Experiment no.

C program that demonstrates the declaration and initialization of variables

with different data types:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int age = 30; // Integer data type
float salary = 60000.50; // Floating-point data type
double pi = 3.14159265359; // floating-point data type
char initial = 'J'; // Character data type
char name[] = "John Doe"; // String data type (array of characters)
int isEmployed = 1; // Boolean data type (represented by 1 for true
and 0 for false)

// Printing the values of the variables

printf("Age: %d\n", age);
printf("Salary: %f\n", salary);
printf("Pi: %lf\n", pi);
printf("Initial: %c\n", initial);
printf("Name: %s\n", name);
printf("Is Employed: %d\n", isEmployed);

return 0;
}
Output:
Age: 30
Salary: 60000.500000
Pi: 3.141593
Initial: J
Name: John Doe
Is Employed: 1

#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a;
float b;
double c;
char d;
printf("Size of int=%lu bytes\n",sizeof(a));
printf("Size of float=%lu bytes\n",sizeof(b));
printf("Size of double=%lu bytes\n",sizeof(c));
printf("Size of char=%lu byte\n",sizeof(d));
}
Output:

Size of int = 4 bytes

Size of float = 4 bytes
Size of double = 8 bytes
Size of char = 1 byte
 Experiment no. 2
Implement arithmetic relational and logical operations in c programs and display the results

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a = 9,b = 4, c, result;

c = a+b; // Working of arithmetic operators

printf("a+b = %d \n",c);
c = a-b;
printf("a-b = %d \n",c);
c = a*b;
printf("a*b = %d \n",c);
c = a/b;
printf("a/b = %d \n",c);
c = a%b;
printf("Remainder when a divided by b = %d \n",c);

// Working of relational operators

printf("%d == %d is %d \n", a, b, a == b);
printf("%d == %d is %d \n", a, c, a == c);
printf("%d > %d is %d \n", a, b, a > b);
printf("%d > %d is %d \n", a, c, a > c);
printf("%d < %d is %d \n", a, b, a < b);
printf("%d < %d is %d \n", a, c, a < c);
printf("%d != %d is %d \n", a, b, a != b);
printf("%d != %d is %d \n", a, c, a != c);
printf("%d >= %d is %d \n", a, b, a >= b);
printf("%d >= %d is %d \n", a, c, a >= c);
printf("%d <= %d is %d \n", a, b, a <= b);
printf("%d <= %d is %d \n", a, c, a <= c);

// Working of logical operators

result = (a == b) && (c > b);
printf("(a == b) && (c > b) is %d \n", result);

result = (a == b) && (c < b);

printf("(a == b) && (c < b) is %d \n", result);

result = (a == b) || (c < b);

printf("(a == b) || (c < b) is %d \n", result);

result = (a != b) || (c < b);

printf("(a != b) || (c < b) is %d \n", result);

result = !(a != b);

printf("!(a != b) is %d \n", result);

result = !(a == b);

printf("!(a == b) is %d \n", result);
 return 0;
}

Output:

a+b = 13
a-b = 5
a*b = 36
a/b = 2
Remainder when a divided by b = 1
9 == 4 is 0
9 == 1 is 0
9 > 4 is 1
9 > 1 is 1
9 < 4 is 0
9 < 1 is 0
9 != 4 is 1
9 != 1 is 1
9 >= 4 is 1
9 >= 1 is 1
9 <= 4 is 0
9 <= 1 is 0
(a == b) && (c > b) is 0
(a == b) && (c < b) is 0
(a == b) || (c < b) is 1
(a != b) || (c < b) is 1
!(a != b) is 0
!(a == b) is 1
 Experiment no. 3
c program to demonstrate the use of conditional expression and explain the order of evaluation

#include <stdio.h>

void main() {
int a = 10;
int b = 20;
int max;

// Conditional expression to find the maximum of a and b

max = (a > b) ? a : b;

printf("The maximum value is: %d\n", max);

// Demonstrating order of evaluation with side effects

int x = 5;
int y = 10;
int result;

result = (x++ < y) ? x : y++;

printf("Result: %d, x: %d, y: %d\n", result, x, y);

Output:
The maximum value is: 20
Result: 6, x: 6, y: 10

Explanation:
 The condition (x++ < y) is evaluated. Because x is 5 and y is 10, the condition is
true. x is incremented to 6 as a side effect of the post-increment operator ++.
 Since the condition is true, the expression x (which is now 6) is evaluated, and its value
is assigned to result. y++ is not evaluated.
 The output shows result is 6, x is 6, and y remains 10, demonstrating that y++ was not
executed.
 Experiment no. 4
c program to demonstrate the use of assignment operator and evaluate expressions
involving them

#include <stdio.h>

void main() {
int a = 10;
int b = 5;
int c;

c = a;
printf("c = a: c = %d\n", c);

// Add and assign

a += b; // a = a + b
printf("a += b: a = %d\n", a);

a -= b; // a = a - b
printf("a -= b: a = %d\n", a);

a %= b; // a = a % b
printf("a %%= b: a = %d\n", a);

// Bitwise AND and assign

a &= b; // a = a & b
printf("a &= b: a = %d\n", a);

a |= b; // a = a | b
printf("a |= b: a = %d\n", a);

// Bitwise XOR and assign

a ^= b; // a = a ^ b
printf("a ^= b: a = %d\n", a);

a <<= 1; // a = a << 1
printf("a <<= 1: a = %d\n", a);

a >>= 1; // a = a >> 1
printf("a >>= 1: a = %d\n", a);
}
Output:
c = a: c = 10
a += b: a = 15
a -= b: a = 10
a %= b: a = 0
a &= b: a = 0
a |= b: a = 5
a ^= b: a = 0
a <<= 1: a = 0
a >>= 1: a = 0
 Experiment no. 5
Program to demonstrate if-else statement
#include <stdio.h>
void main() {
int number;
printf("Enter an integer: ");
scanf("%d", &number);

if (number > 0) {
printf("%d is a positive number.\n", number);
} else if (number < 0){
printf("%d is a negative number.\n", number);
} else {
printf("The number is zero.\n");
}
}
Enter an integer: 6
6 is a positive number.

Program to demonstrate switch-case statement

// Program to create a simple calculator

#include <stdio.h>
void main() {
char operation;
double n1, n2;

printf("Enter an operator (+, -, *, /): ");

scanf("%c", &operation);
printf("Enter two operands: ");
scanf("%lf %lf",&n1, &n2);
switch(operation)
{
case '+':
printf("%.1lf + %.1lf = %.1lf",n1, n2, n1+n2);
break;

case '-':
printf("%.1lf - %.1lf = %.1lf",n1, n2, n1-n2);
break;

case '*':
printf("%.1lf * %.1lf = %.1lf",n1, n2, n1*n2);
break;
 case '/':
printf("%.1lf / %.1lf = %.1lf",n1, n2, n1/n2);
break;

// operator doesn't match any case constant +, -, *, /

default:
printf("Error! operator is not correct");
}
}
Output:
Enter an operator (+, -, *, /): -
Enter two operands: 67 34
67.0 - 34.0 = 33.0

Program to demonstrate while loop

#include <stdio.h>
void main() {
int i = 1;

// The loop continues as long as i is less than or equal to 5

while (i <= 5) {
printf("Value of i: %d\n", i);
i++; // Increment i to avoid an infinite loop
}

printf("Loop finished.\n");
}
Output:
Value of i: 1
Value of i: 2
Value of i: 3
Value of i: 4
Value of i: 5
Loop finished.

Program to demonstrate do while loop

// Program to add numbers until the user enters zero
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
double number, sum = 0;

// the body of the loop is executed at least once

do {
printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%lf", &number);
 sum += number;
}
while(number != 0.0);

printf("Sum = %.2lf",sum);
}
Output:

Enter a number: 2
Enter a number: 5.3
Enter a number: 9
Enter a number: -84
Enter a number: 0
Sum = -67.70
Program to demonstrate for loop

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int i;

// This for loop will iterate 10 times

// The loop variable i is initialized to 0
// The loop continues as long as i is less than 10
// After each iteration, i is incremented by 1
for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
printf("Iteration number: %d\n", i + 1);
}

return 0;
}

Output:
Iteration number: 1
Iteration number: 2
Iteration number: 3
Iteration number: 4
Iteration number: 5
Iteration number: 6
Iteration number: 7
Iteration number: 8
Iteration number: 9
Iteration number: 10
 Experiment no. 6
c program to find factorial of a number
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int n, i;
unsigned long long fact = 1;
printf("Enter an integer: ");
scanf("%d", &n);

// shows error if the user enters a negative integer

if (n < 0)
printf("Error! Factorial of a negative number doesn't exist.");
else {
for (i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
fact =fact * i;
}
printf("Factorial of %d = %llu", n, fact);
}
}

Output:

Enter an integer: 5
Factorial of 5 = 120
 Experiment no. 7
c program to print fibonacci series
#include <stdio.h>
void main() {

int i, n;

// initialize first and second terms

int t1 = 0, t2 = 1;

// initialize the next term (3rd term)

int nextTerm = t1 + t2;

// get no. of terms from user

printf("Enter the number of terms: ");
scanf("%d", &n);

// print the first two terms t1 and t2

printf("Fibonacci Series: %d, %d, ", t1, t2);

// print 3rd to nth terms

for (i = 3; i <= n; ++i) {
printf("%d, ", nextTerm);
t1 = t2;
t2 = nextTerm;
nextTerm = t1 + t2;
}
}

Output:
Enter the number of terms: 9
Fibonacci Series: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21
 Experiment no. 8
Write a c program to initialize and display elements of a one-dimensional array

#include <stdio.h>

void main() {
// Initialize a one-dimensional integer array
int numbers[] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};

// Calculate the size of the array

int array_size = sizeof(numbers) / sizeof(numbers[0]);

printf("Elements of the array are:\n");

// Iterate through the array and print each element
for (int i = 0; i < array_size; i++) {
printf("Element at index %d: %d\n", i, numbers[i]);
}
}

Output:
Elements of the array are:
Element at index 0: 10
Element at index 1: 20
Element at index 2: 30
Element at index 3: 40
Element at index 4: 50
 Experiment no. 9
Write a c program to demonstrate the use of pointers to access elements of array

#include <stdio.h>

void main() {
int arr[] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
int *ptr;
int i;

ptr = arr; // ptr now points to the first element of arr

printf("Array elements accessed using pointers:\n");

for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
printf("Element %d: %d\n", i, *(ptr + i));
}

printf("\nArray elements accessed using pointer arithmetic:\n");

for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
printf("Element %d: %d\n", i, *ptr);
ptr++; // Move the pointer to the next element
}

Array elements accessed using pointers:

Element 0: 10
Element 1: 20
Element 2: 30
Element 3: 40
Element 4: 50

Array elements accessed using pointer arithmetic:

Element 0: 10
Element 1: 20
Element 2: 30
Element 3: 40
Element 4: 50
 Experiment no. 10
Write a c program to demonstrate the use of pointers to access elements of array
#include<stdio.h>
void swap(int *x,int *y)
{
int t;
t = *x;
*x = *y;
*y = t;
}
int main()
{
int num1,num2;

printf("Enter value of num1: ");

scanf("%d",&num1);
printf("Enter value of num2: ");
scanf("%d",&num2);

//displaying numbers before swapping

printf("Before Swapping: num1 is: %d, num2 is: %d\n",num1,num2);

//calling the user defined function swap()

swap(&num1,&num2);

//displaying numbers after swapping

printf("After Swapping: num1 is: %d, num2 is: %d\n",num1,num2);

return 0;
}
Output:

Enter value of num1: 7

Enter value of num2: 9
Before Swapping: num1 is: 7, num2 is: 9
After Swapping: num1 is: 9, num2 is: 7
 Experiment no 11
Structure Program for Student Details in C
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h> // For string operations

struct Student {
char name[50]; // Student's name (maximum 49 characters + null
terminator)
int rollNumber; // Roll number
float marks; // Marks (e.g., total marks, GPA)
int age; // Age
char address[100]; // Address
};
void main() {
struct Student student1; // Create a variable of type Student

printf("Enter student name: ");

scanf("%s", student1.name); // Use %s for reading strings

printf("Enter roll number: ");

scanf("%d", &student1.rollNumber);

printf("Enter marks: ");

scanf("%f", &student1.marks);

printf("Enter age: ");

scanf("%d", &student1.age);

printf("Enter address: ");

scanf(" %[^\n]", student1.address);
// Display the student details
printf("\nStudent Details:\n");
printf("Name: %s\n", student1.name);
printf("Roll Number: %d\n", student1.rollNumber);
printf("Marks: %.2f\n", student1.marks);
printf("Age: %d\n", student1.age);
printf("Address: %s\n", student1.address);

}
Enter student name: abc
Enter roll number: 11
Enter marks: 95.63
Enter age: 17
Enter address: zyz

Student Details:
Name: abc
Roll Number: 11
Marks: 95.63
Age: 17
Address: zyz
 Experiment no 12
Program to read data from text file and write the results to another file

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main() {
FILE *inputFile, *outputFile;
char ch;
char inputFileName[100], outputFileName[100];

printf("Enter the name of the input file: ");

scanf("%s", inputFileName);
printf("Enter the name of the output file: ");
scanf("%s", outputFileName);

inputFile = fopen(inputFileName, "r");

if (inputFile == NULL) {
perror("Error opening input file");
return 1;
}

outputFile = fopen(outputFileName, "w");

if (outputFile == NULL) {
perror("Error opening output file");
fclose(inputFile);
return 1;
}

while ((ch = fgetc(inputFile)) != EOF) {

fputc(ch, outputFile);
}

printf("File copied successfully.\n");

fclose(inputFile);
fclose(outputFile);
}

Output:
Enter the name of the input file: abc
Enter the name of the output file: xyz
Error opening input file: No such file or directory