and MRI, and
(3) biomagnetic approaches to potential treatments of cancers, pain, and
other neurological and psychiatric diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease
and depression. Biomagnetic approaches to advanced medicine such as
regenerative medicine and rehabilitation medicine are also included.
ix
x ◾ Preface
The core parts of the book are based on lecture notes that the editors
of the book have used for students in graduate courses at the Department
of Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, and the
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Medicine,
University of Tokyo for more than 20 years. Dr. Ueno has been con-
tinuously revising and improving his notes since 1994 when he started
his Laboratory of Biomagnetics and Bioimaging at the Department of
Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, at the University of Tokyo,
Tokyo, Japan. Dr. Ueno retired from the University of Tokyo as professor
emeritus. Masaki Sekino is now responsible for a course of biomedical
engineering at the Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo.
In this book, the editors asked five colleagues to join chapter contribu-
tors to further explore and study the field of biomagnetics and bioimaging.
The book is composed of 10 chapters, and a brief outline of each follows.
Chapter 1. Introduction (Shoogo Ueno)
A history of biomagnetic research is described, introducing Gilbert’s
book De Magnete published in 1600. The chapter also includes brief
summaries of studies of biological effects and medical applications
of magnetic and electromagnetic fields, biomagnetic stimulation
and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the human brain,
biomagnetic measurements and magnetoencephalography (MEG),
biomagnetic imaging and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and
magnetic approaches to cancer therapy and other treatments.
Chapter 2. Principles of Biomagnetic Stimulation (Shoogo Ueno and
Masaki Sekino)
The history and principles of magnetic nerve and muscle stimu-
lation, and TMS of the human brain are introduced. Principles of
electromagnetics, fundamentals for capacitor banks, coil circuits,
and types of coils to stimulate the brain by a transcranial method,
and localization of stimulation areas are introduced. Computational
biomagnetic design for biomagnetic stimulation is also discussed.
Chapter 3. Applications of Biomagnetic Stimulation for Medical
Treatments and for Brain Research (Shoogo Ueno and Masaki Sekino)
Potential medical applications of TMS and repetitive TMS, called
rTMS, are introduced. Reduction of pain sensation by rTMS is
Preface ◾ xi
described first. Studies of treatments of depression by TMS and rTMS
are also reviewed. Potential therapeutic applications of rTMS for neuro
physiological and neuropathological diseases such as Parkinson’s
and Alzheimer’s are also briefly described. For the medical usages
of rTMS, experimental studies using rat hippocampus neurons are
introduced. Both classical and recent studies of cognitive functions
using TMS are discussed.
Chapter 4. Biomagnetic Measurements (Sunao Iwaki)
The history of biomagnetic measurements, called biomagnetism,
is briefly introduced first. Then, the measurements of extremely weak
magnetic fields produced by the brain’s electrical activities, called
magnetoencephalography (MEG), are discussed. The measure-
ment technique for MEG is described, introducing a superconduct-
ing quantum interference device (SQUID) system. Some studies of
functional brain activities and cognitive functions revealed by MEG
measurements are briefly reviewed.
Chapter 5. Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Masaki Sekino,
Norio Iriguchi, and Shoogo Ueno)
Principles of nuclear magnetic resonance and magnetic reso-
nance imaging are introduced. Hardware and three types of coils
are explained. Pulse sequences related to various imaging techniques
are described. Basic keywords, such as Ramor frequency, T1 and T2
relaxations, and free induction decay to advanced imaging such as
echo planer imaging (EPI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and
functional MRI (fMRI) based on blood oxygenation level dependent
(BOLD) effects are described.
Chapter 6. Prospects of Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Impedance
and Electric Currents (Masaki Sekino, Norio Iriguchi, and Shoogo
Ueno)
Imaging of electrical parameters such as imaging of impedance,
called impedance MRI, and imaging of neuronal electric currents
in the brain, called current MRI, are discussed. First, the history
and the importance of impedance and electric current imaging are
described. Various types of impedance imaging by magnetic reso-
nance techniques are introduced. Then, recent studies on electric
current MRI are introduced and discussed, introducing the images
xii ◾ Preface
obtained by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Recent advances in MR
neuroimaging are also discussed.
Chapter 7. Magnetic Control of Biological Cell Growth (Shoogo Ueno
and Sachiko Yamaguchi-Sekino)
Mechanisms of the biological effects of static and pulsed magnetic
fields are reviewed. The importance of the role of diamagnetic prop-
erties in biological systems is emphasized when they are exposed to
static magnetic fields.
On the basis of the mechanisms of anisotropy of diamagnetic
materials, magnetic control of biological cell orientation and cell
growth are discussed. Biomagnetic approaches to tissue engineering
and regenerative medicine are discussed, introducing new findings
related to bone acceleration by strong static magnetic fields, align-
ment of blood vessel tissues by magnetic fields, and magnetic control
of orientation of nerve axons during sprouting processes obtained by
in vitro and in vivo experiments.
Cancer cell destruction by pulsed magnetic fields is also reviewed,
introducing, for example, physical destruction of leukemia TCC-S
cells combined with magnetizable beads by an antigen–antibody
reaction. Pulsed magnetic stimulation effectively damages only
the cancer cells targeted by an antigen–antibody reaction. Cancer
therapy with repetitive pulsed magnetic stimulation is a promising
method in the near future.
Chapter 8. Effects of Radio Frequency Magnetic Fields on Iron Release
and Uptake from and into Cage Proteins (Oscar Cespedes and
Shoogo Ueno)
An interesting effect of radio frequency magnetic fields on iron
ion release and uptake from and into ferritins, iron cage proteins,
is introduced. The chapter emphasizes that the effects of radio fre-
quency magnetic fields on iron cage proteins may be used in the
medical diagnosis and treatment of brain diseases, for example, for
the imaging and dissolution of the β-amyloid aggregates related to
Alzheimer’s disease.
Preface ◾ xiii
Chapter 9. Safety Aspects of Magnetic and Electromagnetic Fields
(Sachiko Yamaguchi-Sekino, Tsukasa Shigemitsu, and Shoogo Ueno)
Biological effects of magnetic and electromagnetic fields are dis-
cussed. Safety aspects of magnetic fields and electromagnetic fields
used in MRI, TMS, and other medical equipment are important
issues for patients and workers. Safety issues regarding industrial
equipment such as welding machines are also discussed.
Recent guidelines of IEC and EU directives are discussed.
Mechanisms and possible effects of static, low-frequency, and radio
frequency electromagnetic fields are reviewed and discussed.
Chapter 10. New Horizons in Biomagnetics and Bioimaging (Shoogo
Ueno and Masaki Sekino)
Recent advances in biomagnetic imaging and biomagnetic stim-
ulation are discussed. Functional imaging of biological systems by
the combination of low magnetic field MRI and SQUID (supercon-
ducting quantum interference device) systems, molecular bioimag-
ing, and various coil array systems for biomagnetic stimulation are
reviewed and discussed.
This book provides an explanation of physical principles of biomagnetic
stimulation and imaging, as well as applications of these techniques in
neuroscience, clinical medicine, and healthcare. The book aims to edu-
cate graduate students, young scientists, and engineers on how these
techniques are used in hospitals and why they are so promising. A brief
overview of the recent research trend in biomagnetics serves as an infor-
mative guide for researchers and engineers to further study this field.
Acknowledgments
We thank the chapter authors for their intellectual contributions. Further,
we thank the staff of CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, in particular, Francesca
McGowan, editor, physics, for her consistent support and valuable advice
regarding the book proposal and all editing processes; Sarfraz Khan, edi-
torial assistant, for his assistance; Amber Donley, project coordinator, for
her editorial project work; the staff of the editorial project development
team; and John Navas, former senior acquisition editor, who first con-
tacted Shoogo Ueno to discuss a book on biomagnetics in 2012. Without
the enthusiastic and consistent support and help of all the people related
to this project, this book would not have been published.
Finally, but not least, we greatly appreciate Dr. Seiji Ogawa, the inventor
of functional MRI based on the BOLD effect, for kindly agreeing to write
the Foreword for this book. We are honored.
Shoogo Ueno
Masaki Sekino
xv
