Designation: D945 − 06 (Reapproved 2012)

Standard Test Methods for

Rubber Properties in Compression or Shear (Mechanical
Oscillograph)1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D945; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents

1.1 These test methods cover the use of the Yerzley me- 2.1 ASTM Standards:4
chanical oscillograph for measuring mechanical properties of D832 Practice for Rubber Conditioning For Low Tempera-
rubber vulcanizates in the generally small range of deformation ture Testing
that characterizes many technical applications. These proper- D1207 Recommended Practice for Classifying Elastomeric
ties include resilience, dynamic modulus, static modulus, Compounds for Resilient Automotive Mountings (With-
kinetic energy, creep, and set under a given force. Measure- drawn 1971)5
ments in compression and shear are described.2,3 D4483 Practice for Evaluating Precision for Test Method
Standards in the Rubber and Carbon Black Manufacturing
1.2 The test is applicable primarily, but not exclusively, to Industries
materials having static moduli at the test temperature such that 2.2 SAE Standard:
forces below 2 MPa (280 psi) in compression or 1 MPa SAE J16 Classification of Elastomer Compounds for Auto-
(140 psi) in shear will produce 20 % deformation, and having motive Resilient Mountings6,7
resilience such that at least three complete cycles are produced
when obtaining the damped oscillatory curve. The range may 3. Terminology
be extended, however, by use of supplementary masses and
3.1 Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
refined methods of analysis. Materials may be compared either
under comparable mean stress or mean strain conditions. 3.2 effective dynamic modulus—calculated from the formula
for simple harmonic motion in a damped free oscillation. It is
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the a composite index which includes the effect of such diverse
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information factors as nonlinearity of stress-strain, changing molecular
only. energies, and heat losses.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.3 point modulus—ratio of total stress (force/area) to total
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the strain (change in dimension/unstressed dimension) at one point
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- of the stress-strain curve. Sometimes called the “secant
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- modulus,” it is equal to the slope of a line from the origin to the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific chosen point.
warning see 12.14. 3.4 static modulus—synonymous with “tangent modulus”
and is the slope of the tangent to the stress-strain curve at a

1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D11 on
4
Rubber and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D11.10 on Physical For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Testing. contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2012. Published February 2013. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
approved in 1948. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D945 – 06. DOI: the ASTM website.
5
10.1520/D0945-06R12. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
2
A survey of some aspects of hysteresis and modulus in dynamic performance www.astm.org.
6
of polymers is available in a paper by Payne, A. R., “The Role of Hysteresis in Available from Society of Automotive Engineers, 400 Commonwealth Drive,
Polymers,” Rubber Journal, January 1964, p. 36. Warrendale, PA 15096.
3 7
One method of correlating fundamental data from the Yerzley oscillograph with The Yerzley oscillograph was originally described in detail in the paper by
dynamic tests at constant amplitude is described by Baldwin, F. P., in his paper, Yerzley, F. L., “A Mechanical Oscillograph for Routine Tests of Rubber and
“Determination of the Dynamic Properties of Rubberlike Materials by Means of a Rubber-Like Materials,” Proceedings, ASTM, Vol 39, 1939, p. 1180; also Rubber
Modified Yerzley Oscillograph,” The Rubber Age, April 1950. Chemistry and Technology, Vol XIII, No. 1, January 1940, p. 149.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

1
 D945 − 06 (2012)

FIG. 1 Advanced Yerzley Oscillograph

chosen point. It can provide a reference for comparison with 6. Apparatus

the effective dynamic modulus at that point. 6.1 The essential features of the apparatus7,8 (illustrated in
4. Summary of Test Methods Fig. 1 and Fig. 2) are as follows:
6.1.1 The beam shall be supported at its center by a
4.1 Specimens are loaded by an unbalanced lever and the knife-edge, A, and shall be so designed that a test specimen
resultant deflections are recorded on a chronograph. This placed beneath the micrometer can be loaded by placing
permits calculations to be made of static modulus at any stage standard masses alternatively on front and back portions of the
of a stepwise loading or unloading schedule. Creep and cross-rod, F, at the pen end of the beam. A second knife-edge,
recovery rates, including set under prescribed conditions, can B, and a stabilizing arm, B', (as shown in Fig. 2), shall be used
be obtained. Since the lever is supported on a knife edge, the to apply load to the test specimen and to maintain parallelism
system can be impact-loaded to produce a damped free of the loading platens. Optional knife-edges, C and D, may be
oscillation trace. This trace yields a dynamic modulus, a used to extend the range of the oscillograph.
resilience index, an oscillation frequency, and a measurement 6.1.2 A pen shall extend lengthwise from the beam to record
of stored energy. deflections on the oscillogram automatically. From Fig. 2, it is
5. Significance and Use apparent that the deflection of the specimen under test will be
magnified by the travel of the pen in proportion to the lever
5.1 The rubber properties that are measurable by these test ratio which will be 10:1 when the sample is on the inner test
methods are important for the isolation and absorption of shock position, B. Therefore, a deformation of 2.5 mm, for example,
and vibration. These properties may be used for quality control, will be registered on the oscillogram as a vertical displacement
development and research. of 25 mm.
5.2 Measurements in compression are influenced by speci-
men shape. This shape factor may be described as the ratio of
8
the loaded surface area to the unloaded surface area. In The sole source of supply of the Yerzley oscillograph known to the committee
at this time is Tavdi Co., Inc., P.O. Box 298, Barrington, RI 02806. If you are aware
applying data from a compression specimen, shape factor must of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International
be incorporated into the mathematical transferal to the appli- Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
cation. responsible technical committee,1 which you may attend.

2
 D945 − 06 (2012)

FIG. 2 Diagrammatic Sketch of Advanced Yerzley Oscillograph

6.1.3 The masses, MF, MG, and MH, derive from the mass of Shape Primary
accurately machined disks, 99.06 mm in diameter with a Factor Practice Diameter
0.390 SI units 19.5 ± 0.13 mm
central hole 12.7 mm in diameter. Standard masses shall be an 0.375 Inch-pound units 0.75 ± 0.005 in.
integral or fractional multiple either of 641.252 g (1.41372 lb)
for convenience of testing in inch-pound units or of 489.464 g Reference Area
for greater convenience of testing in SI units. The lever ratio Shape of Nominal
Factor Height Circle
for the masses is 6.25:1 for the outer mass position in reference 0.390 12.5 ± 0.25 mm 300 mm2
to the inner specimen position. Using the 6.25:1 ratio, each 0.375 0.5 ± 0.010 in. 0.442 in.2
unbalanced mass on the pen end of the beam therefore will 7.1.2 The specimens may be molded, or cut from finished
produce the following forces on the specimen on the inner products and buffed to the specified dimensions. Test speci-
position at W5r: mens shall be free from porosity, nicks, and cuts. (Molded
Force Resulting specimens are preferred for dimensional accuracy and consis-
Mass Value From 6.25:1 Ratio
SI units 489.46 g 30.000 N
tency.)
Inch-pound units 1.4137 lb 8.8357 lbf 7.2 Cellular Test Specimens:
6.1.4 It follows that positioning the masses on the inner 7.2.1 Specimens of cellular rubber shall be prepared as
mass position, MG, will reduce the load values to half of the follows: The specimen shall be a circular cylinder cut with a
foregoing values. circular metal die 43.70 6 0.01 mm (1.720 6 0.001 in.) in
inside diameter for cutting the specimen in a drill press or
PART A—MEASUREMENTS IN COMPRESSION similar device for rotating the die. The pressure applied to the
die shall be sufficiently small to keep “cupping” of the cut
7. Test Specimens surfaces to a minimum. In some cases, it may be necessary to
7.1 Solid Rubber Specimens: freeze the cellular rubber before cutting the specimen in order
7.1.1 At least two specimens shall be tested, except that at to obtain parallel cut surfaces. To facilitate cutting of the
least three shall be required if measurement of creep is to be specimen with smooth-cut surfaces and square edges, the die
included. The test specimens for measurements in compression may be lubricated with water containing a wetting agent and a
shall be right circular cylinders chosen from the following corrosion inhibitor such as 0.5 % sodium chromate or with
alternatives: silicone mold release emulsion before each specimen is cut. If

3
 D945 − 06 (2012)

FIG. 3 Section of Oscillograph to be Enclosed for Tests at Other than Room Temperature

a lubricant is used, the specimen shall be permitted to dry shall be one of those shown by broken lines in Fig. 3. The
before testing. The circular bases of the specimens shall be enclosure shall be equipped with a shelf for storing test
parallel to each other and at right angles to the axis of the specimens and supplied with a circulating atmosphere at the
cylinder. The area of the circular bases is 15.00 cm2 temperature of test. Unless otherwise specified, the cold
(2.323 in.2). chamber and testing conditions shall conform to the conditions
7.2.2 The specimen shall be not less than 6.4 mm (0.25 in.) specified in Practice D832. After the test specimens have been
and not more than 29 mm (1.125 in.) in thickness. If the conditioned at the test temperature, proceed in accordance with
material is too thick, it shall be sliced to the required thickness. Section 9. Similar conditioning requirements apply also to tests
7.2.3 Unless otherwise specified in the detail specification, at elevated temperatures.
materials thinner than 6.4 mm (0.25 in.) shall be plied up to
obtain the required thickness, in which case the report is to 9. Procedure
include the number of plies. 9.1 Procedure for Solid Rubber Specimens—Three catago-
ries of test operation are described separately under subsequent
8. Conditioning section headings to provide data for purposes as follows:
8.1 Expose the test specimens and the apparatus to the 9.1.1 In 9.4 – 9.6 for initial creep and set under a given load.
temperature of the test for sufficient time to ensure temperature 9.1.2 In 9.7 – 9.9 for Yerzley resilience and hysteresis, point
equilibrium. For testing at low temperatures (below room modulus, frequency in hertz, effective dynamic modulus, and
temperature), the section of the oscillograph to be enclosed maximum impact energy absorbed at a given test load value.

4
 D945 − 06 (2012)

FIG. 4 Typical Compression Oscillogram

9.1.3 In 9.10 – 9.14 for stepwise loading and unloading and total deformation thus would be 20 + 2 %, or 22 %. A tolerance
hysteresis loop, and stresses in pascals or in pounds-force per of 62 % has been found convenient. Trial and error with one
square inch at any deformation. sample may be used to establish the necessary number of
9.1.4 Depending on the purpose of any test program, pri- masses. When the load value is established, proceed.
mary reliance may be placed on any one of the foregoing
categories, on a combination of two categories, or upon all 9.5 With the hook engaged, a fresh test specimen, sandpaper
three. It is important, however, to record adequately all data in position, the correct micrometer setting, and the established
required to identify the test conditions fully. number of masses installed, switch on the power to the drum,
to rotate at 4 rpm in order to draw the horizontal reference line
9.2 Lock the beam of the oscillograph in position by means at the top of the chart. This will also take up slack in the gear
of the release hook at the left end of the machine and remove train driving the drum. As the drum approaches the beginning
all masses. Place the test specimen centrally on the lower of the second revolution, change the drum speed to 1 rpm.
platen between the grit sides of two pieces of 400 grit A About three small squares into the second revolution release
sandpaper (Note 1). Adjust the micrometer until the upper the hook, allowing the beam to fall in an impact on the
platen rests snugly against the sandpaper without deforming specimen, as indicated in Fig. 4. Allow the drum to rotate one
the test specimens; then lock the micrometer by means of the or more complete revolutions beyond the end of any oscilla-
set screw or lock nut. This setting can be verified as follows: tions. Stop the motor. The creep of the sample after the end of
NOTE 1—Silicon carbide particles have an average size of 22 6 2 µm. the oscillations will be recorded on the chart for 1 min or more.
9.2.1 Upon disengaging the release hook the pen end should If desired, the creep for a longer time may be recorded by
retain its position. If the pen drops noticeably, a change of timing a longer period and observing the further slow down-
0.02 mm (0.001 in.) may be visibly observed, the micrometer ward motion of the pen as a vertical downward trace. The
must be readjusted downward. amount of further drift after the longer time interval can be
9.2.2 When this adjustment is completed and verified, marked by a rotation of the drum one or two small squares to
reengage the hook. Now apply a small downward force by the left and right by hand to form a cross on the trace line.
hand on the pen end of the beam. If the added force depresses 9.6 Set may be measured at any time by reengaging the
the pen, the micrometer platen is too low. Readjust the hook to remove the load from the specimen, and then carefully
micrometer until the micrometer setting is correct. Opening turning the micrometer platen downward a measured distance
and closing the release hook should then have no effect on the
into contact with the sample to close the gap caused by the
pen position.
short term set.
9.3 Place the graph paper on the chronograph drum and
adjust its position so that the zero position of the pen point is 9.7 Measurement of Yerzley resilience and hysteresis, point
on one of the horizontal lines of the paper. An engineering modulus, frequency in hertz, effective dynamic modulus, and
grade of graph paper ruled in 1 in. squares and subdivided into impact energy absorbed by the sample at the test load
ten equal squares per inch shall be used for measurements in value—Taken alone the procedure described in this section is a
inch-pound units. A quality grade of graph paper ruled in 1 cm rapid and informative test for comparison of several properties
squares subdivided in millimeter squares is preferable for of elastomers.
measurements in SI units, although it should be noted that for 9.8 This test is the natural sequel to the previous process for
4 rpm and 1 rpm speeds of the chronograph 25.4 mm on the creep, 9.4, or may be performed without a preceding creep and
horizontal scale equals 1 and 4 s, respectively. set evaluation after establishing the horizontal reference line at
9.4 Measurement of Initial Creep and Set—With the beam the top of the chart as described in 9.3. With the hook engaged,
elevated and with the hook engaged prepare to add masses to verify the position of the test specimen with 400 grit A paper
the pen end of the beam prior to recording both the initial and the micrometer adjustment in firm but non-deforming
impact on the sample and the subsequent creep. Normally the contact with the specimen. With the estimated number of
test will be directed toward a final total deformation of 20 % masses required to produce a final deformation of 20 % and
plus the value of the creep. If creep of 2 % should develop, the with the drum stationary, disengage the hook. Allow the

5
 D945 − 06 (2012)
ensuing oscillations to die out. Note the ultimate static defor- unloading curve, using 14 masses, ranges from 3 to 3.5 min.
mation. If the deformation is not close to 25 mm (or to 1 in.) Masses added at the G position have half the force value
as observed directly on the oscillogram, add or remove masses compared with the F position. For most compositions, the
as needed to attain the required 20 % compression. Rotate the unloading curve will terminate below the horizontal line from
drum by hand to the left approximately one small square of the which the loading curve started.
oscillogram and disengage the hook. Repeat this conditioning
9.15 When the oscillograph is not in use, leave a test
operation a sufficient number of times to obtain three succes-
specimen between the platens to prevent damage to the knife
sive lines of the same length. After the last oscillation, the pen
edges or to avoid personal danger in the event of accidental
point should indicate 20 6 2 % deformation of the test
release of the hook.
specimen.
9.16 Procedure for Cellular Material:
9.9 After obtaining three successive lines of the same
9.16.1 Unless otherwise specified in the detail specification,
length, start the chronograph with the drum rotating at a speed
determine the compression resistance of the specimen at a
of 4 rpm, disengage the hook, and record a set of oscillations.
compression of 25 % of its original thickness.
If the vertical length of the first oscillation is shorter than the
length of the last conditioning line, there has been excessive 9.16.2 Allow the specimen to rest undeflected and undis-
time between successive trials, and further conditioning as torted for at least 12 h before testing for compression resis-
necessary shall be performed until a satisfactory test is ob- tance.
tained. The motor may be stopped when an adequate number of 9.16.3 The specimen shall be free from mechanical damage.
oscillations, at least three, have been recorded for a resilient Determine the thickness of the specimen in such a manner as
composition. When the pen is at rest, rotate the drum counter- to indicate the perpendicular distance between the center
clockwise by hand and then clockwise through the horizontal portion of the top and bottom faces and the value recorded to
time span of the oscillations to record the final static equilib- the nearest 0.05 mm (0.002 in.), as T.
rium position of the beam. Reengage the hook. 9.16.4 A perforated plate 64 mm (2.5 in.) square and a
circular depressor plate 45 mm (1.75 in.) in diameter fits into
9.10 Plotting of the load-compression characteristics of a the micrometer for compressing the specimen.
specimen in a complete loading and unloading cycle for 9.16.5 Lock the balance beam of the oscillograph in posi-
interpretation of its static load-bearing characteristics—This tion by means of the hook at the left end of the machine and
procedure may be performed before or after the procedure of remove all masses. Adjust the hook so that the static equilib-
9.7, but cannot be performed prior to the procedure of 9.4, rium position of the balance beam will be approximately
since it would eliminate the possibility of measurement of horizontal when the specimen is under the test deflection
initial creep. desired.
9.11 Verify that all masses have been removed from the 9.16.6 Place the specimen between the perforated plate and
beam and that the sample is properly centered on the lower the depressor plate, adjust the micrometer until it rests on the
platen. depressor plate without distorting the specimen, and lock the
micrometer in this position by means of the available set screw
9.12 Disengage the hook and apply sufficient pressure by
or lock nut.
hand on the pen end of the beam to compress the test specimen
to 30 % deformation (1.5 in. on the graph for test specimens 9.16.7 Place the graph paper on the chronograph drum and
0.50 in. in height) and release. Repeat this operation at least 3 adjust the position so that the zero position of the penpoint is
times to condition the specimen for test. on one of the horizontal lines of the paper.
9.16.8 Disengage the hook and apply sufficient pressure by
9.13 With the hook still disengaged, rotate the chronograph hand on the pen end of the beam to compress the specimen
drum to the left clockwise, displacing the graph 4 or 5 small about 30 % of the required deformation in accordance with
divisions to the left of the pen point position. Thus marking 9.16.1 and release. Repeat this operation 3 times to remove any
zero deflection. trapped air from the specimen.
9.14 Chart the loading test by placing the masses, MF or 9.16.9 With the hook still disengaged, rotate the drum chart
MG, one at a time, alternately on front and back ends of the by turning the chronograph drum to the left displacing the chart
cross rod and rotating the oscillogram exactly two 1 mm 4 to 5 small divisions to the left of the pen point, thus marking
divisions (or one 0.1 in. division as appropriate to the chart zero deflection.
used) to the left after each mass, except the last mass, has been 9.16.10 Obtain at least 4 deflection readings by applying
added. After 50 % deformation has been reached, or all masses approximately equal masses to the beam at intervals of 1 min
have been added, whichever comes first, chart the unloading and record the corresponding deflections. Select the masses
test by rotating the oscillogram to the right exactly in a reverse applied to give deflection readings to include values on both
number of small divisions and then removing the masses, one sides of the required deflection in accordance with 9.16.1. One
at a time, from alternate sides of the balance beam and rotating minute after the mass is applied, rotate the oscillogram to the
the oscillogram continuing exactly the same number of small left by 2 small divisions and record the deflection in divisions
divisions to the right after each mass is removed. Add and as D. Record the total number of mass of 641.3 g (1.4137 lb)
remove the masses at a uniform rate, using smooth motions. In on Rod F, Fig. 2, that produced the deflection D as nf in
general, the time required for making the complete loading and accordance with 13.10.

6
 D945 − 06 (2012)
12.1.3 In 12.10 – 12.14 for stepwise loading and unloading,
and hysteresis loop and stresses in pascals or in pounds-force
per square inch at any deformation.
12.1.4 Depending on the purpose of any test program,
primary reliance may be placed on any one of the foregoing
categories, on a combination of two categories, or upon all
three. It is important, however, to record adequately all data
required to identify the test conditions fully.
12.2 Lock the beam of the oscillograph in position by means
of the release hook at the left end of the machine, and remove
all masses. Remove the locating disk from the lower platen.
Support the metal plates of the test specimen with the end
plates provided to prevent spreading of the specimen under
load. Place the test specimen on the lower platen in such a
manner that the ring on the end plate drops into the counterbore
mm in.
A 12.5 ± 0.02 0.5 ± 0.001
of the platen. Early models of the oscillograph require instal-
B 12.7 ± 0.02 0.5 ± 0.001 lation of vertical extension rods to accommodate shear speci-
C 23.62 ± 0.02 0.884 ± 0.001 mens. Adjust the micrometer until the upper platen touches the
D 38.10 ± 0.033 1.500 ± 0.001
E 3.18 ± 0.01 0.125 ± 0.0005
top surface of the test specimen without deforming it; then lock
the micrometer by means of the set screw or lock nut. This
FIG. 5 Shear Test Specimen setting can be verified as follows.
12.2.1 Upon disengaging the release hook the pen end
should retain its position. If it falls noticeably, (even 0.02 mm
or 0.001 in. change can be seen), the micrometer must be
PART B—MEASUREMENTS IN SHEAR readjusted downward.
12.2.2 When this adjustment is completed and verified,
10. Test Specimens reengage the hook. Now apply a small downward force by
10.1 At least two specimens shall be tested and three shall hand on the pen end of the beam. If the added force depresses
be required if measurement of creep is to be included. The test the pen, the micrometer platen is too low. Readjust the
specimens for measurements in shear shall be rectangular micrometer. When the micrometer setting is correct, opening
sandwiches consisting of two blocks of the composition to be and closing the release hook should have no effect on the pen
tested adhered between parallel metal plates having dimensions position.
as given in Fig. 5 and as follows: 12.3 Place graph paper on the chronograph in accordance
Dimensions of Shear Specimens with 9.3.
Nominal Shear 12.4 Measurement of Initial Creep and Set in Shear—
Nominal Shear Area, Proceed in accordance with 9.4, except refer to Fig. 6 instead
Primary Practice Thickness, A 2 by B by C
of Fig. 4 and omit the use of sandpaper with the test specimen.
SI units 12.5 mm 600 mm2
Inch-pound units 0.50 in. 0.884 in.2
12.5 Proceed in accordance with 9.5.
10.2 The sandwiches are generally molded using brass or 12.6 Proceed in accordance with 9.6.
steel plates (Fig. 5). Test specimens shall be free from porosity, 12.7 Measurement of Yerzley resilience and hysteresis, point
nicks, and cuts. modulus, frequency in hertz, effective dynamic modulus, and
impact energy absorbed by the shear sample at the test load
11. Conditioning value—Taken alone the procedure described in this section is a
11.1 The conditioning requirements for shear specimens are rapid and informative test in shear for comparison of several
the same as that for compression (see Section 8). properties of elastomers.
12.8 Proceed in accordance with 9.8.
12. Procedure
12.9 Proceed in accordance with 9.9.
12.1 Three categories of testing shear specimens are de-
scribed separately under subsequent section headings to pro- 12.10 Plotting of the load-compression characteristics of a
vide data for purposes as follows: shear specimen in a complete loading and unloading cycle for
12.1.1 In 12.4 – 12.6 for initial creep and set under a given interpretation of its static load-bearing characteristics—This
dead load. procedure may be performed before or after the procedure of
12.1.2 In 12.7 – 12.9 for Yerzley resilience and hysteresis, 12.7, but cannot be performed prior to the procedure of 12.4,
point modulus, frequency in hertz, effective dynamic modulus, since it would eliminate the possibility of measurement of
and maximum impact energy absorbed at a given test load initial creep.
value. 12.11 Proceed in accordance with 9.11, referring to Fig. 6.

7
 D945 − 06 (2012)

FIG. 6 Typical Shear Oscillogram

12.12 Proceed in accordance with 9.12, referring to Fig. 6. 13.1.11 Deformation in millimetres, inches, or percent re-
12.13 Proceed in accordance with 9.13, referring to Fig. 6. sulting from a specified load, and
13.1.12 Static (tangent) modulus in megapascals or pounds-
12.14 Chart the loading test by placing the masses, MF, one
force per square inch at a specified load or specified deforma-
at a time on opposite sides of the pen end of the beam and
tion.
rotating the oscillogram exactly two small divisions to the left
after each mass, except the last mass, has been added. After 13.2 Creep, expressed in millimetres, inches, or percent,
50 % deformation is reached, or 14 masses have been added, under a given load after any specified time interval shall be
whichever comes first, chart the unloading test by rotating the derived from the vertical distance, PQ, on the oscillogram at
oscillogram to the right exactly two small divisions and then that load and elapsed time.
removing the masses, one at a time, from alternate sides of the
balance beam and rotating the oscillogram exactly two small 13.3 Set, expressed in millimetres, inches, or percent, may
divisions to the right after each mass is removed. An equivalent be obtained on the conclusion of any test by measuring the
alternative procedure suitable for the shear test is to add masses distance between the test specimen and the upper platen after
MG on the cross rod, G, and to correspondingly rotate the removing the load from the specimen by engaging the hook in
oscillogram 1 division for each step. (Warning—When the the end of the balance beam. Make this measurement by
oscillograph is not in use, leave a test specimen between the turning the micrometer head until the platen again rests snugly
platens to prevent damage to the knife edges or to avoid against the specimen and note the change. This distance is a
personal danger in the event of accidental release of the hook.) measure of the set in millimetres, or in inches. It may be
converted to a percentage of the original unstressed dimension
PART C—ANALYSIS OF THE of the specimen. It can be considered a qualitative measure-
OSCILLOGRAM ment for comparison with related samples under approximately
similar conditioning and time factors.
13. Calculation
13.4 Yerzley Resilience, in percent, shall be computed from
13.1 The following mechanical properties in compression or the first cycle as follows:
shear may be obtained directly from their respective oscillo-
grams (Fig. 4 and Fig. 6) and shall be calculated as required in Yerzley resilience, % 5 ~ BC/AB! 3 100 (1)
accordance with 13.2 – 13.12, using the average of the values (Note 2)
from the two tests:
13.1.1 Initial creep, expressed in millimetres, inches, or where:
percent, BC = vertical distance in millimetres or inches of the
13.1.2 Initial set, expressed in millimetres, inches, or upstroke of the first cycle of the damped oscillatory
percent, curve, and
13.1.3 Yerzley resilience in percent, AB = vertical distance in millimetres or inches of the
13.1.4 Yerzley hysteresis in percent, downstroke of the first cycle of the damped oscilla-
13.1.5 Point modulus in megapascals or pounds-force per tory curve.
square inch, NOTE 2—A variant of the resilience calculation is required in SAE J16
and Recommended Practice D1207 as follows:
13.1.6 Frequency in hertz,
Yerzley Resilience, in percent, shall be determined as the average
13.1.7 Effective dynamic modulus in megapascals or computed from the second and third half cycles:
pounds-force per square inch,
13.1.8 Impact energy in the rubber spring (maximum) in Yerzley resilience, % 5 @ ~ CD/BC! 1 ~ DE/CD! # 3 50 (2)
3
J/m or in inch-pounds per cubic inch of stock, where:
13.1.9 Plot of load versus deformation and recovery on BC = vertical distance in millimetres or inches of the upstroke of the
unloading, first cycle of the damped sinusoidal curve,
13.1.10 Stress in megapascals or in pounds-force per square CD = vertical distance in millimetres or inches of the downstroke of
the second cycle of the damped sinusoidal curve, and
inch to produce a specified deformation,

8
 D945 − 06 (2012)

DE = vertical distance in millimetres or inches of the upstroke of the where:

second cycle of the damped sinusoidal curve. I = moment of inertia of the beam and masses used, slug·ft2
13.5 Yerzley Hysteresis is the percent of impact energy lost (see 13.10).
by the sample due to internal friction. Numerically: 13.9 Tests for Kc and Ks may also be made with the test
Yerzley hysteresis 5 ~ 100 2 Yerzley resilience! , % (3) specimen at the C and D positions with suitable mathematical
corrections. For example:
13.6 Point Modulus is calculated by dividing the applied 2
K c 5 0.996If MPa at position B, and K s 5 0.498 If 2 MPa (9)
stress in megapascals or in pounds-force per square inch by the
deformation, derived from the vertical distance AJ, expressed K c 5 0.1594 If 2 MPa at position C, and K s 5 0.0797 If 2
MPa (10)
as a decimal fraction of the unstressed height (in compression K c 5 0.0623 If 2
MPa at position D, and K s 5 0.0311 If 2 MPa(11)
tests) or of the unstressed thickness (in shear tests). The
13.10 Total Moment of Inertia, I, of the beam in kg·m2 or
numerical value of point modulus is dependent among other 2
slug·ft is the sum of the moment of inertia of the beam and the
things upon creep and set in the specimen. Determination of
moments of inertia of all added masses. This is represented as
point modulus based upon deformation from initial sample
follows:
dimension before stressing is analogous to service performance
of a new finished part. I 5 ~ I B 1I F ~ n F 1n H ! 1I G n G ! (12)

13.7 Frequency—Determination of the frequency in hertz where:

shall be based on counting a convenient number of complete IB = moment of inertia of beam,
cycles, then measuring the horizontal distance, JK, traversed IF = moment of inertia of a single standard mass at position
by this number of cycles, X, along the axis of the damped F and H,
sinusoidal curve. When the chronograph drum rotates at N rpm IG = moment of inertia of a single standard mass at position
and has a circumference C, calculate the frequency in hertz, f, G,
as follows: nF = counted number of whole and fractional masses at
position F,
f 5 ~ NCX/60 JK! (4) nH = counted number of whole and fractional masses at
where: position H, and
nG = counted number of whole and fractional masses at
N = number of revolutions per minute of chronograph, and
position G.
C = circumference of oscillogram on drum. For convenience:
X = number of complete cycles under consideration, For the I-beam of the Advanced Yerzley Oscillograph:
JK = distance along the axis of the damped sinusoidal curve
for X cycles, I = (0.1356 approx. + 0.00850n5 + 0.03129 n10) kg·m2 using
mass of 489.46 g
13.8 Effective Dynamic Modulus9in compression for the I = (0.1000 approx. + 0.00822n5 + 0.03220 n10) slug·ft2 us-
specimen positioned at B, Kc, in megapascals based on the ing mass of 641.5 g
cylindrical specimen 19.5 mm in diameter and 12.5 mm high,
shall be calculated as follows: The values 0.1356 kg·m2 and 0.1000 slug·ft2 are representa-
tive values which are normally subject to replacement by exact
K c 5 0.996 If 2 (5)
measured values for individual beams.
For the comparable shear specimen positioned at B, Ks, as For the beam having a cross section of 1 by 1 in.:
follows: I 5 ~ 0.081310.0307n ! slug·ft2 , using mass of 641.25 g (13)
2
K s 5 0.498 If (6) For the beam having a cross section of 1 by 1.5 in.:
where: I 5 ~ 0.116010.0307n ! slug·ft2 , using mass of 641.25 g (14)
I = moment of inertia of the beam and masses used, kg·m2, 2 2
The values 0.0813 slug·ft and 0.1160 slug·ft are accepted
(see 13.10), and
f = frequency, Hz. historically calculated values having approximate validity. The
value 0.0307 slug·ft2 for standard masses 3.25 in. in diameter
Similarly, calculate Kc, in pounds-force per square inch, likewise has historic acceptance. When metricized, the forego-
based on the cylindrical specimen 0.75 in. in diameter and ing value qualifications persist.
0.50 in. high, as follows:
13.11 Impact Energy absorbed by the rubber spring
K c 5 209.4 If 2 (7) (maximum), Ec, in joules per cubic metre of material at the end
For Ks: of the first one-half cycle of the damped sinusoidal curve,
applied to tests of the 19.5 mm diameter cylinder, 12.5 mm
2
K s 5 104.7 If (8) high shall be calculated as follows:
E c 5 0.8 ~ n F 10.5n G 2 n H ! ~ AB! (15)

9
For derivation of K, refer to the paper by Yerzley, F. L. 310 3 J/m 3 , using masses of 489.46 g

9
 D945 − 06 (2012)
For the comparable shear sample Es: Compressive stress, psi 5 n F 3 20 (19)
3
E s 5 0.4 ~ n F 10.5n G 2 n H ! ~ AB! 3 10 using masses of 489.46 g where:
(16) nF = total number of masses of 641.3 g (1.4137 lb) for each
where: deflection, D.
nF, nG, and nH = number of masses at positions F, G, and H, 13.13.3 Unless otherwise specified in the detail
respectively, and specifications, test three specimens from each test unit.
AB = vertical distance in millimetres of the 13.13.4 Plot the average deflection in percent of the speci-
downstroke of the first cycle of the mens tested for each mass against the average compressive
damped sinusoidal curve. stress in pascals (or pounds-force per square inch) of the
Similarly, calculate E c, in inch-pounds per cubic inch, based specimens tested for each mass and draw a curve through the
on tests of the 0.75 in. diameter cylinder 0.50 in. high as points.
follows: 13.13.5 The compression resistance of the test unit shall be
the compressive stress required to produce a 25 % deflection as
Ec = 4(nF + 0.5n G − nH)(AB), using masses of 1.4137 lb read from the curve.
For ES: 13.13.6 Record the compression resistance of the test unit to
the nearest 0.7 kPa (0.1 psi).
Es = 2(n + 0.5nG − nH)(AB), using masses of 1.4137 lb 13.13.7 Record the percent the specimen was compressed.
13.13.8 If a plied-up specimen is tested, record the number
where:
of plies.
AB = vertical distance in inches of the downstroke of the
first cycle of the damped-sinusoidal curve. 14. Report
13.12 Static Modulus shall be determined from the slope of 14.1 Report the following information:
the loading curve (LM in Fig. 4 and Fig. 6) unless otherwise 14.1.1 Identification of test specimens,
specified. The loading and unloading deformation curves may 14.1.2 Date of test,
be obtained by projecting the horizontal lines scribed by the 14.1.3 Temperature of test,
pen to intersect the corresponding vertical line from which the 14.1.4 Results from calculations (Section 13), and
arc originated and then connecting these points of intersection, 14.1.5 Appropriate added notes or observations.
thus forming the hysteresis loop. A convenient method of
determining the slope of a tangent line to curve LM and 15. Precision and Bias
converting it into inch-pound engineering units is as follows:
Place a straightedge in position to form a tangent line to curve 15.1 This precision and bias section has been prepared in
LM at a point representing the desired static deformation, select accordance with Practice D4483. Refer to Practice D4483 for
a point where the extended tangent line crosses an intersection terminology and other statistical calculation details.
on the paper, and count vertically 10 squares (dx = 20 % 15.2 Although prepared in format in accordance with Prac-
deformation) from there; then count the number of squares tice D4483, the data generated for this test method precision
horizontally, dy, until the tangent line is intercepted. This were obtained prior to the adoption of Practice D4483. No
number of squares on a compression oscillogram multiplied by records exist for the original (raw) interlaboratory data. The
100 equals the static modulus in pounds-force per square inch values of within- and between-laboratory standard deviation
at the selected deformation. This number of horizontal squares, have been used to construct Table 1.
dy, on a shear oscillogram multiplied by 25 equals the static
15.3 A Type 1 (interlaboratory) precision was evaluated.
modulus in pounds-force per square inch at the selected
Both repeatability and reproducibility are short term, a period
deformation.
of a few days separates replicate test results. A test result is the
13.13 Interpretation of Results: value as specified by this test method.
13.13.1 Calculate the percent deflection of the specimen for
15.4 Three different materials (rubbers) were used in the
each mass as follows:
interlaboratory program, these were tested in 12 laboratories on
Deflection, % 5 D/T (17) 3 different days. The results of the precision calculations for
where: repeatability and reproducibility are given in Table 1.
D = deflection recorded on the oscillogram for each mass, 15.5 The precision of this test method may be expressed in
W, divisions, and the format of the following statements which use what is called
T = thickness of the original specimen, mm (in.). an “appropriate value” or r, R, (r), or (R), that is, that value to
be used in decisions about test results (obtained with the test
13.13.2 Calculate the compressive stress of the specimen
method) for any particular test parameter.
for each mass as follows:
SI Equivalents: 15.6 Repeatability—The repeatability, r, of this test method
Compressive stress, Pa 5 n F 3 100 000 (18)
has been established as the appropriate value for any parameter
tabulated in Table 1. Two single test results, obtained under
Inch-Pound Equivalents: normal test method procedures, that differ by more than this

10
 D945 − 06 (2012)
TABLE 1 Type 1 Precision
NOTE 1—Sr = within laboratory standard deviation.
r = repeatability (in measurement units).
(r) = repeatability (in percent).
SR = between laboratory standard deviation.
R = reproducibility (in measurement units).
(R) = reproducibility (in percent).
Within Laboratory Between Laboratory
Parameter or Property Range Mean
Sr r (r)A Sr R (R)A
A
Yerzley Resilience, (%) 25 to 90 57.5 0.30 0.85 1.47 1.78 5.0 8.7
Yerzley Hysteresis, (%) 10.0 to 73.5 41.8 0.25 0.71 1.70 0.94 2.66 6.4
Dynamic Modulus, (MPa) 1.9 to 3.8 2.9 0.11 0.32 11.0 0.64 1.83 63
Static Modulus, (MPa) 1.1 to 9.3 5.2 0.38 1.07 20.6 4.57 13.0 250
Impact Energy, (J/m3) 85 to 383 (103) 234 (103) 0.82 (103) 2.31 (103) 1.0 18.7 (103) 53.0 (103) 22.6
Frequency, (Hz) 2.5 to 3.5 3.0 0.01 0.028 0.93 0.01 0.028 0.93
Frequency, (Hz) 3.5 to 8 5.8 0.026 0.074 1.3 0.12 0.32 5.5
A
An estimated value using the mid-point (average) of the range.

tabulated r (for any given level) must be considered as derived 15.9 Bias—In test method terminology, bias is the difference
from different or nonidentical sample populations. between an average test value and the reference (or true) test
15.7 Reproducibility—The reproducibility, R, of this test property value. Reference values do not exist for this test
method has been established as the appropriate value for any method since the value (of the test property) is exclusively
parameter tabulated in Table 1. Two single test results obtained defined by the test method. Bias, therefore, cannot be deter-
in two different laboratories, under normal test method mined.
procedures, that differ by more than the tabulated R (for any
given level) must be considered to have come from different or 16. Keywords
nonidentical sample populations. 16.1 chronograph; compression; creep; deflection; deforma-
15.8 Repeatability and reproducibility expressed as a per- tion; dynamic modulus; elevated temperature; hysterisis; initial
centage of the mean level, (r) and (R), have equivalent creep; kinetic energy; low temperature; mechanical oscillo-
application statements as 15.6 and 15.7 for r and R. For the (r) graph; point modulus; resilience; set; shear; static modulus;
and (R) statements, the difference in the two single test results strain; stress; subnormal temperature; tangent modulus; Yer-
is expressed as a percentage of the arithmetic mean of the two zley
test results.

ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.

This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or [email protected] (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222
Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http://www.copyright.com/

11