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BXE Additional Expts 10 11 PDF

The document outlines a mini project for first-year electronics students at the Army Institute of Technology, focusing on verifying DeMorgan's Theorems using only NAND and NOR gates. It details the project's objectives, methodology, expected outcomes, and skills development, emphasizing hands-on experience with digital logic design and circuit implementation. The project culminates in a working prototype that demonstrates the versatility of universal gates and reinforces the practical application of Boolean algebra.

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6 views5 pages

BXE Additional Expts 10 11 PDF

The document outlines a mini project for first-year electronics students at the Army Institute of Technology, focusing on verifying DeMorgan's Theorems using only NAND and NOR gates. It details the project's objectives, methodology, expected outcomes, and skills development, emphasizing hands-on experience with digital logic design and circuit implementation. The project culminates in a working prototype that demonstrates the versatility of universal gates and reinforces the practical application of Boolean algebra.

Uploaded by

900242a
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BASIC ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB MANUAL

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ARMY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PUNE.


DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION
SUBJECT: BASIC ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

EXPERIMENT NO: 09

Objective
The objective of this mini project is to practically verify DeMorgan's Theorems using only universal
gates (NAND and NOR gates). The experiment is intended to strengthen the understanding of
fundamental digital logic concepts through practical implementation.
Relevance.
This project helps students apply Boolean algebra learned in class to real-world circuits,
developing both conceptual clarity and hands-on skills early in their engineering journey.

Project Scope and Overview


Description
The project involves designing and implementing logic circuits to verify both parts of DeMorgan’s
Theorem using universal gates:
1. (A+B)′=A′.B′(A + B)' = A'.B'(A+B)′=A′.B′
2. (A.B)′=A′+B′(A.B)' = A' + B'(A.B)′=A′+B′
Instead of using basic logic gates (AND, OR, NOT), only NAND or NOR gates are used to validate
the theorems.

Project Type
Hardware-based digital electronics project

.
Expected Outcome
Successful verification of both theorems through the construction of equivalent logic circuits
using universal gates and observing matching outputs.

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BASIC ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB MANUAL
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Project Selection Criteria
Skills to be Developed
Digital logic design
Circuit implementation on PCB’s.
Boolean algebra application
Reading and interpreting IC datasheets

Complexity
The project is of moderate complexity, suitable for first-year students. It introduces students
to basic electronics and the principle of logic gate universality.

Innovation and Creativity


Students creatively use only NAND or NOR gates to replicate complex logic functions,
developing an understanding of how complex systems can be built from simple
components.

Project Design and Methodology


Tools and Technologies Used
Printed Circuit Board
NAND and NOR ICs (e.g., 7400, 7402 series)
Power supply (5V)
Connecting wires and probes
LEDs for output visualization

Step-by-Step Process
Understand DeMorgan's theorems and their Boolean expressions.
Design equivalent logic circuits using only NAND or NOR gates.
Draw circuit diagrams using logic symbols.
Assemble the circuit on a breadboard or PCB’s.
Apply different input combinations and observe output on LEDs.
Compare outputs of both original and transformed expressions.

Challenges and Solutions


Challenge: Understanding how to create NOT, AND, OR using NAND/NOR gates.
Solution: Studied logic gate identities and practiced designing equivalent circuits.
Challenge: Faulty connections on breadboard or PCB’s.
Solution: Double-checked each connection with the IC datasheet and logic diagram.

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Project Deliverables
Output
Verified logic circuit for both DeMorgan theorems using universal gates.
Working prototype on breadboard.
LED outputs matching theoretical predictions.

Documentation
Circuit diagrams
Truth tables
Observations table comparing outputs

Testing and Evaluation


The circuit was tested for all possible input combinations (00, 01, 10, 11), and the output was
evaluated for accuracy against the truth table of the original and equivalent expressions.

Skills Development
Teamwork and Collaboration
Project involved collaboration in pairs/small groups. Tasks were divided—circuit design,
component sourcing, breadboarding, testing.

Problem-Solving
Students encountered and solved wiring and logic design errors, which helped sharpen
analytical thinking.

Time Management
The project had a fixed deadline, requiring proper planning and phase-wise completion
(design → build → test → report).

7. Results and Outcomes


Success Criteria
Circuit should accurately verify both DeMorgan’s theorems.
Output for all input combinations should match theoretical expectations.
Reflection
The project successfully demonstrated the versatility of universal gates. Students gained
confidence in logic circuit design and hands-on hardware handling.

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Conclusion
Key Learnings
Practical application of Boolean algebra
Constructing logic functions using NAND/NOR
Importance of testing and verifying digital circuits

Future Scope
This project can be extended to build more complex digital systems using only
universal gates, such as multiplexers, decoders, or even basic arithmetic units.

References
Morris Mano, Digital Logic and Computer Design
Datasheets of IC 7400 (NAND) and IC 7402 (NOR)
Online tutorials (GeeksforGeeks, Electronics-Tutorials on Youtube)

Appendix
Supporting Materials
Circuit diagrams (attached)
Truth tables and observation tables

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