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lecture11_handout

The document covers the Mean-Value Theorem and the concepts of increasing and decreasing functions. It includes definitions, theorems, and examples illustrating these mathematical principles. Additionally, it provides information on an upcoming test and a quiz related to the content.

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Jawad Baba
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
5 views15 pages

lecture11_handout

The document covers the Mean-Value Theorem and the concepts of increasing and decreasing functions. It includes definitions, theorems, and examples illustrating these mathematical principles. Additionally, it provides information on an upcoming test and a quiz related to the content.

Uploaded by

Jawad Baba
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

Lecture 11Section 4.1 Mean-Value Theorem Section 4.

2
Increasing and Decreasing Functions

Jiwen He

1 Review
1.1 Info
Test 1

• Test 1 - updated due to ike.

• October 7-9 in CASA

Quiz 1
Quiz 1
Use 1 iteration of Newton’s method to approx. a solution to

x3 − 4x + 1 = 0

from a guess of x0 = 2.

a. 15/8

b. 17/8

c. 33/16

d. None of these

2 Section 4.1 The Mean-Value Theorem


2.1 The Mean-Value Theorem
The Mean-Value Theorem

1
Theorem 1. If f is differentiable on the open interval (a, b) and continuous on
the closed interval [a, b], then there is at least one number c in (a, b) for which

f (b) − f (a)
f 0 (c) =
b−a
or equivalently
f (b) − f (a) = f 0 (c)(b − a).

2.2 Rolle’s Theorem


Rolle’s Theorem

Theorem 2. Let f be differentiable on the open interval (a, b) and continuous


on the closed interval [a, b]. If f (a) = f (b) = 0, then there is at least one number
c in (a, b) at which
f 0 (c) = 0.

3 Section 4.2 Increasing and Decreasing Func-


tions
3.1 Increasing and Decreasing Functions
Increasing and Decreasing Functions

2
Definition 3. • A function f is increasing on an interval I if

f (a) < f (b), ∀a, b ∈ I with a < b.

• A function f is decreasing on an interval I if

f (a) > f (b), ∀a, b ∈ I with a < b.

Sign of Derivative

3
Theorem 4. • A function f is increasing on an interval I if

– f is continuous and
– f 0 (x) > 0 at all but finitely many values in I.

• A function f is decreasing on an interval I if

– f is continuous and
– f 0 (x) < 0 at all but finitely many values in I.

Example

4
f (x) = x2 ,

0 <0 x<0
f (x) = 2x
> 0, x > 0

• f is continuous everywhere.

• f is decreasing on (−∞, 0], increasing on [0, ∞).

Example

5

1, x < 0
f (x) =
x, x ≥ 0

0, x<0
f 0 (x) =
1, x>0

• f has a discontinuity at x = 0.

• f is constant on (−∞, 0), increasing on [0, ∞).

Example

6
f (x) = x3 ,

f 0 (x) = 3x2 > 0

• f is continuous everywhere.

• f is everywhere increasing.

Example

7

1, x rational
f (x) =
0, x irrational
• f is discontinuous everywhere.
• there is no interval where f is increasing or decreasing.

Example

8
p
f (x) = 1 − x2 ,

0 x > 0 −1 < x < 0
f (x) = − √
1 − x2 < 0, 0 < x < 1

• f is continuous on [-1,1].

• f is increasing on [−1, 0], decreasing on [0, 1].

Example

9
1
f (x) = ,
x
1
f 0 (x) = − <0
x2
• f is discontinuous at x = 0.

• f is decreasing on (−∞, 0) and on (0, ∞).

Example

10
4 5
f (x) = x − 3x4 − 4x3 + 22x2 − 24x + 6,
5

f 0 (x) = 4(x + 2)(x − 1)2 (x − 3)


• f is continuous everywhere.
• f is increasing on (−∞, −2], decreasing on [−2, 3], and increasing on
[3, ∞).

11
Example

f (x) = x − 2 sin x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π,

f 0 (x) = 1 − 2 cos x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.

f 0 (x) = 0 at x = π/3, 5π/3.

• f is continuous on [0, 2π].

• f is decreasing on [0, π/3], increasing on [π/3, 5π/3], and decreasing on


[5π/3, 2π].

Example

12
x3 ,

x<1
f (x) = 1
2 x + 2, x≥1

3x2 , x < 1

0
f (x) = 1
2, x>1

• f has a discontinuity at x = 1.

• f is increasing on (−∞, 1) and on [1, ∞).

• Note that f is increasing on (−∞, ∞).

Example

13
1

f (x) = 2x + 2, x<1
3
x , x≥1

1

0
f (x) = 2, x<1
3x2 , x>1

• f has a discontinuity at x = 1.

• f is increasing on (−∞, 1) and on [1, ∞).

• Note that f is NOT increasing on (−∞, ∞).

3.2 Equality of Derivatives


Equality of Derivatives

14
Theorem 5.
f 0 (x) = g 0 (x), ∀x ∈ I
if and only if
f (x) = g(x) + C, ∀x ∈ I.
with C a constant .

15

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