Nester's Microbiology: A Human Perspective 10th

Edition Anderson - eBook PDF download

https://ebooksecure.com/download/nesters-microbiology-a-human-
perspective-ebook-pdf/

Download full version ebook from https://ebooksecure.com

We believe these products will be a great fit for you. Click
the link to download now, or visit ebooksecure.com
to discover even more!

Nester's Microbiology: A Human Perspective 8th Edition

Anderson - eBook PDF

https://ebooksecure.com/download/nesters-microbiology-a-human-
perspective-ebook-pdf-2/

(eBook PDF) Nester's Microbiology A Human Perspective

8th

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-nesters-microbiology-a-
human-perspective-8th/

(eBook PDF) Nesters Microbiology: Human Perspective 9th

Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-nesters-micbiohuman-
perspective-9th-edition/

Microbiology Experiments: A Health Science Perspective

10th Edition John Kleyn - eBook PDF

https://ebooksecure.com/download/microbiology-experiments-a-
health-science-perspective-ebook-pdf/
(Original PDF) Cultural Anthropology A Perspective on
the Human Condition 10th Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/original-pdf-cultural-
anthropology-a-perspective-on-the-human-condition-10th-edition/

(eBook PDF) Understanding Human Resources Management: A

Canadian Perspective

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-understanding-human-
resources-management-a-canadian-perspective/

(eBook PDF) Supply Chain Management A Logistics

Perspective 10th

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-supply-chain-management-
a-logistics-perspective-10th/

Prescott's Microbiology 10th Edition by Joanne Willey

http://ebooksecure.com/product/prescotts-microbiology-10th-
edition-by-joanne-willey/

(eBook PDF) Microbiology: The Human Experience

Preliminary Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-microbiology-the-human-
experience-preliminary-edition/
 Denise G. Anderson
U NIV ERSITY OF WAS H I N GTON

Sarah N. Salm
BOROU GH OF MAN H AT TA N
COMMU NITY COLLE GE

Mira Beins
U NIV ERSITY OF WAS H I N GTON

Eugene W. Nester
U NIV ERSITY OF WAS H I N GTON

Tenth Edition

and35508_fm_i-xxxii.indd 1 10/14/20 3:56 AM

 NESTER’S MICROBIOLOGY: A HUMAN PERSPECTIVE, TENTH EDITION

Published by McGraw Hill LLC, 1325 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2022
by McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous editions
© 2019, 2016, and 2012. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any
means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC,
including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for
distance learning.

Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the
United States.

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LWI 23 22 21

ISBN 978-1-260-73550-5 (bound edition)

MHID 1-260-73550-8 (bound edition)
ISBN 978-1-264-34198-6 (loose-leaf edition)
MHID 1-264-34198-9 (loose-leaf edition)

Portfolio Manager: Lauren Vondra

Product Developer: Erin DeHeck
Marketing Manager: Tami Hodge
Content Project Managers: Laura Bies / Rachael Hillebrand
Senior Buyer: Laura Fuller
Lead Designer: David Hash
Content Licensing Specialist: Beth Cray
Cover Image: ©National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Compositor: MPS Limited

All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright
page.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Anderson, Denise G. (Denise Gayle), author. | Salm, Sarah, author. |
Beins, Mira, author. | Allen, Deborah (Deborah Patricia), author.
Title: Nester’s microbiology : a human perspective / Denise G. Anderson,
Sarah N. Salm, Mira Beins, [Deborah Allen].
Other titles: Microbiology
Description: Tenth edition. | New York, NY : McGraw Hill Education, [2022]
| Includes index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020041282 | ISBN 9781260735505 (hardcover; alk. paper)
Subjects: MESH: Microbiological Phenomena | Microbiological Techniques |
Communicable Diseases–microbiology
Classification: LCC QR41.2 | NLM QW 4 | DDC 579–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020041282

The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website
does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw Hill LLC, and McGraw Hill LLC does not
guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites.

mheducation.com/highered

and35508_fm_i-xxxii.indd 2 10/14/20 3:56 AM

 Brief Contents
PA RT I PA RT IV
Life and Death of Microorganisms Infectious Diseases
1. Humans and the Microbial World 1 21. Respiratory System Infections 536
2. The Molecules of Life 20 22. Skin Infections 582
3. Cells and Methods to Observe Them 44 23. Wound Infections 609
4. Dynamics of Microbial Growth 90 24. Digestive System Infections 630
5. Control of Microbial Growth 117 25. Blood and Lymphatic Infections 672
6. Microbial Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth 137 26. Nervous System Infections 703
7. The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein 175 27. Genitourinary Tract Infections 738
8. Bacterial Genetics 203
9. Biotechnology 232
PA RT V
Applied Microbiology
PA RT I I 28. Microbial Ecology 777
The Microbial World 29. Environmental Microbiology: Treatment of Water,
10. Identifying and Classifying Microorganisms 255 Wastes, and Polluted Habitats 796
11. The Diversity of Bacteria and Archaea 274 30. Food Microbiology 810

12. The Eukaryotic Members of the Microbial

APPENDICES A–1
World 305
GLOSSARY/INDEX GI–1
13. Viruses, Viroids, and Prions 329

PA RT I I I
Microorganisms and Humans
14. The Innate Immune Response 360
15. The Adaptive Immune Response 385
16. Host-Microbe Interactions 415
17. Applications of Immune Responses 439
18. Immunological Disorders 464
19. Epidemiology 481
20. Antimicrobial Medications 504

iii

and35508_fm_i-xxxii.indd 3 10/14/20 3:56 AM

 About the Authors
The Nester Team: Mira Beins
Mira Beins is an Associate Teaching Pro-
Different Perspectives, One Vision, One Voice fessor in the Department of Microbiology
The authors of this edition may be a set of individuals with different at the ­University of Washington, where she
insights and unique experiences, but their cooperative relationship teaches general microbiology, medical bacte-
defines the word “team.” What drives them is a single shared goal: riology, and medical mycology/parasitology.
to create the most learning-friendly introductory microbiology text- She completed her undergraduate studies in
book available. Each chapter was edited with students in mind, using Mira Beins Molecular Biology and Biotechnology at the
simpler words where appropriate while maintaining the scientific University of the Philippines before mov-
rigor so important for today’s healthcare professionals. ing to Wisconsin for graduate work in Microbiology. Her graduate
and postdoctoral research both focused on virology, which solidified
her belief that viruses are amazing—although she now begrudgingly
Denise Anderson admits that bacteria, fungi, and eukaryotic parasites are pretty cool, too.
Denise Anderson is a Senior Lecturer Mira lives in Seattle with her husband Mike and two kids, Maya
Emeritus in the Department of Microbiol- and Noah. When she’s not busy teaching or driving the kids to their
ogy at the ­University of Washington, where many activities, she enjoys reading books, watching movies, hang-
she taught a variety of courses including ing out with friends and family, and planning the next family trip
general microbiology, medical bacteriol- (which Denise hopes will be to the Yorkshire Dales!).
ogy laboratory, recombinant DNA tech-

Richard Moore
niques, and medical mycology/parasitology Deborah Allen
­laboratory for over 30 years. Equipped with
Deborah Allen is a Professor at Jefferson
a diverse educational background, includ-
College in Missouri, where she teaches
ing undergraduate work in nutrition and graduate work in food sci-
microbiology as well as several other
ence and in microbiology, she first discovered a passion for teaching
courses for students entering allied health
when she taught microbiology laboratory courses as part of her
careers. Her graduate work was in zoology
graduate training. Her enthusiastic teaching style, fueled by regu-
at the University of Oklahoma and in neuro-
lar doses of Seattle’s famous coffee, received high reviews from her
biology and behavior at Cornell U ­ niversity.
students. Mike Bohrer
She participated in cancer research at the
Denise now relaxes in the Yorkshire Dales of England, where
University of Arkansas Medical Center before embarking on a career
she lives with her husband, Richard Moore. When not editing text-
in publishing, working in acquisitions and development for books in
book chapters, she can usually be found walking scenic footpaths,
the life sciences. She is now thrilled to be working on the other end of
chatting with friends, fighting weeds in her garden, or enjoying a
the desk with the Nester team. Away from campus, Deborah reads or
fermented beverage at the local pub.
listens to her favorite Eve Dallas novels, floats the rivers and listens
to folk music in the Ozarks, and fully appreciates the local microbes
while visiting Missouri wineries.
Sarah Salm
Sarah Salm is a Professor at the Borough of
Manhattan Community College (BMCC)
Eugene Nester
of the City University of New York, Gene (Eugene) Nester was instrumental in
where she teaches microbiology, anatomy establishing the text’s reputation for excel-
and physiology, and general biology. She lence over the decades. Although no lon-
earned her undergraduate and doctoral ger an active member of the author team,
degrees at the University of the Witwa- he wrote the original version of the present
Sandy Coetzee
tersrand in Johannesburg, South Africa. text with Evans Roberts and Nancy Pearsall
She later moved to New York, where she did postdoctoral work at more than 30 years ago. That text, Microbi-
Courtesy Eugene Nester
the NYU School of Medicine. Her research background is diverse ology: Molecules, Microbes and Man, pio-
and includes plant virology, prostate cancer, and bacteria in con- neered the organ system approach to the study of infectious disease
taminated water sources. and was developed specifically for allied health sciences.

iv

and35508_fm_i-xxxii.indd 4 10/14/20 3:56 AM

 Presentation Tools Allow Instructors
to Customize Lecture
Everything you need, in one location
Enhanced Lecture Presentations contain lecture outlines, Animations—More than 100 animations bring key concepts
art, photos, tables, and animations embedded where appropri- to life; available for instructors and students.
ate. Fully customizable, but complete and ready to use, these Accessible PPTs—Our lecture presentations are formatted per
presentations will enable you to spend less time preparing the latest accessibility guidelines. Alternative text, written by our
for lecture! textbook author team, is included for all images and static tables.

Take your course online—easily—with

one-click Digital Lecture Capture
McGraw-Hill Tegrity® records and distributes your lecture
with just a click of a button. Students can view them anytime/
anywhere via computer, tablet, or mobile device. Tegrity
Campus indexes as it records your slideshow presentations
and anything shown on your computer so students can use
keywords to find exactly what they want to study.

Remote Proctoring & Browser-Locking

Capabilities Source: Janice Haney Carr/CDC

New remote proctoring and browser-locking capabilities,

hosted by Proctorio within Connect, provide control of the
assessment environment by enabling security options and ver-
ifying the identity of the student.
Seamlessly integrated within Connect, these services
allow instructors to control students’ assessment experience Instant and detailed reporting gives instructors an at-a-
by restricting browser activity, recording students’ activity, glance view of potential academic integrity concerns, thereby
and verifying students are doing their own work. avoiding personal bias and supporting evidence-based claims.

and35508_fm_i-xxxii.indd 5 10/14/20 3:56 AM

 Instructors: Student Success Starts with You
Tools to enhance your unique voice
Want to build your own course? No problem. Prefer to use our
turnkey, prebuilt course? Easy. Want to make changes throughout the
65%
Less Time
semester? Sure. And you’ll save time with Connect’s auto-grading too.
Grading

Study made personal

Incorporate adaptive study resources like
SmartBook® 2.0 into your course and help your
students be better prepared in less time. Learn
more about the powerful personalized learning
experience available in SmartBook 2.0 at
www.mheducation.com/highered/connect/smartbook

Laptop: McGraw Hill; Woman/dog: George Doyle/Getty Images

Affordable solutions, Solutions for

added value your challenges
Make technology work for you with A product isn’t a solution. Real
LMS integration for single sign-on access, solutions are affordable, reliable,
mobile access to the digital textbook, and come with training and
and reports to quickly show you how ongoing support when you need
each of your students is doing. And with it and how you want it. Visit www
our Inclusive Access program you can .supportateverystep.com for videos
provide all these tools at a discount to and resources both you and your
your students. Ask your McGraw Hill students can use throughout the
representative for more information. semester.

Padlock: Jobalou/Getty Images Checkmark: Jobalou/Getty Images

and35508_fm_i-xxxii.indd 6 10/14/20 3:56 AM

 Students: Get Learning that Fits You
Effective tools for efficient studying
Connect is designed to make you more productive with simple, flexible, intuitive tools that maximize
your study time and meet your individual learning needs. Get learning that works for you with Connect.

Study anytime, anywhere “I really liked this

Download the free ReadAnywhere app and access your app—it made it easy
online eBook or SmartBook 2.0 assignments when it’s to study when you
convenient, even if you’re offline. And since the app
automatically syncs with your eBook and SmartBook 2.0 don't have your text-
assignments in Connect, all of your work is available book in front of you.”
every time you open it. Find out more at
www.mheducation.com/readanywhere - Jordan Cunningham,
Eastern Washington University

Everything you need in one place

Your Connect course has everything you need—whether reading on
your digital eBook or completing assignments for class, Connect makes
it easy to get your work done.

Calendar: owattaphotos/Getty Images

Learning for everyone

McGraw Hill works directly with Accessibility Services
Departments and faculty to meet the learning needs
of all students. Please contact your Accessibility
Services Office and ask them to email
[email protected], or visit
www.mheducation.com/about/accessibility
for more information.

Top: Jenner Images/Getty Images, Left: Hero Images/Getty Images, Right: Hero Images/Getty Images

and35508_fm_i-xxxii.indd 7 10/14/20 3:56 AM

 FOCUS ON UNDERSTANDING . . .
Student-Friendly Illustrations
Introduce the “big picture”
Focus figures provide an overview or highlight a key
concept.

Keep the big picture in focus

A highlighted mini-version of the overview figure is
often incorporated into the upper left corner of subse-
quent figures, helping students see how those figures
fit into the big picture.

Development
Dev
velopmen
nt
Hematopoietic stem cell
Immature B cells: As
these develop, a
functionally limitless
assortment of B-cell
receptors is randomly Antigen X
generated.

Naive B cells: Each

cell is programmed to
recognize a specific
epitope on an antigen;
B-cell receptors guide B cell W B cell X B cell Y B cell Z
that recognition. recognizing antigen X

Activation Selected B cell receives confirmation from a specific

TH cell that a response is warranted (not shown
Development
Dev
velopmen
nt here; process is illustrated in figure 15.18)
Hematopoietic stem cell Activated B cells:
These cells can
Immature B cells: As proliferate because
these develop, a their B-cell receptors
functionally limitless are bound to antigen X
assortment of B-cell and the cells have
receptors is randomly Antigen X received required
generated. signals from TH cells.

Naive B cells: Each

cell is programmed to
recognize a specific Proliferation and
epitope on an antigen;
B cell W B cell X B cell Y differentiation
B cell Z
B-cell receptors guide
that recognition. recognizing antigen X

Activation Selected B cell receives confirmation from a specific

TH cell that a response is warranted (not shown
Activated B cells: here; process is illustrated in figure
Plasma cells 15.18)
These cells can (effector B cells):
proliferate because These descendants of
their B-cell receptors activated B cells
are bound to antigen X secrete large quantities
and the cells have of antibody molecules
that bind to antigen X.
received required
signals from TH cells. Memory B cells:
These long-lived
descendants of
activated B cells Dendritic cells in the tissue collect
Proliferation and recognize antigen X
particulate and soluble antigen and then
when it is encountered
differentiation again. travel to the secondary lymphoid tissues.

Effector action
Antibodies:
These neutralize the Lymphoid organ
Plasma cells invader and tag it for
destruction.
(effector B cells):
These descendants of
activated B cells
secrete large quantities
of antibody molecules MHC class I molecule
that bind to antigen X. Dendritic cells presenting Dendritic cells presenting “self”
Co-stimulatory molecule microbial peptides produce peptides or other harmless
Memory B cells: co-stimulatory molecules. material do not produce
These long-lived MHC class II molecule co-stimulatory molecules.
descendants of
activated B cells
recognize antigen X
when it is encountered
again. T-cell receptor T-cell receptor T-cell receptor T-cell receptor
Effector action
CD4 CD8 CD4 CD8
Antibodies:
These neutralize the
invader and tag it for
destruction.

Normal CD8 T-cell receptor

cytoplasmic MHC class I
Naive T cells that recognize antigen presented proteins
Naive T cells that recognize molecule
antigen presented by dendritic cells

FIGURE 15.10
by dendritic cells expressing co-stimulatory molecules not expressing co-stimulatory molecules become anergic or, in
can become activated. the case of CD4+ cells, may become regulatory T cells.

Anergic T cells cannot respond and eventually undergo apoptosis.

Activated T cells proliferate and differentiate.
Regulatory T cells prevent
All certain immune
nucleated cellsresponses.
present peptides from TC cells do not recognize peptides
cytoplasmic proteins on MHC class I molecules. presented by healthy “self” cell.

(a)
(a
a))
a

FIGURE 15.13 Virus

Viral Cytokines
proteins

Targeted delivery
of a “death package”

Virally infected “self” cells TC cell recognizes viral peptide Target cell undergoes apoptosis.
present viral peptides on presented by an infected “self” cell
MHC class I molecules. and initiates apoptosis in that target.
It also releases cytokines that alert
neighboring cells.

(b)

1 2 3 CD4
Cytokine delivery T-cell receptor

FIGURE 15.14
Secretion
of cytokines

Macrophage Macrophage degrades Peptide fragments TH cell recognizes a presented

engulfs materials. proteins in phagosome are presented on MHC peptide and responds by activating
into peptide fragments. class II molecules. 1 B-cell receptor
the macrophage. It also releases 2 3
cytokines that stimulate TC cells.
Antigen Endosome

B
B-cell receptor binds B cell internalizes antigen. B cell degrades antigen into
to antigen.
to peptide fragments.

5a T-cell receptor

FIGURE 15.16 4
Antigen
fragment
MHC class II
molecule TH cell recognizes
antigen fragment
Microbial and activates B cell.
antigen
Cytokine delivery

“Provides a logical unfolding conceptual framework that

presented.

Harmless 5b
antigen

fosters better understanding.”

presented. No TH cell recognizes
Peptide fragments are antigen fragment;
presented on MHC class II B cell becomes
molecules. anergic.

—Jamal Bittar, University of Toledo

FIGURE 15.18

viii

and35508_fm_i-xxxii.indd 8 10/14/20 3:57 AM

 420 Chapter 16 Host-Microbe Interactions

Distribution of the Pathogen

Infections are often described according to the distribution of
the causative agent in the body. In a localized infection, the
microbe is limited to a small area; an example is a boil caused
by Staphylococcus aureus. In a systemic infection, the infec-
tious agent disseminates (spreads) throughout the body; an
example is Lyme disease. Systemic infections often include

Walk through the processes a characteristic set of signs and symptoms—such as fever,
fatigue, and headache—that result from the systemic immune
response to the infecting agent. 1 The microorganism is present in every case of the disease.

Step-by-step figures direct the student using numbered icons, The suffix -emia means “in the blood.” Thus, bacteremia
indicates that bacteria are circulating in the bloodstream. Note
that this term does not necessarily imply a disease state. A
often with corresponding icons in the text. person can become bacteremic for a short period of time after
forceful tooth brushing. On the other hand, infection-induced
bacteremia can lead to a life-threatening systemic inflamma-
tory response, a condition called sepsis. Toxemia indicates that
2 The microorganism must be grown in pure culture from diseased hosts.
toxins are circulating in the bloodstream. The organism that
causes tetanus, for instance, produces a localized infection, yet
its toxins circulate in the bloodstream. The term viremia indi-
178 Chapter 7 The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein cates that viral particles are circulating in the bloodstream.

FIGURE 7.3 Three Functional Types Protein-encoding gene rRNA gene tRNA gene MicroAssessment 16.3
of RNA Molecules The different
functional types of RNA required for gene
A primary pathogen can cause disease in an otherwise healthy
individual; an opportunist causes disease in an immunocompromised
“The text and illustrations are ‘tight’ and give each other
expression—messenger RNA (mRNA), DNA Transcription
host. The course of infectious disease includes an incubation period,
ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA
illness, and a period of convalescence. Infections can be acute,
(tRNA)—are transcribed from different

good support.”
chronic, or latent; they can be localized or systemic. 3 The same disease can be produced when a pure culture of the
genes. The mRNA is translated, and the microorganism is introduced into susceptible hosts.
Messenger RNA (mRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA)
tRNA and rRNA fold into characteristic 5. Why are diseases caused by opportunists becoming more
frequent?
—Richard Shipee, Vincennes University
three-dimensional structures that each play
Translation
a role in protein synthesis. 6. Give an example of a microbe that causes a latent infection.
? Ribosomal RNA is a component of ribosomes. 7. What factors might contribute to a long incubation period?
What are ribosomes? Protein

(see figure 2.13). Another distinction is that RNA contains proteins; instead the RNA molecules themselves are the final 16.4 ■ Determining the Cause
the nucleobase uracil in place of the thymine found in DNA products, and each type plays a different but critical role in of an Infectious Disease
(see figure 2.28). Also, RNA is usually a single-stranded linear protein synthesis. 4 The same microorganism must be recovered from the experimentally
molecule much shorter than DNA. Learning Outcome infected hosts.
RNA is synthesized using a region of one of the two Regulating Gene Expression 6. List Koch’s postulates, and compare them to the molecular
strands of DNA as a template. In making the RNA molecule, Although a cell’s DNA can encode thousands of different pro- Koch’s postulates. FIGURE 16.3 Koch’s Postulates These criteria provide a foundation
or transcript, the base-pairing rules apply except that uracil, teins, not all of them are needed at the same time or in equal for establishing that a given microbe causes a specific disease.
rather than thymine, pairs with adenine. The interaction of quantities. Because of this, cells require mechanisms to regu- Criteria are needed to guide scientists as they try to determine
? To fufill Koch’s postulates, why must an organism suspected of causing the
DNA and RNA is only temporary, however, and the transcript the cause of an infectious disease. They can also be helpful
late the expression of certain genes. A fundamental aspect of disease be able to grow in laboratory medium?
when studying the disease process.
quickly separates from the template. the regulation is the cell’s ability to quickly destroy mRNA.
Three different functional types of RNA are required Within minutes of being produced, transcripts are degraded
for gene expression, and these are transcribed from different by cellular enzymes. Although this might seem wasteful, it Koch’s Postulates 1 The microorganism is present in every case of the disease.
sets of genes (figure 7.3). Most genes encode proteins and actually provides cells with a means to control gene expres- The steps that Robert Koch used to show that Bacillus 2 The microorganism must be grown in pure culture from
are transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA). The infor- sion. If transcription of a gene is turned “on,” transcripts will anthracis causes anthrax (see A Glimpse of History) are diseased hosts.
mation encrypted in mRNA is decoded according to the be available for translation; if it is then turned “off,” the num- now known as Koch’s postulates. Although they were never 3 The same disease can be produced when a pure culture
genetic code, which correlates each set of three nucleotides ber of transcripts will rapidly decline. By simply regulating meant to be applied rigidly, they still provide scientists with of the microorganism is introduced into susceptible hosts.
to a particular amino acid. The genes for ribosomal RNA the synthesis of mRNA molecules, a cell can quickly change a logical framework for establishing that a given microbe 4 The microorganism must be recovered from the experi-
(rRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA) are never translated into the levels of protein production (figure 7.4). causes a certain infectious disease (figure 16.3): mentally infected hosts.

Gene A Gene B Gene C

Low levels of gene A No transcription of gene B Continuous transcription of

transcription generates leads to no synthesis of gene C generates many
some transcripts of protein B. transcripts of the gene.
the gene.
Part IV Infectious Diseases 631

Translation of each of
Encourage deeper understanding
24.1 ■ Anatomy, Physiology, by first physically breaking down food into small particles,
then chemically degrading those particles even further, and
the gene A transcripts and Ecology of the finally absorbing the available nutrients. The waste material
generates some protein A.
Figures Digestive
have accompanying
System questions that encourage that remains is eliminated as feces.
The digestive system includes two general components:
students to think more carefully about the concept illus-
Learning Outcomes
Translation of each of the gene C transcripts the digestive tract and the accessory organs (figure 24.1). The
generates many molecules of protein C. 1. Describe the functions of the main components of the upper digestive tract is a hollow tube that starts at the mouth and
and lower digestive tract.
trated in a figure.
2. Identify the functions of the liver and other accessory organs.
ends at the anus. When referring only to the stomach and the
intestines, the term gastrointestinal tract is often used. The
3. Describe the significance of the normal intestinal microbiota. accessory organs—which include the salivary glands, liver,
and pancreas—support the digestive process by producing
The main purpose of the digestive system is to convert the vital enzymes and other substances that help break down food.
food we eat into a form that the body’s cells can use as a Like the respiratory system and the skin, the digestive tract
FIGURE 7.4 The Level of Gene Expression Can Be Controlled source of energy and raw materials for growth. It does this is one of the body’s major boundaries with the environment.
? How does the fact that mRNA is quickly degraded help a cell control gene expression?

Organ Function

Oral cavity Obtains and

processes food
and35508_ch07_175-202.indd 178 9/1/20 7:56 PM

Salivary Secrete saliva

Parotid salivary gland glands
Oral cavity containing Mumps
tongue and teeth Esophagus Transports food to
Dental caries stomach
Periodontal disease Salivary glands

Esophagus Stomach Stores food; mechanical

Esophagitis digestion; breaks down
some proteins

Introduce the body systems Liver

Stomach
Gastritis
Pancreas Secretes digestive
enzymes
Hepatitis Gastric ulcer
Liver Produces bile to assist

Each disease chapter includes a stunning figure that intro- Gallbladder Pancreas
Pancreatitis
in fat digestion

duces the students to the anatomy of the body system.

Small intestine Gallbladder Stores bile until
Enteritis needed
Duodenal ulcer Large intestine
Dysentery
Appendix Colitis Small Site of most digestion
Appendicitis intestine and absorption
Rectum
Anus of nutrients

Food
molecules Large Absorbs some water
intestine and minerals;
Epithelial cells prepares waste
with microvilli Villus

Upper digestive tract

Lower digestive tract
Smooth
muscle
Capillaries
Nerve fibers
Lymphatic vessel

FIGURE 24.1 The Digestive System Some of the disease conditions that can affect the system are shown in red.
? How do the accessory organs of the gastrointestinal tract support digestion?

ix

and35508_fm_i-xxxii.indd 9 10/14/20 3:57 AM

 FOCUS ON UNDERSTANDING . . .
Student-Friendly Chapter Features

Provide the tools for understanding

26 Nervous System Infections

Key Terms for each chapter are defined on the KEY TERMS
Blood-Brain Barrier Cells Meninges Membranes covering the
opening page. that function together to create a
protective semipermeable border
brain and spinal cord.
Meningitis Inflammation of the
that separates the CNS from the meninges.
bloodstream.
Peripheral Nervous System
Central Nervous System (PNS) Division of the nervous
(CNS) Brain and spinal cord. system that carries information to
and from the CNS.
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Fluid
produced in the brain that flows Transmissible Spongiform
within and around the CNS. Encephalopathy (TSE) Chronic
degenerative brain disease caused
Encephalitis Inflammation of the by prions; characterized by spongy

Share the history

brain. appearance of brain tissue.

A Glimpse of History opens each chapter, featur- Because the word leprosy carries centuries of grim overtones,
many people prefer to use the term Hansen’s disease, a name that

ing engaging stories about the men and women who Structure of West Nile virus particles. ©Science Picture Co/Getty Images
honors the discoverer of the causative bacterium. Today, the disease
can be treated.

pioneered the field of microbiology.

N
ervous system infections are frightening. They
A Glimpse of History threaten a person’s ability to move, feel, or even
Today it is hard to appreciate the fear and loathing once attached to think. Consider poliomyelitis, which can result in a
leprosy (lepros, meaning “scaly”). Many historical and religious texts paralyzed limb or the inability to breathe without mechani-
refer to several disfiguring skin diseases, including leprosy, and por- cal assistance. Hansen’s disease (leprosy) can result in loss of
tray those suffering from the diseases as unclean and sinful. Lepers fingers or toes or deformity of the face. Infections of the brain
were regularly segregated from mainstream society. or its covering membranes can render a child deaf or intellec-
Gerhard Henrik Armauer Hansen (1841–1912) was a Norwegian tually disabled. Before the discovery of antibiotics, bacterial

Define the expectations

physician with many interests, ranging from science to religion to polar infections of the nervous system were often fatal. Fortunately,
exploration. After graduating from medical school, he went to work these infections are uncommon.
with Dr. Daniel C. Danielson, a leading authority on leprosy. Danielson
believed that leprosy was a hereditary disease and considered the idea
Learning outcomes are found at the beginning that it was contagious to be a “peasant superstition.” Hansen, however,
disproved Danielson’s hypothesis in careful studies conducted over a 26.1 ■ Anatomy, Physiology, and
of each numbered section, allowing organization, number of years. He found a unique bacterium associated with the dis-
ease in every leprosy patient he studied. His 1873 report of the findings
Ecology of the Nervous System

evaluation, and assessment of instruction.

marked the first time that a specific bacterium was linked to a disease— Learning Outcomes
almost a decade before Koch’s proof of the cause of tuberculosis. 1. Describe how information flows through and between neurons.
In the United States, even during the first half of the twentieth
2. Differentiate between the central nervous system and the
century, people diagnosed with leprosy risked having their houses
peripheral nervous system.
burned to destroy the source of infection. Their names were changed
to avoid embarrassing their families, and they were sent to a lepro- 3. Explain how bone, cerebrospinal fluid, meninges, and the
sarium such as the one at Carville, Louisiana, which was surrounded blood-brain barrier protect the central nervous system.
by a 12-foot fence topped with barbed wire. Sufferers were separated
from spouses and children and were denied the right to marry or vote. Nerve cells work together, transmitting electrical impulses
Those who tried to escape were captured and brought back in hand- throughout the body like a highly sophisticated circuit board.
cuffs. The Carville leprosarium was finally closed and converted to a Each nerve cell, or neuron, has three functionally distinct
military-style academy in 1999. regions: (1) branching projections called dendrites, (2) the cell
703

56 Chapter 3 Cells and Methods to Observe Them P

Assess understanding MicroAssessment 3.2
information of the community). Microbes that typically occur in response to p
A MicroAssessment at the end of each numbered section Peptidoglycan is a molecule unique to bacteria that provides
inhabitstrength
body sites
to the forThe
cell wall. extended
Gram-positive periods
cell wall isare resident micro-
composed (such as hormonal chan
summarizes the concepts and includes review questions, usu-
biota, ofwhereas
a relatively temporary occupants
thick layer of peptidoglycan areastransient
as well teichoic microbiota. ties of the human host
ally featuring one that stimulates critical thinking (indicated acids. Gram-negative cell walls have a thin layer of peptidoglycan
Considering how important
and a lipopolysaccharide-containing the
outer microbiome is to human
membrane. ing example of the dyn
by a light bulb icon). health,Penicillin
relatively
and lysozymelittle is with
interfere known about
the structural its members. As
integrity discovery that the com
of peptidoglycan. Mycoplasma species lack a cell wall. Archaea
described in chapter
have a variety of cell wall1,types.
that is quickly changing, as several obese people differs fr
large-scale
4. Whatresearch efforts
is the significance areA?studying this diverse popula-
of lipid have more members of
tion. The studies
5. How does thetypically use differ
action of penicillin metagenomics,
from that of the sequence typically have more m
lysozyme?
analysis6. Explain
of thewhyDNA penicillin kills only actively multiplying cells, given envi-
extracted directly from a (a)
people lose weight, th
ronment,whereas
which allows
lysozyme killsscientists to ofinvestigate
cells in any stage growth. all microbes resemble that of typica
in a sample, including those that have not yet been grown Researchers are c
3.3 ■ Structures Outside the Cell Wall
in culture. certain microbiome co
of Prokaryotic Cells state. For example, the
Engage the reader MicroByte
Learning Outcomes nal dysbiosis (an imba
There
11.are moreand bacteria
contrast in
the just oneand
person’s
function mouth than there are matory bowel disease.
MicroBytes found throughout the chapter provide small Compare structure of capsules
people inandthe world!
slime layers.
“bytes” of information, capturing the reader’s attention. 12. Describe the structure and arrangements of flagella, and
observed, it is too early
explain how they are involved in chemotaxis. lation rather than show
13. Compare and contrast the structure and function of fimbriae (b)
and sex pili.
Composition of the Microbiome FIGURE 3.12 Capsules and Slime Layers (a) An en
x Many prokaryotes have structures Lactobacillus species (TEM). (b) Masses of bacteria adh Beneficial Roles o
Babies begin acquiring their outside
microbiotathe cell at
wall.birth,
These when they
of slime (SEM). a–b: Scimat/Science Source
external structures are not essential to the life of microbes and are
first encounter a wide variety of microorganisms. During
? pas-
What Scientists
are the functions have
of capsules and slime long rec
layers?
sometimes only produced under certain environmental conditions,
sage but
through thea mother’s
they provide birth canal,
competitive advantage thehave
to cells that baby is exposed to
them. biome protects against
lactobacilli and an assortment of other microbes that take plaque, which forms
up its importance
on teeth. When a goes person fa
in
(table sugar), Streptococcus mutans (a commo
and35508_fm_i-xxxii.indd 10 Capsules and Slime Layers
residence in its digestive tract and on the skin. A babythedeliv- oral microbiota)
munity
10/14/20 3:57 helpmake
uses that toAM
with dige
a capsule
 Part III Microorganisms and Humans 381

Highlight the relevance FOCUS ON A CASE

A 9-year-old boy with cystic fibrosis—a
1 4 .1
The patient was treated with antibiot- aeruginosa cells to form biofilms. The
genetic disease that causes a number of ics, with only limited success. Like most biofilm protects the bacterial cells from
Focus on a Case boxes describe realistic clinical, veterinary, problems, including the buildup of thick,
sticky mucus in the lungs—complained
cystic fibrosis patients, he developed a
chronic lung infection that continued to
various components of the immune
system, including antimicrobial pep-

or environmental situations, along with questions and discus-

of feeling tired, out of breath, and always require repeated treatment. tides and phagocytes. Bacteria growing
coughing. When his mother took him to 1. What role did cystic fibrosis play in within a biofilm are much more diffi-
the doctor, she mentioned that his cough the disease process? cult for the immune system to destroy.

sions designed to highlight the relevance of the information. was productive, meaning that it contained
sputum (pronounced spew-tum). She was
particularly concerned that the sputum was
2. What is the significance of the mucoid
phenotype of the colonies?
3. Siderophores help the bacterium obtain
iron from the host. Recall that the
body produces iron-binding proteins,
a blue-green color. His doctor immediately 3. How would the siderophore (the iron-
including lactoferrin and transferrin;
suspected a lung infection by Pseudomonas binding compound) benefit the bacterium?
this prevents microbes from using the
aeruginosa—a common complication of 4. Why would the boy’s lung infection host’s iron and thereby limits their
cystic fibrosis. A sputum sample was col- make his pre-existing respiratory growth. Microorganisms that make sid-
lected and sent to the clinical laboratory. problems even worse? erophores essentially engage in a “tug-
In the clinical laboratory, the sample was of-war” with the body over iron. This
Discussion
plated onto MacConkey agar and blood agar tug-of-war is especially important for
and incubated. Mucoid colonies surrounded 1. Cystic fibrosis patients often have P. aeruginosa because iron levels influ-
by a bluish-green color grew on both types of an accumulation of thick mucus in ence biofilm formation. When iron is
agar media. The colonies on MacConkey had their lungs, which interferes with the limiting, P. aeruginosa cells are motile
no pink coloration, so the medical technolo- mucociliary escalator and other first- and do not initiate biofilm formation.
244 gist concluded that the cells did not ferment
Chapter 9 Biotechnology line defenses. With a compromised
4. In response to a bacterial infection in the
lactose. She noted the blue-green color on the (weakened) mucociliary escalator,

Provide perspective
lungs, an inflammatory response devel-
agar plates and in the sputum, knowing that microbes that are inhaled are not eas-
F O C U S Y O U R P.Paeruginosa E R S Pmakes
E C Tseveral
I V Epigmented
9 .1com- ily removed. In addition, the accumu-
ops. The capillaries in the area become
leaky, allowing fluids from the blood to
pounds that give rise to lated mucus serves as a nutrient source
The COVID-19 Response—The Power ofcolors ranging from
Biotechnology enter the tissues. Those fluids cover the
yellow to blue. One of the pigments functions for bacteria.
Part
respiratory IV Infectious
surfaces, therebyDiseases
interfering 551
Focus Your Perspective boxes show how micro- The COVID-19 response as serves
binds iron.
lent illustration of the power
as an excel-
a siderophore, which istechnologies;
Another is important
of biotechnol-
a molecule that 2. The
not only do CRISPR-Cas-
give resultsbacterium
for biofilm
based tests in about anproduces
hour
facilitated
mucoid colonies suggest that research
an extracellu-
targeted
the aimed
with gas
antiviral therapies,
at exchange.
developing
as described
mation recruits
In addition, inflam-
neutrophils to the area.
ogy. Because ofMicroAssessment
formation. 21.3 or less, they do not compete with PCR- in Focus on the FutureSome
Further
several of the technologies testing showed that the lar material that forms a capsule or a 20.1.ofBy
the analyzing
neutrophils will die, releas-
organisms and their products influence our lives in described in this chapter,
global outcome—although
bacterium
The common
ative rod,
particularly
was an oxidase-positive,
the pandemic’s
cold may bewith
consistent
devastating—
caused
the
Gram-neg-
based tests with respect
by manyinitial
physician’s
reagents.
slime
to layer.
different viruses,
The first CRISPR-Cas-based
rhinoviruses. Transmission requires close personal
This material,
the required thealso
viralreferred
genome, scientists
7. Why aresub-
to as extracellular polymeric people most
amino acid sequence of
a for
cold?
determined
ing infectious
the
key proteins
granules
the
destructive
duringenzymes
essen-
as a result.
the first in
fewtheir
days of
suspicions. stancesfor(EPS), allowstial
Pseudomonas
many different ways.
resulted in fewer deaths than many feared diagnostic test was approved use only replication of the virus. Relatively
contact during which respiratory droplets from an infected person How is an adenovirus infectionstructure
treated?
or predicted. in certified laboratories, but researchers 8. soon thereafter, the 3-dimensional
or respiratory secretions on contaminated
SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes also worked hands toward are transferred
developing similar 9. of Contrary
two of those proteins was determined—
to your grandmother’s warnings, going outside
to the
an nasalRNA epithelium.
genome. IfSymptoms typically last forversions about a week oneinthat
COVID-19, has a but instrument-free that can be coldtheweather
virus uses to attach
without a coat to and
is not then
likely to cause a cold.
researcher needs before a DNA the disease copy isofstopped that bycompleted
immune responses. on-site (comparable Adenovirus to home enter host cells and one it uses to replicate
Why not?
infections
genome, the enzyme reverse transcriptase may
infection, resemble
the regulatingcolds, but
center fever
“sets”
pregnancy tests). is present.
the body’s thermostat at Fever-inducing
its genome. Knowing cytokines
those and
proteinother substances are pyro-
struc-
is used to make cDNA. a higher
When level.the virus Anwas oral temperature Data obtained above 37.8°C via is regarded
high-throughput gens (pyro
tures allowsmeans “fire”toorfocus
scientists “heat” andefforts
their gen means “to gener-
first discovered in China, as fever. a cDNA copy of sequencing were used to track the global ate”). Pyrogenic cytokines
on developing compounds arethat
endogenous
specifically pyrogens, meaning
its genome was cloned and A then
higher temperaturespread
sequenced. settingofresults SARS-CoV-2.
when macrophages The tracking thetarget bodythe parts them,
makes essential for the microbial
whereas structure’s products such as

LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are exogenous on

That sequence was release then shared with sci- methods rely
pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to microbial on detecting spontaneous function—for example, the exact site pyrogens, meaning
entists around the world, products. initiating
The cytokineswhat act mutations
as messages that carried
inevitably in the occurblood- as the they theareattachment
introduced protein
from that contacts
external a host
sources.
became a global effortstream to control to thethe disease.
brain, where virusthe replicates;
temperature-regulatingthese mutations serve as
center cell. The structures of other SARS-CoV-2

Introduce the concepts

A major part ofraises any disease
the body control
temperature evolutionary
in response. markers.
The rise Forin example,
tempera- viral MicroAssessment proteins have since been determined, offer-
532
effort isChapter FO
diagnosing20 CAntimicrobial
U S
patients O N P
Medications
who N
have E U M
genomesO
ture prevents microbes with lower optimum temperatures
N I A
from a cluster of early cases ing additional potential 14.9targets for antiviral
the disease. Diagnosis not only guides in the Seattle area all shared the same Fever medications.
results when macrophages release pro-inflammatory
from growing, giving the immune system time to eliminate cytokines; thisthe
occurs
treatment
TABLE 20.5 for an individual
PneumoniaCharacteristicsispatient,
a disease butof
of Some unusual
the lower mutation,
respiratory
Antiprotozoan indicating that by
tract Antihelminthic
and caused they all destroy
MedicationsAs is
invading casewhen
microbes
(Continued) for macrophages
vaccineeffectively
cannot detect microbial
develop- eliminate the patho-
the microbes before they cause too much harm. A moder-
Focus on a Disease boxes introduce a general cate- it also reveals the
spread
Causative
extent viral,
bacterial,
in a Agent/Medication
population. ate Because
of theordisease’s
fever hasresearch-
fungal infection
alsoComments
been shown
descended
Your
of thefrom
Perspective
response to the infection generally results in the alveoli (air sacs)
processes, including the inflammatory
lungs.
to enhance 21.1).
theAn same source
inflammatory
severalUsing
response,
(see Focus gen
protective
phagocytic
sequences
products.
ment
tive
25. What
B-cell
in general,
initially.
COVID-19
response, is a pyrogen?
research to develop
Once opsonizing
vaccines
however,
antibodies
relies heavily
phagocytes
effec-are produced during a
on
can remove the microbes.
ers had access to
ofthe genome sequence withoffluids of suchSARS-CoV-2
as pus andgenomes from around 26. biotechnology. One earlythe concern was that
gory of disease (pneumonia, diarrheal disease, menin-
Intestinal and Tissue the lungs filling
Helminths blood. Pneumo- TheHow damage
does feverfrom pneumonia
inhibit growth is largely a result of the inflam-
of pathogens?
SARS-CoV-2 early activity, multiplication ofthe
lymphocytes,
world, release of substances
an open-source online project matory SARS-CoV-2 might have a high becomemutationleaky during inflam-
nia ison,thethey
Albendazole, mebendazole
were cause
leading able to of death
Albendazole due totoinfectious disease in the response.
27. Syphilis tissuewasandAsonce the capillaries
treated by infecting the patient with the
quickly developUnited realthat time attract
RT-PCR neutrophils,
diag- andis production
called
used
Nextstrain
treat a variety
of
created
of helminth
interferons
interactive
infections,
and visu-
including
rate, which would
intestinal
make
infections;
development of an
States. mebendazole is poorly absorbed, so it is only used to treatmation, fluidsthat
parasite
intestinal helminths; collect
causes
both bind inmalaria,
thetubulin
to alveoli of and
a disease by O2 and
interfere with
characterized

gitis, sexually transmitted infections), giving students

nostic tests; the testsantibodies.amplify certain Release parts of leukocytes
alsresulting in into
that resemble the blood
a family from
of tree the
to illustrate effective vaccine difficult, just as it has for
CO2 exchange. In addition,
Signs and Symptoms
helminths, immobilization the worm. repeated cycles of fever, phagocytes
shaking, and and other
chills. Whyleukocytes
would this are
the SARS-CoV-2 bone
ofDiethylcarbamazine genome marrowso thatalso the evolution
increases.
it Used
can These effects of the are virus.
likely Researchers
due to creating
treatment
a single long-lasting influenza vac-
to treat infections caused by certain filarial nematodes; recruited
results into thecontrol
damage site ofsyphilis?
to the infection,
outer surface and mucus production increases.
of the
be detected in The patientsignsspecimens.
increased and ratessymptoms ofTest of pneumonia
enzymatic involved
microfilaria, reactions.
making generally
with
it easier theforproject
theinclude
immunealsocough,
determined
system to eliminate cine.
them.Fortunately, however, the sequence
Accumulating leukocytes and mucus create a thick substance that
a framework for understanding specific diseases. results
Ivermectin
a day, but in many
chills, shortness
were sometimes
the patient
available
cases they
of within
may develop
breath,
took lon-
fever,
transmission
that and onlychest
intoin(bluish
cyanosis the
somepain.
U.S.skin
the worm, were
In severe of
introductions
Used to treat infections caused by Strongyloides and certain
color)
causing directly
cases,
tofrom
due(limp)
flaccid
the virus
poor China;
paralysis.
may
comparisons used to track SARS-CoV-2
clog
tissue
tiona isrelatively
the alveoli,
nematodes;
most common
a condition
interferes with nerve
gave an early indication that the virus has
in severe
called consolidation. Consolida-
ger because theblood specimens needed Pneumonia
oxygenation. to be othersrangeswerefrom from mild countries where the virus
to life-threat- low mutation ratebacterial
compared pneumonia.
to The inflam-
Used for treating onchocerciasis (river blindness); thought tomatory interfere response
most common seen in that
severe pneumonia
an RNA often affects nerve
Moxidectin with nerve transmission in the worms.
transported to approved ening, depending testing facilities;
largely on the had causative
been circulating agent but foralso
a periodon any of time viruses have
Praziquantel
in addition, shortages underlying of critical
health supplies
problems ofafter
the being introduced
patient. It is often from China. While endings
Used to eliminate a variety of trematodes (flukes) and cestodes
accompanied genome. in the
(tapeworms); pleura,ofcausing
Dozensresults in
differentpain.
sustained contractions
vaccine pos-
of the worm.
and equipment by needed to obtaincough,
a productive and pro- meaning understanding
that a pus- and global spread did not Epidemiology
themucus-containing sibilities are being explored, some based
Pyrantel
cess pamoate also led to delays. Coun-
specimens Used to eliminate certain intestinal nematodes (roundworms); interferes with neuromuscular activity of worms.
fluid called sputum comes upstop fromthethepandemic,
lungs. it gave some advanced Pneumonias on traditional are often vaccines but others
categorized as eitherquitecommunity-acquired,
tries with the most
Triclabendazole
Some aggressive
pathogenstesting
Used to eliminate
cause what warning liver
about
are referred
flukes;
the interferesofwith
to spread
as atypical
microtubule
COVID-19
pneu- novel.
soformation
meaning
in theTesting
that
worms.procedures to ensure safety
they develop in members of the general public, or

Inspire the learner

measures, as well as follow-up
monias, not because procedures the diseases that arepreventative
uncommon, measures
but because could the and effectiveness of new
be put in healthcare-associated, meaningvaccines thatarethey quitedevelop in hospital-
to track contacts, were most successful place. In addition, it provided knowledge izedtime-consuming,
patients or otherhowever, people withinas is the themanu-
healthcare system. Some
FinOlimiting
C U S the Osymptoms
N T H Espread.
disease’s
or Fthe UT treatments
AsU theR E that are 2 slightly
.1 different
0hopefully can beis used
than those of
facturing process. Although pneumonia the race is still
the more established types. “Walking pneumonia” a termtooften prevent a types of community-acquired (CAP) are contagious.
pandemic
The Racecontinued, researchers began on to stop the virus at the time of this writ-
to Develop
used to describe COVID-19 atypicalsimilar
someTreatments pneumoniaspandemic in the future.
because of the milder Most, however, originate from the patient’s own upper respira-

Focus on the Future boxes describe pending chal-

developing more rapid diagnostic tests, The fact that the genome sequence ing, biotechnology is certainly playing an
Almost immediately symptoms after the observed. tory microbiota. These organisms may gain access to the lungs
including versions based onemergence
CRISPR-Cas of the ofso SARS-CoV-2
scientists from around was known the globe early rushed
on its interaction
indispensable role. with other viral proteins,
disease now called COVID-19,To diagnose pneumonia,
scientists raced a to physician
identify uses a stethoscope
the functions to lis-
and 3-dimensional when avarious personinhibitors
inadvertently that targetinhales
the his or her own throat secre-
to find effectiveten for a characteristic
An early focuscrackling or bubbling soundSARS-CoV-2
that occurs in proteins tions. As with CAPs, healthcare-associated
machinery are being pneumonias (HCAPs)
lenges facing current and future microbiologists.
treatments. was structures of various viral replication
the lungs as
on drug repurposing—the useair of passes
approvedbyorfluid(the in theprocessalveoli.was A aidedchest by Xearlier
ray willstudies of often occur developed.whenSome the patient inhales his
are nucleoside andor her own upper respira-
investigational drugslikelyforbenew done to determine
therapeutic uses. which parts of
the related the SARS-CoV).
virus, lung are infected; Armed with tory microbiota. nucleotide analogs,Patientsbut at finding
particular risk are those who are on
effective
allowingdrugs
Approved theareas
researcher
are those that to
of infection have(1)undergone
track the
usually amplification
appearthat as white shadows.
information, The often
inother scientists then use
patient worked it mechanical
to study gene
versions ofexpression.
those is
ventilators that areItused
complicated alsotobyplays an
the breathing,
help because the
“real
the time,”
testing requiredrather
may foralso than
the U.S. using
Food and
be asked togel electrophoresis
Drug
give towardssample,
a sputum at the
designing which smallcan beimportant
molecules exam- that spe- role in COVID-19
ventilator fact tube
that the diagnosis
replicase
provides of (see
a portal Focus
SARS-CoV-2
for Your
microorganisms to enter the
end; and to ined
Administration (2) determine
(FDA) to authorize
microscopically themarketing
relative amount
and inoculatedcificallyonto ofblock
target a given protein’s
appropriate Perspective
laboratory function.9.1). has proofreading
lower airways. Pneumonias ability,thatwhich is
develop this way are further clas-
of the drug;
DNA initially investigational
in the
media drugs
sample,
as part are
of thewhich experi- The
processistoreflected virus
identify a by can potentially
the or fungal cause
bacterial mutate to develop unusual among RNA viruses.
sified as ventilator-associated pneumonias (VAPs). Thus, if
mental
amount drugs that
of the
of fluorescence FDA has
pneumonia. authorized for
generated. resistance to a single medication, however, the SARS-CoV-2 replicase incorporates
testing in humans. The repurposing options so a variety of drugs, each The PCRwith
interfering a Treatment
Method an analogand Prevention
during RNA synthesis, the
■ Real-time RT-PCR. Pathogenesis
considered for COVID-19 This combines
treatments included the methods
different target, of will likely be required. The Bacterial and fungal
proofreading pneumonias
function are treated with antimicrobial
might recognize
∙ 
Summary briefly reviews the key points. RT-PCR
not andVarious
just antiviral qPCRbutin
drugs, order
bacteria,
also to detect
viruses,
medications andSARS-CoV-2-specific
to and determine
fungi can all thecausemedications
A standard
pneumonia, arepolymerase
still medications, chain
and reaction
chosen
remove startsthereby
thataccording
analog, with
to thea susceptibility
double- of the caus-
relativetheamount
control of a given
but typically
infection-induced only RNA
cytokinewhen sequence
the
storm earlyinin athe
respiratory sample
tract defenses are
development stranded
stages theDNA
notatfunc- time ofmolecule
ative agent. that Unfortunately,
avoiding serves
productionas a template
ofbacteria
a defective from
thatRNAwhich
cause healthcare-associ-
∙ 
Short Answer questions review major chapter concepts. and other damaging
without
enormous advantage
needimmune
the tioning for
of athe
gelresponses.
optimally.
repurposed
Smoking, An alcohol
electrophoresis.
drug is
use, and
this writing,
Researchers but narcotic
their targets useare
more can inall
than some molecule.
of ated pneumonias
a billion copies
CoV-2 target
of Another
are target
the oftenpotential
is a protein
SARS- can be In general, there
multi-drug-resistant.
sequence
damage mucocililary the same
escalator, as cancategories as those of other
viral respiratory infec- antiviral are no effective treatments for complex that
viral pneumonias.
∙ 
Multiple Choice questions allow self-testing; answers are pro- that it has already
assess its safety that
gonesuch
tions
in patients.
through
damage
as clinical
Thus,
influenza. trialsThat
thea repurposed
to is
respiratory tract
medications:
why patients who have illnesses
or interfere
■ Viral entry. Towith enterthe a host cell, a spike not theresemble
patient’s
adds a 5′
Vaccines arecapavailable
other types normal
to viral RNA
host cell RNA.
of pneumonia.
to makepneumococcal
to prevent it disease but
Prevention is therefore impor-
vided in Appendix IV. drug can often be
more quickly than
brought
a brand new
Bacterial
into wide-scale
ability to cough are more susceptible
medication.
pathogens
use
that cause pneumonia
on thetosurface developing
attaches tofrequently
of SARS-CoV-2
the host cell
pneumonia.
receptor
make
first tant ■and
ACE2. as wellparticles.
a cap-
Assembly
involvesand
as avoiding
release
making
As isother
the case
of viral
healthy choices, such as not smoking,
with many
respiratory illnesses by staying out of
The first example of a repurposed anti-
∙ 
Application questions provide an opportunity to use knowledge
Review the information
sule. Because of the capsule, alveolar Oncemacrophages
attached, host that cell proteases
normallysplit crowded other viruses,and
situations SARS-CoV-2
by good practices gene such as handwashing.
viral medication authorized by the FDA for the spike, thereby exposing a portion that expression involves the production
treating COVID-19 is the nucleoside analog facilitates fusion of the viral envelope of polyproteins that are then cleaved
of microbiology to solve real-world problems. remdesivir, an investigational drug devel-
oped to treat various diseases caused by
with the host cell membrane. As a result, by viral proteases to make functional
proteins. SARS-CoV-2 has at least two
the viral nucleocapsid is released into
∙ 
Critical Thinking questions encourage practice in analysis and End-of-chapter review encourages students to revisit the
RNA viruses. Clinical studies using remde-
sivir to treat severe COVID-19 showed that it
the host cell (see figure 13.11a). Based
on structural characteristics of the viral
proteases—main protease (Mpro) and
papain-like protease (PLpro)—and

problem solving that can be used by the student in any subject.

shortens the duration of symptoms. Because
information. spike, at least two types of SARS-CoV-2 work is well underway to develop
of this and the fact that no other antiviral entry inhibitors are being developed: One inhibitors of these enzymes.
treatment options were available, the FDA that blocks the attachment of the spike to The speed of the progress towards an
granted emergency authorization for its use the receptor, and another that interferes effective COVID-19 treatment is a testament
in treating patients with severe COVID-19. with the fusion of the viral envelope with to the global effort of cooperation of count-
The most effective medications for treat- the host cell membrane. less scientists. Nonetheless, development of
ing COVID-19 will likely be new drugs ■ Viral nucleic acid synthesis. SARS- novel drugs will take a relatively long time
designed to specifically target the causative
CoV-2 is an RNA virus, and therefore it because they must go through several phases
agent, SARS-CoV-2. Developing such medi-
must encode its own replicase (an RNA- of clinical trials to show that they are not
cations relies on a thorough understanding of
dependent RNA polymerase). Based on only effective, but that the benefits of their
440 the key proteins required for viral replication,
Chapter 17 Applications of Immune Responses the structure of that replicase as well as use outweigh the risks.

Build the story The Immune Wars

Innate immunity (chapter 14)
The Pathogens Fight Back
Pathogenesis (part of chapter 16)
The Return of the Humans
(Knowledge Is Power)
Adaptive immunity (chapter 15) Immunization and immunotherapy (chapter 17)
Epidemiology (chapter 19)
Logical chapter order helps students understand FIGURE 17.1 The Host-Pathogen Trilogy
Antimicrobial medications (chapter 20)

and connect the concepts. ? How does immunization prevent disease?

be used to prevent certain diseases. In fact, immunization has discuss the applications of immunotherapies, methods designed
probably had the greatest impact on human health of any medi- to either enhance or suppress specific immune responses as a
cal procedure, and it is just one example of how knowledge is means to treat certain diseases. Finally, we will explore some use-
power with respect to fighting disease (figure 17.1). We will also ful applications of immunological reactions in diagnostic tests.

xi
IMMUNIZATION AND IMMUNOTHERAPY
17.1 ■ Principles of Immunization antibodies produced by other people, animals, or even modi-
fied B cells growing in culture. It is used to prevent disease
Learning Outcome immediately before or after likely exposure to a pathogen or its
and35508_fm_i-xxxii.indd 11 1. Compare and contrast naturally acquired active immunity, toxins. Note that passive immunity provides no 10/14/20
memory; once 3:57 AM
the transferred antibodies are degraded, the protection is lost.
 FOCUS ON UNDERSTANDING . . .
Student-Friendly Descriptions
Include analogies
WHY? Analogies provide students a comfortable framework for making
sense of difficult topics. Here’s an example from chapter 14.

Innate Immunity The innate immune system has three143general Part I Life and Death of Microorganisms Steve Cole/E+/Getty Images
components:
TABLE 6.1
first-line defenses, sensor systems, and innate effector
Electron Carriers

actions. As a useful analogy, think of the defense systems of a high-

Carrier
Oxidized Form
(Accepts Electrons)
Reduced Form
(Donates Electrons)
Typical Fate of
Electrons Carried

security building or compound: The first-line defenses are the security

walls surrounding the property; the sensor systems are the security e–
Electron Electron

cameras scattered throughout the property, monitoring the environ-

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (carries NAD+ + 2 e– + 2 H+ ⇌ NADH + H+
carrier

Used to generate a proton motive

2 electrons and 1 proton) force that can drive ATP synthesis
ment for signs of invasion; and the effector actions are the security
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (carries 2 electrons FAD + 2 e– + 2 H+ ⇌ FADH2 Used to generate a proton motive
and 2 protons; i.e., 2 hydrogen atoms) force that can drive ATP synthesis
teams sent to remove any invaders that have been detected, thereby
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADP+ + 2 e– + 2 H+ ⇌ NADPH + H+ Biosynthesis
(carries 2 electrons and 1 proton)
© Image Source, all rights reserved.
eliminating the threat (figure 14.1a).
each carry two electrons and one proton. Note, however, that microbial cells can convert reducing power in the form of
the location of protons in biological reactions is often ignored NADH to NADPH.
because in aqueous solutions protons—unlike electrons—do
not require carriers. Precursor Metabolites 144 Chapter 6 Microbial Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth

Reduced electron carriers represent reducing power lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. When E. coli cells Catabolism
Certain intermediates of catabolic pathways can be used in degrade glucose molecules, the pathways they use release
because they can easily transfer their electrons to another Catabolism of glucose, the preferred energy source of many
anabolic pathways; therefore they link these two types of energy and also form a dozen or so precursor metabolites.
cells, includes two key sets of processes:

Emphasize the logic

chemical that has a higher affinity for electrons. By doing so, pathways. These intermediates—precursor metabolites— Other organisms use the same catabolic pathways but some-
times lack the ability to convert a certain precursor metabolite ■ Oxidizing glucose molecules to generate ATP, reducing
they not only reduce the recipient molecule, they also raise serve as carbon skeletons from which subunits of macromol- into a compound needed for biosynthesis. Any essential com- power (NADH, FADH2, and NADPH), and precursor
its energy level. NADH and FADH2 transfer their electrons ecules can be made (table 6.2). For example, the precursor pounds that a cell cannot synthesize must be provided from an metabolites; this is accomplished in a series of reactions
external source. called the central metabolic pathways.

WHY? Descriptions that emphasize the logic of processes make it easier for
to the electron transport chain, which then uses the energy
to generate a proton motive force. In turn, this drives the
metabolite pyruvate can be converted to any one of three
amino acids: alanine, leucine, or valine.
A cell’s metabolic pathways make it easy for that cell
to use glucose for multiple purposes. Think of the cells as
■ Transferring the electrons carried by NADH and FADH2
to the terminal electron acceptor, which occurs as part of
synthesis of ATP in the process of oxidative phosphoryla- Moodboard/Brand X either
extensive biological recycling centers that routinely process Pictures/Getty
cellular respiration orImages
fermentation (recall that the

students to understand and retain the information. Here’s an example from

Recall from chapter 4 that E. coli can grow in glucose- millions of glucose molecules (figure 6.9). Molecules that electrons carried by NADPH are used in biosynthesis).
tion. Ultimately the electrons are transferred to the terminal salts medium, which contains only glucose and a few inorganic remain on the central deconstruction line are oxidized com-
pletely to CO2, releasing the maximum amount of energy. Central Metabolic Pathways
electron acceptor. The electrons carried by NADPH have an salts. This means that the glucose is serving two purposes in
chapter 6.
entirely different fate; they are used to reduce compounds the cell: (1) the energy source, and (2) the starting point from
Some breakdown intermediates, however, can exit that line
to be used in biosynthesis. The exit points are located at the
steps immediately after a precursor metabolite is made. So
Three key metabolic pathways—the central metabolic
pathways—together oxidize glucose to CO2, as described by
145
during biosynthetic reactions. Note, however, that many
Part I Life and Death of Microorganisms

which all cell components are made—including proteins, the following general reaction (figure 6.10):
once a precursor metabolite is made in catabolism, it can GLUCOSE

be further oxidized to release energy, or it can be used in C6H12O6 + 62 O2Pentose →phosphate 6 CO2 + 6 H 2O
Yields
(glucose) (oxygen) (carbon dioxide) Oxidizes
(water)
1 Glycolysis
pathway ~ ~ + Reducing

biosynthesis.
glucose to pyruvate power
Starts the oxidation of glucose
ATP
by substrate-level
The pathways are catabolic, but the precursor metabolites and phosphorylation

reducing power they generate can also be diverted for use in

TABLE 6.2 Precursor Metabolites Glucose molecules
biosynthesis. To reflect the dual role of these pathways, they are
sometimes called amphibolic pathways (amphi meaning “both
Precursor Metabolite Biosynthetic Role Pathway (or Step) Generated kinds”). The central metabolic pathways include the following:
Yields
■ Glycolysis. 1 This splits glucose and gradually oxidizes
Reducing
power

Glucose-6-phosphate Lipopolysaccharide Glycolysis it to form two molecules of pyruvate. It provides the cell
Biosynthesis 5 Fermentation

Fructose-6-phosphate Peptidoglycan Glycolysis with a small amount of energy in the form of ATP, some Reduces pyruvate
or a derivative

reducing power, and six precursor metabolites. Some

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Lipids (glycerol component) Glycolysis microbial cells use an alternative
Pyruvate
series of reactions
Pyruvate Acids, alcohols, and gases

Transition step
3a

3-Phosphoglycerate Proteins (the amino acids cysteine, glycine, and serine) Glycolysis To: To: (called the Entner-Doudoroff Yields
pathway) that generates CO aCO
2 2

Lipid Amino acid slightly different set of intermediates and end products.
Reducing
power
synthesis synthesis
Phosphoenolpyruvate Proteins (the amino acids phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine) Glycolysis
Acetyl- Acetyl-
■ Pentose phosphate pathway. 2 This also breaks down CoA CoA

Pyruvate Proteins (the amino acids alanine, leucine, and valine) Glycolysis glucose, but its primary role is to produce compounds
used in biosynthesis, including two precursor metabo-
Ribose-5-phosphate Nucleic acids and proteins (the amino acid histidine) Pentose phosphate cycle lites as well as reducing power in the form of NADPH. A
x2 CO 2

product of the pathway feeds into glycolysis.

Erythrose-4-phosphate Proteins (the amino acids phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine) Pentose phosphate cycle To: To:
CO 2

■ Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. This is3balso called

TCA cycle the
Carbohydrate Nucleic acid Incorporates an acetyl
Acetyl-CoA Lipids (fatty acids) Transition step synthesis synthesis citric acid cycle or the Krebs cycle. 3a Just (TCAbefore
cycles twice) this
group and releases CO 2

α-Ketoglutarate Proteins (the amino acids arginine, glutamate, glutamine, and proline) TCA cycle cycle, a single reaction called the transition step converts
the pyruvate from glycolysis into acetyl-CoA. One mol-
Yields
~ ~ + Reducing
power

Oxaloacetate Proteins (the amino acids aspartate, asparagine, isoleucine, lysine, TCA cycle ecule of CO2 is released as a result. 3b Theby substrate-level TCAATP
cycle 4 Cellular respiration
Uses the electron transport
phosphorylation
methionine, and threonine) then accepts the 2-carbon acetyl group, ultimately oxidiz- chain to convert reducing
power to proton motive force
FIGURE 6.10 Overview of Catabolism (1) Glycolysis, (2) the pentose phosphate pathway,
ing it to release two
(3a) themolecules of theCO
transition step, and (3b) . The
tricarboxylic
2 acidtransition
cycle (TCA cycle) are step
used to gradually
oxidize glucose completely to CO . Together, these pathways produce ATP, reducing power,
and the TCA cycle together generate
as precursor the most reducing
2
and intermediates that function metabolites (depicted as colored ovals, as shown Yields
CO2 molecules + energy ~ ~
Note: The colored icons in the table are used in figures throughout the chapter to represent the respective precursor metabolites. in table 6.2). (4) Cellular respiration uses the reducing power to generate a proton motive force
power of all thethatcentral
is then used tometabolic
make ATP by oxidative pathways; theypassing
phosphorylation, ultimately alsothe electrons ATP
to O or another terminal electron acceptor. (5) Fermentation stops short of oxidizing glucose by oxidative

produce three precursor

completely and metabolites
instead uses pyruvate orand ATP.
2
phosphorylation
a derivative as a terminal electron acceptor.
? Why is the TCA cycle repeated twice for every glucose molecule that enters glycolysis?

FIGURE 6.9 Cells Use Glucose for Multiple Purposes The During the oxidation of glucose, a relatively small
millions of glucose molecules that continually enter a cell can have amount of ATP is made by substrate-level phosphorylation.
different fates. Some may be oxidized completely to release the The reducing power accumulated during the oxidation steps,
maximum amount of energy, and others will be used in biosynthesis. however, can be used in cellular respiration (discussed next)

Reinforce the concept A cell’s Put the pieces together Three

? What is the role of precursor metabolites in this process? to generate ATP by oxidative phosphorylation.

Introduce the players Certain

intermediates of catabolic pathways metabolic pathways make it easy for key metabolic pathways—the central
can be used in anabolic pathways; that cell to use glucose for multiple metabolic pathways—gradually oxidize
therefore they link these two types purposes. Think of the cells as exten- glucose to CO2, as described by the fol-
of pathways. These intermediates— sive biological recycling centers that lowing general reaction (figure 6.10):
precursor metabolites—serve as routinely process millions of glucose
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ---> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
carbon skeletons from which subunits molecules (­f igure 6.9). Molecules
(glucose) (oxygen) (carbon dioxide) (water)
of macromolecules can be made that remain on the central decon-
struction line are oxidized completely The pathways are catabolic, but the precur-
(table 6.2).
to CO2, releasing the maximum sor metabolites and reducing power they
amount of energy. Some breakdown generate can also be diverted for use in
intermediates, however, can exit that biosynthesis.
line to be used in biosynthesis.

xii

and35508_fm_i-xxxii.indd 12 10/14/20 3:58 AM

 Contents xxix

Student-Friendly Disease Presentations

24 Digestive System Infections 630 25 Blood and Lymphatic Infections 672

Help students think like experts A Glimpse of History 630

Key Terms 630
A Glimpse of History 672
Key Terms 672

Within each body system chapter, diseases are separated

and Ecology of the by
24.1 Anatomy, Physiology, 25.1 Anatomy, Physiology, and
Ecology of the Blood and

major taxonomic category (bacteria, viruses, fungi, p­ rotozoa).

Digestive System 631 Lymphatic Systems 673
The Upper Digestive Steve Gschmeissner/SPL/Science Source The Heart 673 Steve Gschmeissner/Science Photo Library/
Alamy Stock Photo
System 632
This organization reflects a major consideration Thewith respect
Lower Digestive System 633
Blood Vessels 673
Lymphatics (Lymphatic Vessels) 673

to treatment options, an important consideration for students

UPPER DIGESTIVE SYSTEM INFECTIONS
Spleen 674
25.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Blood and Lymphatic
going into healthcare-related fields. 24.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Upper Digestive System 634
Dental Caries 635
Systems 674
Infective Endocarditis 674
Periodontal Disease 636
Sepsis and Septic Shock 675
Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis 637
Plague (“Black Death”) 676
Helicobacter pylori Gastritis 639
Lyme Disease 678
24.3 Viral Diseases of the Upper Digestive System 641 Vibrio vulnificus Infection 682
Part IV
Oral Herpes
Infectious Diseases
(Cold Sores) 641
693 Tularemia (“Rabbit Fever” or “Deer Fly Fever”) 683
Mumps 642 Brucellosis (“Undulant Fever” or “Bang’s Disease”) 684
Causative Agent thereby has a wider geographic range. In fact, its distribution
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA arbo- has expanded as the mosquito has LOWER DIGESTIVE
inadvertently been intro- SYSTEM INFECTIONS 25.3 Viral Diseases of the Blood and Lymphatic
virus in the family Flaviviridae, and it is transmitted by Aedes duced to countries around the globe. Systems 686
mosquitoes. ZIKV is also sexually transmitted. FOCUSZIKV ONRNADIARRHEAL
has been DISEASES 644 Infectious Mononucleosis (“Mono” or “Kissing
detected in blood, semen, saliva, and secretions of the female gen-
Pathogenesis ital tract, as well as in other body fluids.24.4
FemalesBacterial
should avoidDiseases
get- of the Lower Digestive System 644 Disease”) 686
Studies indicate that when Zika virus enters the host, it binds ting pregnant for at least 8 weeks after possibleCholera 645
exposure. Males Ebola Disease (EBOD) and Marburg
to a receptor found on a number of different human tissues, should avoid unprotected sex for 6 months after exposure, as the
Shigellosis 647 Disease (MARD) 688
which helps to explain the potential involvement of the skin, virus can be found in the semen for that long after infection. In
Escherichia coli Gastroenteritis 648 Yellow Fever 689
joints, nerves, and eyes. Unlike other flaviviruses, ZIKV has 2016, the CDC established the U.S. Zika Pregnancy Registry to
been detected in the fluid surrounding a fetus as well as in its monitor infections and to provide recommendations Salmonella Gastroenteritis 650
and services Dengue and Severe Dengue 690
brain—regions that are typically immunologically privileged, for women who are concerned about infection during pregnancy.
Enteric Fever (Typhoid and Paratyphoid) 652 Chikungunya 691
meaning that they are isolated from destructive immune mech- Zika Virus Disease 692
anisms (see Focus Your Perspective 18.1). Treatment and Prevention Campylobacteriosis 653
Microcephaly is a recognized consequence of congenital Zika Clostridioides
No specific treatment is used for Zika virus infection. Aspirin and (Clostridium) difficile Infection (CDI) 654 25.4 Protozoan Diseases of the Blood and Lymphatic
virus infection, but since the 2015 outbreak in Brazil, researchers non-steroidal pain relievers should be avoided until the possibility
24.5 Viral Diseases of the Lower Digestive System— Systems 694
found that the damage is more extensive than previously thought. of infection with dengue fever virus has been eliminated because
Because of this, the outcome of in utero infection is now referred it could worsen the hemorrhaging associated with Intestinal
that disease.Tract 656 Malaria 694
to as congenital Zika syndrome. ZIKV preferentially infects neu- No approved vaccine for Zika virus disease is currently avail-
ral cells in the fetus, and in particular, neural stem cells from
Rotavirus Gastroenteritis 656 FOCUS ON A CASE 25.1 692
able, but because of the devastating effect of ZIKV on a develop-
which the brain develops; these cells are present throughout fetal Norovirus
ing fetus, significant efforts have been made towards Gastroenteritis 656
developing DISEASES IN REVIEW 25.1: Blood and Lymphatic Infections 699
development, so infection during any trimester of pregnancy can one. Although several are in clinical trials, completing those is
damage the brain. Even newborns with normal head size can rap- now challenging because the number24.6 of ZIKVViral Diseases
infections has of the Lower Digestive SUMMARY 700
idly exhibit developmental delays and neurological abnormalities. dropped dramatically since 2017, thereby making System—Liver
it difficult to 658 REVIEW QUESTIONS 701
determine a vaccine’s effectiveness. The best preventive
Hepatitismeasures
A 658
Epidemiology
ZIKV is transmitted by the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes.
are avoiding mosquito bites and controlling the mosquito vector.
Hepatitis
Long sleeves and pants along with the use of mosquito netsBwill659 26 Nervous System Infections 703
Most cases involve A. aegypti, a species that feeds primarily Hepatitis
help people to avoid bites. Sources of standing water C 661
where mos-
on people and survives best in warm climates. A. albopictus quitoes can breed should be eliminated, both inside and outside. A Glimpse of History 703
probably transmits the disease less often because it feeds on As with dengue, the use of Wolbachia 24.7
to controlProtozoan
mosquito popu- Diseases of the Lower Digestive
Key Terms 703
System 662
Provide a 26.1
consistent
Anatomy, Physiology,conceptual framework
various animals and therefore is less likely to bite people. It lations is a promising approach. Dengue fever, chikungunya, and
is a concern, however, because it tolerates cooler climates and Zika virus disease are compared in table 25.12.Giardiasis 662
and
Cryptosporidiosis (“Crypto”) 663 Ecology of the Nervous
TABLE 25.12 Dengue and Severe Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika Virus Disease Compared
Cyclosporiasis 665 System 703

Signs and
Dengue and Severe Dengue
Often asymptomatic; fever, headache, rash,
Chikungunya
Similar to dengue fever, but
Zika Virus Disease
Amebiasis 666
Usually asymptomatic; mild disease with
Disease discussions are separated into consistent subsec-
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTIONS
Science Picture Co/Getty Images

Symptoms and severe joint pain; in severe dengue,

bleeding and shock can occur, as well as
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).
followed by severe joint pain that
may become chronic
fever, rash, joint pain, red eyes; rare
FOCUS ON A CASE 24.1 640
nervous system involvement; congenital
Zika syndromeDISEASES IN REVIEW 24.1: Digestive
tions, providing
System Diseases 668
a conceptual
FOCUS ON MENINGITIS framework and breaking the706

Incubation Period

Causative Agents
Usually 4 to 7 days

Dengue virus serotypes DENV1, DENV2,

Usually 3 to 7 days

Chikungunya virus; single-

2 to 14 days
SUMMARY 669
Zika virus; single-stranded RNA virus
material into “bite-sized” pieces.
26.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Central Nervous System 706
Pneumococcal Meningitis 707
DENV3, and DENV4; single-stranded RNA virus stranded RNA virus REVIEW QUESTIONS 670
578 Chapter 2 The Molecules of Life
Pathogenesis Pro-inflammatory cytokines cause leaky blood Release of cytokines that affect Virus binds to receptors on a variety of
vessels, dehydration, and hemorrhaging. In immune cells; bone destruction. cells; enters fluid around fetus and brain;
severe dengue, DIC and shock may be fatal. affects neural stem cells.
Diseases in Review 21.1
Epidemiology Mosquito-borne; found predominantly in Mosquito-borne; mainly in Africa Mosquito-borne and sexually transmitted;
tropical and subtropical regions, but range is
increasing. Severe dengue usually occurs in
and Asia, but now in Europe and
the Americas.
females should avoid pregnancy for 8
weeks after exposure; males should use
Respiratory System Diseases
children under 15 years old. condoms for 6 months.

Treatment and Treatment: analgesics for pain; oral rehydration Treatment: analgesics for pain Treatment: no specific treatment.
Prevention therapy and blood or platelet transfusions if and oral rehydration. Prevention: Prevention: vector control. Disease Causative Agent Comment Summary Table
bleeding occurs. Prevention: vector control; vector control. BACTERIAL INFECTIONS OF THE UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT
vaccine in limited areas. Conjunctivitis (pink eye), Usually Haemophilus Often occur together; factors involved in the transmission are
otitis media (earache), sinus influenzae or unknown.
infection Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcal pharyngitis Streptococcus pyogenes Treated with antibiotics, partly to avoid sequelae; must be Table 21.3
(“strep throat”) (group A streptococcus) distinguished from viral pharyngitis, which cannot be treated with
antibiotics.
Diphtheria Corynebacterium Toxin-mediated disease characterized by pseudomembrane in the Table 21.4
diphtheriae upper respiratory tract. Preventable by vaccination.
VIRAL INFECTIONS OF THE UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT
Common cold Rhinoviruses and other Runny nose, sore throat, and cough are due to the inflammatory Table 21.5
viruses response and cell destruction.
Adenovirus pharyngitis Adenoviruses Similar to the common cold but with fever; spread to the lower Table 21.6
respiratory tract can result in severe disease.

Summarize each disease’s characteristics BACTERIAL INFECTIONS OF THE LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT
Pneumococcal pneumonia Streptococcus pneumoniae Organism common in the throat of healthy people; causes disease
when mucociliary escalator is impaired or with underlying conditions.
Vaccine that protects against multiple strains is available.
Table 21.7

Summary tables serve as brief reminders of the important features of each

Klebsiella pneumonia Klebsiella species, Common hospital-acquired bacterium; characterized by thick, bloody, Table 21.7
commonly K. pneumoniae jelly-like sputum. Drug resistance is a major problem.
Mycoplasmal pneumonia Mycoplasma pneumoniae Relatively mild pneumonia; common among college students and Table 21.7

disease. Major diseases are represented with an enhanced summary table

(“walking pneumonia”) military recruits. Cannot be treated with medications that inhibit cell
wall synthesis.
Pertussis (“whooping Bordetella pertussis Characterized by frequent violent coughing. Preventable by Table 21.8
cough”) vaccination.

that includes an outline of the disease process keyed to a human figure, Tuberculosis (“TB”) Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
Most infections result in latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), but these
can reactivate to cause tuberculosis disease (TB disease). Treated
using combination drug therapy, but drug resistance is an increasing
Table 21.9

showing the entry and exit of the pathogen.

problem.
Legionnaires’ disease Legionella pneumophila Transmitted via aerosolized water drops; smokers and those with Table 21.10
impaired defenses are most at risk of developing disease.
Inhalation anthrax Bacillus anthracis Rare zoonotic disease; may be associated with bioterrorism; Table 21.11
high case-fatality rate.

Review the diseases as a group

VIRAL INFECTIONS OF THE LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT
Influenza (“flu”) Influenza viruses New vaccine developed yearly; viruses change seasonally due to Table 21.12
antigenic drift; antigenic shifts cause pandemics.
Respiratory syncytial virus RSV Serious disease in infants, young children, and the elderly. Table 21.13
infections

Each disease chapter ends with a table that summarizes the key features of COVID-19, SARS and MERS

Hantavirus pulmonary
Coronaviruses

Hantaviruses
Emerging infectious diseases characterized by severe lower
respiratory symptoms; zoonotic
Acquired via inhaled dust contaminated with rodent saliva, urine, or
Table 21.14

Table 21.15

the diseases discussed in that chapter. syndrome

FUNGAL INFECTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
Coccidioidomycosis (“valley Coccidioides immitis and
feces. Frequently fatal.

Environmental reservoir (soil in semi-arid desert areas); most Table 21.16

fever”) C. posadasii infections are asymptomatic.
Histoplasmosis Histoplasma capsulatum Environmental reservoir (bat droppings and soil enriched with bird Table 21.17
(“spelunker’s disease”) droppings); most infections are asymptomatic.
Pneumocystis pneumonia Pneumocystis jirovecii Organism is an opportunistic fungus that causes serious lung disease Table 21.18
(PCP) (formerly carinii) in immunocompromised people, such as those with HIV/AIDS.

xiii

and35508_fm_i-xxxii.indd 13 10/14/20 3:58 AM

 UPDATES—Maintaining
the Cutting Edge
Global Changes ■ Added a description of waxes
■ Described the distinction between a Lewis symbol and a
■ Added information about COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2,
Lewis structure
including the following boxes:
■ Rearranged the three-part figure showing DNA
■ Focus Your Perspective 9.1 (The COVID-19 Response—
The Power of Biotechnology) ■ Added a MicroByte on the use of artificial intelligence
and a video game to determine protein folding
■ Focus on a Case 13.1
■ Focus on the Future 20.1 (The Race to Develop COVID- Chapter 3 – Cells and Methods to Observe Them
19 Treatments)
■ Rearranged the chapter sections so that cell structure and
■ Focus Your Perspective 21.1 (A Global Lesson in
function is discussed before microscopy and staining
Microbiology: The COVID-19 Pandemic)
methods; revised the chapter title to reflect the change
■ Updated disease statistics, vaccine recommendations,
■ Revised the coverage of active transport systems to place
treatments, and terminology
more emphasis on the concept rather than the different types
■ Rearranged some content to improve flow in the digital text
■ Updated the section on gas vesicles to include informa-
(the information most relevant to a particular figure is now
tion about other protein-based compartments (bacterial
in the paragraph immediately preceding the figure, and sum-
microcompartments and encapsulin nanocompartments)
mary tables have been moved to the end of the coverage)
■ Introduced the term archaellum
■ Converted many of the descriptions that support multi-
step figures to bullet lists that correspond to the steps ■ Described periplasm in Gram-positive cells
■ Continued “wordsmithing” to improve the clarity and ■ Moved the information about bacterial cell shape to chapter 1
readability of the descriptions
Chapter 4 – Dynamics of Microbial Growth
Key Changes in Individual Chapters ■ Introduced the term contact-dependent growth inhibition

Chapter 1 – Humans and the Microbial World Chapter 5 – Control of Microbial Growth
■ Added SARS-CoV-2 and Candida auris to the section on ■ Combined the physical methods of microbial control into
emerging pathogens one section
■ Added the African swine fever to the list of epidemics in ■ Expanded the discussion of biosafety levels
non-human populations
■ Added the recent FDA rulings that limit the use of many
■ Expanded the coverage of the human microbiome previously allowed ingredients in antiseptic lotions until
■ Defined the term strain they are shown to be safe and effective
■ Moved the information about bacterial cell shape from
chapter 3 to section 1.3 Chapter 6 – Microbial Metabolism: Fueling
■ Added a MicroByte about the Microbiome Conservancy Cell Growth
collecting/storing fecal samples from populations around ■ Rearranged the information about energy sources and
the world terminal electron acceptors so that the more conceptually
simple information comes first.
Chapter 2 – The Molecules of Life ■ Revised tables 6.2 (Precursor Metabolites) and 6.4 (Some
■ Consolidated and expanded the information on water’s Vitamins and Their Use in Coenzymes)
characteristics ■ Added new figure (6.11) to emphasize the difference in
■ Added a subsection on short-chain fatty acids, to allow a energy yield between aerobic respiration and fermentation
description of butyrate
xiv

and35508_fm_i-xxxii.indd 14 10/14/20 3:58 AM

 ■ Simplified the detailed discussion of the central meta- Chapter 10 – Identifying and Classifying
bolic pathways Microorganisms
■ Simplified the discussion of photosynthesis ■ Updated information about the new online Bergey’s Man-
ual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria
Chapter 7 – The Blueprint of Life, from DNA
to Protein ■ Changed the example of nomenclature change to Cuti-
bacterium acnes
■ Combined the subsections that describe DNA replication
■ Added a MicroByte about the target of the new influenza Chapter 11 – The Diversity of Bacteria and
medication (baloxavir marboxil) Archaea
■ Added a MicroByte about the first approved RNAi-based ■ Added information about the release of Wolbachia-infected
medication mosquitoes as a means to prevent mosquito-borne diseases
■ Split the figure that illustrates the process of translation
to emphasize its three phases (initiation, elongation, and Chapter 12 – The Eukaryotic Members of the
termination; now figures 7.5–7.17) Microbial World
Chapter 8 – Bacterial Genetics ■ Extensive revision, including new photographs through-
out; moved the section on protozoa forward, and increased
■ Changed the term silent mutation to synonymous mutation, the medical emphasis throughout
and explained that this type of mutation is not always silent
■ Expanded the discussion of the difficulties of classification
■ Changed the term DNA-mediated transformation to bac-
terial transformation
■ Added a disease-based grouping of fungi
■ Broadened the coverage of section 8.10 (now “Genome
■ Added information about the spread of a fungal disease
Variability”) and added the term pan-genome that destroys banana plants
■ Simplified the format of the end-of-chapter multiple
■ Expanded the discussion of medically important protozoa
choice questions ■ Added a figure that illustrates the origin of chloroplasts
through primary endosymbiosis
Chapter 9 – Biotechnology ■ Simplified the figure that illustrates phylogenetic groups
■ Added a new Focus Your Perspective Box: The COVID- of eukaryotes (now figure 12.18)
19 Response—The Power of Biotechnology
■ Emphasized the importance of CRISPR-Cas technologies Chapter 13 – Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
by creating a numbered section (section 9.3); the expanded ■ Changed the topic of the Focus on a Case box to COVID-19
coverage includes a description of a rapid COVID-19 diag- ■ Updated viral taxonomy
nostic test that relies on the technologies
■ Added Pneumoviridae to table 13.1
■ Expanded the chapter introduction to emphasize the
■ Bulleted the steps of the lytic bacteriophage life cycle to
applications of biotechnology
match figure 13.5
■ Added a MicroByte about a bacterial enzyme engineered
■ Bulleted the steps of specialized transduction to match
to efficiently break down a common type of plastic
figure 13.9
■ Changed the title of section 9.2 to “Molecular Cloning” (was
■ Split the figure showing replication strategies of ani-
“Genetic Engineering”) to reflect a more narrow focus
mal viruses into three separate figures for clarity (now
■ Added a simplified view of the cloning process (in a bul- figures 13.12–13.14)
let list format) that matches figure 9.4
■ Updated information on viruses and human tumors to
■ Converted the description of vectors to a bullet list that include oncogenic and oncolytic viruses
matches figure 9.6 (was 9.8)
■ Added Focus on the Future 13.1: The Potential of Phage
■ Converted the description of how a PCR product is gener- Therapy
ated to a bullet list that matches figure 9.13 (was 9.17)
■ Deleted the section on the dideoxy chain termination Chapter 14 – The Innate Immune Response
method of DNA sequencing ■ Modified and updated the descriptions of granulocytes,
■ Updated the Focus On the Future box by changing the particularly neutrophils
name of the initiative described to All of Us

xv

and35508_fm_i-xxxii.indd 15 10/14/20 3:58 AM

 ■ Expanded the information on cell types to increase the Chapter 19 – Epidemiology
emphasis on mast cells
■ Added COVID-19 as an example of the significance of
■ Updated the information on macrophages to indicate that asymptomatic infections in the spread of a disease
tissue-resident macrophages can self-renew
■ Changed the MicroByte in section 19.1 to mention the
■ Separated the description of inflammation into vascular secondary attack rate of measles
changes and cellular changes
■ Added measles to the factors that contribute to disease
■ Expanded the discussion on damaging effects of inflammation emergence
■ Added necroptosis to the paragraph that describes pyroptosis ■ Updated table of notifiable infectious diseases
Updated the description of the Morbidity and Mortality
Chapter 15 – The Adaptive Immune
■

Weekly Report
Response
■ Added the URL for the CDC’s National Notifiable Dis-
■ Extensive revision; reorganized the chapter to create a eases Surveillance System (NNDSS)
more linear flow (T cells and their activation are now
described before B cells)
■ Added COVID-19 and Candida auris infection to the sec-
tion on emerging diseases
■ Expanded and rearranged the overview to reflect the new
chapter organization Chapter 20 – Antimicrobial Medications
■ Expanded the discussion of immune tolerance to distin- ■ Added a Focus on the Future Box: The Race to Develop
guish between central tolerance and peripheral tolerance COVID-19 Treatments
Explained that oral administration of poorly absorbed
Chapter 16 – Host-Microbe Interactions
■

medications is useful for treating intestinal infections

■ Increased the emphasis on the importance of butyrate on
■ Added information about the new rifamycin for treating
intestinal barrier functions
some types of travelers’ diarrhea
■ Revised the discussion of Koch’s postulates
■ Updated the section on Mycobacterium tuberculosis
resistance by adding information about the new combina-
Chapter 17 – Applications of Immune tion treatment specifically for XDR-TB
Responses
■ Updated the table that describes the microorganisms on
■ Moved the chapter forward (was chapter 18) so that the CDC’s list of antibiotic resistance threats (table 20.2)
monoclonal antibodies could be described before the
■ Mentioned the resistance of Candida auris in the section
chapter that mentions their use in allergy therapies.
on antifungal medications
■ Added a section on immunotherapies (section 17.3), par-
■ Updated the section on antiviral medications by adding a
ticularly focusing on the new cancer therapies (check-
subsection on cap-snatching inhibitors
point inhibitors and CAR T cells)
■ Added moxidectin for treating river blindness and tricla-
■ Added the new the dengue disease vaccine to table 17.5
bendazole for treating liver flukes to table 20.5
■ Added information about the new combination vaccine
that includes HepB Chapter 21 – Respiratory System Infections
■ Added a Focus Your Perspective Box: A Global Lesson in
Chapter 18 – Immunological Disorders Microbiology: The COVID-19 Pandemic
■ Bulleted the steps involved in type I hypersensitivities to ■ Expanded the discussion of coronavirus lower respiratory
match the accompanying figure tract infections to include not only SARS and MERS, but
■ Updated information on type II hypersensitivities also COVID-19
■ Updated the information on immune disorder treatments, ■ Updated the information on Group A Streptococcus viru-
including adding information on immunotherapy lence factors to include only those clearly associated with
■ Eliminated the section on treatment of autoimmune dis- pathogenesis
eases, and instead describe the treatments in the context ■ Updated the discussion of mycoplasmal pneumonia patho-
of the respective conditions genesis to include the CARDS toxin, which has been
■ Added a MicroByte on the Neurological Conditions Sur- shown to be a key virulence factor
veillance System (NNCSS) ■ Changed Legionellosis to Legionnaires’ disease to more
specifically refer to Legionella pneumonia
xvi

and35508_fm_i-xxxii.indd 16 10/14/20 3:58 AM

 ■ Bulleted the discussion of TB pathogenesis to match fig- ■ Updated the information on different forms of tularemia
ure 21.19 ■ Updated and explained the evolving terminology of Ebola
■ Updated the discussion on the WHO’s program to combat disease and Marburg disease
TB; also introduced the newly FDA-approved drug trial ■ Updated the terminology by changing dengue fever to
program for XDR-TB called Nix-TB dengue and severe dengue
■ Updated the pathogenesis discussion on several viral dis- ■ Added a description of how Wolbachia-infected mosqui-
eases, including the common cold, adenovirus respiratory toes can be used to control dengue and other mosquito-
infections, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome borne diseases
■ Updated the classification of influenza viruses to include
influenza D; updated the influenza strain nomenclature to Chapter 26 – Nervous System Infections
be more in line with the CDC and WHO; introduced the ■ Changed the heading “Viral Encephalitis” to “West Nile
new anti-influenza medication baloxavir and Other Types of Viral Encephalitis,” and put the focus
■ Updated the information on RSV classification, patho- on West Nile encephalitis
genesis, and treatment ■ Changed the MicroByte topic in section 26.3 to acute
flaccid myelitis (AFM)
Chapter 22 – Skin Infections ■ Updated the information on African trypanosomiasis
■ Added new bullet list of characteristic skin lesions and (African sleeping sickness)
rashes, including descriptions and disease examples
■ Expanded the section on acne Chapter 27 – Genitourinary Tract Infections
■ Added disease summary tables for acne and hair follicle ■ Updated the coverage of leptospirosis
infections ■ Updated Focus Your Perspective 27.1 and changed the
■ Expanded the information on impetigo title to “Conquering Syphilis”
■ Added information about hand-foot-and-mouth disease ■ Added information about a new monoclonal antibody
(HFMD) approved for use as a component of antiretroviral therapy
(ART)
Chapter 23 – Wound Infections ■ Updated the information on HIV disease
■ Added a new part to figure 23.9 to illustrate the mecha- ■ Removed tables 27.16 (People at Increased Risk for HIV
nism of tetanospasmin Disease) and 27.18 (Behaviors that Help Control an AIDS
■ Reduced the coverage of streptobacillary rat bite fever, Epidemic)
assigning it to a new section called Other Bacterial Bite
Wound Infections Chapter 28 – Microbial Ecology
■ Added the definition of oligotroph
Chapter 24 – Digestive System Infections ■ Revised the section on mycorrhiza; added the terms
■ Added a MicroByte on the Global Microbiome Conser- arbuscular mycorrhiza and Hartig net, as well as infor-
vancy to section 24.1 mation about fungal networks
■ Updated the information on dental caries and modified ■ Add a MicroByte to section 28.6 about corn that produces
the accompanying figure syrup-coated aerial roots to nourish nitrogen-fixing bacteria
■ Updated Focus on a Case 24.1 to reflect diagnosis of H.
pylori infections by the urea breath test Chapter 29 – Environmental Microbiology:
■ Changed the heading Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fevers Treatment of Water, Wastes, and Polluted
to Enteric Fever (Typhoid and Paratyphoid) Habitats
■ Expanded the description of MUG/ONPG
Chapter 25 – Blood and Lymphatic Infections
■ Revised the section on sepsis and simplified the accom- Chapter 30 – Food Microbiology
panying figure ■ Bulleted the descriptions that support figures 30.4 and 30.5

xvii

and35508_fm_i-xxxii.indd 17 10/14/20 3:58 AM

 Acknowledgments
First and foremost, special thanks goes to Gene Nester, the Reviewers for the Tenth Edition
leader of the team that wrote the first version of what became
Microbiology, A Human Perspective. His efforts helped Andrea R. Beyer, Virginia State University
pioneer a new type of introductory microbiology textbook, Bruce Bleakley, South Dakota State University
designed specifically for students entering healthcare-related Anar A. Brahmbhatt, San Diego Mesa College
fields. This edition proudly builds on that original vision. Linda D. Bruslind, Oregon State University
We would also like to thank the reviewers and other Carron Bryant, East Mississippi Community College
instructors who guided us as we developed this edition, as well Matthew B. Crook, Weber State University
as those whose input has helped the text evolve over the years. Jeremiah Davie, D’Youville College
Deciding what to eliminate, what to add, and what to rear- Karim Dawkins, Broward College
range is always difficult, so we appreciate your suggestions. Matthew Dodge, Olympic College
Past students have been incredibly helpful as well. Every Robert A. Holmes, University of Missouri–Kansas City
question helps us decide which parts of the textbook need Joshua Hughes, Dakota State University
more clarification, and every compliment lets us know when Ilko B. Iliev, Southern University at Shreveport
we’re on the right track. Karen Kowalski, Tidewater Community College
Special thanks also go to our friends, families, and col- Ruhul Kuddus, Utah Valley University
leagues for picking up the many hairs we tore out while work- Lorie Lana, Stevenson University
ing on the textbook. Revising a textbook is an all-consuming Eddystone C. Nebel, Delgado Community College
task—from the initial development stage to proofing the pages Olabisi Ojo, Albany State University
during production—and numerous people have acted as advi- Jennifer L. B. Roshek, Stevenson University
sors and cheerleaders throughout. This text would not exist Dan Smith, Seattle University
without the contributions of our strong group of supporters. Renato V. Tameta, Schenectady County Community College
A list of acknowledgments is not complete without thank- Krystal Taylor, Beaufort County Community College
ing our fearless leaders and friends from McGraw-Hill. Our Roger Wainwright, University of Central Arkansas
product developer Erin DeHeck and portfolio manager Lau-
ren Vondra not only gave inspiration and sound advice, but
they also laughed at our jokes and barely rolled their eyes at
our idiosyncrasies. Lauren Vondra and Tami Hodge helped
ensure that word got out about this new edition, allowing it to
find its way into your hands. It was wonderful to have Laura
Bies as our content project manager to guide us through some
rocky waters on the way to publication. Additionally, we
would like to thank digital content project manager Rachael
Hillebrand for helping produce our digital resources that sup-
port the text and Lisa Burgess, who provided many wonderful
photographs.
We hope that this text will be interesting and educational
for students and helpful to instructors. Our goal is excellence,
so with that in mind we would appreciate any comments and
suggestions from our readers.

Denise Anderson
Sarah Salm
Mira Beins

xviii

and35508_fm_i-xxxii.indd 18 10/14/20 3:58 AM

 Contents
About the Authors iv

PA RT I Covalent Bonds 23
Life and Death of Microorganisms Hydrogen Bonds 24
Molarity 24
1 Humans and the Microbial World 1 Chemical Reactions 25
2.3 Water, pH, and Buffers 26
A Glimpse of History 1
Water 26
Key Terms 1
pH of Aqueous Solutions 27
1.1 T
 he Dispute over Buffers 27
Spontaneous Generation 2
2.4 Organic Molecules 28
Early Experiments 2
INTERFOTO/Alamy, Stock Photo Carbohydrates 29
Experiments of Pasteur 2
Lipids 30
Experiments of Tyndall 2
Proteins 33
The Golden Age of Microbiology 3
Nucleic Acids 38
The Scientific Method 3
1.2 M
 icrobiology: A Human Perspective 5 FOCUS ON A CASE 2.1 32
The Human Microbiome 5 FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 2.1: Right-Handed and Left-Handed
Molecules 36
Microorganisms in the Environment 6
Commercial Benefits of Microorganisms 6 SUMMARY 41
Microbes as Research Tools 7 REVIEW QUESTIONS 42
Microbes and Disease 7
1.3 Members of the Microbial World 10
3 Cells and Methods to Observe Them 44
Scientific Names 11
A Glimpse of History 44
Bacteria 13
Key Terms 44
Archaea 14
Eukarya 14 PROKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURES
Acellular Infectious Agents 15 AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

FOCUS ON A CASE 1.1 9 3.1 The Cytoplasmic Steve Gschmeissner/Getty Images

Membrane of Prokaryotic Cells 46
FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 1.1: Every Rule Has an Exception 12
Structure of the Cytoplasmic Membrane 46
FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 1.1: Meet the Microbiomes! 17
Permeability of the Cytoplasmic Membrane 46
SUMMARY 17 The Role of the Cytoplasmic Membrane in Energy
REVIEW QUESTIONS 18 Transformation 47
Transport of Small Molecules Across
2 The Molecules of Life 20 the Cytoplasmic Membrane 48
Protein Secretion 49
A Glimpse of History 20
Key Terms 20
3.2 The Cell Wall of Prokaryotic Cells 50
Peptidoglycan 50
2.1 Elements and Atoms 21 The Gram-Positive Cell Wall 50
Atomic Structure 21 The Gram-Negative Cell Wall 52
The Role of Electrons 21 Antibacterial Substances That Target Peptidoglycan 54
Lisa Burgess/McGraw-Hill Education
Isotopes 22 Bacteria That Lack a Cell Wall 54
2.2 Chemical Bonds and Reactions 23 Cell Walls of Archaea 55
Ions and Ionic Bonds 23

xix

and35508_fm_i-xxxii.indd 19 10/14/20 3:58 AM

 xx Contents

3.3 Structures Outside the Cell Wall of Prokaryotic

Cells 56
4 Dynamics of Microbial Growth 90
Capsules and Slime Layers 56
A Glimpse of History 90
Flagella 56
Key Terms 90
Pili 58
4.1 Principles of Microbial
3.4 Internal Components of Prokaryotic Cells 59 Growth 90
Chromosome and Plasmids 59
Ribosomes 59 4.2 Microbial Growth in Lisa Burgess/McGraw-Hill Education
Cytoskeleton 60 Nature 91
Storage Granules 60 Biofilms 92
Protein-Based Compartments 60 Interactions of Mixed Microbial Communities 93
Endospores 60 4.3 Microbial Growth in Laboratory Conditions 93
Obtaining a Pure Culture 94
EUKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURES AND
The Growth Curve 95
THEIR FUNCTIONS
Colony Growth 96
3.5 C
 ytoplasmic Membrane of Eukaryotic Cells 64 Continuous Culture 96
Structure and Function of the Cytoplasmic Membrane 64
4.4 Environmental Factors That Influence Microbial
Transfer of Molecules Across the Cytoplasmic
Growth 97
Membrane 64
Temperature Requirements 97
3.6 Protein Structures Within Eukaryotic Cells 66 Oxygen (O2) Requirements 98
Ribosomes 66 pH 99
Cytoskeleton 66 Water Availability 99
Flagella and Cilia 67
4.5 Nutritional Factors That Influence Microbial
3.7 Membrane-Bound Organelles of Eukaryotic Growth 100
Cells 68 Required Elements 100
Nucleus 68 Growth Factors 101
Mitochondria 68 Energy Sources 101
Chloroplasts 70 Nutritional Diversity 101
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) 70
4.6 Cultivating Microorganisms in the
Golgi Apparatus 71
Laboratory 103
Lysosomes and Peroxisomes 71
General Categories of Culture Media 103
METHODS TO OBSERVE CELLS Special Types of Culture Media 104
Providing Appropriate Atmospheric Conditions 105
3.8 Microscopes 72
Enrichment Cultures 106
Principles of Light Microscopy:
Bright-Field Microscopes 73 4.7 Methods to Detect and Measure Microbial
Light Microscopes That Increase Contrast 74 Growth 107
Light Microscopes That Detect Fluorescence 76 Direct Cell Counts 107
Electron Microscopes 77 Viable Cell Counts 108
Scanning Probe Microscopes 78 Measuring Biomass 110
Detecting Cell Products 112
3.9 P
 reparing Specimens for Light Microscopy 81
Simple Staining 81 FOCUS ON A CASE 4.1 102
Differential Staining 82 FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 4.1: Can Microorganisms Live on Only
Special Stains to Observe Cell Structures 84 Rocks and Water? 103
Fluorescent Dyes and Tags 85 FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 4.1: Seeing How the Other 99% Lives 113

SUMMARY 114
FOCUS ON A CASE 3.1 55
REVIEW QUESTIONS 115
FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 3.1: Pathogens Hijacking Actin 67

SUMMARY 86
REVIEW QUESTIONS 88

and35508_fm_i-xxxii.indd 20 10/14/20 3:58 AM

 Contents xxi

5 Control of Microbial Growth 117

Allosteric Regulation 149
Enzyme Inhibition 150
A Glimpse of History 117 6.3 The Central Metabolic Pathways 151
Key Terms 117 Glycolysis 152
5.1 Approaches to Control 117 Pentose Phosphate Pathway 152
Principles of Control 118 Transition Step and Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle 152
Situational Considerations 118 6.4 Cellular Respiration 155
Arthur Tilley/Getty Images
5.2 Selecting an Antimicrobial Procedure 121 The Electron Transport Chain (ETC)—Generating a
Types of Microbes 121 Proton Motive Force 155
Number of Microbes 121 ATP Synthase—Using the Proton Motive Force to
Synthesize ATP 157
Environmental Conditions 122
ATP Yield of Aerobic Respiration in Prokaryotes 159
Risk for Infection 122
Composition of the Item 122 6.5 Fermentation 160
5.3 P
 hysical Methods Used to Destroy or Remove 6.6 C
 atabolism of Organic Compounds Other Than
Microorganisms and Viruses 122 Glucose 162
Moist Heat 122 Polysaccharides and Disaccharides 162
Dry Heat 124 Lipids 163
Filtration 124 Proteins 164
Irradiation 125
6.7 Chemolithotrophs 164
High Pressure 126
6.8 Photosynthesis 165
5.4 Chemical Methods Used to Destroy
Light-Dependent Reactions 165
Microorganisms and Viruses 127
Light-Independent Reactions 167
Selecting the Appropriate Germicidal Chemical 127
Categories of Germicidal Potency 128 6.9 Carbon Fixation 168
Classes of Germicidal Chemicals 128 Calvin Cycle 168
5.5 Preservation of Perishable Products 132 6.10 Anabolic Pathways—Synthesizing Subunits from
Chemical Preservatives 132 Precursor Molecules 169
Low-Temperature Storage 132 Lipid Synthesis 170
Reducing the Available Water 132 Amino Acid Synthesis 170
Nucleotide Synthesis 171
FOCUS ON A CASE 5.1 120
FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 5.1: Too Much of a Good Thing? 133 FOCUS ON A CASE 6.1 162
FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 6.1: Mining with Microbes 165
SUMMARY 134
REVIEW QUESTIONS 135 FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 6.1: Fueling the Future 171

SUMMARY 172
6 Microbial Metabolism: Fueling Cell Growth 137 REVIEW QUESTIONS 173

A Glimpse of History 137

Key Terms 137
7 The Blueprint of Life, from DNA to Protein 175
6.1 Overview of Microbial A Glimpse of History 175
Metabolism 138 Key Terms 175
Energy 138
Components of Metabolic Pathways 140 ©Comstock/PunchStock 7.1 Overview 176
Precursor Metabolites 143 Characteristics of DNA 176
Catabolism 144 Characteristics of RNA 177
Molekuul/SPL/age fotostock
Regulating Gene Expression 178
6.2 Enzymes 147
Mechanisms and Consequences of Enzyme Action 147 7.2 DNA Replication 179
Cofactors 147 7.3 Gene Expression in Bacteria 182
Environmental Factors That Influence Enzyme Activity 148

and35508_fm_i-xxxii.indd 21 10/14/20 3:58 AM

 xxii Contents

Transcription 182 HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER AS A MECHANISM OF

Translation 184 GENETIC CHANGE
7.4 Differences Between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic 8.6 Overview of Horizontal Gene Transfer 215
Gene Expression 189
8.7 Bacterial Transformation 216
7.5 Sensing and Responding to Environmental Competence 217
Fluctuations 191 The Process of Natural Transformation 218
Signal Transduction 191
8.8 Transduction 220
Natural Selection 192
8.9 Conjugation 221
7.6 Bacterial Gene Regulation 193
Plasmid Transfer 221
Mechanisms to Control Transcription 194
Chromosome Transfer 222
The lac Operon as a Model 196
F′ Donors 223
7.7 Eukaryotic Gene Regulation 198
8.10 Genome Variability 225
7.8 Genomics 199 Mobile Genetic Elements (MGEs) 225
Analyzing a Prokaryotic DNA Sequence 199
8.11 Bacterial Defenses Against Invading DNA 228
Metagenomics 200
Restriction-Modification Systems 228
FOCUS ON A CASE 7.1 192 CRISPR Systems 228
FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 7.1: RNA: The First Macromolecule? 190
FOCUS ON A CASE 8.1 227
FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 7.1: Gems in the Genomes? 200
FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 8.1: The Biological Function of DNA:
SUMMARY 200 A Discovery Ahead of Its Time 219
REVIEW QUESTIONS 201 FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 8.2: Bacteria Can Conjugate with
Plants: A Natural Case of Genetic Engineering 224

8 Bacterial Genetics 203 SUMMARY 229

REVIEW QUESTIONS 231
A Glimpse of History 203
Key Terms 203 9 Biotechnology 232
8.1 Genetic Change in
Bacteria 203 A Glimpse of History 232
Key Terms 232
MUTATION AS A MECHANISM OF Dr. Gopal Murti/Science Source
GENETIC CHANGE 9.1 F
 undamental Tools Used in
Biotechnology 234
8.2 Spontaneous Mutations 205 Restriction Enzymes 234
Base Substitution 205 atic12/123RF
Reverse Transcriptase 235
Deletion or Addition of Nucleotides 206 DNA Gel Electrophoresis 236
Transposons (Jumping Genes) 206
9.2 Molecular Cloning 237
8.3 Induced Mutations 207 The Cloning Process—A Simplified View 237
Chemical Mutagens 207 Applications of Molecular Cloning 237
Transposition 208 Creating a DNA Library—A Detailed View of the
Radiation 208 Cloning Process 237
8.4 Repair of Damaged DNA 209 9.3 CRISPR-Cas Technologies 240
Repair of Errors in Nucleotide Incorporation 210 Applications of CRISPR-Cas Technologies 240
Repair of Damaged Nucleobases 210
9.4 DNA Sequencing 241
Repair of Thymine Dimers 210
Applications of DNA Sequencing 242
SOS Repair 211
High-Throughput Sequencing Methods 242
8.5 Mutant Selection 212 RNA-Seq (RNA Sequencing) 243
Direct Selection 212
9.5 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 243
Indirect Selection 212
Applications of PCR 243
Screening for Possible Carcinogens 214
The PCR Method 244

and35508_fm_i-xxxii.indd 22 10/14/20 3:58 AM

 Contents xxiii

9.6 Probe Technologies 249 FOCUS ON A CASE 10.1 268

Colony Blotting 249 FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 10.1: Pushing the Limits of MALDI-TOF MS 271
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) 250
SUMMARY 272
DNA Microarrays 250
REVIEW QUESTIONS 273
9.7 Concerns Regarding Biotechnology 251

FOCUS ON A CASE 9.1 248

11 The Diversity of Bacteria and Archaea 274
FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 9.1: The COVID-19 Response—The A Glimpse of History 274
Power of Biotechnology 244
Key Terms 274
FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 9.1: Precision Medicine 252
METABOLIC DIVERSITY
SUMMARY 252
REVIEW QUESTIONS 253 11.1 Anaerobic
Chemotrophs 275 Heather Davies/Science Photo Library/
Getty Images
Anaerobic Chemolithotrophs 275
PA RT I I Anaerobic Chemoorganotrophs—Anaerobic
Respiration 276
The Microbial World
Anaerobic Chemoorganotrophs—Fermentation 276
10 Identifying and Classifying 11.2 Anoxygenic Phototrophs 277
Microorganisms 255 Purple Bacteria 278
Green Bacteria 278
A Glimpse of History 255 Other Anoxygenic Phototrophs 279
Key Terms 255
11.3 Oxygenic Phototrophs 279
10.1 Principles of Cyanobacteria 279
Taxonomy 256
Strategies Used to Identify 11.4 Aerobic Chemolithotrophs 280
Microorganisms 256 Diane Keough/Moment/Getty Images Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria 281
Strategies Used to Classify Microorganisms 256 Nitrifiers 281
Nomenclature 257 Hydrogen-Oxidizing Bacteria 282

10.2 Identification Methods Based on Phenotype 259 11.5 Aerobic Chemoorganotrophs 282
Microscopic Morphology 259 Obligate Aerobes 282
Culture Characteristics 260 Facultative Anaerobes 284
Metabolic Capabilities 260
ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
Serological Characteristics 262
Protein Profile 262 11.6 T
 hriving in Terrestrial Environments 286
Bacteria That Form a Resting Stage 286
10.3 Identification Methods Based on Genotype 264
Bacteria That Associate with Plants 287
Detecting Specific Nucleotide Sequences 264
Sequencing Ribosomal RNA Genes 264 11.7 Thriving in Aquatic Environments 289
Whole Genome Sequencing 265 Sheathed Bacteria 289
Prosthecate Bacteria 289
10.4 Characterizing Strain Differences 266
Bacteria That Derive Nutrients from Other Organisms 290
Biochemical Typing 266
Bacteria That Move by Unusual Mechanisms 291
Serological Typing 266
Bacteria That Form Storage Granules 292
Whole Genome Sequencing 266
Phage Typing 267 11.8 Animals as Habitats 293
Antibiograms 267 Bacteria that Inhabit the Skin 293
Bacteria That Inhabit Mucous Membranes 294
10.5 Classifying Microorganisms 269
Obligate Intracellular Parasites 296
Sequence Analysis of Ribosomal Components 269
DNA-DNA Hybridization (DDH) 270 11.9 Archaea That Thrive in Extreme Conditions 299
Sequence Analysis of Genomes 270 Extreme Halophiles 299
G + C Content 270 Extreme Thermophiles 300
Phenotypic Methods 271
FOCUS ON A CASE 11.1 294

and35508_fm_i-xxxii.indd 23 10/14/20 3:58 AM

 xxiv Contents

FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 11.1: Astrobiology: Searching for Life Beyond Filamentous Phage Infections: M13 Phage as a
Earth 301 Model 338
SUMMARY 301 13.3 The
 Roles of Bacteriophages in Horizontal Gene
REVIEW QUESTIONS 303 Transfer 339
Generalized Transduction 339
12 The Eukaryotic Members of the Microbial Specialized Transduction 339
World 305
13.4 Methods Used to Study Bacteriophages 340
A Glimpse of History 305 13.5 Animal Virus Replication 341
Key Terms 305 Attachment 341
12.1 Fungi 306 Entry and Uncoating 341
Characteristics of Fungi 307 Synthesis of Viral Proteins and Replication of the
Classification of Fungi 309 Genome 342
Groups of Medically
Steve Gschmeissner/ Science Photo Assembly (Maturation) 345
Library/Getty Images
Important Fungi 310 Release 346
Economic Importance of Fungi 311 13.6 Categories
 of Animal Virus Infections 347
Symbiotic Relationships of Fungi 312 Acute Infections 347
12.2 Protozoa 313 Persistent Infections 347
Characteristics of Protozoa 313 13.7 Viruses
 and Human Tumors 349
Groups of Medically Significant Protozoa 314 Cancer-Causing Viruses 349
Other Protozoan Groups 315 Cancer-Fighting Viruses 350
12.3 Algae 318 13.8 Cultivating
 and Quantitating Animal Viruses 351
Characteristics of Algae 318 Cultivating Animal Viruses 351
Types of Algae 319 Quantitating Animal Viruses 352
Exceptions to the Rule 320
13.9 Plant Viruses 353
12.4 M
 ulticellular Parasites: Helminths 321
Life Cycles and Transmission of Helminths 321 13.10 Other Infectious Agents: Viroids and Prions 354
Roundworms (Nematodes) 322 Viroids 354
Tapeworms (Cestodes) 322 Prions 354
Flukes (Trematodes) 324 FOCUS ON A CASE 13.1 346
12.5 Arthropods 325 FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 13.1: Microbe Mimicker 335
FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 13.1: The Potential of Phage Therapy 356
FOCUS ON A CASE 12.1 317
FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 12.1: What Causes River SUMMARY 357
Blindness? 322 REVIEW QUESTIONS 358

SUMMARY 326
REVIEW QUESTIONS 327
PA RT III
13 Viruses, Viroids, and Prions 329 Microorganisms and Humans

A Glimpse of History 329

14 The Innate Immune Response 360
Key Terms 329
A Glimpse of History 360
13.1 General Characteristics Key Terms 360
of Viruses 330
Viral Structure 330 14.1 Overview of the Innate
Source: National Institute of Allergy Immune Defenses 361
Viral Taxonomy 330 and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)/CDC
14.2 First-Line Defenses 362
13.2 Bacteriophages 335 Science Photo Library/Alamy Stock
Physical Barriers 363 Photo
Lytic Phage Infections: T4 Phage as a Model 335
Antimicrobial Substances 363
Temperate Phage Infections: Lambda Phage as a
Model 337 Normal Microbiota (Flora) 364

and35508_fm_i-xxxii.indd 24 10/14/20 3:58 AM

 Contents xxv

14.3 The Cells of the Immune System 364 15.3 The T-Cell Response: Cell-Mediated Immunity 396
Granulocytes 365 General Characteristics of T Cells 396
Mononuclear Phagocytes 366 Activation of T Cells 397
Dendritic Cells 367 Effector Functions of TC (CD8) Cells 398
Lymphocytes 367 Effector Functions of TH (CD4) Cells 399
14.4 Cell Communication 368 15.4 The B-Cell Response: Humoral Immunity 402
Surface Receptors 368 General Characteristics of B cells 402
Cytokines 368 B-Cell Activation 402
Adhesion Molecules 368 Characteristics of Antibodies 402
14.5 Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) 369 Evolution of the Humoral Response
to T-Dependent Antigens 404
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) That Monitor a
Cell’s Surroundings 370 The Response to T-Independent Antigens 407
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) That Monitor 15.5 Lymphocyte Development 408
Material Ingested by a Cell 370 Generation of Diversity 408
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) That Monitor a Negative Selection of Self-Reactive B Cells 408
Cell’s Cytoplasm 371 Positive and Negative Selection of Self-Reactive
An Outcome of Cytoplasmic Pattern Recognition: The T Cells 408
Interferon Response 371
15.6 Natural Killer (NK) Cells 409
14.6 The Complement System 372
Complement System Activation 373 FOCUS ON A CASE 15.1 410
Effector Functions of the Complement System 374 FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 15.1: What Flavors Are Your Major
Regulation of the Complement System 374 Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Molecules? 401

14.7 Phagocytosis 375 SUMMARY 411

The Process of Phagocytosis 375 REVIEW QUESTIONS 413
Characteristics of Macrophages 376
Characteristics of Neutrophils 377 16 Host-Microbe Interactions 415
14.8 The Inflammatory Response 377
A Glimpse of History 415
The Inflammatory Process 378 Key Terms 415
Damaging Effects of Inflammation 378
Cell Death and the Inflammatory Response 380 MICROBES, HEALTH, AND
DISEASE
14.9 Fever 380
16.1 The Anatomical Barriers NIAID, NIH, Rocky Mountain Laboratories
FOCUS ON A CASE 14.1 381 as Ecosystems 416
FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 14.1: For Schistosoma, the Inflammatory
Response Delivers 380 16.2 The Human Microbiome 416
Composition of the Microbiome 417
SUMMARY 382
Beneficial Roles of the Human Microbiome 417
REVIEW QUESTIONS 383
16.3 Principles of Infectious Disease 418
15 The Adaptive Immune Response 385 Pathogenicity 418
Characteristics of Infectious Disease 419
A Glimpse of History 385
16.4 Determining the Cause of an Infectious
Key Terms 385
Disease 420
15.1 Overview of the Adaptive Koch’s Postulates 420
Immune Response 386 Molecular Koch’s Postulates 421
Cell-Mediated Immunity 388
Humoral Immunity 389 Science Photo Library/Getty Images MECHANISMS OF PATHOGENESIS
The Nature of Antigens 389 16.5 Establishing Infection 422
The Lymphatic System 391 Adherence 422
The Big Picture Summary 392 Colonization 422
15.2 Clonal Selection and Expansion of Delivering Effector Proteins to Host Cells 423
Lymphocytes 394

and35508_fm_i-xxxii.indd 25 10/14/20 3:58 AM

 xxvi Contents

16.6 Invasion—Breaching the Anatomical Barriers 423 17.5 Common Types of Immunoassays 453
Penetrating the Skin 423 Immunoassays That Use Labeled Antibodies 454
Penetrating Mucous Membranes 423 Immunoassays That Involve Visible Antigen-Antibody
Aggregates 457
16.7 Avoiding the Host Defenses 424
Hiding Within a Host Cell 424 FOCUS ON A CASE 17.1 453
Avoiding Destruction by Phagocytes 425 FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 17.1: Obtaining Monoclonal Antibodies 449
Avoiding Killing by Complement System Proteins 426
SUMMARY 461
Avoiding Recognition by Antibodies 427
REVIEW QUESTIONS 462
16.8 Damage to the Host 427
Exotoxins 427 18 Immunological Disorders 464
Endotoxin and Other Bacterial Cell Wall Components 430
Damaging Effects of the Immune Response 432 A Glimpse of History 464
Key Terms 464
16.9 Mechanisms of Viral Pathogenesis 433
Binding to Host Cells and Invasion 433 18.1 Hypersensitivities 464
Avoiding Immune Responses 433 Type I Hypersensitivities:
Damage to the Host 434 Immediate IgE-Mediated 465
©bubutu/Shutterstock
Type II Hypersensitivities:
16.10 Mechanisms of Eukaryotic Pathogenesis 434 Cytotoxic 468
Fungi 434 Type III Hypersensitivities: Immune Complex–Mediated 470
Protozoa and Helminths 435 Type IV Hypersensitivities: Delayed-Type
FOCUS ON A CASE 16.1 429 Cell-Mediated 471
FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 16.1: The Potential of Probiotics 435 18.2 Autoimmune Disease 473
SUMMARY 436 Systemic Autoimmune Diseases 474
REVIEW QUESTIONS 437 Organ-Specific Autoimmune Diseases 474
18.3 Immunodeficiency Disorders 476
17 Applications of Immune Responses 439 Primary Immunodeficiencies 476
Secondary Immunodeficiencies 477
A Glimpse of History 439
Key Terms 439 FOCUS ON A CASE 18.1 476
FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 18.1: The Fetus as an Allograft 473
IMMUNIZATION AND
IMMUNOTHERAPY SUMMARY 478
REVIEW QUESTIONS 479
17.1 Principles of ©Kevin Horan/The Image Bank/Getty
Immunization 440
Active Immunity 440
Images
19 Epidemiology 481
Passive Immunity 440 A Glimpse of History 481
17.2 Vaccines and Immunization Procedures 441 Key Terms 481
Attenuated Vaccines 441 19.1 Basic Concepts of
Inactivated Vaccines 442 Epidemiology 482
The Importance of Vaccines 443
An Example of Vaccination Strategy— 19.2 Chain of Infection 483 Source: CDC/James Gathany
The Campaign to Eliminate Poliomyelitis 444 Reservoirs of Infection 483
Portals of Exit 484
17.3 Immunotherapies 446 Disease Transmission 484
Immunotherapies for Cancer 446 Portals of Entry 487
Immunotherapies for Immunological Disorders 449
Immunotherapies for Infectious Diseases 450 19.3 Factors That Influence the Epidemiology of
Disease 487
IMMUNOLOGICAL TESTING The Dose 488
17.4 Principles of Immunoassays 451 The Incubation Period 488
Quantifying Antigen-Antibody Reactions 452 The Host Population 488
Obtaining Known Antibodies 452 The Environment 488

and35508_fm_i-xxxii.indd 26 10/14/20 3:59 AM

 Contents xxvii

19.4 Epidemiological Studies 489 20.4 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing 516

Descriptive Studies 489 Conventional Disc Diffusion Method 516
Analytical Studies 490 Minimum Inhibitory and Minimum Bactericidal
Experimental Studies 491 Concentrations (MIC and MBC) 517
Commercial Modifications of Antimicrobial
19.5 Infectious Disease Surveillance 491 Susceptibility Testing 518
National Disease Surveillance Network 493
Worldwide Disease Surveillance 494 20.5 Resistance to Antimicrobial Medications 519
Reduction and Eradication of Disease 494 Mechanisms of Acquired Resistance 519
Acquisition of Resistance 521
19.6 Emerging Infectious Diseases 495 Examples of Emerging Resistance 521
19.7 Healthcare-Associated Infections 496 Preventing Resistance 523
Reservoirs of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings 496 20.6 Mechanisms of Action of Antiviral Medications 526
Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Prevent Viral Entry 526
Settings 498
Interfere with Viral Uncoating 526
Preventing Healthcare-Associated Infections 498
Interfere with Nucleic Acid Synthesis 527
FOCUS ON A CASE 19.1 492 Prevent Genome Integration 527
FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 19.1: Standard Precautions—Protecting Prevent Assembly and Release of Viral Particles 527
Patients and Healthcare Personnel 499
20.7 Mechanisms of Action of Antifungal
FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 19.1: Maintaining Vigilance Against
Medications 529
Bioterrorism 500
Interfere with Cytoplasmic Membrane Synthesis and
SUMMARY 501 Function 529
REVIEW QUESTIONS 502 Interfere with Cell Wall Synthesis 529
Interfere with Cell Division 530
20 Antimicrobial Medications 504 Interfere with Nucleic Acid Synthesis 530
Interfere with Protein Synthesis 530
A Glimpse of History 504
Key Terms 504
20.8 Mechanisms of Action of Antiprotozoan and
Antihelminthic Medications 531
20.1 History and Development
of Antimicrobial FOCUS ON A CASE 20.1 525
Medications 504 FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 20.1: Using Diffusion Tests to Measure
Discovery of Antimicrobial Source: James Gathany/CDC the Concentration of an Antimicrobial Medication in Blood or Other
Body Fluids 519
Medications 505
Discovery of Antibiotics 505 FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 20.1: The Race to Develop COVID-19
Treatments 532
Development of New Antimicrobial Medications 505
SUMMARY 533
20.2 Characteristics of Antimicrobial Medications 507 REVIEW QUESTIONS 534
Selective Toxicity 507
Antimicrobial Action 507
Spectrum of Activity 507
Effects of Antimicrobial Combinations 507 PA RT IV
Tissue Distribution, Metabolism, Infectious Diseases
and Excretion of the Medication 507
Adverse Effects 508 21 Respiratory System Infections 536
Resistance to Antimicrobials 508
A Glimpse of History 536
20.3 Mechanisms of Action of Antibacterial Key Terms 536
Medications 508
Inhibit Cell Wall Synthesis 509 21.1 Anatomy, Physiology, and
Inhibit Protein Synthesis 512 Ecology of the Respiratory
System 536
Inhibit Nucleic Acid Synthesis 513 Centers for Disease Control and
The Upper Respiratory Tract 537
Interfere with Metabolic Pathways 514 Prevention
The Lower Respiratory Tract 539
Interfere with Cell Membrane Integrity 514
Effective Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis 514

and35508_fm_i-xxxii.indd 27 10/14/20 3:59 AM

 xxviii Contents

UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS Impetigo 590

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever 591
21.2 Bacterial Infections of the Upper Respiratory
Cutaneous Anthrax 593
System 540
Pink Eye, Earache, and Sinus Infections 540 22.3 Viral Diseases of the Skin 594
Streptococcal Pharyngitis (“Strep Throat”) 541 Varicella (Chickenpox) 595
Post-Streptococcal Sequelae 544 Rubeola (Measles) 597
Diphtheria 545 Rubella (German Measles) 600
Other Viral Rashes of Childhood 601
21.3 Viral Infections of the Upper Respiratory System 548
Warts 603
The Common Cold 548
Adenovirus Respiratory Tract Infections 549 22.4 Fungal Diseases of the Skin 603
Superficial Cutaneous Mycoses 603
LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS
Other Fungal Diseases 604
FOCUS ON PNEUMONIA 551 FOCUS ON A CASE 22.1 600
21.4 Bacterial Infections of the Lower Respiratory FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 22.1: The Ghost of Smallpox: An Evil
System 552 Shade 598
Pneumococcal Pneumonia 552 DISEASES IN REVIEW 22.1: Common Bacterial, Viral, and Fungal Skin
Diseases 606
Klebsiella Pneumonia 553
Mycoplasmal Pneumonia (“Walking Pneumonia”) 554 SUMMARY 607
Pertussis (“Whooping Cough”) 555 REVIEW QUESTIONS 607
Tuberculosis (“TB”) 557
Legionnaires’ Disease (Legionella Pneumonia) 561 23 Wound Infections 609
Inhalation Anthrax 563
A Glimpse of History 609
21.5 Viral Infections of the Lower Respiratory System 565
Key Terms 609
Influenza (“Flu”) 565
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infections 568 23.1 Anatomy, Physiology, and
Coronavirus Infections: COVID-19, SARS, and MERS 569 Ecology of Wounds 609
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome 572 Wound Abscesses 611
©Garry Watson/Science Source
21.6 Fungal Infections of the Lower Respiratory 23.2 Common Bacterial Infections
System 573 of Wounds 612
Coccidioidomycosis (“Valley Fever”) 574 Staphylococcal Wound Infections 612
Histoplasmosis (“Spelunker’s Disease”) 575 Group A Streptococcal “Flesh-Eating Disease” 613
Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP) 576 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections 614

FOCUS ON A CASE 21.1 546 23.3 Diseases Due to Anaerobic Bacterial Wound
Infections 617
FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 22.1: A Global Lesson in Microbiology:
The COVID-19 Pandemic 571 Tetanus (“Lockjaw”) 617
DISEASES IN REVIEW 21.1: Respiratory System Diseases 578 Clostridial Myonecrosis (“Gas Gangrene”) 619

SUMMARY 579 23.4 Bacterial Infections of Bite Wounds 622

REVIEW QUESTIONS 580 Human Bites 622
Pasteurella multocida Bite Wound Infections 623
22 Skin Infections 582 Bartonellosis (“Cat Scratch Disease”) 624
Other Bacterial Bite Wound Infections 625
A Glimpse of History 582 23.5 Fungal Wound Infections 625
Key Terms 582 Sporotrichosis (“Rose Gardener’s Disease”) 625
22.1 Anatomy, Physiology, and FOCUS ON A CASE 23.1 622
Ecology of the Skin 582 FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 23.1: Infection Caused by a Human
Source: Janice Carr/CDC “Bite” 624
22.2 Bacterial Diseases of
DISEASES IN REVIEW 23.1: Wound Infections 627
the Skin 584
Acne Vulgaris 584 SUMMARY 628
Hair Follicle Infections 586 REVIEW QUESTIONS 628
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome 589

and35508_fm_i-xxxii.indd 28 10/14/20 3:59 AM

 Contents xxix

24 Digestive System Infections 630 25 Blood and Lymphatic Infections 672

A Glimpse of History 630 A Glimpse of History 672

Key Terms 630 Key Terms 672

24.1 Anatomy, Physiology, 25.1 Anatomy, Physiology, and

and Ecology of the Ecology of the Blood and
Digestive System 631 Lymphatic Systems 673
The Upper Digestive Steve Gschmeissner/SPL/Science Source Steve Gschmeissner/Science Photo Library/
The Heart 673 Alamy Stock Photo
System 632 Blood Vessels 673
The Lower Digestive System 633 Lymphatics (Lymphatic Vessels) 673
Spleen 674
UPPER DIGESTIVE SYSTEM INFECTIONS
25.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Blood and Lymphatic
24.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Upper Digestive System 634
Systems 674
Dental Caries 635
Infective Endocarditis 674
Periodontal Disease 636
Sepsis and Septic Shock 675
Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis 637
Plague (“Black Death”) 676
Helicobacter pylori Gastritis 639
Lyme Disease 678
24.3 Viral Diseases of the Upper Digestive System 641 Vibrio vulnificus Infection 682
Oral Herpes (Cold Sores) 641 Tularemia (“Rabbit Fever” or “Deer Fly Fever”) 683
Mumps 642 Brucellosis (“Undulant Fever” or “Bang’s Disease”) 684
LOWER DIGESTIVE SYSTEM INFECTIONS 25.3 Viral Diseases of the Blood and Lymphatic
Systems 686
FOCUS ON DIARRHEAL DISEASES 644 Infectious Mononucleosis (“Mono” or “Kissing
24.4 Bacterial Diseases of the Lower Digestive System 644 Disease”) 686
Cholera 645 Ebola Disease (EBOD) and Marburg
Shigellosis 647 Disease (MARD) 688
Escherichia coli Gastroenteritis 648 Yellow Fever 689
Salmonella Gastroenteritis 650 Dengue and Severe Dengue 690
Enteric Fever (Typhoid and Paratyphoid) 652 Chikungunya 691
Campylobacteriosis 653 Zika Virus Disease 692
Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile Infection (CDI) 654 25.4 Protozoan Diseases of the Blood and Lymphatic
24.5 Viral Diseases of the Lower Digestive System— Systems 694
Intestinal Tract 656 Malaria 694
Rotavirus Gastroenteritis 656 FOCUS ON A CASE 25.1 692
Norovirus Gastroenteritis 656 DISEASES IN REVIEW 25.1: Blood and Lymphatic Infections 699

24.6 Viral Diseases of the Lower Digestive SUMMARY 700

System—Liver 658 REVIEW QUESTIONS 701
Hepatitis A 658
Hepatitis B 659 26 Nervous System Infections 703
Hepatitis C 661
A Glimpse of History 703
24.7 Protozoan Diseases of the Lower Digestive
Key Terms 703
System 662
Giardiasis 662 26.1 Anatomy, Physiology, and
Cryptosporidiosis (“Crypto”) 663 Ecology of the Nervous
Cyclosporiasis 665 System 703
Science Picture Co/Getty Images
Amebiasis 666
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTIONS
FOCUS ON A CASE 24.1 640
FOCUS ON MENINGITIS 706
DISEASES IN REVIEW 24.1: Digestive System Diseases 668
26.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Central Nervous System 706
SUMMARY 669
Pneumococcal Meningitis 707
REVIEW QUESTIONS 670

and35508_fm_i-xxxii.indd 29 10/14/20 3:59 AM

 xxx Contents

Meningococcal Meningitis 708 SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS

Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis 709
FOCUS ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS 748
Neonatal Meningitis 710
Listeriosis 711 27.4 Bacterial STIs 748
Chlamydial Infections 748
26.3 Viral Diseases of the Central Nervous System 713 Gonorrhea 751
Viral Meningitis 713 Mycoplasma genitalium Infections 753
West Nile and Other Types of Viral Encephalitis 714 Syphilis 755
Poliomyelitis 715 Chancroid 758
Rabies 718
27.5 Viral STIs 760
26.4 Fungal Diseases of the Central Nervous Genital Herpes 760
System 721 Human Papillomavirus STIs: Genital Warts and Cervical
Cryptococcal Meningoencephalitis 721 Cancer 761
26.5 Protozoan Diseases of the Central Nervous HIV/AIDS 763
System 723 27.6 Protozoan STIs 771
African Trypanosomiasis (“African Sleeping Trichomoniasis (“Trich”) 771
Sickness”) 723
Toxoplasmosis 724 FOCUS ON A CASE 27.1 742
Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) 726 FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 27.1: Conquering Syphilis 759
FOCUS ON THE FUTURE 27.1: Getting Control of Sexually Transmitted
26.6 Diseases Caused by Prions 727 Infections 772
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies in DISEASES IN REVIEW 27.1: Genitourinary Infections 773
Humans 728
SUMMARY 774
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTIONS REVIEW QUESTIONS 775
26.7 Bacterial Diseases of the Peripheral Nervous
System 729 PA RT V
Hansen’s Disease (Leprosy) 729 Applied Microbiology
Botulism 731

FOCUS ON A CASE 26.1 711

28 Microbial Ecology 777
FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 26.1: Rabies Survivors! 721
A Glimpse of History 777
DISEASES IN REVIEW 26.1: Nervous System Diseases 734
Key Terms 777
SUMMARY 735
28.1 Principles of Microbial
REVIEW QUESTIONS 736 Ecology 778
Nutrient Acquisition 778
27 Genitourinary Tract Infections 738 Microbes in Low-Nutrient Photo by Tim McCabe, USDA Natural
Resource Conservation Service
Environments 778
A Glimpse of History 738 Microbial Competition 779
Key Terms 738 Microorganisms and Environmental Changes 779
27.1 Anatomy, Physiology, Microbial Communities 780
and Ecology of the 28.2 Studying Microbial Ecology 781
Genitourinary System 738
The Urinary System 738 Science Photo Library - PASIEKA/Getty
28.3 Aquatic Habitats 782
The Genital System 739
Images Marine Environments 782
Freshwater Environments 783
27.2 Urinary Tract Infections 740 Specialized Aquatic Environments 783
Bacterial Cystitis (“Bladder Infection”) 740
28.4 Terrestrial Habitats 783
Leptospirosis 741
Characteristics of Soil 784
27.3 Genital System Diseases 744 Microorganisms in Soil 784
Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) 745 28.5 Biogeochemical Cycling and Energy Flow 785
Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (VVC) 746 Carbon Cycle 785
Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome 746

and35508_fm_i-xxxii.indd 30 10/14/20 3:59 AM

 Contents xxxi

Nitrogen Cycle 786

Sulfur Cycle 788
30 Food Microbiology 810
Phosphorus Cycle and Other Cycles 788
A Glimpse of History 810
Energy Sources for Ecosystems 789 Key Terms 810
28.6 Mutualistic Relationships Between Microorganisms 30.1 Factors Influencing the
and Eukaryotes 790 Growth of Microorganisms
Mycorrhizas 790 in Foods 811
Symbiotic Nitrogen-Fixers and Plants 790 Intrinsic Factors 811 Images by Tang Ming Tung/Getty Images
Microorganisms and Herbivores 792 Extrinsic Factors 812
FOCUS ON A CASE 28.1 792 30.2 
Microorganisms in Food and Beverage
SUMMARY 793
Production 812
REVIEW QUESTIONS 794
Lactic Acid Fermentations by the Lactic Acid
Bacteria 813
29 Environmental Microbiology: Treatment of Alcoholic Fermentations by Yeast 815
Changes Due to Mold Growth 817
Water, Wastes, and Polluted Habitats 796
30.3 
Food Spoilage 818
A Glimpse of History 796 Common Spoilage Bacteria 818
Key Terms 796 Common Spoilage Fungi 818
29.1 Microbiology of Wastewater 30.4 
Foodborne Illness 819
Treatment 797 Foodborne Intoxication 819
Biochemical Oxygen Demand Foodborne Infection 819
(BOD) 797 Robert Glusic/Getty Images

Municipal Wastewater Treatment Methods 797 30.5 

Food Preservation 822
Individual Wastewater Treatment Systems 800 FOCUS ON A CASE 30.1 821
29.2 
Drinking Water Treatment FOCUS YOUR PERSPECTIVE 30.1: Botox for Beauty and Pain
and Testing 801 Relief 821
Water Treatment Processes 801 SUMMARY 823
Water Testing 802 REVIEW QUESTIONS 824
29.3 
Microbiology of Solid Waste Treatment 805
APPENDIX I Microbial Mathematics A–1
Sanitary Landfills for Solid Waste Disposal 805
Municipal and Backyard Composting—Alternative to APPENDIX II Pronunciation Key for Bacterial, Fungal,
Landfills 805 Protozoan, and Viral Names A–2

29.4 Microbiology of Bioremediation 806 APPENDIX III Metabolic Pathways A–4

Pollutants 806 APPENDIX IV Answers to Multiple Choice Questions A–7
Strategies of Bioremediation 807 APPENDIX V Microbial Terminology A–8
FOCUS ON A CASE 29.1 804
GLOSSARY/INDEX GI–1
SUMMARY 808
REVIEW QUESTIONS 808

and35508_fm_i-xxxii.indd 31 10/14/20 3:59 AM

and35508_fm_i-xxxii.indd 32 10/14/20 3:59 AM
 1 Humans and the Microbial World

KEY TERMS
Domain The highest level in Prokaryote Single-celled organism
biological classification. There are consisting of a prokaryotic cell;
three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, members of the domains Bacteria
and Eukarya. and Archaea are prokaryotes.
Eukaryote Organism composed Prokaryotic Cell Cell type
of one or more eukaryotic cells; characterized by the lack of a
members of the domain Eukarya are membrane-bound nucleus.
eukaryotes. Viroid An acellular infectious agent
Eukaryotic Cell Cell type consisting only of RNA.
characterized by a membrane-bound Virus An acellular infectious agent
nucleus. consisting of nucleic acid surrounded
Prion An acellular infectious agent by a protein coat.
consisting only of protein.

others yet were ashed grey. And the motion of most of these
animalcules in the water was so swift, and so various, upwards,
downwards, and round about, that ‘twas wonderful to see.

A pristine mountain lake. (Photo credit)

Before van Leeuwenhoek made these observations, Robert
Hooke, an English microscopist, saw another kind of microorganism.
In 1665, he described what he called a “microscopical mushroom.”
His drawing was so accurate that his specimen could later be identi-
fied as a common bread mold. Hooke also described how to make
the kind of microscope that van Leeuwenhoek constructed almost
10 years later. Both men deserve equal credit for revealing the world
of microbes—a world you are about to study.
Drawings that van Leeuwenhoek made in 1683 of microorganisms he saw through his
single-lens microscope. He also observed organism B moving from position C to D.

M
(INTERFOTO/Alamy, Stock Photo)
icrobiology is the study of an amazing world made
up of members too small to be seen without the aid
A Glimpse of History of a microscope. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek described
this world when he observed what he called “animalcules”
Microbiology as a science was born in 1674 when Antonie van
through his simple microscope (figure 1.1). What he saw were
Leeuwenhoek, an inquisitive Dutch fabric merchant, looked at a drop
microorganisms (organisms too small to see with the naked
of lake water through a glass lens he had carefully made. Although
many people before him had used curved glass to magnify objects,
eye), including bacteria, protozoa, and some fungi and algae.
Leeuwenhoek’s skilled hands made a lens that uncovered a startling The microbial world also includes viruses and other infectious
and amazing sight—the world of microbes. As van Leeuwenhoek agents that are not considered organisms because they are not
wrote in a letter to the Royal Society of London, he saw composed of cells; they are acellular. When referring to general
members of the microbial world, the term microbe is often used.
Very many little animalcules, whereof some were roundish,
Microorganisms are the foundation for all life on Earth.
while others a bit bigger consisted of an oval. On these last, I
saw two little legs near the head, and two little fins at the hind
They have existed on this planet for about 3.5 billion years,
most end of the body. Others were somewhat longer than an oval, and over this time, plants, animals, and modern microorgan-
and these were very slow a-moving, and few in number. These isms have evolved from them. Even today, they continue to be
animalcules had diverse colours, some being whitish and trans- a driving force in the evolution of all living things. Microor-
parent; others with green and very glittering little scales, others ganisms may be small, but as you are about to learn, our life
again were green in the middle, and before and behind white; depends on their activities.

and35508_ch01_001-019.indd 1 10/14/20 12:00 AM

 2 Chapter 1 Humans and the Microbial World

cork. At that time, brief boiling was thought to kill all organ-
isms, so this suggested that microorganisms did indeed arise
Handle spontaneously.
Focus screw In 1776, the animal physiologist and priest Lazzaro
Spallanzani obtained results that contradicted Needham’s
experiments; no bacteria appeared in Spallanzani’s broths
Specimen holder after boiling. His experiments differed from Needham’s in
Lens two significant ways: Spallanzani boiled the broths for lon-
ger periods, and he sealed the flasks by melting their glass
necks closed. Using these techniques, he repeatedly demon-
FIGURE 1.1 Model of van Leeuwenhoek’s Microscope The strated that broths remained sterile (free of microorganisms).
original made in 1673 could magnify an object almost 300 times. The However, if the neck of the flask cracked, the broth rapidly
object is brought into focus with the adjusting screws. Tetra Images/Alamy became cloudy due to the growth of organisms. Spallanzani
Stock Photo concluded that microorganisms had entered the broth with the
? What kinds of organisms did van Leeuwenhoek observe through his microscope? air, and the corks used by Needham and other investigators
did not keep them out.
Spallanzani’s experiments did not stop the controversy.
Some people argued that the heating process destroyed a
“vital force” in the air that was necessary for spontaneous
1.1 ■  he Dispute over Spontaneous
T generation, and so the debate continued.
Generation
Learning Outcomes Experiments of Pasteur
1. Describe the key experiments of scientists who disproved One giant in science who helped disprove spontaneous gen-
spontaneous generation.
eration was Louis Pasteur, the French chemist considered by
2. Explain how the successful challenge to the idea of many to be the father of modern microbiology. In 1861, he
spontaneous generation led to the Golden Age of
did a series of clever experiments. First, he demonstrated
Microbiology.
that air contains microorganisms. He did this by filtering
3. Describe the scientific method, using Pasteur’s swan-necked
air through a cotton plug, trapping microorganisms. He then
flask experiment as an example.
examined the trapped microorganisms with a microscope and
The discovery of microorganisms in various specimens found that many looked identical to those described by oth-
raised an interesting question: “Where did these microscopic ers who had been studying broths. When Pasteur dropped the
forms originate?” Some people believed that worms and cotton plug into a sterilized broth, the broth became cloudy
other life-forms arise from non-living material in a process from the growth of these microorganisms.
known as spontaneous generation. This was challenged by Most important, Pasteur demonstrated that sterile broths
an Italian biologist and physician, Francesco Redi. In 1668, in specially constructed swan-necked flasks remained sterile
he used a simple experiment to show that worms found on even when left open to air (figure 1.2). Microorganisms from
rotting meat originated from fly eggs, not from the decay- the air settled in the bends of the flask necks, never reaching
ing meat as supporters of spontaneous generation believed. the broth. Only when the flasks were tipped would microor-
In his experiment, Redi covered the meat with fine gauze ganisms enter the broth and grow. Pasteur's simple and ele-
that prevented flies from depositing their eggs; when he did gant experiments ended the arguments that unheated air or
this, no worms appeared. Despite Redi’s work, it took more the broths themselves contained a “vital force” necessary for
than 200 years and many experiments to amass conclusive spontaneous generation. They led to the theory of biogenesis,
evidence that microorganisms did not arise by spontaneous the production of living things from other living things (bio
generation. means “life”; genesis means “to create”).

Early Experiments Experiments of Tyndall

In 1749, John Needham, a scientist and Catholic priest, showed Although most scientists were convinced by Pasteur’s
that flasks containing various broths (made by soaking a nutri- experiments, some remained skeptical because they could
ent source such as hay or chicken in water) gave rise to micro- not reproduce his results. An English physicist, John Tyn-
organisms even when the flasks were boiled and sealed with a dall, finally explained the conflicting data and, in turn,

and35508_ch01_001-019.indd 2 10/14/20 12:00 AM

 Part I Life and Death of Microorganisms 3

Air escapes from Microorganisms from

open end of flask. air settle in bend.

Years Hours/days

1 Broth sterilized— 2 Broth allowed 3 Broth stays sterile 4 Flask tilted so that 5 Microorganisms
air escapes. to cool slowly— indefinitely. the sterile broth comes multiply in broth.
air enters. in contact with micro-
organisms from air.

FIGURE 1.2 Pasteur’s Experiment with the Swan-Necked Flask

? How did this experiment end arguments that a "vital force" in the air was necessary for spontaneous generation?

showed that Pasteur was correct. Tyndall found that various Microbiology, during which time the field of microbiology
types of broths required different boiling times to be steril- blossomed. Many important advances were made during this
ized. Some were sterilized by boiling for 5 minutes, whereas period, including discoveries that led to the acceptance of
others, most notably broths made from hay, still contained the suggestion that microorganisms cause certain diseases, a
living microorganisms even after boiling for 5 hours! Even principle now called the Germ Theory of Disease.
when hay was merely present in the laboratory, broths that Figure 1.3 lists some of the important advances in micro-
had previously been sterilized by boiling for 5 minutes biology made over the years in the context of other historical
could not be sterilized by boiling for several hours. What events. Rather than cover more history now, we will return to
was going on? Tyndall finally realized that the hay con- many of these milestones in brief stories called “A Glimpse of
tained heat-resistant forms of microorganisms. When hay History” that open each chapter.
was brought into the laboratory, dust particles must have
transferred these heat-resistant forms to the broths. Tyndall
concluded that some microorganisms exist in two forms: a
The Scientific Method
cell easily killed by boiling, and one that is heat resistant. In The dispute over spontaneous generation offers an excellent exam-
the same year (1876), a German botanist, Ferdinand Cohn, ple of the process of science. This process, called the scientific
discovered endospores, the heat-resistant forms of some method, separates science from intuition and beliefs. The scien-
bacteria. tific method involves a series of steps, including:
The extreme heat resistance of endospores explains the ■■ Making an observation and asking a question about
differences between Pasteur’s results and those of other inves- that situation. An example from this chapter was the
tigators. Organisms that produce endospores are commonly observation that microorganisms were present in various
found in the soil and were likely present in broths made examined specimens. This observation led to the ques-
from hay. Pasteur used only broths made with sugar or yeast tion, “Where did the microorganisms originate?”
extract, so his experiments probably did not have endospores.
■■ Developing an explanation and then devising an
Scientists at the time did not appreciate the importance of the
experiment that tests the explanation. A testable
source of the broth, but in hindsight, the source was critical.
explanation of an observation is called a hypothesis,
This points out an important lesson for all scientists: When
and experiments are done to test the hypothesis. The
repeating an experiment, all conditions must be reproduced
dispute over spontaneous generation led to two oppos-
as closely as possible. What may seem like a trivial difference
ing hypotheses: biogenesis and spontaneous generation.
might be extremely important.
Various people designed different experiments to test
the hypotheses.
The Golden Age of Microbiology ■■ Doing the experiment, collecting the data, and draw-
The work of Pasteur and others in disproving spontane- ing a conclusion. Experiments such as the one illus-
ous generation started an era called the Golden Age of trated in figure 1.2 provided data about the growth of

and35508_ch01_001-019.indd 3 10/14/20 12:00 AM

 4 Chapter 1 Humans and the Microbial World

1650 1700

1674
van Leeuwenhoek observes
microorganisms (Glimpse of
History, Chapter 1)

American Revolution
1775–1783

1750

1853/4 Snow describes

1796 how cholera is spread
Jenner introduces (Glimpse of History,
vaccination for smallpox 1847–1850 Chapter 24)
(Glimpse of History, Semmelweis describes how
Chapter 17) childbed fever is spread
Lewis and Clark (Glimpse of History, Chapter 19) 1857 Pasteur shows
explore the West that yeast degrade sugar
1804–1806 to ethanol and carbon
dioxide (Glimpse of
1800 History, Chapter 6)

Iwanowsky publishes the first description of 1892 1891 1850

a virus (Glimpse of History, Chapter 13) von Behring successfully 1861–1865
uses antitoxin to treat diphtheria American Civil War
Yersin discovers the cause of plague 1894 Glimpse of History, Chapter 15)
(Glimpse of History, Chapter 25)
1888 1867 Lister publishes the
Beijerinck isolates bacterium first work on antiseptic
Richet and Portier discover anaphylaxis 1902 surgery (Glimpse of
Worldwide influenza responsible for nitrogen fixation
(Glimpse of History, Chapter 18)
epidemic 1918 in root nodules of legumes History, Chapter 5)
Schaudinn sees the bacterium that causes 1905 (Glimpse of History, Chapter 2)
syphilis (Glimpse of History, Chapter 27) 1873 Hansen discovers the
1928 cause of leprosy
Griffith discovers (Glimpse of History, Chapter 26)
DNA-mediated 1900
transformation (Focus Your 1876 Koch demonstrates
Perspective 8.1) 1914–1918 that a bacterium causes
WWI 1890 1881 Koch introduces pure
1929 Kitasato demonstrates anthrax (Glimpse of History,
1909 culture techniques (Glimpse Chapter 16)
Fleming discovers Ehrlich develops the first that a bacterial toxin causes of History, Chapter 4)
penicillin (Section 20.1) antimicrobial medication tetanus (Glimpse of History,
to treat syphilis (Glimpse of 1906 Chapter 23)
1933 1884 Gram describes the Gram stain (Glimpse of History,
History, Chapter 20) Ricketts demonstrates
Lancefield develops grouping Chapter 3); Metchnikoff discovers phagocytic cells
that Rocky Mountain
system for streptococci that engulf bacteria (Glimpse of History, Chapter 14);
spotted fever is transmitted
(Glimpse of History, Chapter 21) 1939–1945
by ticks (Glimpse of History,
WWII
Chapter 22)
1941 1950 2000
Beadle and Tatum show that
genes direct the synthesis of
proteins (Glimpse of 1953 Watson, Crick, Franklin, and
History, Chapter 7) Wilkins discover the structure of DNA 1980 World Health Organization
(Focus Your Perspective 8.1) declares smallpox eradicated
1948
McClintock discovers 1975 1977 Woese classifies all organisms into
transposable elements in corn Milstein, Kohler, and Jerne develop three domains (Glimpse of History, Chapter 10)
(Glimpse of History, Chapter 8) monoclonal antibodies (Focus Your
Perspective 17.1)

FIGURE 1.3 Historical Events in Microbiology Some major milestones in microbiology—and their timeline in relation to other historical events.
The gold band indicates the Golden Age of Microbiology.
? What is the Golden Age of Microbiology?

and35508_ch01_001-019.indd 4 10/14/20 12:00 AM

 Part I Life and Death of Microorganisms 5

microorganisms in previously sterile broths. In doing a 1.2 ■  icrobiology: A Human

M
scientific experiment, a critical component is a control.
A control helps rule out alternative explanations of the
Perspective
results by showing that the only feature that varied in the Learning Outcomes
experiment was the characteristic being tested. Pasteur’s
4. Explain the importance of microorganisms in the health of
swan-necked flask experiment was brilliantly designed humans and the surrounding environment.
because it provided the following control: After showing
5. List three commercial benefits of microorganisms.
that the fluid in the swan-necked flasks remained ster-
6. Describe why microorganisms are useful research tools.
ile even when opened to air, he tipped the flasks so that
bacteria could enter the fluid. By doing this, he showed 7. Describe the role of microbes in disease, including examples
of past triumphs and remaining challenges.
that nothing in his original set-up would have prevented
bacteria from growing in the broth.
Microorganisms have a tremendous impact on all living
■■ Communicating the methods, results, and conclu- things. We could not survive without them, and they also
sions. Scientists share their work by publishing it in make our lives much more comfortable. At the same time,
scientific journals. This step is particularly important microbes can be harmful, and they have killed far more peo-
because it allows other scientists to repeat the experi- ple than have ever been killed in war.
ment to ensure the validity of the findings. Today, the
respected scientific journals use a review process in
which other experts in the field read communications The Human Microbiome
before they are published. If deficiencies or flaws are Your body carries an enormous population of microorganisms—
noticed, the reviewers give suggestions for improving tens of trillions of bacterial cells alone. Many sources claim
the experiments. that the body carries 10 times as many microbial cells as
human cells, but recent and probably more accurate estimates
When an extensive amount of experimental evidence sup-
indicate that the ratio is likely closer to 1:1. Regardless, sci-
ports a hypothesis, that explanation may become a scientific
entists have known for years that these microorganisms, col-
theory, such as the Germ Theory of Disease. Note that the
lectively referred to as the normal microbiota or normal flora,
scientific meaning of the word theory is far different from the
play an essential role in human health. For example, they pre-
meaning of the word in common language, which is “a specu-
vent disease by competing with disease-causing microbes, help
lation or guess.”
to degrade foods that the body otherwise could not digest, and
As you read the information in this textbook, continu-
promote the development of the immune system. In fact, stud-
ally challenge yourself by asking questions about what you
ies indicate that early exposure to certain common microor-
have learned. If you find yourself asking a question such
ganisms lessens the likelihood that an individual will develop
as “How does that happen?” try to develop a hypothesis
allergies, asthma, and some other diseases. According to what
and then devise an experiment. As you do this, consider
is sometimes referred to as the “Old Friends” hypothesis, this
the controls you could use. Start learning to think like a
early exposure helps the immune system learn to distinguish
scientist!
“friendly” microbes from those that can cause severe disease.
In addition, animal studies suggest that the composition of the
normal microbiota can affect brain chemistry and behavior, as
well as the tendency to gain or lose weight.
MicroAssessment 1.1
The important role of the normal microbiota became even
Experiments of Pasteur and Tyndall helped disprove spontaneous more obvious in recent years, thanks in part to the Human
generation by showing that life arises from life. Many important Microbiome Project. This coordinated set of studies, started
discoveries were made during the Golden Age of Microbiology,
in 2007, used DNA sequencing technologies to characterize the
including ones that led to the acceptance of the Germ Theory
of Disease. The scientific method uses experimental evidence, microbial communities that inhabit the human body. The term
including proper controls, to support or refute hypotheses. microbiome has two overlapping meanings: (1) the total genetic
1. Describe Pasteur’s experiment that disproved the idea
content of a microbial community and (2) the microbial com-
that a “vital force” in air was responsible for spontaneous munity itself. While the different meanings might seem con-
generation. fusing, they are actually quite similar because at this point the
2. How is the meaning of the word “theory” in science different communities must be examined by studying their genetic mate-
from its meaning in everyday conversation? rial. The reason for this is that less than 1% of microorganisms
3. Why is it important for scientists to repeat the experiments can currently be grown in the laboratory, so for every microbe
of others? that had been studied in the laboratory, more than 99 others can
only be characterized using DNA sequencing technologies.

and35508_ch01_001-019.indd 5 10/14/20 12:00 AM

 6 Chapter 1 Humans and the Microbial World

The Human Microbiome Project changed the way scientists Cellulose-degrading microorganisms in the specialized stomach
view the human body and also revealed how much more there of ruminants (a group of plant-eating animals that includes cat-
is to discover about our microbial partners. To understand their tle, sheep, and deer) help those animals digest plant material.
significance, think of Earth’s ecosystems (the environments and Without the assistance of microbes, the ruminants would starve.
their interacting inhabitants). Over time, an interacting assort- In recognition of the important role that microorgan-
ment of organisms has evolved to live in a given environment, isms play in all aspects of life, additional programs promise
resulting in a relatively stable community. Sudden changes can to expand the scope of existing DNA-based studies. In 2016,
alter individual populations, often with negative consequences to the National Microbiome Initiative (NMI) was started to sup-
the community as a whole. In turn, a disturbance in one ecosys- port research on the microbiomes of humans as well as the
tem can affect the overall health of the planet. The human body, surrounding environment. Perhaps the most ambitious DNA
like a planet, is composed of various ecosystems—for example, sequencing program so far is the Earth BioGenome Project,
the desert-like dry areas of the skin, and the nutrient-rich envi- an international effort launched in 2018 to sequence all the
ronment of the intestinal tract. An important part of these eco- known animal, plant, protozoan, and fungal species.
systems is a population of interacting microbes. Disturbances in
a microbial population can create an imbalance that may have Commercial Benefits of Microorganisms
negative consequences to that community, which, in turn, can In addition to the crucial roles microorganisms play in our
harm a person’s health. Observations such as these have led very existence, they also have made life more comfortable for
some scientists to suggest that the human body be considered humans over the centuries.
a superorganism, meaning that our own cells interact with the
body’s normal microbiota to form a single cooperative unit. Food Production
The human microbiome’s effect on health and disease is Microorganisms have been used in food production since
an exciting area of active research, but it is more difficult to ancient times. In fact, Egyptians used yeast to make bread and
understand than it might seem. For example, researchers have beer. Virtually every population that raised milk-producing ani-
found that the intestinal microbiome of people diagnosed with mals such as cows and goats also developed procedures to fer-
depression differs from those who report a good quality of ment milk. This allowed them to make foods such as yogurt,
life, but this correlation could be an effect of mood—perhaps cheeses, and buttermilk. Today, the bacteria added to some fer-
even dietary changes associated with certain moods—rather mented milk products are advertised as probiotics (live micro-
than a cause. Likewise, bacterial species associated with gum organisms that provide a health benefit), protecting against
disease have been found in the brains of people with Alzheim- digestive disruptions.
er’s disease, but again, this could be effect rather than cause.
Continuing studies aim to clarify the situation. Biodegradation
Microorganisms play essential roles in degrading various envi-
MicroByte ronmental pollutants. These include materials in wastewater, as
The Global Microbiome Conservancy is collecting fecal samples
well as toxic chemicals in contaminated soil and water. Bacteria
from people around the world in an effort to study and preserve the
diversity of intestinal bacteria. also lessen the damage from oil spills. In some cases, microor-
ganisms are added to pollutants to hasten their decay, a process
called bioremediation.
Microorganisms in the Environment Commercially Valuable Products from Microorganisms
Microorganisms are the masters of recycling, and without them Microorganisms synthesize a wide variety of commercially
we would run out of certain nutrients. For instance, humans and valuable products. Examples include: antibiotics used to treat
other animals all require nitrogen, an essential part of nucleic infectious diseases, ethanol used as a biofuel, hydrogen gas
acids and proteins. A plentiful source of nitrogen is N2—the and certain oils potentially used as biofuels, amino acids used
most common gas in the atmosphere—yet neither plants nor as dietary supplements, insect toxins used in insecticides, cel-
animals can use it. Instead, we depend on certain microbes that lulose used in headphones, and polyhydroxybutyrate used in
convert N2 into a form of nitrogen that other organisms can the manufacture of disposable diapers and plastics.
use, a process called nitrogen fixation. Without nitrogen-fixing
microbes, life as we know it would not exist. Biotechnology
Microorganisms are also important because they can Biotechnology—the use of microbiological and biochemical
degrade certain materials that other organisms cannot. techniques to solve practical problems—depends on mem-
Cellulose (an important component of plants) is an excel- bers of the microbial world. Information learned by studying
lent example. Although humans and other animals cannot microorganisms led to easier production of many medications,
digest cellulose, certain microorganisms can, which is why including the insulin used to treat diabetes. In the past, insu-
leaves and fallen trees do not pile up in the environment. lin was isolated from the pancreatic glands of cattle and pigs,

and35508_ch01_001-019.indd 6 10/14/20 12:00 AM

 Part I Life and Death of Microorganisms 7

but now certain microorganisms have been genetically engi- 40 states have
neered to make human insulin. The microbe-produced insulin 1,000
health departments

is easier to obtain, and patients who use it have fewer aller- Influenza pandemic
gic reactions than occurred with the animal-derived product.
800
Biotechnology also allows scientists to genetically engineer
plants to give them desirable qualities. Last human-to-human
transmission of plague
600
First use of penicillin
Microbes as Research Tools

Rate
400 First polio vaccine introduced
Microorganisms are wonderful model organisms to study
because they have the same fundamental metabolic and genetic Passage of
First continuous Vaccination Assistance Act
properties as higher life-forms. All cells are composed of the 200 municipal use
of chlorine in water
same chemical elements, and they synthesize their cell struc- in United States
tures by similar mechanisms. They all duplicate their DNA, 0
and when they degrade foods to harvest energy, they do so via 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2015
the same metabolic pathways. To paraphrase a Nobel Prize– Year
winning microbiologist, Dr. Jacques Monod: What is true of
FIGURE 1.4 Trend in Death Rates Due to Infectious Diseases
elephants is also true of bacteria, and bacteria are much easier Crude death rate for infectious disease, United States, per 100,000
to study! In addition, bacteria can be used to obtain results population per year.
very quickly because they grow rapidly and form billions of
? Why would the creation of health departments lower the disease rate?
cells per milliliter on simple, inexpensive growth media. In
fact, most major advances made in the last century toward
Past Triumphs
understanding life have come through the study of microbes.
The Golden Age of Microbiology included an important
period when scientists learned a great deal about pathogens.
Microbes and Disease Between 1876 and 1918, most pathogenic bacteria were iden-
Although most microbes are beneficial or not harmful, some tified, and early work on viruses had begun. Once people real-
are pathogens, meaning they can cause disease (a noticeable ized that microbes could cause disease, they tried to prevent
impairment in body function). The disease symptoms can their spread. As illustrated in figure 1.4, the death rate due to
result from damage caused by the pathogen’s growth and prod- infectious diseases has decreased dramatically over the last
ucts or by the body’s defense mechanisms inadvertently dam- 100 years or so, due largely to preventing the spread of patho-
aging host tissues during the attempt to control the infection. gens, developing vaccines to provide immunity, and using
To appreciate the effect an infectious disease can have on antibiotics to treat bacterial diseases when they do occur. To
a population, consider that more Americans died of influenza maintain this success, we must continue to develop new medi-
in 1918–1919 than were killed in World Wars I and II and the cations, vaccines, and disease-prevention strategies.
Korean, Vietnam, and Iraq wars combined. The COVID-19 pan- Perhaps the most significant triumph with respect to dis-
demic has resulted in the death of more than 1,000,000 people ease control was the eradication (elimination) of smallpox. This
worldwide, including over 200,000 Americans. viral disease was one of the most devastating the world has ever
Epidemics are not limited to human populations. The great known, killing about one-third of those infected. Survivors were
famine in Ireland in the 1800s was due, in part, to a microbial sometimes blinded and often left with disfiguring scars. When
disease of potatoes. A bacterial disease that kills olive trees was Europeans carried the disease to the Americas, the effect on the
found in southern Italy in 2013, and it has since spread to Spain populations of native inhabitants who had not been exposed before
and France, contributing to a recent worldwide drop in olive oil was catastrophic. A worldwide vaccination program eliminated
production. A fungal disease called “wheat blast” that devastated the disease in nature, with no cases being reported since 1977.
wheat crops in South America spread to Bangladesh in 2016, Laboratory stocks of the smallpox virus remain, however, raising
resulting in the loss of over 35,000 acres of crops that year. In the possibility that the virus could be used in bioterrorist attacks.
2001, a catastrophic outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease of live- Polio, a disease that can cause paralysis and sometimes
stock occurred in parts of England. To contain this viral disease, death, was once relatively common, but it has been nearly elim-
one of the most contagious known, almost 4 million pigs, sheep, inated because of vaccination. In fact, the disease now occurs
and cattle were destroyed. More recently, over a million pigs in in only a few countries, and the goal is to eradicate it globally.
China either died from African swine fever or were killed to con- Plague is another major killer that has largely been
tain the disease, and officials in other countries are trying to limit brought under control. In the fourteenth century, one-third of
its spread. Meanwhile, frog populations around the world have the population of Europe, or approximately 25 million people,
been decimated by chytridiomycosis, a fungal disease. died of this bacterial disease in only 4 years (1347–1351).

and35508_ch01_001-019.indd 7 10/14/20 12:00 AM

 8 Chapter 1 Humans and the Microbial World

We now know that rodents can carry the bacterium, and their the globe. COVID-19 is caused by a virus officially called SARS-
fleas can transmit the disease, so we take measures to control CoV-2 (for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) but
the rodent populations. We have also learned that the pneu- commonly referred to as the COVID-19 virus. Like COVID-19,
monic form of the disease (meaning that it is in the lungs) can many EIDs are new or newly recognized; examples include
spread from human to human through respiratory secretions, Ebola disease (EBOD), congenital Zika syndrome, Candida
so special precautions are taken when a patient has pneu- auris infection, hepatitis C, severe acute respiratory syndrome
monic plague. In addition, the discovery of antibiotics in the (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), certain
twentieth century made treatment possible. As a result, fewer types of influenza, Lyme disease, acquired immunodeficiency
than 100 people worldwide die from plague in a typical year. syndrome (AIDS), mad cow disease (bovine spongiform enceph-
alopathy), and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (figure 1.5). Oth-
Remaining Challenges ers such as malaria and tuberculosis have been present for years
Although progress has been impressive against infectious but have spread or become more common recently.
diseases, much more still needs to be done. On a worldwide Some diseases arise as infectious agents evolve to infect
basis, infectious diseases remain too common, particularly new hosts, cause different types of damage, or become more
in developing countries. Even in developed countries with difficult to treat because of antibiotic resistance. Genetic
sophisticated healthcare systems, infectious diseases remain a analysis indicates that the virus that causes COVID-19 arose
serious threat, costing lives and money. from a strain that infects bats. HIV-1 (human immunodefi-
ciency virus type 1), the most common type of HIV to cause
Emerging Infectious Diseases An emerging infectious disease AIDS, arose from a virus that infects chimpanzees. A bac-
(EID) is an infectious disease that has become more common terium called E. coli O104:H4, which caused a severe food-
in the last several decades. The EID that everyone is now likely borne diarrheal outbreak in Europe, appears to have gained
familiar with is COVID-19 (for coronavirus disease 2019), the the ability to make a specific toxin by acquiring genes from a
disease that emerged in late 2019 and then spread rapidly around related organism. Tuberculosis and malaria have increased in

2012 2019
Middle East respiratory COVID-19 2002
syndrome (MERS) China Severe acute
Saudi Arabia respiratory
syndrome (SARS)
China

1986
Bovine spongiform
1982 encephalopathy
United Kingdom 1977
E. coli O157:H7 Hantaan virus
United States 1980 Republic of Korea
1981 Hepatitis D
2009
AIDS Italy
1989 Candida auris
United States Hepatitis C Japan
1976 United States
Legionnaires’ disease
1997
United States
1992 Avian flu (H5N1)
2009 1991 China
Venezuelan Vibrio
Swine flu cholerae 0139 2013
Mexico hemorrhagic Avian flu (H7N9)
fever India
1976 China
Cryptosporidiosis Venezuela
United States 1999
1994 Malaysian
Brazilian encephalitis
hemorrhagic Malaysia
fever 1976
Brazil Ebola disease 1994
Democratic Republic Human and equine
of Congo morbilivirus
2015 Australia
Congenital Zika
syndrome
Brazil
FIGURE 1.5 New and Newly Recognized Infectious Diseases or Disease Agents in Humans and Animals Since 1976 Countries where
cases first appeared or were identified appear in a darker shade.
? Why might so many of the diseases first appear or be identified in the United States and Western European countries?

and35508_ch01_001-019.indd 8 10/14/20 12:00 AM

 Part I Life and Death of Microorganisms 9

FOCUS ON A CASE 1 .1
A 24-year-old woman had suffered from returned when she stopped taking the medi- Discussion
recur­rent severe episodes of an intestinal cation. She also tried oral supplements con- 1. Antibiotics kill or inhibit not just patho-
disorder called Clostridioides (formerly taining Lactobacillus GG, a bacterium that gens, but also beneficial members of the
Clostridium) difficile infection (CDI) for sometimes appears to be effective in pre- normal microbiota, a group that protects
the past 13 months. She routinely experi- venting antibiotic-associated diarrhea. against infection in at least two gen-
enced profuse watery diarrhea, abdominal Because the patient’s health was declin- eral ways. First, the normal microbiota
pain, and fever. In addition, she was feeling ing, doctors suggested a fecal transplant, quickly uses nutrients that would other-
tired and hopeless because she did not seem an experimental procedure that involves wise be available to C. difficile and other
to be getting well, despite long attempts at inserting feces from a healthy person into pathogens. Also, some members of the
multiple different treatments. the patient’s intestinal tract in order to normal microbiota make compounds that
As with most patients who develop repopulate that environment with appropri- are toxic or inhibitory to other organisms.
CDI, the woman had been taking an oral ate microbes. They chose to use her sister The environment of the intestinal tract is
antibiotic shortly before her symptoms as a fecal donor, screening both the donor quite complex, however, so other factors
began—in this case, to treat a tooth infec- and the patient to ensure that neither was might also be playing a role.
tion. The antibiotic had successfully killed infected with certain microbes, includ- 2. Physicians screen the fecal donor to
the bacteria that caused her tooth infection, ing various intestinal pathogens and HIV. decrease the likelihood that disease-
but it also killed some members of her nor- Approximately ¼ cup of fresh feces was causing microbes could be transferred to
mal intestinal microbiota. As a result, the mixed with 1 quart of water and delivered the patient by the procedure. The doc-
bacterium C. difficile—often referred to to her intestinal tract via a colonoscope. tors screen the patients to ensure that
simply as “C. diff”—thrived in her intesti- Within days after the transplant, the patient they are not already infected with the
nal tract, growing to much higher numbers began feeling better, and she soon recov- pathogens. For example, if this patient
than it could before. The strain that caused ered completely. developed symptoms of a Salmonella
her infection was able to make a toxin that 1. Why would certain oral antibiotics infection after the procedure, how would
damaged the lining of her intestinal tract. allow C. difficile to thrive in the the physicians know that she acquired
When the patient first started experienc- intestinal tract? the infection as a result of the procedure
ing CDI, her doctor told her to stop taking if they had not checked beforehand?
2. Why would the doctors screen both the
the antibiotic prescribed for her tooth infec-
patient and the fecal donor for certain 3. Feces contain many types of bacteria
tion, hoping that her CDI would resolve on
infectious agents? that cannot yet be grown in the labora-
its own. When that did not help, the doctor
3. Why would the doctors transplant feces tory. In addition, scientists do not yet
prescribed a different antibiotic that is often
rather than introducing isolated bacteria know which types of fecal bacteria pro-
effective in treating CDI. The patient started
from feces to repopulate the colon? tect against CDI.
feeling better, but the symptoms quickly

incidence in recent years, in part because the causative organ- with misinformation about vaccines, and some people develop
isms became resistant to many of the available medications. irrational fears, falsely believing that vaccines are more harm-
As the rapid spread of COVID-19 around the globe cer- ful than the diseases they prevent. When this happens, parents
tainly demonstrated, mobile populations can contribute to dis- often refuse to vaccinate their children appropriately, leading
ease emergence as people may inadvertently carry pathogens to situations where the diseases become more common again.
to different regions. Even diseases such as malaria, cholera, Measles had been declared eliminated in the United States in
plague, and yellow fever that have largely been eliminated from 2000, but outbreaks in 2019 resulted in the highest number of
developed countries can be carried to other places if travelers cases in 25 years. Outbreaks generally start with unvaccinated
to regions where they still exist become infected and then move travelers who bring the disease into the country, where it then
on before recovering. Meanwhile, as city suburbs expand into spreads among others who are not vaccinated.
rural areas, human populations come into closer contact with Chronic Diseases Some chronic illnesses once attributed to
animals as well as the mosquitoes and other arthropods that nor- other causes may be due to microorganisms. Perhaps the best-
mally feed on those animals. Consequently, people are exposed known example is stomach ulcers, once thought to be due to
to pathogens they might not have encountered previously. stress. We now know that stomach ulcers are often caused by
The preventive measures used to control certain infectious a bacterium (Helicobacter pylori) and are treatable with anti-
diseases can become victims of their own success, a situation biotics. Chronic indigestion may be caused by the same bacte-
that can also lead to disease emergence. Decades of vaccination rium. Another example is cervical cancer, which we now know
have nearly eliminated measles, mumps, and whooping cough is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection; a vaccine
in developed countries, so most people no longer have first- against HPV prevents that cancer. Infectious microbes may play
hand knowledge of the dangers of these diseases. Couple this important roles in other chronic diseases as well.

and35508_ch01_001-019.indd 9 10/14/20 12:00 AM

 Focus Figure
Microbial World

Acellular Infectious
Organisms
agents

Domain Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Viruses Viroids Prions

Prokaryotes (unicellular) Eukaryotes

Algae Protozoa Fungi Helminths

(unicellular or (unicellular) (unicellular or (multicellular)
multicellular) multicellular)

Protists

FIGURE 1.6 The Microbial World Although adult helminths (worms) can often be seen with the naked eye, some stages in the life cycle of
helminths are microscopic.
? Members of which two domains are prokaryotes?

MicroAssessment 1.2 should be impressed by the assortment of what you see. That
range of types, however, is dwarfed by the huge variety of
Microbial activities are essential to human life as well as being
commercially valuable. Microbes are important research tools. microbes! The extent of that diversity makes sense considering
Although most microbes are beneficial or not harmful, some cause that microbes have inhabited this planet for billions of years and
disease. Enormous progress has been made in preventing and curing have evolved to thrive in every conceivable environment—from
infectious diseases, but some diseases are becoming more common. the hydrothermal vents at the bottom of the ocean to the icy tops
4. Describe two microbial activities essential to life and three of the highest mountains. Many people associate microbes with
that make our lives more comfortable. disease, but their contributions to our world go far beyond that. In
5. Describe three factors that cause certain infectious diseases fact, as section 1.2 described, we could not survive without them.
to become more common. Living organisms are all composed of cells with one of
6. Why would it seem logical, even inevitable, that at least two basic structures—prokaryotic (pro means “prior to” and
some bacteria would attack the human body and cause karyote means “nucleus”) and eukaryotic (eu means “true”).
disease? Prokaryotic cells do not have a membrane-bound nucleus.
Instead, the genetic material is located in a region called the
nucleoid. In contrast, the genetic material in eukaryotic cells
1.3 ■ Members of the Microbial World is contained within a membrane-bound nucleus. Eukaryotic
cells often have a variety of other membrane-bound organelles
Learning Outcomes as well, and they are typically much larger and more complex
8. Compare and contrast characteristics of members of the than prokaryotic cells. Organisms that consist of one or more
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. eukaryotic cells are called eukaryotes, whereas those com-
9. Explain the features of an organism’s scientific name. posed of a prokaryotic cell are called prokaryotes. Prokaryotes
10. Compare and contrast the algae, fungi, and protozoa. fall into two very different groups—bacteria and archaea—as
11. Compare and contrast viruses, viroids, and prions. different from each other as they are from eukaryotes.
Because of the fundamental differences between bac-
Considering that small size is the only shared feature of all teria, archaea, and eukaryotes, all living organisms are now
microbes, the group is tremendously diverse. If you look at the classified into three different domains: Bacteria, Archaea,
macroscopic world around you—the plants and animals—you and Eukarya (sometimes spelled Eucarya) (figure 1.6).
10

and35508_ch01_001-019.indd 10 10/14/20 12:00 AM

 Part I Life and Death of Microorganisms 11

TABLE 1.1 Characteristics of Members of the Three Domains

Characteristic Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
Cell type Prokaryotic Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
Number of cells Unicellular Unicellular Unicellular or multicellular
Membrane-bound organelles No No Yes
Ribosomal RNA sequences unique to the group Yes Yes Yes
Peptidoglycan in cell wall Yes No No
Typical size range 0.3–2 μm 0.3–2 μm 5–50 μm

Members of the Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotes, Scientific Names

whereas members of the Eukarya are eukaryotes. The names
When referring to microbes, we use their scientific names,
of the domains have the first letter capitalized and the mem-
which are written and pronounced in a Latin style. A pronun-
bers of the domains are referred to as bacteria, archaea, and
ciation guide for these names is in Appendix II, and an audio
eukarya, respectively. Table 1.1 compares some features
version is available on your Connect class site. The scientific
of members of the three domains, but you will learn other
names are assigned according to the binomial (two-part name)
important differences in later chapters.
system of nomenclature developed by Carl Linnaeus in the
The small size of microbes requires measurements not
1700s. The first part of the name indicates the genus, with the
commonly used in everyday life (figure 1.7). Logarithms are
first letter always capitalized; the second part indicates the spe-
extremely helpful in this regard, so you will find a brief dis-
cific epithet, or species, and is not capitalized. Both are usually
cussion of them in Appendix I.
italicized or underlined—for example, Escherichia coli. The

Nucleus

Small Proteins Viruses Mitochondria

molecules
Prion fibril

Atoms Lipids Ribosomes Smallest Most Most eukaryotic cells Adult roundworm
bacteria bacteria

Human height
Electron microscope

Light microscope

Unaided human eye

0.1 nm 1 nm 10 nm 100 nm 1 µm 10 µm 100 µm 1 mm 1 cm 0.1 m 1m 10 m

The basic unit of length is the meter (m), and all These units of measurement correspond to units
other units are fractions of a meter. in an older but still widely used convention.

nanometer (nm) = 10-9 meter = 0.000000001 meter 1 angstrom (Å) = 10-10 meter
micrometer (µm) = 10-6 meter = 0.000001 meter 1 micron (µ) = 10-6 meter
millimeter (mm) = 10-3 meter = 0.001 meter
1 meter = 39.4 inches

FIGURE 1.7 Sizes of Molecules, Non-Living Agents, and Organisms Note that the scale here is logarithmic (rather than linear), and each
labeled increment increases by a factor of 10.
? Why is a logarithmic scale useful when comparing sizes of members of the microbial world?

and35508_ch01_001-019.indd 11 10/14/20 12:00 AM

 12 Chapter 1 Humans and the Microbial World

F O C U S YO U R P E R S P E C T I V E 1 .1
Every Rule Has an Exception
We might assume that because microorgan- In 1999, an even larger prokaryote was intestinal bacterium Escherichia coli. The tiny
isms have been so intensively studied over isolated from the muck of the ocean floor organism was found attached to a much larger
the past hundred years, no major surprises off the coast of Namibia in Africa. It is a microbe, a member of the Archaea grow-
are left to be discovered. This, however, spherical organism 70 times greater in ing in an ocean vent where the temperature
is far from the truth. In the mid-1990s, a volume than E. fishelsoni. Since it grows was close to the boiling point of water. The
large, peculiar-looking organism was found on sulfur compounds and contains glis- larger organism is an Ignicoccus species (igni
in the intestinal tract of certain fish from tening globules of sulfur, it was named means “fire” and coccus means “sphere”).
both the Red Sea in the Middle East and Thiomargarita namibiensis, meaning “sul- The tiny one, also a member of the Archaea,
the Great Barrier Reef in Australia. This fur pearl of Namibia.” has been named Nanoarchaeum equitans
organism, named Epulopiscium fishelsoni, In contrast to the examples of large (meaning “tiny archaea” and “rider”). N.
cannot be cultured in the laboratory. Its bacteria, a unicellular alga found in the equitans cannot be grown in the laboratory by
large size (600 μm long and 80 μm wide) Mediterranean Sea is 1 μm in width. It is a itself, but Ignicoccus grows well without its
make it clearly visible without any magni- eukaryote even though it is about the size of Nanoarchaeum “rider.”
fication and suggested that this organism a typical bacterium. These exceptions to long-standing rules
was a eukaryote. However, it does not have How small can an organism be? A point out the need to keep an open mind
a membrane-bound nucleus. A chemical microbe discovered off the coast of Iceland and not jump to conclusions! They also
analysis of the cell confirmed that it is a is only about 400 nm (nanometers) in diam- serve as excellent reminders that in a sub-
prokaryote and a member of the domain eter and has one-tenth the amount of genetic ject as complex as microbiology, there will
Bacteria. information (DNA) compared to the common almost always be exceptions!

part indicating the genus is commonly abbreviated, with the Members of the same species may vary from one another in
first letter capitalized—as in E. coli. minor ways, but not enough to separate the organisms into differ-
The origin of one or both parts of the name often reflects ent species. A genetic variant within a species is called a strain.
a characteristic of the organism or honors a particular sci- In situations where genetic differences are important, such as in
entist (table 1.2). In the case of Escherichia coli, the name research, a particular microbe and its progeny may be indicated
of the genus honors Theodor Escherich, who discovered the with a strain designation—for example, E. coli B or E. coli K12.
bacterium; the species designation indicates the site where Groups of microbes are often referred to informally by
E. coli typically lives: the colon (large intestine). Within a names that resemble genus names but are not italicized. For
given genus, there may be a number of different species. For instance, members of the genus Staphylococcus are often
example, the genus Escherichia includes species other than E. called staphylococci.
coli, such as E. vulneris, which was first isolated from human
MicroByte
wounds (vulneris means “of a wound”). E. vulneris is geneti-
Bacterial species outnumber mammalian species by more than
cally related to E. coli, but not closely enough to consider it in 10,000-fold!
the same species.

TABLE 1.2 Origin of Various Scientific Names

Name Genus Derivation Species Derivation

Escherichia coli (bacterium) Honors Theodor Escherich, the scientist who discovered Derived from the word “colon,” the body site
the bacterium. inhabited by the bacterium.

Haemophilus influenzae (bacterium) Derived from haemo (blood) and phil (loving), reflecting Derived from the word “influenza,” the disease
that the bacterium requires certain components of blood mistakenly thought to be caused by the
for growth. bacterium; we now know that influenza is
caused by a virus.

Saccharomyces cereviseae (fungus) Derived from saccharo (sugar) and myces (fungus). Derived from cerevisia (beer), reflecting that the
fungus (a yeast) is used to make beer.

Shigella dysenteriae (bacterium) Honors Kiyoshi Shiga, the scientist who discovered the Derived from the word “dysentery,” the disease
bacterium. caused by the bacterium.

Staphylococcus aureus (bacterium) Derived from staphylo (bunch of grapes) and kokkus The term aureus (golden) indicates the common
(berry), reflecting the grouping and shape of the cells. color of visible masses of the cells.

and35508_ch01_001-019.indd 12 10/14/20 12:00 AM

Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
Doctor Porquier was terribly afraid of being compromised by
Monsieur de Condamin, so he hurried away from him, and came like
the others to grasp Abbé Faujas's hand, although he had never
previously spoken to him.
The priest's triumphal entry was the great event of the evening. He
had now seated himself and was hemmed in by a triple circle of
petticoats. He talked with charming good nature on all sorts of
subjects, but avoided replying to any hints or allusions. When
Félicité directly questioned him, he merely said that he should not
occupy the parsonage, as he preferred remaining in the lodgings
where he had found himself so comfortable for nearly three years.
Marthe was present among the other ladies, and was, as usual,
extremely reserved. She had only just smiled at the Abbé, watching
him from a distance, and looking the while a little pale and rather
weary and uneasy. When he signified his intention of not quitting the
Rue Balande, she blushed and rose to go into the small drawing-
room as if she felt incommoded by the heat. Madame Paloque,
beside whom Monsieur de Condamin had seated himself, said to him
quite loud enough to be heard:
'It's very decorous, isn't it? She certainly might refrain from making
assignations with him here, since they have the whole day to
themselves!'
Only Monsieur de Condamin laughed; everyone else received the
sally very coldly. Then Madame Paloque, recognising that she had
made a mistake, tried to turn the matter off as a joke. Meantime in
the corners of the room the guests were discussing Abbé Fenil.
Great curiosity was manifested as to whether he would put in an
appearance. Monsieur de Bourdeu, who was one of his friends, said
with an air of authority that he was indisposed—a statement which
was received by the company with discreet smiles. Everyone was
quite aware of the revolution that had taken place at the Bishop's.
Abbé Surin gave the ladies some very interesting details of the
terrible scene that had taken place between his lordship and the
grand-vicar. The latter, on getting the worst of the struggle, had
caused it to be reported that he was confined to his room by an
attack of gout. But the fight was not over, and Abbé Surin hinted
that a good deal more would happen yet, a remark which was
whispered about the room with many little exclamations, shakings of
heads and expressions of surprise and doubt. For the moment, at
any rate, Abbé Faujas was carrying everything before him and so the
fair devotees sunned themselves pleasantly in the rays of the rising
luminary.
About the middle of the evening Abbé Bourrette arrived.
Conversation ceased and people looked at him with curiosity. They
all knew that he had expected to be appointed Curé of Saint-
Saturnin's himself. He had taken over the Abbé Compan's duties
during the latter's long illness, and he had a lien upon the
appointment. He lingered for a moment by the door, a little out of
breath and with blinking eyes, without being aware of the interest
which his appearance excited. Then, catching sight of Abbé Faujas,
he eagerly hastened up to him, and seizing both his hands with a
show of much pleasure exclaimed:
'Ah! my dear friend, let me congratulate you! I have just come from
your rooms, where your mother told me that you were here. I am
delighted to see you.'
Abbé Faujas had risen from his seat, and notwithstanding his great
self-control, he seemed annoyed, taken by surprise, as it were, by
this unexpected display of affection.
'Yes,' he murmured, 'I felt bound to accept his lordship's offer in
spite of my lack of merit. I refused it, indeed, at first, mentioning the
names of several more deserving priests than myself. I mentioned
your own name.'
Abbé Bourrette blinked, and taking Abbé Faujas aside he said to him
in low tones:
'His lordship has told me all about it. Fenil, it seems, would not hear
of me. He would have set the whole diocese in a blaze if I had been
appointed. Those were his very words. My crime is having closed
poor Compan's eyes. He demanded, as you know, the appointment
of Abbé Chardon, a pious man, no doubt, but not of sufficient
reputation. Fenil counted on reigning at Saint-Saturnin's in his name.
It was then that his lordship determined to give you the place and
checkmate him. I am quite avenged, and I am delighted, my dear
friend. Did you know the full story?'
'No, not in all its details.'
'Well, it is all just as I have told you, I can assure you. I have the
facts from his lordship's own lips. Between ourselves, he has hinted
to me of a very sufficient recompense. The deputy vicar-general,
Abbé Vial, has for a long time been desirous of settling in Rome, and
his place will be vacant, you understand. But don't say anything
about this. I wouldn't take a big sum of money for my day's work.'
He continued pressing both Abbé Faujas's hands, while his broad
face beamed with satisfaction. The ladies around them were smiling
and looking at them in surprise. But the worthy man's joy was so
frank and unreserved that it communicated itself to all in the green
drawing-room, where the ovation in the new Curé's honour took a
more familiar and affectionate turn. The ladies grouped themselves
together and spoke of the cathedral organ which wanted repairing,
and Madame de Condamin promised a magnificent altar for the
procession on the approaching festival of Corpus Christi.
Abbé Bourrette was sharing in the general triumph when Madame
Paloque, craning out her hideous face, touched him on the shoulder
and murmured in his ear:
'Your reverence won't, I suppose, hear confessions to-morrow in
Saint-Michael's chapel?'
The priest, while taking Abbé Compan's duty, had occupied the
confessional in Saint-Michael's chapel, which was the largest and
most convenient in the church and was specially reserved for the
Curé. He did not at first understand the force of Madame Paloque's
remark, and he looked at her, again blinking his eyes.
'I ask you,' she continued, 'if you will resume your old confessional in
the chapel of the Holy Angels, to-morrow.'
He turned rather pale and remained silent for a moment longer.
Then he bent his gaze to the floor, and a slight shiver coursed down
his neck, as though he had received a blow from behind. And,
seeing that Madame Paloque was still there staring at him, he
stammered out:
'Certainly; I shall go back to my old confessional. Come to the chapel
of the Holy Angels, the last one on the left, on the same side as the
cloisters. It is very damp, so wrap yourself up well, dear madame,
wrap yourself up well.'
Tears rose to his eyes. He was filled with regretful longing for that
handsome confessional in the chapel of Saint-Michael, into which the
warm sun streamed in the afternoon just at the time when he heard
confessions. Until now he had felt no sorrow at relinquishing the
cathedral to Abbé Faujas; but this little matter, this removal from one
chapel to another, affected him very painfully; and it seemed to him
that he had missed the goal of his life. Madame Paloque told him in
her loud voice that he appeared to have grown melancholy all at
once, but he protested against this assertion and tried to smile and
look cheerful again. However he left the drawing-room early in the
evening.
Abbé Faujas was one of the last to go. Rougon came up to him to
offer his congratulations and they remained talking earnestly
together on a couch. They spoke of the necessity of religious feeling
in a wisely ordered state. Each lady, on retiring from the room, made
a low bow as she passed in front of them.
'You know, Monsieur le Curé,' said Félicité graciously, 'that you are
my daughter's cavalier.'
The priest rose from his seat. Marthe was waiting for him at the
door. When they got out into the street, they seemed as if blinded
by the darkness, and crossed the Place of the Sub-Prefecture
without exchanging a word; but in the Rue Balande, as they stood in
front of the house, Marthe touched the priest's arm at the moment
when he was about to insert the key in the lock.
'I am so very pleased at your success,' she said to him, in a tone of
great emotion. 'Be kind to me to-day, and grant me the favour which
you have hitherto refused. I assure you that Abbé Bourrette does
not understand me. It is only you who can direct and save me.'
He motioned her away from him, and, when he had opened the door
and lighted the little lamp which Rose had left at the foot of the
staircase, he went upstairs, saying to her gently as he did so:
'You promised me to be reasonable—well, I will think over what you
have asked. We will talk about it.'
Marthe did not retire to her own room until she had heard the priest
close his door on the upper floor. While she was undressing and
getting into bed she paid no attention whatever to Mouret, who, half
asleep, was retailing to her at great length some gossip that was
being circulated in the town. He had been to his club, the
Commercial Club, a place where he rarely set foot.
'Abbé Faujas has got the better of Abbé Bourrette,' he repeated for
the tenth time as he slowly rolled his head upon the pillow. 'Poor
Abbé Bourrette! Well, never mind! it's good fun to see those parsons
devouring one another. The other day when they were hugging each
other in the garden—you remember it, don't you?—anyone would
have thought that they were brothers. Ah! they rob each other even
of their very penitents. But why don't you say anything, my dear?
You don't agree with me, eh? Or is it because you are going to
sleep? Well, well, good-night then, my dear.'
He fell asleep, still muttering disjointed words, while Marthe, with
widely opened eyes, stared up into the air and followed over the
ceiling, faintly illumined by the night-light, the pattering of the
Abbé's slippers while he was retiring to rest.
 XII
At the return of summer Abbé Faujas and his mother again came
downstairs to enjoy the fresh air on the terrace. Mouret had become
very cross-grained. He declined the old lady's invitations to play
piquet and sat swaying himself about on a chair. Seeing him yawn,
without making any attempt to conceal how bored he was feeling,
Marthe said to him:
'Why don't you go to your club, my dear?'
He now went there more frequently than he had been used to do.
When he returned he found his wife and the Abbé still in the same
place on the terrace, while Madame Faujas, a few yards away from
them, preserved the demeanour of a blind and dumb guardian.
When anyone in the town spoke to Mouret of the new Curé he still
continued to sound his praises. Faujas, said he, was decidedly a
superior sort of man, and he himself had never felt any doubt of his
great abilities. Madame Paloque could never succeed in drawing a
hostile word from him on the subject of the priest, in spite of the
malicious way in which she would ask him after his wife in the midst
of his remarks about Abbé Faujas. Old Madame Rougon had no
better success in her attempts to unveil the secret troubles which
she thought she could detect beneath Mouret's outward show of
cheerfulness. She laid all sorts of traps for him as she watched his
face with her sharp shrewd smile; but that inveterate chatterer,
whose tongue was a regular town-crier's bell, now showed the
greatest reserve when any reference was made to his household.
'So your husband has become reasonable at last?' Félicité remarked
to her daughter one day. 'He leaves you free.'
Marthe looked at her mother with an air of surprise.
'I have always been free,' she said.
'Ah! my dear child, I see that you don't want to say anything against
him. You told me once that he looked very unfavourably upon Abbé
Faujas.'
'Nothing of the kind, I assure you! You must have imagined it. My
husband is upon the best terms with Abbé Faujas. There is nothing
whatever to make them otherwise.'
Marthe was much astonished at the persistence with which
everybody seemed to imagine that her husband and the Abbé were
not good friends. Frequently at the committee-meetings at the Home
of the Virgin the ladies put questions to her which made her quite
impatient. She was really very happy and contented, and the house
in the Rue Balande had never seemed pleasanter to her than it did
now. Abbé Faujas had given her to understand that he would
undertake her spiritual direction as soon as he should be of opinion
that Abbé Bourrette was no longer sufficient, and she lived in this
hope, her mind full of simple joy, like a girl who is promised some
pretty religious pictures if she keeps good. Every now and then
indeed she felt as though she were becoming a child again; she
experienced a freshness of feeling and child-like impulses that filled
her with gentle emotion. One day, in the spring-time, as Mouret was
pruning his tall box plants, he found her sitting at the bottom of the
garden beneath the young shoots of the arbour with her eyes
streaming with tears.
'What is the matter, my dear?' he asked anxiously.
'Nothing,' she said, with a smile, 'nothing at all, really; I am very
happy, very.'
He shrugged his shoulders, and went on delicately cutting the box
plants into an even line. He took considerable pride in having the
neatest trimmed hedges in the neighbourhood. Marthe had wiped
her eyes, but she soon began to weep again, feeling a choking
heart-rending sensation at the scent of the severed verdure. She
was forty years old now, and it was for her past-away youth that she
was weeping.
Since his appointment as Curé of Saint-Saturnin's, Abbé Faujas had
shown a dignity which seemed to increase his stature. He carried his
breviary and his hat with an air of authority, which he had exhibited
at the cathedral in such wise as to ensure himself the respect of the
clergy. Abbé Fenil, having sustained another defeat on two or three
matters of detail, now seemed to have left his adversary free to do
as he pleased. Abbé Faujas, however, was not foolish enough to
make any indiscreet use of his triumph, but showed himself
extremely supple. He was quite conscious that Plassans was still far
from being his; and so, though he stopped every now and then in
the street to shake hands with Monsieur Delangre, he merely
exchanged passing salutations with Monsieur de Bourdeu, Monsieur
Maffre, and the other guests of Monsieur Rastoil. A large section of
society in the town still looked upon him with suspicion. They found
fault with him for the want of frankness in his political opinions. In
their estimation he ought to explain himself, declare himself in
favour of one party or another. But the Abbé only smiled and said
that he belonged to 'the honest men's party,' a reply which spared
him a more explicit declaration. Moreover he showed no haste or
anxiety, but continued to keep aloof till the drawing-rooms should
open their doors to him of their own accord.
'No, my friend, not now; later on we will see about it,' he said to
Abbé Bourrette, who had been pressing him to pay a visit to
Monsieur Rastoil.
He was known to have refused two invitations to the Sub-Prefecture,
and the Mourets were still the only people with whom he continued
intimate. There he was, as it were, occupying a post of observation
between two hostile camps. On Tuesdays, when the two sets of
guests assembled in the gardens on his right and left, he took up his
position at his window and watched the sunset in the distance
behind the forests of the Seille, and then, before withdrawing, he
lowered his eyes and replied with as much amiability to the bows of
Monsieur Rastoil's guests as to those of the Sub-Prefect's. His
intercourse with his neighbours as yet went no further than this.
On Tuesday, however, he went down into the garden. He was quite
at home now in Mouret's grounds and no longer confined himself to
pacing up and down beneath the arbour as he read his breviary. All
the walks and beds seemed to belong to him; his cassock glided
blackly past all the greenery. On that particular Tuesday, as he made
a tour of the garden, he caught sight of Monsieur Maffre and
Madame Rastoil below him and bowed to them; and then as he
passed below the terrace of the Sub-Prefecture, he saw Monsieur de
Condamin leaning there in company with Doctor Porquier. After an
exchange of salutations, the priest was turning along the path, when
the doctor called to him.
'Just a word, your reverence, I beg.'
Then he asked him at what time he could see him the following day.
This was the first occasion on which any one of the two sets of
guests had spoken to the priest from one garden to the other. The
doctor was in great trouble however. His scamp of a son had been
caught in a gambling den behind the gaol in company with other
worthless characters. The most distressing part of the matter was
that Guillaume was accused of being the leader of the band, and of
having led Monsieur Maffre's sons, much younger than himself,
astray.
'Pooh!' said Monsieur de Condamin with his sceptical laugh; 'young
men must sow their wild oats. What a fuss about nothing! Here's the
whole town in a state of perturbation because some young fellows
have been caught playing baccarat and there happened to be a lady
with them!'
The doctor seemed very much shocked at this.
'I want to ask your advice,' he said, addressing himself to the priest.
'Monsieur Maffre came to my house boiling over with anger, and
assailed me with the bitterest reproaches, crying out that it was all
my fault, as I had brought my son up badly. I am extremely
distressed and troubled about it. Monsieur Maffre ought to know me
better. I have sixty years of stainless life behind me.'
He went on wailing, dwelling upon the sacrifices that he had made
for his son and expressing his fears that he would lose his practice in
consequence of the young man's misconduct. Abbé Faujas, standing
in the middle of the path, raised his head and gravely listened.
'I shall be only too glad if I can be of any service to you,' he said
kindly. 'I will see Monsieur Maffre and will let him understand that
his natural indignation has carried him too far. I will go at once and
ask him to appoint a meeting with me for to-morrow. He is over
there, on the other side.'
The Abbé crossed the garden and went towards Monsieur Maffre,
who was still there with Madame Rastoil. When the justice of the
peace found that the priest desired an interview with him, he would
not hear of his taking any trouble about it, but put himself at his
disposition, saying that he would do himself the honour of calling
upon him the next day.
'Ah! Monsieur le Curé,' Madame Rastoil then remarked, 'let me
compliment you upon your sermon last Sunday. All the ladies were
much affected by it, I assure you.'
The Abbé bowed and crossed the garden again in order to reassure
Doctor Porquier. Then he continued slowly pacing about the walks till
nightfall, without taking part in any further conversations, but ever
hearing the merriment of the groups of guests on his right hand and
his left.
When Monsieur Maffre appeared the next day, Abbé Faujas was
watching a couple of men who were at work repairing the fountain
in the garden. He had expressed a desire to see the fountain play
again, for the empty basin, said he, had such a melancholy
appearance. At first Mouret had not seemed very willing to have
anything done, alleging the probability of accidents with Désirée, but
Marthe had prevailed upon him to let the repairs be executed upon
the understanding that the basin should be protected by a railing.
'Monsieur le Curé,' said Rose, 'the justice of the peace wishes to see
you.'
Abbé Faujas hastened indoors. He wanted to take Monsieur Maffre
up to his own room on the second floor, but Rose had already
opened the drawing-room door.
'Go in,' she said; 'aren't you at home here? It is useless to make the
justice go up two flights of stairs. If you had only told me this
morning, I would have given the room a dusting.'
As she closed the door upon the Abbé and the magistrate, after
opening the shutters, Mouret called her into the dining-room.
'That's right, Rose,' he cried, 'you had better give my dinner to your
priest this evening, and if he hasn't got sufficient blankets of his own
upstairs you can take mine off my bed.'
The cook exchanged a meaning glance with Marthe, who was
working by the window, waiting till the sunshine should leave the
terrace. Then, shrugging her shoulders, she said:
'Ah! sir, you have never had a charitable heart!'
She took herself off, while Marthe continued sewing without raising
her head. For the last few days she had, with feverish energy, again
applied herself to her needlework. She was embroidering an altar-
frontal as a gift for the cathedral. The ladies were desirous of giving
a complete set of altar furniture. Madame Rastoil and Madame
Delangre had undertaken to present the candlesticks, and Madame
de Condamin had ordered a magnificent silver crucifix from Paris.
Meantime, in the drawing-room, Abbé Faujas was gently
remonstrating with Monsieur Maffre, telling him that Doctor Porquier
was a religious man and a person of the highest integrity, and that
no one could be more pained than he by his son's deplorable
conduct. The magistrate listened with a sanctimonious air, and his
heavy features and big prominent eyes assumed quite an ecstatic
expression at certain pious remarks which the priest uttered in a
very moving manner. He allowed that he had been rather too hasty,
and declared that he was willing to make every apology as his
reverence thought he had been in the wrong.
'You must send your own sons to me,' said the priest, 'and I will talk
to them.'
Monsieur Maffre shook his head with a slight sneering laugh.
'Oh! you needn't be afraid about them, Monsieur le Curé. The young
scamps won't play any more tricks. They have been locked up in
their rooms for the last three days with nothing but bread and water.
If I had had a stick in my hand when I found out what they had
been doing, I should have broken it across their backs.'
The Abbé looked at him and recollected how Mouret had accused
him of having killed his wife by harshness and avarice; then, with a
gesture of protest, he added:
'No, no; that is not the way to treat young men. Your elder son,
Ambroise, is twenty years old and the younger is nearly eighteen,
isn't he? They are no longer children, remember. You must allow
them some amusements.'
The magistrate remained silent with surprise.
'Then you would let them go on smoking and allow them to frequent
cafés?' he said, presently.
'Well,' replied the priest, with a smile. 'I think that young men should
be allowed to meet together to talk and smoke their cigarettes and
even to play a game of billiards or chess. They will give themselves
every license if you show no tolerance. Only remember that it is not
to every café that I should be willing for them to go. I should like to
see a special one provided for them, a sort of club, as I have seen
done in several towns.'
Then he unfolded a complete scheme for such a club. Monsieur
Maffre gradually seemed to appreciate it. He nodded his head as he
said:
'Capital, capital! It would be a worthy pendant to the Home of the
Virgin. Really, Monsieur le Curé, we must put such a splendid idea as
this into execution.'
'Well, then,' the priest concluded, as he accompanied Monsieur
Maffre to the door, 'since you approve of the plan, just advocate it
among your friends. I will see Monsieur Delangre, and speak to him
about it. We might meet in the cathedral on Sunday after vespers
and come to some decision.'
On the Sunday, Monsieur Maffre brought Monsieur Rastoil with him.
They found Abbé Faujas and Monsieur Delangre in a little room
adjoining the sacristy. The gentlemen displayed great enthusiasm in
favour of the priest's idea, and the institution of a young men's club
was agreed upon in principle. There was considerable discussion,
however, as to what it should be called. Monsieur Maffre was
strongly desirous that it should be known as the Guild of Jesus.
'Oh, no! no!' the priest impatiently cried at last. 'You would get
scarcely anyone to join, and the few members would only be jeered
at. There must be no attempt to tack religion on to the business;
indeed, I intend that we should leave religion outside its doors
altogether. All we want to do is to win the young people over to our
side by providing them with some innocent recreation; that is all.'
The justice of the peace gazed at the priest with such an expression
of astonishment and anxiety that Monsieur Delangre was obliged to
bend his head to conceal a smile, while he slyly pulled the Abbé's
cassock. Then the priest went on in a calmer voice:
'I am sure, gentlemen, that you do not feel any distrust of me, and I
ask you to leave the management of the matter in my hands. I
propose to adopt some very simple name, such a one, for instance,
as the Young Men's Club, which fully expresses all that is required.'
Monsieur Rastoil and Monsieur Maffre bowed, although this title
seemed to them a little weak. They next spoke of nominating the
Curé as president of a provisional committee.
'I fancy,' said Monsieur Delangre, glancing at the priest, 'that this
suggestion will scarcely meet with his reverence's approbation.'
'Oh dear, no!' the Abbé exclaimed, slightly shrugging his shoulders.
'My cassock would frighten the timid and lukewarm away. We should
only get the pious young people, and it is not for them that we are
going to found our club. What we want is to gather in the
wanderers; to win converts, in a word; isn't that so?'
'Clearly,' replied the presiding judge.
'Very well, then, it will be better for us to keep ourselves in the
background, myself especially. What I propose is this: your son,
Monsieur Rastoil, and yours, Monsieur Delangre, will alone come
forward. It must appear as if they themselves had formed the idea
of this club. Send them to me in the morning, and I will talk the
matter over at length with them. I already have a suitable building in
my mind and a code of rules quite prepared. Your two sons,
Monsieur Maffre, will naturally be enrolled at the head of the list of
members.'
The presiding judge seemed flattered at the part assigned to his
son; and so matters were arranged in this way, notwithstanding the
resistance of the justice of the peace, who had hoped to win some
personal distinction from the founding of the club. The next day
Séverin Rastoil and Lucien Delangre put themselves in
communication with Abbé Faujas. Séverin was a tall young man of
five-and-twenty, with a badly shaped skull and a dull brain, who had
just been called to the bar, thanks to the position which his father
held. The latter was anxiously dreaming of making him a public
prosecutor's assessor, despairing of his ever succeeding in winning
any practice for himself. Lucien, on the other hand, was short and
sharp-eyed, had a crafty mind, and pleaded with all the coolness of
an old practitioner, although he was a year younger than Séverin.
The 'Plassans Gazette' spoke of him as a future light of the bar. It
was more particularly to him that the Abbé gave the minutest
instructions as to his scheme. As for young Rastoil he simply went
fussing about, bursting with importance. In three weeks the Young
Men's Club was founded and opened.
There was at that time beneath the church of the Minimes, situated
at the end of the Cours Sauvaire, a number of very large rooms and
an old monastery refectory, which were no longer put to any use.
This was the place that Abbé Faujas had thought of for the club, and
the clergy of the parish very willingly allowed him to use the rooms.
One morning, when the provisional committee of the Young Men's
Club had set workmen going in this cellar-like place, the citizens of
Plassans were quite astounded to see what appeared to be a café
being fitted up under the church. Five days afterwards there was no
longer any room for doubt on the point. The place was certainly
going to be a café. Divans were being brought thither, with marble-
topped tables, chairs, two billiard-tables, and even three crates of
crockery and glass. An entrance was contrived at the end of the
building, as far as possible from the doorway of the church, and
great crimson curtains, genuine restaurant-curtains, were hung
behind the glass panes. You descended five stone steps, and on
opening the door found yourself in a large hall; to the right of which
there was a smaller one and a reading-room, while in a square room
at the far end were placed the two billiard-tables. They were exactly
beneath the high altar.
'Well, my poor boys,' said Guillaume Porquier one day to Monsieur
Maffre's two sons, whom he had met on the Cours, 'so they are
going to make you serve at mass between your games at bézique.'
However, Ambroise and Alphonse besought him not to speak to
them in public, as their father had threatened to send them to sea if
they continued to associate with him.
When the first astonishment was over, the Young Men's Club proved
a great success. Monseigneur Rousselot accepted the honorary
presidency, and even visited it in person one evening, attended by
his secretary, Abbé Surin. Each of them drank a glass of currant-
syrup in the smaller room, and the glass which his lordship used was
preserved with great respect upon a sideboard. The Bishop's visit is
still talked of with much emotion at Plassans, and it brought about
the adherence of all the fashionable young men of the town. It was
soon considered very bad style not to belong to the Young Men's
Club.
Guillaume Porquier, however, used to prowl about the entrance,
sniggering like a young wolf who dreams of making his way into a
sheep-fold. Notwithstanding all the fear they had of their father,
Monsieur Maffre's sons quite worshipped this shameless young man
who regaled them with stories of Paris, and entertained them at
secret little parties in the suburbs. They had got into the habit of
meeting him regularly every Saturday evening at nine o'clock near a
certain seat on the Mall. They slipped away from the club and sat
gossiping till eleven, concealed beneath the dark shade of the plane-
trees. On these occasions Guillaume always twitted them about the
evenings they spent underneath the church of the Minimes.
'It is very kind of you,' he, would say, 'to let yourselves be led by the
nose. The verger gives you glasses of sugar and water as though he
were administering the communion to you, doesn't he?'
'Nothing of the sort! you are quite mistaken, I assure you,' Ambroise
exclaimed. 'You might fancy you were in the Café du Cours, or the
Café de France, or the Café des Voyageurs. We drink beer, or punch,
or madeira, whatever we like, whatever is drunk in other places.'
Guillaume continued jeering however.
'Well, I shouldn't like to go drinking their dirty stuff,' he said. 'I
should be afraid that they had mixed some drug with it to make me
go to confession. I suppose you amuse yourselves by playing at hot-
cockles and puss-in-the-corner!'
The young Maffres gaily laughed at his pleasantries, but they took
care to undeceive him. They told him that even cards were allowed,
and that there was no flavour of a church about the place at all. The
club was extremely pleasant, there were very comfortable couches,
and mirrors all over.
'Well,' said Guillaume, 'you'll never make me believe that you can't
hear the organ when there is an evening service at the church. It
would make me swallow my coffee the wrong way only to know that
there was a baptism, or a marriage, or a funeral going on over my
cup.'
'Well, there's something in that,' Alphonse allowed. 'Only the other
day, while I was playing at billiards with Séverin in the day-time, we
could distinctly hear a funeral going on. It was the funeral of the
butcher's little girl, the butcher at the corner of the Rue de la Banne.
That fellow Séverin is a big jackass, he tried to frighten me by telling
me that the whole funeral would fall through on our heads.'
'Ah well! it must be a very pleasant place, that club of yours!' cried
Guillaume. 'I wouldn't set foot in it for all the money in the world! I'd
as soon go and drink my coffee in a sacristy.'
The truth of the matter was that Guillaume felt very much vexed
that he did not belong to the Young Men's Club. His father had
forbidden him to offer himself for election, fearing that he would be
rejected. At last, however, the young man grew so annoyed about
the matter that he sent in an application to be allowed to join the
club, without mentioning what he had done to his people. The
question was a very serious one. The committee which elected the
members then comprised the young Maffres amongst its number,
and Lucien Delangre was its president and Séverin Rastoil its
secretary. These young men felt terribly embarrassed. While they did
not dare to grant Guillaume's application, they were unwilling to do
anything to hurt the feelings of Doctor Porquier, so worthy and
irreproachable a person, one, too, who was so completely trusted by
all the fashionable ladies. At last Ambroise and Alphonse begged
Guillaume not to press his application, giving him to understand that
he had no chance of being admitted.
'You are a couple of pitiful poltroons!' he replied to them. 'Do you
suppose that I care a fig about joining your brotherhood? I was only
amusing myself. I wanted to see if you would have the courage to
vote against me. I shall have a good laugh when those hypocrites
bang the door in my face. As for you, my good little boys, you can
go and amuse yourselves where you like; I shall never speak to you
again.'
The young Maffres, in great consternation, then besought Lucien
Delangre to try to arrange matters in such a way as would prevent
any unpleasantness. Lucien submitted the difficulty to his usual
adviser, Abbé Faujas, for whom he had conceived a genuine
disciple's admiration. The Abbé came to the Young Men's Club every
afternoon from five o'clock till six. He walked through the big room
with a pleasant smile, nodding and sometimes stopping for a few
minutes at one of the tables to chat with some of the young men.
However, he never accepted anything to drink, not even a glass of
water. Afterwards he passed into the reading-room, and, taking a
seat at the long table covered with a green cloth, he attentively
pored over the newspapers which the club received, the Legitimist
organs of Paris and the neighbouring departments. Occasionally he
made a rapid note in a little pocket-book. Then he went quietly
away, again smiling at the members who were present, and shaking
hands with them. On some occasions, however, he remained for a
longer time to watch a game at chess, or chat merrily about all kinds
of matters. The young men, who were extremely fond of him, used
to say that when he talked no one would take him for a priest.
When the mayor's son told him of the embarrassment which
Guillaume's application had caused the committee, Abbé Faujas
promised to arrange the affair; and next morning he went to see
Doctor Porquier, to whom he related everything. The doctor was
aghast. His son, he cried, was determined to kill him with distress by
dishonouring his grey hairs. What could be done now? Even if the
application were withdrawn, the shame and disgrace would be none
the less. The priest then advised him to send Guillaume away for
two or three months to an estate which he possessed a few leagues
from Plassans, and undertook to charge himself with the further
conduct of the affair. As soon as Guillaume had left the town, the
committee postponed the consideration of his application, saying
that there was no occasion for haste in the matter, as the applicant
was absent and that a decision could be taken later on.
Doctor Porquier heard of this solution from Lucien Delangre one
afternoon when he was in the garden of the Sub-Prefecture. He
immediately hastened to the terrace. It was the hour when Abbé
Faujas read his breviary. Doctor Porquier caught sight of him under
the Mourets' arbour.
'Ah, Monsieur le Curé!' he cried, 'how can I thank you? I should like
very much to shake hands with you.'
'The wall is rather high,' said the priest, looking at it with a smile.
But Doctor Porquier was an effusive individual who did not allow
himself to be discouraged by obstacles.
'Wait a moment!' he cried. 'If you will allow me, Monsieur le Curé, I
will come round.'
Then he disappeared. The Abbé, still smiling, slowly bent his steps
towards the little door which opened into the Impasse des
Chevillottes. The doctor was already gently knocking at it.
'Ah! this door is nailed up,' said the priest. 'One of the nails is broken
though. If I had any sort of a tool, there would be no difficulty in
getting the other one out.'
He glanced round him and caught sight of a spade. Then, after he
had drawn back the bolts with a slight effort, he opened the door,
and stepped out into the alley, where Doctor Porquier overwhelmed
him with thanks and compliments. As they walked along, talking,
Monsieur Maffre, who happened at the time to be in Monsieur
Rastoil's garden, opened a little door that was hidden away behind
the presiding judge's waterfall. The gentlemen were much amused
to find themselves all three in this deserted little lane.
They remained there for a few moments, and, as they took leave of
the Abbé, the magistrate and the doctor poked their heads inside
the Mourets' garden, looking about them with curiosity.
Mouret, however, who was putting stakes to his tomatoes, raised his
head and caught sight of them. He was fairly lost in astonishment.
'Hallo! so they've made their way in here!' he muttered. 'The Curé
now only has to bring in both gangs!'

XIII
Serge was now nineteen years of age. He occupied a small room on
the second floor, opposite the priest's, and there led an almost
cloistered life, spending much time in reading.
'I shall have to throw those old books of yours into the fire,' Mouret
said to him angrily. 'You'll end by making yourself ill and having to
take to your bed.'
The young man was, indeed, of such a nervous temperament, that
the slightest imprudence made him poorly, as though he were a
young girl, and thus he was frequently confined to his room for two
or three days together. At these times Rose inundated him with herb
tea, and whenever Mouret went upstairs to shake him up a little, as
he called it, the cook, if she happened to be there, would turn her
master out of the room, crying out at him:
'Leave the poor dear alone! Can't you see that you are killing him
with your rough ways? It isn't after you that he takes: he is the very
image of his mother; and you'll never be able to understand either
the one or the other of them.'
Serge smiled. After he had left college his father, seeing him so
delicate, had hesitated to send him to Paris to read for the bar there.
He would not hear, however, of a provincial faculty; Paris, he felt
sure, was necessary for a young man who wanted to climb to a high
position. He tried, indeed, to instil ambitious ideas into the lad,
telling him that many with much weaker wits than his own, his
cousins, the Rougons, for instance, had attained to great distinction.
Every time that the young man seemed to grow more robust, his
father settled that he should leave home early the following month;
but his trunk was never packed, for Serge was always catching a
fresh cold, and then his departure would be again postponed.
On each of these occasions Marthe contented herself with saying in
her gentle, indifferent way:
'He isn't twenty yet. It's really not prudent to send so young a lad to
Paris; and, besides, he isn't wasting his time here; you even think
that he studies too much.'
Welcome to Our Bookstore - The Ultimate Destination for Book Lovers
Are you passionate about testbank and eager to explore new worlds of
knowledge? At our website, we offer a vast collection of books that
cater to every interest and age group. From classic literature to
specialized publications, self-help books, and children’s stories, we
have it all! Each book is a gateway to new adventures, helping you
expand your knowledge and nourish your soul
Experience Convenient and Enjoyable Book Shopping Our website is more
than just an online bookstore—it’s a bridge connecting readers to the
timeless values of culture and wisdom. With a sleek and user-friendly
interface and a smart search system, you can find your favorite books
quickly and easily. Enjoy special promotions, fast home delivery, and
a seamless shopping experience that saves you time and enhances your
love for reading.
Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and
personal growth!

ebooksecure.com