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Math 101 Lecture 1 (Logic)

The document outlines the syllabus for Math 101, including grading criteria and key topics such as methods of proof and principles of logic. It covers types of statements, truth values, open sentences, compound statements, and quantifiers. Additionally, it includes activities for students to engage with the material and apply their understanding through group discussions and presentations.

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rubi.jelyn
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4 views21 pages

Math 101 Lecture 1 (Logic)

The document outlines the syllabus for Math 101, including grading criteria and key topics such as methods of proof and principles of logic. It covers types of statements, truth values, open sentences, compound statements, and quantifiers. Additionally, it includes activities for students to engage with the material and apply their understanding through group discussions and presentations.

Uploaded by

rubi.jelyn
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Math 101

Fundamental Concepts
of Mathematics

JAY MICHAEL R. MACALALAG, PhD


Department of Mathematics
Caraga State University
Grading System
Midterm Exam 30%

Final Exam 30%

Quizzes/Long Tests/
Performance Task 40%
Chapter 1. METHODS OF PROOF
Chapter 2. SETS

Chapter 1
METHODS OF PROOF
1.1 Principles of Logic

Types of sentences:
Is the short quiz for Math 200 today?

Get 1/2 sheet of paper!

CSU is a nice University.

Butuan City is located in the Caraga Region.


1.1 Principles of Logic

 identify statements and determine their corresponding


truth values;
 translate mathematical simple statements/compound
statements to its mathematical symbols (symbolic
form) and vice versa; and
 demonstrate an ability to understand and manipulate
mathematical statements involving quantifiers and
logical connectives.
1.1 Principles of Logic
Statement
A statement is a declarative sentence that is
either true or false, but not both true and false.

Example. Determine whether each


TRUTH VALUE sentence is a statement.
1. Butuan City is in Mindanao.
Open Sentence 2. How are you?
A sentence involving one or 3. 2 + 1 is a prime number.
more variables, which becomes 4. +1=3
a statement when the variables 5. Open the door.
are assigned specific values.
1.1 Principles of Logic
Compound Statements
EXAMPLES:
1. 3 is even or 5 is odd.
2. If 5 is even, then 3 is odd.
3. 5 is even implies 25 is odd.

DEFINITION
A compound statement is a statement composed of two or
more component (simple) statements, joined by one or
more logical connectives.
1.1 Principles of Logic
Compound Statements
Logical
Connective

3 is even or 5 is odd.

Component
Statements
1.1 Principles of Logic
Common Types of Compound Statements
Types Logical Connectives Examples

In words In Symbols

Conjunction and ∧ 5 is odd and 2 is even.

Disjunction or ∨ 5 is odd or 2 is even.

Conditional If …, then… . ⟹ If 5 is odd, then 2 is even

Biconditional if and only if ⟺ 5 is odd if and only if 2 is even.


1.1 Principles of Logic
1.1 Principles of Logic
1.1 Principles of Logic
1.1 Principles of Logic
Open Sentence

DEFINITION

An open sentence is a declarative sentence that contains


one or more variables, each variable representing a value
from a prescribed set, called the domain of variable, and
which becomes a statement when these variables are given
with values from the domain.
1.1 Principles of Logic
Truth Set ( )
The truth set ( ) of an open sentence ( )is the set of all
replacement for that will make the true.

Example
Determine the truth sets of the following open sentences:
1. ∈ ℝ : 3 − 7 = 16.
2. ∈ ℕ : − 9 = 0.
3. ∈ ℤ : = −1.
1.1 Principles of Logic

QUANTIFIERS
Existential Quantifier:
∃ there exists

Universal Quantifier:
∀ (for all)
1.1 Principles of Logic
Examples
Determine the truth sets of the following statements
and determine the corresponding truth value:
1. ∃ ∈ 1,2,3,4,5 : 3 − 1 is even.
2. ∀ ∈ 1,2,3,4,5 , is less than 26.
3. ∀ ∈ 1,2,3 , 2 − 5 is even.
4. ∃ ∈ 1,3 : 5 + 1 is composite.
1.1 Principles of Logic
Conditional ⟹
Derived Conditionals:
⟹ (Converse)
∼ ⟹∼ (Inverse)
∼ ⟹∼ (Contrapositive)

Examples
State the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of the given
conditional.
1. If + 1 = 4, then even.
2. If is odd, then is odd.
1.2
METHODS
OF PROOF
Next meeting…
Activity 1

Task 1. Find an example of a simple theorem, proposition,


lemma or corollary with proof for each of the
following method:
1) Direct proof
2) Vacuously true
3) Trivially true
4) Proof by contrapositive
5) Proof by contradiction
6) Mathematical Induction
Activity 1

Task 2. For each of these, discuss the parts with your group
members.

Task 3. Submit your outputs in a sheet of paper and be


prepared to present whenever your group is called.
Activity 1

Task 4. For each of these, a group will be randomly called,


and a member will be randomly identified to present the
output. The grade of the randomly identified member will be
the grade of the group.

Reminder: For the next meeting, be prepared for at least


item #1). This activity will run while in Chapter 1 with an
estimated period of 2-3 weeks.
Please be guided.

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