Culture, Society and Sexuality A Reader - 1st Edition

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First published 1999
by UCL press
Reprinted 2003
by Routledge
This edition published 2007
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 1999, 2007 selection and editorial matter, Richard Parker and Peter
Aggleton; individual chapters, the contributors

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006.

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All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
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publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Culture, society and sexuality: a reader/edited by Richard Parker and Peter Aggleton.–2nd ed.
p. cm.–(Sexuality, culture and health series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Sex. 2. Sex customs. 3. Heterosexuality. 4. Homosexuality. 5. Sexology.
6. AIDS (Disease) I. Parker, Richard G. (Richard Guy), 1956– II. Aggleton, Peter.
HQ21.C846 2007
306.7–dc22 2006021517

ISBN 0-203-96610-4 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN10: 0-415-40455-X (hbk)

ISBN10: 0-415-40456-8 (pbk)
ISBN10: 0-203-96610-4 (ebk)

ISBN13: 978-0-415-40455-6 (hbk)

ISBN13: 978-0-415-40456-3 (pbk)
ISBN13: 978-0-203-96610-5 (ebk)
For Vavá and Preecha
Contents

List of Figures x
List of Tables xi
Editors’ Note xii
Acknowledgements xiii

1 Introduction 1
RICHARD PARKER AND PETER AGGLETON

SECTION I
Culture, society and sexuality 13

PART 1
Conceptual frameworks 15

2 Sexual matters: On conceptualizing sexuality in history 17

ROBERT A. PADGUG

3 Sexual scripts 31
WILLIAM SIMON AND JOHN H. GAGNON

4 Anthropology rediscovers sexuality: A theoretical comment 41

CAROLE S. VANCE

PART 2
Gender and power 59

5 Gender as a useful category of historical analysis 61

JOAN WALLACH SCOTT

6 ‘Gender’ for a Marxist dictionary: The sexual politics of a word 82

DONNA J. HARAWAY

7 ‘That we should all turn queer?’: Homosexual stigma in the making of

manhood and the breaking of a revolution in Nicaragua 104
ROGER N. LANCASTER
viii Contents
PART 3
From gender to sexuality 123

8 Discourse, desire and sexual deviance: Some problems in a history of

homosexuality 125
JEFFREY WEEKS

9 Thinking sex: Notes for a radical theory of the politics of sexuality 150
GAYLE S. RUBIN

10 ‘The unclean motion of the generative parts’: Frameworks in

Western thought on sexuality 188
R. W. CONNELL AND GARY W. DOWSETT

PART 4
Sexual identities/sexual communities 207

11 Compulsory heterosexuality and lesbian existence 209

ADRIENNE RICH

12 The hijras of India: Cultural and individual dimensions of an

institutionalized third gender role 237
SERENA NANDA

13 Capitalism and gay identity 250

JOHN D’EMILIO

SECTION II
Sexual meanings, health and rights 259

PART 5
Gender, power and rights 261

14 Masculinities and globalization 263

R.W. CONNELL

15 Violence, sexuality, and women’s lives 275

LORI L. HEISE

16 Reproductive and sexual rights: A feminist perspective 298

SONIA CORRÊA AND ROSALIND PETCHESKY
 Contents ix
PART 6
Sexual categories and classifications 317

17 HIV, heroin and heterosexual relations 319

STEPHANIE KANE

18 An explosion of Thai identities: Global queering and re-imagining

queer theory 341
PETER A. JACKSON

19 Bhai-behen, true love, time pass: Friendships and sexual partnerships

among youth in an Indian metropolis 358
LEENA ABRAHAM

PART 7
Sexual negotiations and transactions 373

20 Masculinity and urban men: Perceived scripts for courtship,

romantic, and sexual interactions with women 375
DAVID WYATT SEAL AND ANKE A. EHRHARDT

21 Some traditional methods are more modern than others: Rhythm,

withdrawal and the changing meanings of sexual initimacy in
Mexican companionate marriage 397
JENNIFER HIRSCH AND CONSTANCE NATHANSON

22 Mobility, sexual networks and exchange among bodabodamen in

Southwest Uganda 411
STELLA NYANZI, BARBARA NYANZI, BESSIE KALINA AND ROBERT POOL

PART 8
Contemporary and future challenges 425

23 Gendered scripts and the sexual scene: Promoting sexual subjects

among Brazilian teenagers 427
VERA PAIVA

24 HIV- and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination: A conceptual

framework and implications for action 443
RICHARD PARKER AND PETER AGGLETON

25 Bracketing sexuality: Human rights and sexual orientation – A

decade of development and denial at the UN 459
IGNACIO SAIZ

Subject Index 481

Name Index 488
Figures

9.1 The sex hierarchy: the charmed circle vs. the outer limits 160
9.2 The sex hierarchy: the struggle over where to draw the line 161
17.1 Social categories of heterosexual sample in respect to drug use 329
18.1 Hypothesized transitions in phet categories 347
23.1 Schematic example of the use of the ‘sexual scene’ 437
Tables

15.1 Sex research paradigms 276

15.2 Prevalence of wife abuse, selected countries 279
15.3 Prevalence of rape among college-aged women 281
15.4 Percentage of women aged 20 to 24 who were married before the age of
fifteen, selected countries 282
15.5 Correlates of gender violence based on cross-cultural studies 292
17.1 Demographics of heterosexual sex partner sample 325
17.2 Non-intravenous drug use in a small heterosexual sample 326
17.3 Sex practices in a small heterosexual sample 326
17.4 Age and sexual relationships of a small heterosexual sample 327
19.1 Profile of students (survey data) 361
20.1 Sample characteristics (n = 100) 378
21.1 Current method use among life-history informants 401
Editors’ note

As in any collection that brings together previously published texts, one of the primary
challenges in preparing this book has lain in the task of systematizing often quite different
styles, notes and bibliographic references. Throughout the volume, we have sought to
preserve the originally published texts. We have tried to adapt notes and references to
conform to the style used in the Sexuality, Culture and Health series. When possible, we have
tried to update references and offer complete bibliographic information, though we regret that
we have not always been able to do so successfully. Whenever in doubt, however, we have
been guided by the authors’ originals, and have attempted, throughout, to stay true to the
authors’ intentions.
Acknowledgements

The second edition of Culture, Society and Sexuality draws on extensive work that went into the
first edition, which was carried out over a number of years, and on a number of different conti-
nents, with the assistance of a range of different individuals and institutions. We would particu-
larly like to thank Ana Paula Uziel, Juan Carlos de la Concepción, and Rita Rizzo at the Instituto
de Medicina Social, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Delia Easton, Charles Klein and
Chris White formerly of the HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, New York State
Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, and Paul Tyrer, Paula Hassett and Helen Thomas
formerly of the Thomas Coram Research Unit, Institute of Education, University of London, for
their help in preparing the manuscript. We would also like to thank the Ford Foundation and the
John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation for support to the Program on Gender, Sexuality
and Health at the Centro de Pesquisa e Estudos em Saúde Coletiva which made it possible to
initiate work on the book. For his extensive contributions to the revised edition, we would like to
thank Jonathan Garcia at the Center for Gender, Sexuality and Health in the Department of
Sociomedical Sciences of the Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University.
Special thanks as well to the authors and publishers who gave permission to reprint the
essays collected here:

• Robert Padgug and Cambridge University Press, for permission to reprint ‘Sexual
Matters: On Conceptualizing Sexuality in History’, Radical History Review, Vol. 20,
spring/summer, 1979.
• Transaction Books, for permission to republish William Simon and John Gagnon,
‘Sexual Scripts’, Society, Vol. 22, Issue 1, 1984.
• Carole S. Vance, for permission to republish ‘Anthropology Rediscovers Sexuality: A
Theoretical Comment’, Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 33, No. 8, 1991.
• Joan Scott, for permission to republish ‘Gender as a Useful Category of Historical Anal-
ysis’, American Historical Review, Vol. 91, No. 5, 1986.
• Donna J. Haraway, for permission to republish ‘“Gender” for a Marxist Dictionary: The
Sexual Politics of a Word’, from Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of
Nature, New York and London: Routledge, 1991.
• Roger N. Lancaster, for permission to republish ‘“That We Should All Turn Queer?”:
Homosexual Stigma in the Making of Manhood and the Breaking of a Revolution in Nica-
ragua’, from Conceiving Sexuality: Approaches to Sex Research in a Postmodern World,
Richard G. Parker and John H. Gagnon (eds), New York and London: Routledge, 1995.
• Jeffrey Weeks, for permission to republish ‘Discourse, Desire and Sexual Deviance:
Some Problems in a History of Homosexuality’, from The Making of the Modern Homo-
sexual, Kenneth Plummer (ed.), London: Hutchinson, 1981.
xiv Acknowledgements
• Gayle Rubin, for permission to republish ‘Thinking Sex: Notes for a Radical Theory of
the Politics of Sexuality’, from Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female Sexuality,
Carole S. Vance (ed.), Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1984.
• R.W. Connell, Gary W. Dowsett, and the Melbourne University Press, for permission
to republish ‘“The Unclean Motion of the Generative Parts”: Frameworks in Western
Thought on Sexuality’, from Rethinking Sex: Social Theory and Sexuality Research,
R.W. Connell and Gary W. Dowsett (eds), Melbourne: Melbourne University Press,
1992.
• Adrienne Rich, W.W. Norton & Company, and Virago Press, for permission to republish
‘Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence’, from Blood, Bread and Poetry:
Selected Prose 1979–1985, New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1986.
• Serena Nanda and the Haworth Press, for permission to republish ‘The Hijras of India:
Cultural and Individual Dimensions of an Institutionalized Third Gender Role’, Journal
of Homosexuality, Vol. 11, Nos 3/4, pp. 35–54, 1985.
• John D’Emilio and the Monthly Review Press, for permission to republish ‘Capitalism
and Gay Identity’, from Powers of Desire: The Politics of Sexuality, Ann Snitow, Chris-
tine Stansell and Sharon Thompson (eds), New York: Monthly Review Press, 1983.
• R.W. Connell, for permission to republish ‘Masculinities and Globalization’ from The
Men And The Boys, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 39–56, 2000.
• Lori L. Heise, for permission to republish ‘Violence, Sexuality, and Women’s Lives’
from Conceiving Sexuality: Approaches to Sex Research in a Postmodern World,
Richard G. Parker and John H. Gagnon (eds), New York: Routledge, 1995.
• Sonia Corrêa and Rosalind Petchesky, for permission to republish ‘Reproductive and
Sexual Rights: A Feminist Perspective’, from Population Policies Reconsidered:
Health, Empowerment, and Rights, Gita Sen, Adrienne Germain and Lincoln C. Chen
(eds), Boston: Harvard University Press, 1994.
• Elsevier Sciences Ltd., for permission to republish Stephanie Kane, ‘HIV, Heroin and
Heterosexual Relations’, Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 32, No. 9, 1991.
• Taylor & Francis, for permission to republish ’An Explosion of Thai Identities: Global
Queering and Re-Imagining Queer Theory’, Culture, Health & Sexuality, Vol. 2, No. 4,
pp. 405–24, 2000.
• Taylor & Francis, for permission to republish ‘Bhai-Behen, True Love, Time Pass:
Friendships and Sexual Partnerships among Youth in an Indian Metropolis’, Culture,
Health & Sexuality, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 337–53, 2002.
• Taylor & Francis, for permission to republish ‘Masculinity and Urban Men: Perceived
Scripts for Courtship, Romantic, and Sexual Interactions with Women’, Culture, Health
& Sexuality, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 295–319, 2003.
• Taylor & Francis, for permission to republish ’Some Traditional Methods Are More
Modern Than Others: Rhythm, Withdrawal and the Changing Meanings of Sexual Inti-
macy in Mexican Companionate Marriage’, Culture, Health & Sexuality, Vol. 3, No. 4,
pp. 295–319, 2001.
• Taylor & Francis, for permission to republish ‘Mobility, Sexual Networks and Exchange
among Bodabodamen in Southwest Uganda’, Culture, Health & Sexuality, Vol. 6, No. 3,
pp. 239–54, 2004.
• Vera Paiva, for permission to republish ‘Gendered Scripts and the Sexual Scene:
Promoting Sexual Subjects among Brazilian Teenagers’ in R. Parker, R.M. Barbosa and
P. Aggleton, Framing The Sexual Subject, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp.
216–39, 2000.
 Acknowledgements xv
• Elsevier Science Ltd., for permission to republish ‘HIV- and AIDS-Related Stigma and
Discrimination: A Conceptual Framework and Implications for Action’, Social Science
and Medicine, Vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 13–24, 2003.
• Ignacio Saiz and the François-Xavier Bagnoud Center for Health and Human Rights, for
permission to republish ‘Bracketing Sexuality: Human Rights and Sexual Orientation –
A Decade of Development and Denial at the UN’, Health and Human Rights, Vol. 7, No.
2, pp. 49–80, 2004.