3.
Metallurgy 2
Anupam Gupta
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Anupam Gupta
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Metallurgy 2
Anupam Gupta
Revision: Four steps of extraction
Pulverization
Concentration or Dressing
Isolation (Reduction)
Purification or Refining
Concentration or Dressing
Physical Chemical
Principles: Principles:
1. Density 1. Chemical Reactivity
1. Magnetic Property
1. Adsorption
Chemical Method : Leaching
● Leaching : When ore is soluble in some suitable solvent like acids, bases etc.
● Used for Al ore, Ag ore, Au ore, low grade copper ore.
Leaching of Alumina from Bauxite: Bayer’s Method
● Major Impurity : Fe2O3
● Minor Impurity : SiO2
● Al2O3 + Fe2O3 + SiO2 + NaOH→
Leaching of Alumina from Bauxite: Serpeck’s Method
● Major Impurity : SiO2
● Minor Impurity : Fe2O3
● Al2O3 + 3C + N2 ⟶ SiO2 + 2C ⟶
Leaching of Ag & Au: MacArthur Forrest Process/ Cyanide Process
● M + NaCN + H2O + O2 ⟶
Four steps of extraction
1. Pulverization
1. Concentration or Dressing
Reduction Metallurgy:
1. Isolation (Reduction) Pyro
Electro
Hydro
1. Purification or Refining
Pyrometallurgy
● 2 steps:
Conversion to oxide
Reduction of the oxide
i. Calcination ii. Roasting
Pyrometallurgy: Conversion to Oxide
Metallurgy
Conversion to oxide
Pyrometallurgy
Reduction of oxide to the metal
Pyrometallurgy
Thermodynamic Principles of metallurgy
ΔG of Reactions
Pyrometallurgy
Thermodynamic Principles of metallurgy
ΔG on Addition of two reactions
Pyrometallurgy : Ellingham Diagram
● Use: predicting the feasibility of thermal reduction of an ore.
● Gibbs Free Energy vs Temperature Graph for oxide formation with 1 mole O2
Pyrometallurgy : Ellingham Diagram
In principle, when the plot of one metal lies
below that of another, the first metal is
capable of reducing the oxide of the second.
Pyrometallurgy : Ellingham Diagram
The correct statement regarding the given Ellingham diagram is
[2019]
A. At 800°C, Cu can be used for the extraction of Zn from ZnO
B. At 1400°C, Al can be used for the extraction of Zn from ZnO
C. At 500°C, coke can be used for the extraction of Zn from ZnO
D. Coke cannot be used for the extraction of Cu from Cu2O
Features of Ellingham Diagram
At 27°C the order of reducing ability is parallel to
standard electrode potential.
Each plot is a straight line except when
some change in phase (s → liq or liq → g)
takes place.
When G>0, MxO will decompose on its own.
Features of Ellingham Diagram
Similar diagrams are also constructed for sulfides and halides and it becomes clear why
reductions of MxO is difficult. There, the ΔfGθ of MxS is not compensated.
Limitations of Ellingham Diagram
Determines feasibility only.
It does not tell about the kinetics of the reduction process.
The interpretation of ΔGθ is based on K (ΔGθ = -RT Ink).
It is presumed that the reactants and products are equilibrium.
If carbon is taken, there may also be complete oxidation of the element to CO2
According to Ellingham diagram, the oxidation reaction of carbon to carbon
monoxide may be used to reduce which one of the following oxides at the
lowest temperature?
A. Al2O3
B. Cu2O
C. MgO
D. ZnO
Which of the following condition favours the reduction of a metal oxide to metal?
A. ΔH = +ve, TΔS = +ve at low temperature
B. ΔH = +ve, TΔS = -ve at any temperature
C. ΔH = -ve, TΔS = -ve at high temperature
D. ΔH = -ve, TΔS = +ve at any temperature
Ellingham diagram normally consists of plots of
A. ΔSo vs T
B. ΔfGo vs ΔSo
C. ΔGo vs T
D. ΔHo vs ΔT
ΔGo vs T plot in the Ellingham’s diagram slopes downward for the reaction
A. Mg + ½ O2 ⟶ MgO
B. 2Ag + ½ O2 ⟶ Ag2O
C. C + ½ O2 ⟶ CO
D. CO + ½ O2 ⟶ CO2
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