lecture11_handout
lecture11_handout
2
Increasing and Decreasing Functions
Jiwen He
1 Review
1.1 Info
Test 1
Quiz 1
Quiz 1
Use 1 iteration of Newton’s method to approx. a solution to
x3 − 4x + 1 = 0
from a guess of x0 = 2.
a. 15/8
b. 17/8
c. 33/16
d. None of these
1
Theorem 1. If f is differentiable on the open interval (a, b) and continuous on
the closed interval [a, b], then there is at least one number c in (a, b) for which
f (b) − f (a)
f 0 (c) =
b−a
or equivalently
f (b) − f (a) = f 0 (c)(b − a).
2
Definition 3. • A function f is increasing on an interval I if
Sign of Derivative
3
Theorem 4. • A function f is increasing on an interval I if
– f is continuous and
– f 0 (x) > 0 at all but finitely many values in I.
– f is continuous and
– f 0 (x) < 0 at all but finitely many values in I.
Example
4
f (x) = x2 ,
0 <0 x<0
f (x) = 2x
> 0, x > 0
• f is continuous everywhere.
Example
5
1, x < 0
f (x) =
x, x ≥ 0
0, x<0
f 0 (x) =
1, x>0
• f has a discontinuity at x = 0.
Example
6
f (x) = x3 ,
• f is continuous everywhere.
• f is everywhere increasing.
Example
7
1, x rational
f (x) =
0, x irrational
• f is discontinuous everywhere.
• there is no interval where f is increasing or decreasing.
Example
8
p
f (x) = 1 − x2 ,
0 x > 0 −1 < x < 0
f (x) = − √
1 − x2 < 0, 0 < x < 1
• f is continuous on [-1,1].
Example
9
1
f (x) = ,
x
1
f 0 (x) = − <0
x2
• f is discontinuous at x = 0.
Example
10
4 5
f (x) = x − 3x4 − 4x3 + 22x2 − 24x + 6,
5
11
Example
Example
12
x3 ,
x<1
f (x) = 1
2 x + 2, x≥1
3x2 , x < 1
0
f (x) = 1
2, x>1
• f has a discontinuity at x = 1.
Example
13
1
f (x) = 2x + 2, x<1
3
x , x≥1
1
0
f (x) = 2, x<1
3x2 , x>1
• f has a discontinuity at x = 1.
14
Theorem 5.
f 0 (x) = g 0 (x), ∀x ∈ I
if and only if
f (x) = g(x) + C, ∀x ∈ I.
with C a constant .
15