STR 500 5

REGIONAL
STEER

DRO 600 9
REGIONAL
DRIVE

TRR 700 13
REGIONAL
TRAILER

DRM 600 17
LONG-HAUL
DRIVE

APR 800 21
REGIONAL
ALL-POSITION

DRC 600 25
LONG-HAUL
DRIVE

APM 800 29
MIXED SERVICE
ALL-POSITION

APM 900 33
MIXED SERVICE
ALL-POSITION

WARRANTY 37

MAINTENANCE GUIDE 41
STR 500 REGIONAL STEER
MICRO-SIPES
Micro sipes located in the
groove walls can reduce
irregular tire wear.

KTM#6 is a tread ZIG-ZAG TRACTION GROOVES

compound that provides Zig-zag grooves help
well-balanced performance increase traction in new
with an emphasis on low and worn tire conditions.
rolling resistance for
excellent fuel economy.

5-RIB PATTERN
The five-rib design
ensures even wear and
improves handling.

SHOULDER LUGS
Shoulder lugs
minimize irregular
tread wear and
extend tire life.

TECHNOLOGY FOR THE DRIVE

PRODUCT CATALOG STR 500 REGIONAL / STEER 5

STR 500 MIXED SERVICE ALL-POSITION

SPEED TIRE TIRE

ARTICLE LOAD LOAD PLY RIM WIDTH TREAD MAX LOAD MAX
SIZE RATING WEIGHT SECTION OUTSIDE
NUMBER INDEX RANGE RATING RANGE DEPTH SINGLE DUAL INFLATION
(MPH) WIDTH DIAMETER
inches 32nds lbs lbs psi lbs inches inches

838124 11R22.5 144/142 G 14 M (81 mph) 7.50-8.25 17 6175 5840 105 112.2 11.0 41.5

838193 11R24.5 146/143 G 14 M (81 mph) 7.50-8.25 17 6610 6005 105 121.0 11.0 43.5

838391 285/75R24.5 144/141 G 14 M (81 mph) 7.50-8.25-9.00 17 6175 5675 110 113.5 11.1 41.3

838476 295/75R22.5 146/143 H 16 L (75 mph) 8.25-9.00 17 6610 6005 120 109.3 11.7 39.9

838483 295/75R22.5 144/141 G 14 L (75 mph) 8.25-9.00 17 6175 5675 110 109.3 11.7 39.9

STR 500 REGIONAL STEER PRODUCT CATALOG STR 500 REGIONAL / STEER 7
DRO 600 REGIONAL DRIVE
EXTRA WIDE TREAD
Thanks to a higher
number of gripping
edges, the drive axle
traction is improved.

KTM#6 is a tread NEW BLOCK DESIGN

compound that provides The new block design
well-balanced performance decreases wear by
with an emphasis on low reducing the ground
rolling resistance for contact area for
excellent fuel economy. significantly increased
mileage performance.

MULTIPLE GRIP EDGES

A higher number of
gripping edges improves
the drive axle traction

OPEN SHOULDER DESIGN

Open shoulder design
promotes exceptional
traction

TECHNOLOGY FOR THE DRIVE

PRODUCT CATALOG DRO 600 REGIONAL / DRIVE 9

DRO 600
SPEED TIRE TIRE
ARTICLE LOAD LOAD PLY TREAD MAX LOAD MAX
SIZE RATING RIM WIDTH RANGE WEIGHT SECTION OUTSIDE
NUMBER INDEX RANGE RATING DEPTH SINGLE DUAL INFLATION
(MPH) WIDTH DIAMETER
inches 32nds lbs lbs psi lbs inches inches

838117 11R22.5 146/143 H 16 M (81 mph) 7.50-8.25 27 6610 6005 120 122.8 11.0 41.9

838186 11R24.5 149/146 H 16 M (81 mph) 7.50-8.25 27 7160 6610 120 132.1 11.0 43.9

838278 225/70R19.5 128/126 G 14 M (81 mph) 6.00-6.75-6.75RW 17 3970 3750 110 65.9 9.0 31.9

838322 245/70R19.5 135/133 H 16 M (81 mph) 6.75-7.50-7.50RW 17 4805 4540 120 78.3 9.8 33.0

838384 285/75R24.5 144/141 G 14 M (81 mph) 7.50-8.25-9.00 27 6175 5675 110 123.0 11.1 41.8

838452 295/75R22.5 146/143 H 16 L (75 mph) 8.25-9.00 27 6610 6005 120 120.1 11.7 40.4

838469 295/75R22.5 144/141 G 14 L (75 mph) 8.25-9.00 27 6175 5675 110 120.0 11.7 40.4

DRO 600 REGIONAL DRIVE PRODUCT CATALOG DRO 600 REGIONAL / DRIVE 11
TRR 700 REGIONAL TRAILER
RESISTANT INNER GROOVES
Inner grooves provide
optimal resistance against
stone retention

KTM#6 is a tread SMART GROOVES

compound that provides A combination of
well-balanced performance straight and curved
with an emphasis on low grooves protects the
rolling resistance for casing and prevents
excellent fuel economy. stones from lodging in
the tread

OPTIMIZED FOOTPRINT
Designed for uniform
tread wear, optimizing
carbon footprint and
prolonging the life of
the tire

WIDE SHOULDER DESIGN

Wide, solid shoulder
design improves
mileage and handling

TECHNOLOGY FOR THE DRIVE

PRODUCT CATALOG TRR 700 REGIONAL / TRAILER 13

TRR 700
SPEED TIRE TIRE
ARTICLE LOAD LOAD PLY RIM WIDTH TREAD MAX LOAD MAX
SIZE RATING WEIGHT SECTION OUTSIDE
NUMBER INDEX RANGE RATING RANGE DEPTH SINGLE DUAL INFLATION
(MPH) WIDTH DIAMETER
inches 32nds lbs lbs psi lbs inches inches

838131 11R22.5 144/142 G 14 M (81 mph) 7.50-8.25 13 6175 5840 105 104.7 11.0 41.5

838209 11R24.5 146/143 G 14 M (81 mph) 7.50-8.25 13 6610 6005 105 113.1 11.0 43.5

838407 285/75R24.5 144/141 G 14 M (81 mph) 7.50-8.25-9.00 13 6175 5675 110 105.4 11.1 41.3

838490 295/75R22.5 144/141 G 14 L (75 mph) 8.25- 9.00 13 6175 5675 110 99.2 11.7 39.9

TRR 700 REGIONAL TRAILER PRODUCT CATALOG TRR 700 REGIONAL / TRAILER 15
DRM 600 MIXED SERVICE DRIVE
ON OFF-ROAD PERFORMANCE
Innovative tread pattern for
outstanding traction and
excellent on and off-road
wear performance

KTM#4 is a tread TRACTION DESIGN

compound that provides Deep tread design
well-balanced performance for long life and
with an emphasis on outstanding traction
cut & chip resistance for
on/off-road use.

GRIPPER EDGES
Optimized scored edges
for optimal off road grip,
minimizingstone retention

DIMENSIONAL TREAD
Wide tread dimension
promotes high
performance both on/off
and asphalt surfacesto
provide better mileage

TECHNOLOGY FOR THE DRIVE

PRODUCT CATALOG DRM 600 MIXED SERVICE / DRIVE 17

DRM 600
SPEED TIRE TIRE
ARTICLE LOAD LOAD PLY TREAD MAX LOAD MAX
SIZE RATING RIM WIDTH RANGE WEIGHT SECTION OUTSIDE
NUMBER INDEX RANGE RATING DEPTH SINGLE DUAL INFLATION
(MPH) WIDTH DIAMETER
inches 32nds lbs lbs psi lbs inches inches

838162 11R22.5 146/143 H 16 K 8.25 28 6610 6005 120 11.0 41.9

838247 11R24.5 149/146 H 16 K 8.25 28 7160 6610 120 11.0 43.9

DRM 600 MIXED SERVICE DRIVE PRODUCT CATALOG DRM 600 MIXED SERVICE / DRIVE 19
APR 800 REGIONAL ALL-POSITION
4 WIDE GROOVES
The 4 wide and straight
grooves effectively
evacuate water, enhancing
wet traction and driving
confidence

KTM#5 is a tread 5-RIB PATTERN

compound that provides The 5-rib pattern with
well-balanced performance straight grooves promotes
with an emphasis on even wear and improved
high wear resistance for rolling resistance
improved mileage and
low rolling resistance for
excellent fuel economy.
WAVE DESIGN
Wave design within a
straight groove wall
helps prevent stone
entrapment and improves
tread pattern stiffness,
ensuring on-road stability

EVEN WEAR SIPES

Micro-sipes are used
to relieve tire shoulder
pressure and prevent
uneven wear.

TECHNOLOGY FOR THE DRIVE

PRODUCT CATALOG APR 800 REGIONAL / ALL-POSITION 21

APR 800
SPEED TIRE TIRE
ARTICLE LOAD LOAD PLY TREAD MAX LOAD MAX
SIZE RATING RIM WIDTH RANGE WEIGHT SECTION OUTSIDE
NUMBER INDEX RANGE RATING DEPTH SINGLE DUAL INFLATION
(MPH) WIDTH DIAMETER
inches 32nds lbs lbs psi lbs inches inches

838148 11R22.5 146/143 H 16 M (81 mph) 7.50-8.25 17 6610 6005 120 112.2 11.0 41.5

838216 11R24.5 149/146 H 16 M (81 mph) 7.50-8.25 17 7160 6610 120 121.0 11.0 43.5

838261 215/75R17.5 135/133 H 16 L (75 mph) 6.00-6.75 15 4805 4540 123 58.9 8.3 30.2

838285 225/70R19.5 128/126 G 14 M (81 mph) 6.00-6.75-6.75RW 17 3970 3750 110 65.5 8.9 31.9

838292 235/75R17.5 143/141 J 18 L (75 mph) 6.75-7.50 15 6005 5675 127 60.8 9.2 31.4

838308 245/70R17.5 143/141 J 18 K (68 mph) 6.75-7.50 15 6005 5675 130 63.9 9.8 31.0

838315 245/70R19.5 135/133 H 16 M (81 mph) 6.75-7.50-7.50RW 17 4805 4540 120 72.3 9.8 33.0

838339 255/70R22.5 140/137 H 16 M (81 mph) 6.75-7.50-8.25 17 5510 5070 120 85.3 10.0 36.6

838414 285/75R24.5 144/141 G 14 M (81 mph) 7.50-8.25-9.00 17 6175 5675 110 113.5 11.1 41.3

838421 295/75R22.5 144/141 G 14 L (75 mph) 8.25-9.00 17 6175 5675 110 109.3 11.7 39.9

838506 295/75R22.5 146/143 H 16 M (81 mph) 8.25-9.00 17 6610 6005 120 109.3 11.7 39.9

838520 315/80R22.5 157/154 L 20 M (81 mph) 9.00-9.75 18 9090 8270 130 130.3 12.3 42.4

APR 800 REGIONAL ALL-POSITION PRODUCT CATALOG APR 800 REGIONAL / ALL-POSITION 23
DRC 600 LONG-HAUL DRIVE
OPTIMIZED TREAD PATTERN
The optimized pattern block
design improves tread
damage resistance

KTM#6 is a tread CONTINUOUS SHOULDER DESIGN

compound that provides A continuous shoulder design
well-balanced performance improves tread stability,
with an emphasis on low prevents irregular wear, and
rolling resistance for reduces rolling resistance
excellent fuel economy.

DEEP TRACTION GROOVES

Deep grooves in the traction
pattern ensure better
driving performance and
prolong the life of the tire

ANTI-HEAT SHOULDER LUGS

Shoulder lugs reduce
heat produced by road
contact and prolong the
life of the tread

TECHNOLOGY FOR THE DRIVE

PRODUCT CATALOG DRC 600 LONG-HAUL / DRIVE 25

DRC 600
SPEED TIRE TIRE
ARTICLE LOAD LOAD PLY RIM WIDTH TREAD MAX LOAD MAX
SIZE RATING WEIGHT SECTION OUTSIDE
NUMBER INDEX RANGE RATING RANGE DEPTH SINGLE DUAL INFLATION
(MPH) WIDTH DIAMETER
inches 32nds lbs lbs psi lbs inches inches

838100 11R22.5 146/143 H 16 M (81 mph) 7.50-8.25 27 6610 6005 120 122.1 11.0 41.9

838223 11R24.5 149/146 H 16 M (81 mph) 7.50-8.25 27 7160 6610 120 131.4 11.0 43.9

838377 285/75R24.5 144/141 G 14 M (81 mph) 7.50-8.25-9.00 27 6175 5675 110 124.1 11.1 41.8

838438 295/75R22.5 146/143 H 16 L (75 mph) 8.25-9.00 27 6610 6005 120 119.9 11.7 40.3

838445 295/75R22.5 144/141 G 14 L (75 mph) 8.25-9.00 27 6175 5675 110 119.9 11.7 40.3

DRC 600 LONG-HAUL DRIVE PRODUCT CATALOG DRC 600 LONG-HAUL / DRIVE 27
APM 800 MIXED SERVICE ALL-POSITION
CONTINUOUS SHOULDER DESIGN
Continuous shoulder design
combats tread squirm for
long tread life.

KTM#4 is a tread STONE EJECTORS

compound that provides Stone rejector platforms
well-balanced performance help protect belts from
with an emphasis on potential damage.
cut & chip resistance for
on/off-road use.

MULTIPLE GRIPPING
ANGLES
Multiple gripping angles
provide biting edges that
help promote wet traction.

VARIABLE PITCH
Tread designed with variable pitch
noise treatment to help deliver
a quiet ride and help to improve
durability and traction.

TECHNOLOGY FOR THE DRIVE

PRODUCT CATALOG APM 800 MIXED SERVICE / ALL-POSITION 29

APM 800
SPEED TIRE TIRE
ARTICLE LOAD LOAD PLY TREAD MAX LOAD MAX
SIZE RATING RIM WIDTH RANGE WEIGHT SECTION OUTSIDE
NUMBER INDEX RANGE RATING DEPTH SINGLE DUAL INFLATION
(MPH) WIDTH DIAMETER
inches 32nds lbs lbs psi lbs inches inches

838155 11R22.5 146/143 H 16 N (87 mph) 7.50-8.25 17 6610 6005 120 116.6 11.0 41.5

838230 11R24.5 149/146 H 16 N (87 mph) 7.50-8.25 17 7160 6610 120 124.8 11.0 43.5

838346 255/70R22.5 140/137 H 16 N (87 mph) 6.75-7.50-8.25 17 5510 5070 120 85.8 10.0 36.6

838360 275/70R22.5 148/145 J 18 N (87 mph) 7.50-8.25 17 6940 6395 130 108.0 10.9 37.7

838513 315/80R22.5 157/154 L 20 N (87 mph) 9.00-9.75 20 9090 8270 130 144.8 12.3 42.4

838537 385/65R22.5 160 L 20 M (81 mph) 11.75-12.25 19 9920 / 130 150.1 15.3 42.2

838544 425/65R22.5 165 L 20 N (87 mph) 12.25-13.00-14.00 21 11400 / 120 202.8 16.6 44.3

APM 800 MIXED SERVICE ALL-POSITION PRODUCT CATALOG APM 800 MIXED SERVICE / ALL-POSITION 31
APM 900 MIXED SERVICE ALL-POSITION
4-RIB DESIGN
Rugged 4-rib design with
special groove shape is
designed to combat stone
retention for longer mileage
and tread life

KTM#4 is a tread RUGGED SHOULDER LUGS

compound that provides Shoulder lugs provide grip
well-balanced performance and reduce the tread heat,
with an emphasis on prolonging the life of the tire
cut & chip resistance for
on/off-road use.

GROOVE PROTECTORS
V-Channels and groove
bottom protectors defend
the casing against stone
retention and stone-drilling

ZIG-ZAG GROOVE DESIGN

Zig-zag groove
design enables true
all-position use

TECHNOLOGY FOR THE DRIVE

PRODUCT CATALOG APM 900 MIXED SERVICE / ALL-POSITION 33

APM 900
SPEED TIRE TIRE
ARTICLE LOAD LOAD PLY TREAD MAX LOAD MAX
SIZE RATING RIM WIDTH RANGE WEIGHT SECTION OUTSIDE
NUMBER INDEX RANGE RATING DEPTH SINGLE DUAL INFLATION
(MPH) WIDTH DIAMETER
inches 32nds lbs lbs psi lbs inches inches

838179 11R22.5 146/143 H 16 N (87 mph) 7.50-8.25 17 6610 6005 120 115.7 11.0 41.5

838254 11R24.5 149/146 H 16 N (87 mph) 7.50-8.25 17 7160 6610 120 124.8 11.0 43.5

838353 255/70R22.5 140/137 H 16 N (87 mph) 6.75-7.50-8.25 17 5510 5070 120 85.8 10.0 36.6

APM 900 MIXED SERVICE ALL-POSITION PRODUCT CATALOG APM 900 MIXED SERVICE / ALL-POSITION 35
 AVANTECH TRUCK/BUS RADIAL (TBR) & No Charge Adjustment
An Avantech Truck/Bus Radial (TBR) or Light Truck Commercial (LTC) tire accepted for warranty credit during the first 2/32”
AVANTECH COMMERCIAL TIRE (LTC) WARRANTY (1.6mm) of treadwear or 12 months from date of purchase, whichever occurs first, will be replaced on a no-charge basis.
During this wear period, tires will be mounted and balanced free of charge. Federal Excise Tax (FET) will not be collected
Avantech Truck/Bus Radial (TBR) and Light Truck Commercial (LTC) WARRANTY TERMS on a no-charge adjustment. Other service charges, such as tire rotation and wheel alignment are payable by the customer.

TRUCK & BUS TIRES Prorated Adjustment

This limited warranty/adjustment policy provides coverage for tire replacement under certain specified conditions. This For all other warrantable conditions, an Avantech Truck/Bus Radial (TBR) or Light Truck Commercial (LTC) tire will be replaced
policy applies to tires used in normal highway service displaying warrantable conditions. Tires that become unserviceable or on a prorated basis. The customer will receive credit toward the purchase of the new tire by multiplying the percentage of the
wear out because of neglect or mistreatment are excluded from Avantech Truck/Bus Radial (TBR) and Light Truck Commercial tread depth remaining by the dealer’s current selling price of the new comparable Avantech Truck/Bus (TBR) or Light Truck
(LTC) warranty coverage. Commercial (LTC) tire at the time of replacement service, but never less than the casing credit listed in the Special Casing
This limited warranty applies to the original purchaser of any new tire manufactured by Avantech, bearing Department of Warranty (see the example above, under the Warranty Eligibility section). The customer pays full Federal Excise Tax (FET)
Transportation prescribed identification numbers (DOT numbers). Eligible tires shall be used on the vehicle on which they applicable to the comparable new Avantech Truck/Bus TBR or Light Truck Commercial (LTC) tire plus all mounting, balancing
were originally installed according to the vehicle manufacturer’s recommendation. This warranty applies if all the following and other service charges.
qualification requirements are met: WHAT THIS WARRANTY DOES NOT COVER
• The tires were purchased after September 1st, 2021. Tires that have become unserviceable for the following reasons:
• The tire is a size, load rating, and speed rating equal to or greater than that recommended by the vehicle manufacturer. • R oad hazard injuries or damage caused to the tire by obstacles and debris, such as cuts, punctures (whether repairable
• T he tire has not become unserviceable due to a condition listed under WHAT THIS WARRANTY DOES NOT COVER or not), snags, bruises, tears, or impact breaks
section below. • Accident, wreck, vandalism, corrosion, theft, fire, or damage caused by nature
• Improper inflation, overloading, high-speed spinouts, misapplication, misuse, negligence, racing, chain damage, improper
WHAT IS COVERED UNDER THIS WARRANTY AND FOR HOW LONG? balance, wrong wheel sizing, improper mounting or demounting, or other maintenance abuses
• Improper mounting/dismounting procedures or tire/wheel assembly balance
WARRANTY ELIGIBILITY
• Improper application of tire size and/or specification
This warranty applies to every Avantech Truck/Bus Radial (TBR) and Light Truck Commercial (LTC) tire bearing an Avantech
• Improper repairs or repairs that have failed
Truck/Bus Radial (TBR) or Light Truck Commercial (LTC) brand name and complete D.O.T. serial identification number operated
• Mechanical irregularities in the vehicle or wheel, such as bent wheel assemblies, misalignment, and worn or faulty
in normal highway use in the United States. Eligible tires must be on the vehicle on which they were originally installed, in
components
conformance with the vehicle manufacturer’s recommendations. This warranty applies only to the original tire purchaser,
• Damage caused because tires were used for racing or other competitive events, or off-roading when they were not
and is not transferable to any other party. Tires are covered by this warranty for the life of the original usable tread down to
intended for such applications
the tread depth indicators molded at 2/32” (1.6mm), not to exceed five years (60 months) from the date of purchase or date of
• Instances of ride disturbance due to damaged wheels or any vehicle condition
manufacture if proof of purchase is not made available.
• Tire was intentionally altered after leaving the factory
Replacement warranty applies if tires become unserviceable due to a defect in workmanship or material during the first • Weather checking/cracking or failures resulting from climate conditions on tires purchased more than four years (48
2/32nd” of the original tread depth. The defective tire will be replaced with a comparable new Avantech manufactured tire months) prior to a warranty claim (if proof of purchase is not provided, the D.O.T. serial number might be an eligible
by an Avantech Truck/Bus Radial (TBR) authorized tire dealer. Tires with quality problems related to appearance before use substitute at the discretion of Avantech Tires)
will be reimbursed for the full FOB price.
ADDITIONAL EXCLUSIONS
The warranty period is limited to a maximum of five years (60 months) from the date of manufacture based on DOT. Tires that
• T ires that have been altered or have had material added after leaving an Avantech Truck/Bus Radial (TBR) or Light Truck
have become unserviceable as a result of any inherent deficiency relating to workmanship or material shall be compensated
Commercial (LTC) tire manufacturing plant, such as fillers, sealants, balancing substances, or materials of any kind.
in value according to the FOB price based on the percentage of tread depth remaining more than the tread wear indicator (or
Additionally, tires that have had external tire treatments, including but not limited to not limited to: tread siping, shaving,
“TWI”, which indicates 1.6 mm tread remaining), as shown in the following example:
carving, regrooving, white sidewall inlay, or applying materials or treatments to the tread surface. If the material or
EXAMPLE: treatment is the cause of a failure, vibration, or ride disturbance, the tire will not be accepted for warranty or mileage
New tire tread depth is 10mm, TWI is 1.6mm, remaining tread depth is 6.3mm, FOB cost is USD $200.00 warranty credit.
• T ires submitted for ride disturbance complaints after 2/32” (1.6mm) of treadwear or 12 months from the date of purchase
Compensation = FOB price x (Remaining Tread depth - TWI) / New tire tread depth • T ires on vehicles registered or operated outside of the United States (refer to applicable Avantech Truck/Bus Radial
= USD $200 x (3.6mm - 1.6mm) / 10mm (TBR) and Light Truck Commercial (LTC) warranty policies for the country of operation)
= USD $200 x 0.2 • T ires not sold in the United States by AVANTECH Tire USA
= USD $40 • T ires branded by Avantech to note special classification at time of purchase, such as “NA” (non-adjustable), or
Unless eligible for No Charge Adjustment (detailed below), any applicable taxes or fees, mounting cost, balancing cost, “blemished” or tires altered by notching or buffing
and any charges by the dealer are not covered by the warranty policy from the manufacturer. The buyer shall pay for • Previously adjusted tires
mounting, balancing, and an amount equal to the full, current Federal Excise Tax and any other applicable taxes and fees • Tires transferred from one vehicle to another
for the comparable new tire. Any claims shall always be assessed by an Avantech Truck/Bus Radial (TBR) technician or by • Tires that have been improperly stored
technicians designated by Avantech Truck/Bus Radial (TBR). Additionally, loss of time and use of vehicle, inconvenience, and/or incidental or consequential damage are not covered.
ADJUSTMENT POLICY

36 WARRANTY WARRANTY 37
 This limited warranty is applicable only in the United States, Canada, and Mexico, and any tire used or equipped on a vehicle • T ires submitted for hidden conditions must be or have been using a non-destructive tire casing analyzer prior to any
registered or operated outside the U.S., Canada, and Mexico are not covered by this warranty. retreading and be so identified.
Truck tires designated by an Avantech TBR Truck/Bus or Light Truck Commercial (LTC) as approved for and used in on/off
AVANTECH FIVE-YEAR CASING WARRANTY
highway applications are eligible for warranty consideration if they display warrantable conditions.
All AVANTECH casings will be warranted for workmanship and materials through the first retread for a period of five years
from the manufactured date indicated in the DOT number. What is Warranted and for How Long?
If an authorized AVANTECH dealer examines the casing and finds such a defect, AVANTECH will reimburse the owner for the Prior to the retreading process, Avantech Truck/Bus Radial (TBR) or Light Truck Commercial (LTC) tires are covered by
casing according to the following schedule: all provisions of the Avantech Truck/Bus Radial (TBR) and Light Truck Commercial (LTC) Limited Warranty. After the
first retreading has been applied on the qualified tire, an additional special casing warranty applies. If a qualified tire
AVANTECH CASING VALUES becomes unserviceable due to a warrantable condition, the customer will be given a casing credit, as indicated in the
SIZE CASING VALUES chart below. The retread life is defined as beginning with the installation of the new retread stock and ending after buffing
215/75R17.5 $20 for subsequent retread.
235/75R17.5 $20
245/70R17.5 $20 What is Not Covered?
225/70R19.5 $30 • Casings damaged by road hazard injuries or damages caused by obstacles or debris such as cuts,
245/70R19.5 $30 punctures (whether repairable or not), snags, bruises, tears, abrasions, or impact breaks
265/70R19.5 $30 • Casings damaged by improper repairs or repairs that have failed
435/50R19.5 $30 • Casings damaged by improper inflation or other maintenance abuses
255/70R22.5 $45 • Casings damaged by continued operation while flat or severely underinflated
275/70R22.5 $50 • Casings damaged by improper application of tire size and/or specification
295/75R22.5 $50 • Casings damaged by improper mounting/dismounting procedures or tire/wheel assembly imbalance
315/80R22.5 $50 • Casings damaged by accident, corrosion, vandalism, fire, or nature
385/65R22.5 $55 • Casings damaged by the use of aftermarket tire additives, such as fillers, sealants, or balancing substances
285/75R24.5 $55 • Casings damaged by improper retreading or defective retread materials
11R22.5 $50 • Casings that cannot be retreaded because of excessive tread wear or buffing
11R24.5 $50 • Casings not retreaded in a manner consistent with standard industry practice
• Tires covered by Avantech Truck/Bus Radial (TBR) or Light Truck Commercial (LTC) Tires Limited Warranty
OWNER’S GENERAL OBLIGATION • T ires branded by Avantech Truck/Bus Radial (TBR) or Light Truck Commercial (LTC) to note special classifications at the
In order to be eligible for the Avantech Truck/Bus Radial (TBR) and Light Truck Commercial (LTC) Limited Warranty plan, the time of purchase, such as “NA” (non-adjustable), or tires altered by notching or buffing
owner must do the following: • T ires on vehicles registered or operated outside the United States (refer to applicable Avantech Truck/Bus Radial (TBR)
The customer must present the claimed tire to an authorized Avantech TBR Truck/Bus and Light Truck Commercial (LTC) or Light Truck Commercial (LTC) warranty policies for the country of operation)
dealer in the United States. • Tires not sold in the United States by AVANTECH Tire USA
• S
 ubmit photographs of the claimed tire(s), including the following information: CUSTOMER’S OBLIGATIONS
1. Photos of the damaged area, with the damage marked The customer must present the claim tire to an authorized Avantech Truck/Bus Radial (TBR) or Light Truck Commercial (LTC)
2. A photo of the entire claimed tire(s), both inside and out, which must include the damaged area tire dealer. The customer is required to pay the adjusted price of the new tire (which is the dealer’s current retail selling price
3. The size and brand, DOT, and period number of the claimed tire(s) at the time of adjustment, less credit allowance) and taxes. The cost of mounting, balancing, and any other service charges
• The photos must include the three things listed above, and must all be of the same tire. or applicable taxes are also payable by the customer.
• The buyer/owner must present the claimed tire(s) to the authorized distributors for compensation.
DISCLAIMER
If the tire owner abuses the tires through activities not limited to the following:
This warranty, or any warranty stated or referred to herein, is exclusive and in lieu of any other warranty regarding the quality
• Failing to observe safety warnings
of Avamtecj tires, whether expressed or implied. A remedy for breach thereof shall be limited to those specifically provided
• Failing to maintain proper inflation pressure
herein. Any warranty of merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose, if made, is limited in duration to the effective
• Failing to maintain vehicle alignment and tire rotation
time period of this limited warranty.
The expected tire life will not be achieved and your safety cannot be ensured.
LIMITATIONS AND EXCLUSIONS
Avantech Tires Corporation's Obligations All implied warranties, including any warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose, are expressly limited
Replacements qualifying under warranty must be made by an authorized Avantech Truck/Bus Radial (TBR) and Light Truck to the duration of this written warranty. Avantech reserves the right to change warranty provisions at any time without
Commercial (LTC) tire dealer. obligation. All obligations or liabilities for loss of time, inconvenience, vehicle use, or any other incidental or consequential
damages are hereby excluded. Some states do not allow limitations on how long an implied warranty lasts or the exclusion or
SPECIAL CASING WARRANTY ELIGIBILITY limitation of incidental or consequential damages, so the above limitations and exclusions may not apply. This warranty gives
This policy applies to tires displaying warrantable conditions when used in appropriate service and meet the following criteria: the customer legal rights that may vary from state to state. The customer is advised to determine those rights for their local
area and exercise them as required or deemed appropriate.
• Tires must be or have been retreaded in a manner consistent with standard industry practice.

38 WARRANTY WARRANTY 39
 AVANTECH TRUCK/BUS RADIAL (TBR) AND COMMERCIAL TIRE (LTC) MAINTENANCE GUIDE TIRE SIZE DIMENSION Avantech Tires Commercial Tires’ speed symbol
designations are verified and comply with regulatory indoor
SECTION testing. These symbols are not applicable to repaired tires.
WIDTH
Always make sure that the replacement tire’s load carrying
Important Safety Information capacity is equal to, or greater than the capacity of the OE
For your own safety and protection, observe the following safety precautions and instructions at all times. Failure to follow tire. If tires are overloaded with weights in excess of their
these precautions and maintenance instructions could result in serious injury or death. allowable maximum load, they can build up excessive heat
PREFACE and lose air suddenly.
The information provided here is intended both to help Avantech Tires Commercial Tire customers maintain their personal
safety and to maximize the longevity and economy of their tires. RIM
LOAD RANGE LIMITS, INFLATION PRESSURE & SPEED
DIAMETER ADJUSTMENTS
Commercial tire purchases are investments that should be protected through properly installing, maintaining, and repairing
The load limit of a tire can be affected by driving speed, tire
your tires. This manual describes how to regularly inspect tires, safe mounting and demounting, proper tire servicing, and
construction, and tire position (for example, Single vs. Dual
tire repair.
wheel application).
By paying attention to these instructions and regularly providing good tire maintenance, tire customers can improve the
Refer to the table below to find recommended adjustments to
safety and economy of their vehicles or fleets.
driving speed, inflation pressure, and load limit increases or
TRUCK TIRE SIDEWALL MARKINGS decreases. Remember never to exceed the manufacturer’s
All truck tires have sidewall markings that indicate their structure and construction type, the tire dimensions, and the tire recommendations for maximum load and inflation pressure.
brand or manufacturer. They should also be marked with the DOT code (Department of Transportation code) and/or the ISO TIRE SIZE DESCRIPTION
TRUCK & BUS TIRES
(International Standards Organization) symbols. Below is a typical Avantech tire that illustrates the DOT and ISO markings SIZE: 295/75 R22.5 14L DESCRIPTION THE SERVICE LOAD AND MINIMUM (COLD) INFLATION MUST COMPLY WITH THE FOLLOWING LIMITATIONS

that would be found on the tire’s sidewall. 295 Tire Section Width (mm) SPEED RANGE
MPH
INFLATION PRESSURE INCREASE
RADIAL PLY TIRES
LOAD CHANGES WITH SPEED
RADIAL PLY TIRES

75 Aspect Ratio (Section Height/Section Width) CONVENTIONAL (STD) PROFILE

65 MPH 75MPH
WIDE BASE/METRIC (LOW PROFILE)
65 MPH 75MPH
CONVENTIONAL
65 MPH 75MPH
WIDE BASE/METRIC
65 MPH 75MPH

TIRE SIDEWALL MARKINGS R

22.5
Radial Structure
Rim Diameter (inches)
71 - 75
66 - 70
51 - 65
+5 PSI
+5 PSI
None
None
None
None
+5 PSI
+5 PSI
None
None
None
None
- 12 %
-4%
None
None
None
None
- 12 %
-4%
None
None
None
None
41 - 50 None None None None +9% +9% +7% +7%
14 Ply Rating 31 - 40 None None None None + 16 % + 16 % +9% +9%

L Tire's Maximum Driving Speed Symbol 21 - 30 +10 PSI +10 PSI +10 PSI +10 PSI + 24% + 24% + 12 % + 12 %
11 - 20 +15 PSI +15 PSI +15 PSI +15 PSI + 32 % + 32 % + 17 % + 17 %
6 - 10* +30 PSI +30 PSI +20 PSI +20 PSI + 60 % + 60 % + 25 % + 25 %
T.W.I. MARK
D NAM
RAN
BRAND NAME 2.6 - 5*
Creep - 2.5**
+30 PSI
+30 PSI
+30 PSI
+30 PSI
+20 PSI
+20 PSI
+20 PSI
+20 PSI
+ 85 %
+ 115%
+ 85 %
+ 115%
+ 45 %
+ 55 %
+ 45 %
+ 55 %

B E2 154/150M
02 0650
1 2 0 P S I 1-S
E E MARK & NO
Creep
Stationary*
+40 PSI
+40 PSI
+40 PSI
+40 PSI
+30 PSI
+30 PSI
+30 PSI
+30 PSI
+ 140%
+ 185%
+ 140%
+ 185%
+ 75 %
+ 105 %
+ 75 %
+ 105 %

TEST PRESSURE *On conventional tires, apply load increase to dual loads and inflations only, even if tire is in single application

COUNTRY NAME
** On conventional tires, apply load increase to dual loads and inflations only, even if tire is in single application; Creep motion for not over
MADE IN THAILAND 200 feet in a 30 min period
Source: The Tire & Rim Association Yearbook

M
5K M
CA
FINDING THE CORRECT SIZES FOR TUBELESS AND
AX X L

DB
A

B
LO OA

1T
AD D D

TUBE-TYPE TIRES
T

DOT CODE WARNING Make sure that the speed rating for any
DO

SI UAL
NG 2
LE 725

replacement tires is the same as, or higher than the OE tires’ Find the best match of load capacity, overall diameter, and
30 kg

LOAD & INFLATION

00

section width by checking the chart below.

NG

kg (6005

speed rating. If a replacement tire is selected that has a

RNI

(50
Y WA

1 0 l s ( AT 6 3 0 K P S 1 2 0 P S I C O L D

PRESSURE lower speed rating than the OE tire, then the top speed of
SAFET

lb

TUBE-TYPE TUBELESS
bs) A
1
GSVS01-

SAFETY WARNING the vehicle will be limited to the lower speed rating of that
T 630 KPS 120 PSI COLD

TIRE SIZE
TREAD PATTERN tire. Make sure the driver and/or customer understand the 7.50 R 20 8 R 22.5
new speed limitation, as well as the impact it may have on
295/

8.25 R 15 9 R 17.5
S01

the vehicle’s handling if a lower speed-rated tire is used. 8.25 R 20 9 R 22.5

ABLE
OOV

9.00 R 20 10 R 22.5
Make sure that the speed rating of the replacement tire is
GR

10.00 R 20 11 R 22.5
RE

the same or higher than the speed rating of the tire being
V

10.00 R 22 11 R 24.5
75
M
GS

replaced, to maintain the safety, handling, and speed

+S

11.00 R 20 12 R 22.5
TR

TIRE NAME AC
capability of the vehicle. A speed rating does not imply
14

12.00 R 20 12 R 22.5
PR

TI
L

OA
01 ON
that it is safe to drive at the maximum speed that the OE or
D
AS RA
2

MATERIAL
TU NG

EL
BE F E
2
replacement tire is rated for. Always obey the laws and rules Rim Diameters and Section Widths can vary only slightly
LES
g:
in
STE S RADIAL ALL .5
rn a
! W

of traffic, and good traffic safety practices, and be aware between Tubeless and Tube-Type tire assemblies. Check
TUBELESS/TUBE-TYPE that if a vehicle is driven in an unsafe manner or at an illegal carefully, as measurements can appear very similar to
LOAD RANGE
speed, serious injury or death may occur. each other. Make sure to select the correct one.

40 MAINTENANCE GUIDE MAINTENANCE GUIDE 41

 Rim Diameters and Section Widths can vary only slightly the top speed, while choosing larger tires will reduce Ensure sufficient front-wheel clearance, checking to make
between Tubeless and Tube-Type tire assemblies. Check acceleration but increase the top speed. Transverse Clearance sure the clearance is acceptable at lock-to-lock steering
carefully, as measurements can appear very similar to each positions, and at the midpoint.
RIM DIAMETER
other. Make sure to select the correct one.
If smaller diameter wheels or rims are chosen, check for TRANSVERSE
proper brake drum clearance, ground clearance, and a SPACING Lock-to-Lock Clearance
Diameter Comparison between sufficient ride height.
T ubeless and Tube-Type Tires RIM WIDTH
It is important that the rim width of the tire fit within the
specified section width range of the tire. If the replacement
Clearance
tire’s section width is only slightly larger or smaller than the should be
OE tire, the same rim width should be acceptable. However, sufficient at
lock-to-lock
if there is more than just a small increase or decrease positioning
in section width, a change of rim widths is necessary to PLATE SPACING
accommodate the replacement tire.
TIRE SPACING Check to ensure sufficient clearance between the tire, the
Tire spacing should be checked for sufficient clearance to body, and the chassis, both when suspension is loaded, and
avoid coming into contact with fixed parts of the vehicle unloaded, to avoid the tire hitting or scraping against any
such as the body, chassis, or undercarriage, and to avoid parts of the vehicle. The shock absorber and the stiffness
20” 22.5” contact with movable suspension parts of the vehicle, like rating of the spring is also a factor to consider when
springs and shocks. The minimum clearances generally checking the vertical clearance. Ensure that clearances CLEARANCE CHECKS
accepted are 15 mm for stationary parts and 25 mm for will be sufficient to prevent the tire from contacting the Once mounted, check to ensure that wheels have
movable parts. body panels or the undercarriage of the vehicle, even when clearance from brake drums and discs, suspension parts or
Please note that minimum acceptable clearances may vary traveling under maximum suspension and with deflection. steering assembly, the vehicle body, and other parts. There
according to vehicle classification. should be a margin of clearance of 20-25 mm, with nothing
Suspension Clearance touching either the tire or valve.
Dual Wheel Spacing MATCHING DUAL-WHEEL TIRES
In vehicles with dual wheels, it is very important that
CENTER-LINE SPACING
OF TIRE
the circumferences of the two tires be the same. This
EDGE BODY VERTICAL may sound obvious, however, if tires are not new (have
OF TIRE CLEARANCE CLEARANCE tread wear), have been retreaded, or have differing tread
TUBE-TYPE TUBELESS OUTSIDE
patterns, use a tape measure to carefully match the tires
LOW PROFILE TIRES W₁ W₂ once they are mounted and inflated prior to installation on
Low-profile tires have markings showing additional the vehicle.
symbols for the load range and the maximum speed for the Follow these additional instructions to ensure correctly
tire. Low-profile tires can benefit drivers by increasing fuel On vehicles with leaf springs with a swing pivot that allow matching dual wheel tires:
economy, increasing the load-carrying capacity, improving wheels to move forward and backward, make sure to leave
• M ount and inflate the tires to the manufacturer’s rec-
the tire’s ability to retread, and improving tire handling, clearance of approximately one third of the total distance of
ommended pressures before measuring their circum-
such as cornering and braking. DISC the swing action’s travel.
THICKNESS ference using a tape measure.
CHOOSING AND MOUNTING REPLACEMENT TIRES • If the tires are already mounted as dual-wheels, mea-
If a replacement tire size is chosen that differs from the size CENTER-LINE
Front-Wheel Pivot Clearance sure them using a square rule to ensure that the tires
of the Original Equipment tires on the vehicle, make sure to OF TIRE are matching in size.
FIXED FIXED PIVOT
check the following information: • To ensure uniform sizing on a dual-wheeled axle, mea-
PIVOT
LOAD CAPACITY SHUTTLE SPRING sure using a long, straight rule across the tread of all
Make sure that the load-carrying capacity of the
OUTSIDE TIRE INSIDE TIRE four tires.
replacement tires is equal to, or greater than the OE tires. SWING PIVOT

TRANSMISSION RATIO
Choosing smaller or larger tires (in circumference) than
the OE tires will affect driving acceleration and top speed.
Choosing smaller tires will improve acceleration but reduce

42 MAINTENANCE GUIDE MAINTENANCE GUIDE 43

 How to Measure the Circumference Over-inflation also shortens the life and durability of a tire. TAKING TREAD DEPTH MEASUREMENTS
When a tire is over-inflated, the center of the tread wears When checking the tread depth of a tire to determine tread
and Diameter of Dual-Wheel Tires faster and deteriorates, shortening the life of the tire. wear, take measurements at 90-degree intervals around
You can find your tire’s correct air pressure in the vehicle the circumference of the tire. If the tread measures less
owner’s manual, or from your tire dealer when new tires than 2/32nds of an inch of tread in two or more places, or if
are purchased. the wear indicator bars are exposed, the tire is dangerous
to drive on and should be replaced. Keep in mind that
CHECKING THE TIRE PRESSURE some countries and regions may have different tread wear
Check your tire pressure at least once a month, as most restrictions based on local conditions which may require
tires naturally lose air over time, or can lose air suddenly more tread for safe driving (for example, a 4/32nds of an
due to small impacts such as driving over potholes or inch tread minimum). If you have any doubts, check with
objects, or hitting a curb. It is especially important to check local driving authorities for this information.
radial tires, as it is usually impossible to determine if they
are under or over-inflated by visual inspection alone. Wear Measurement
Straight Rule Measurement
Tire pressure gauges can be purchased at tire dealerships,
Proper inflation is one of the most important aspects of tire auto supply stores, and other retail outlets. It may be
maintenance and safety. Sufficiently inflated tires allow convenient to have one to keep in the vehicle to regularly
safe load carrying and avoid tire damage. Driving on unde- measure air pressure. Keep in mind that the manufacturer’s
rinflated or over-inflated tires is dangerous to the vehicle recommended tire pressure reflects the tire pressure (psi)
and driver, as it can cause critical damage or sudden tire when the tire is cold, meaning that the tire has not been
failure. Tire inflation should be checked and maintained on a driven on for at least three hours. (When tires are driven
Circumference Tape Measurement weekly basis, at minimum, and before long-distance drives. on, they warm up, causing the air pressure inside them to
Check tire pressure while tires are cold before they have increase, which would give an inaccurate pressure reading).
been driven any significant distance, and adjust pressure To get an accurate reading of your tire air pressure, make
as necessary. It is not advisable to check or adjust tire sure to measure it when the tires are cold, or compensate
pressure after driving even a moderate distance, as this for the extra pressure in the event that reading must be
increases the tire’s temperature and the air pressure inside taken while the tires are warm.
causing inaccurate pressure readings, resulting in under-
inflation once the tire cools. Also, take into account the axle
INSPECTING YOUR TIRES
load and driving conditions when tire inflation pressure is
When checking tire inflation pressure, also visually inspect
being set. Heavier loads can be compensated by increasing
the tire itself. Check for problems such as:
inflation pressure, but never exceed the maximum axle load
or maximum inflation for the tire. •  reas of swelling
A
• Cracks
The best practice for tire maintenance and efficiency is to
• Irregularities on the surface or tread
maintain the tire pressure and inflation recommended by the
• Damage or punctures of any kind
manufacturer and to make sure that the inflation pressure is
• Check wheels, valves, and valve stems for damage Wear indicator bars exposed at
equal on both sides.
If you find any of these issues, contact your tire dealer 1.6mm means the tire is worn out.
OVER-INFLATION AND UNDER-INFLATION
or have it repaired according to the manufacturer’s
The most important factor in taking care of tires is to
recommendations. If the damage is too extensive to be
Stick Rule Measurement maintain proper air pressure. Over the course of only one
repaired, the tire should be removed and discarded or
MAXIMUM LOAD
month, a tire could lose up to 10 lbs of air pressure! It is The maximum loads for TBR tires are carefully calculated
destroyed to maintain vehicle and passenger safety.
very important to regularly check tire pressure at least to take into account inflation, vehicle speed, and driving
once a month with a good quality air gauge, and maintain AVOIDING DAMAGE AND RAPID WEAR conditions. Do not overload! For your safety, follow loading
proper air pressure to avoid driving on over- or under-in- Driving conditions such as uneven road surfaces or debris recommendations, inflation instructions, and travel at
flated tires. like rocks and stones can be a major cause of damage and moderate speeds, driving appropriately for road conditions.
rapid tread wear. Driving slowly and carefully, and avoiding Consult a tire service provider to verify the maximum load
Under-inflation is your tire’s worst enemy, causing
rapid stops and starts can help prevent these kinds of for your tires so that you do not overload. Overloading can
increased tread wear on the tire’s shoulders and excessive
damage. Driving while overloaded can also contribute to result in overheating, damage to the tire or vehicle, or even
heat build-up which reduces the durability of the tire. The
damage and excessively fast wear of tires. Make sure not tire failure, which can cause serious injury.
increased rolling resistance of an under-inflated tire also
to overload the vehicle. These factors and conditions can
reduces fuel economy.
also cause alignment issues, which should be checked and
corrected before high-speed or long-distance driving.

44 MAINTENANCE GUIDE MAINTENANCE GUIDE 45

 MAXIMUM SPEED Make sure there is sufficient clearance between the chained Positive and Negative Camber Toe-In
The maximum speed for the tire is the highest speed that wheels and the vehicle.
the tire can be driven before it overheats and is damaged or
fails. The max speed is molded onto the sidewall of the tire.
Always check and follow the chain manufacturer’s
instructions and requirements.
FRONT
For the safety and longevity of the tire, drivers should stay
below the tire’s maximum recommended speed and never TRUCK MAINTENANCE OF
exceed posted speed limits. As previously noted, proper The two major things that affect tire wear are inflation VEHICLE
tire inflation should be maintained, but it is especially pressure and vehicle alignment. The components of
important in the case of higher-speed driving (eg. alignment are Toe, Camber, Caster, Ackermann, and Axle
highways), as driving at higher speeds can cause the tire to Parallelism, which includes Thrust Angle and Scrub Angle.
heat up rapidly, and tire impacts with road debris can cause TOTAL VEHICLE ALIGNMENT
more severe damage to a tire at high speeds. Reducing Total vehicle alignment is the process by which the
speed can help drivers avoid road hazards and debris. vehicle and all tires are traveling in the same direction.
TIRE ROTATION The steering axle alone is not sufficient for total
vehicle alignment. Toe-Out
Follow the vehicle manufacturer’s recommendations for Positive Camber Negative Camber
tire rotation. Some other guidelines include: CAMBER
• O nly rotate tires according to the manufacturer’s The camber of a tire is the angle at which the tire tilts TOE
FRONT
recommendations or when necessary, such as if away from a perpendicular center line in relation to a Toe refers to the way the wheels are inclined on a vehicle, OF
irregular wear has occurred. flat road. If the top of the wheel is tilted outwards from either pointing inwards or outwards as viewed from the
• F ollow the vehicle manufacturer’s recommendations the perpendicular, it is positive camber. If the top of the top of the vehicle. For example, in the illustration below
VEHICLE
for rotation patterns. wheel is tilting inwards from the perpendicular, then it is viewing them from the front, the pair of front wheels are
• T here is no restriction on cross-rotation of tires. negative camber. closer together at their front than at their rear. This would
• To combat irregular tire wear, rotate tires to spin in the Correct camber settings compensate for the downward be called Toe-in. The opposite of this is called Toe- out. The
opposite direction of the original position. force of the vehicle’s load, and help the tires maintain firm ideal situation is to have zero toe once the vehicle is loaded
• A lways mount directional tires in the direction and regular contact between the tire tread and the road to its normal capacity.
of rotation. while the vehicle travels while loaded. Check for wear on The reason for having tires toe-in is to counteract the natural
TIRE STORAGE the inside or outside edge of a tire; this could indicate an force that acts to pull wheels outwards and away from each
Proper tire storage areas should be dry and ventilated with incorrect camber setting. other as they roll. Toe-in makes sure that the tires rotate in CASTER
protection against direct sunlight and heat. Also avoid the same direction, or as similar a direction as possible, as Caster is the angle at which the steering axis is connected
Camber can be seen when viewing steering axle tires from
exposing tires to fuels, oils and greases, natural gas, or they roll along the road at driving speeds. to the vertical axis of the wheel it is steering. Simply put,
the front, as in the images below. Camber is the inward or
electric charges. how far in front or behind the steering axis connects to
outward tilt of these tires. Positive camber means the top Insufficient or incorrect toe-in settings cause instability in the wheel’s vertical axis. Typically, the angle is inclined
Moisture buildup within or on the outside of the tire should of the tire is tilted outwards. The camber becomes more steering, and if toe-in or toe-out is excessive, the tire’s wear rearward, as in the front forks of a bicycle.
be avoided at all costs as it can cause deterioration of the negative (tilts inwards) as the vehicle’s load increases. will be negatively affected, showing up as feathering at the
casing plies, which can result in sudden tire failure. edges of the tread. Caster angle compensates for drag forces that cause
Positive and Negative Camber resistance against the tires during driving, and stabilizes
Repair or retread any damage to the tire’s surface, and make steering. The caster angle should be the same for both of
sure tires are fully dry before storage, as unrepaired cuts the wheels on an axle.
on the tire could allow moisture to infiltrate the casing plies POSITIVE NEGATIVE
and belts. If the caster angle is not the same for both wheels on a
CAMBER ANGLE FRONT given axle, vibration and abnormal tire wear will occur. Too
CHAIN USAGE MEASURED IN DEGREES
much caster will make steering more difficult, and too little
Different locations and areas have specific regulations caster will cause steering to become much easier, but will
regarding the use of tire chains. Where chains are also cause wandering and steering instability. Caster is not
permitted, give special attention to these guidelines: considered to have a significant effect on tire wear.
Use chains only when weather conditions require it. In some
cases, chain installation may be required when a weather
warning is issued, or in a specifically posted area.
Reduce driving speed when using chains, and avoid long-
distance driving. Driving at high speeds or for long distances CENTER LINE OF TIRE
can seriously damage the tires or cause the chains to fail.
VERTICAL LINE
It is important to use the correct size of chains for the size
of the tire.

46 MAINTENANCE GUIDE MAINTENANCE GUIDE 47

 Negative and Positive Caster THRUST ANGLE Shoulder Wear Due to Wrong Camber or Misalignment The following conditions cause irregular tire wear and tire
The thrust angle, or thrust line, is the difference between failure and can be very dangerous. Regularly check for and
NEGATIVE POSITIVE the line perpendicular to the axle, and the centerline of the correct any of the following:
vehicle. Each drive axle has its own thrust angle. Ideally, • I mproperly inflated tires (Under- or Over- Inflation)
there would be zero thrust angle, meaning the thrust angle • Overloading the tires past capacity
VERTICAL CENTER LINE C/L OF KING PIN
X and the vehicle’s geometric center line are parallel. • Different tire sizes/circumferences on the same axle
CASTER ANGLE
• Improper wheel or tire mounting
FRONT Thrust Angle • Improperly worn or damaged valve(s)
• Improper use of tubes or flaps
• Braking system problems or abnormalities
• Improper vehicle maintenance
Burned Beads
Diagonal Wear
THRUST
SHIM ANGLE

TANDEM SCRUB
Tandem scrub refers to the difference between the thrust
ACKERMANN angles of the drive axles. Ideally there should be zero
The Ackermann Principle demonstrates that the inside tire tandem scrub, as tandem scrub misalignment causes the
needs to be at a sharper angle than the outside tire when tandem axles to work in opposition, causing irregular or
turning. The actual turn angle at the base of the vehicle’s fast tire wear.
wheel determines the difference in the turn angles
between the tires. Improper Ackermann setting will cause Tandem Scrub
side force, excess or irregular wear, and scuffing of the tire. Abnormal Wear on Tread and Shoulder
SCRUB
ANGLE
Ackermann

A zipper rupture is a circumferential break in the mid-

to-upper sidewall exposing an even line of broken cords
caused by severe under- inflation or overloading, producing
casing cord failure.

Ripped Sidewalls
ABNORMAL TREAD WEAR TIRE DAMAGE
The primary cause of abnormal tread wear is under- In tubeless tires, small punctures in the tread area can
and over-inflation of the tires. However, several other usually be repaired if they are caught early enough, to avoid
conditions can influence how quickly the tread wears, and air loss and further problems. With a slow air leak, if driven
cause wear irregularities: carefully, it’s often possible to make it to a tire service
• W heel alignment errors center. However, more significant air loss can cause rapid
heat buildup within the tire, causing damage and possible
• I mbalanced tires or imbalances between tire and
failure and separation between the tread and the carcass
wheel assembly
ACKERMANN plies. Avoid allowing road debris, dirt, or moisture to enter
• Bent rims
a puncture or to become trapped between the wheel rim
• Braking issues causing wheel lock-up or flat spotting
and the tire, or inside the tire. Always repair or replace
• Damaged, broken, or worn shock absorbers, springs, or
damaged tires as soon as possible to avoid any damage to
steering components
the vehicle or persons inside the vehicle.
• Worn or damaged bearings

48 MAINTENANCE GUIDE MAINTENANCE GUIDE 49

 Sidewall Damage Due to Run Flat or Flat Spotting Due to Locked Brakes PREVENTING TIRE DAMAGE
Other key practices to remember in preventing damage
Severe Underinflation to tires are to always use caution when driving over a
pothole, or other objects in the road if they cannot be
avoided. Avoid running over curbs, and avoid striking the
curb when parking the vehicle.
WARNING Any tire that is suspected of being operated while
under-inflated or overloaded should be attended to with TIRE SAFETY CHECKLIST
caution. The permanent and serious damage caused by It is important to check your tires regularly to address any
operating an under-inflated or overloaded tire cannot always problems, keep them in good condition and maintain safety
be detected. Any tire that is known or even suspected of while driving. Here are some things to check regularly:
being operated at 80% or less of normal inflation pressure, • T ire pressure (check this at least once a month, includ-
or that has been operated while overloaded, could have ing your spare tire).
permanent structural sidewall damage (also known as steel • Wear patterns on the tread; check for uneven wear,
cord fatigue). Ply cords that are weakened by operating cracks, foreign objects embedded in the tire, punctures,
while under-inflated or overloaded may break one after the or other signs of damage.
other, until the upper sidewall ruptures with explosive force, • F oreign objects that may have become wedged in the
causing sudden instantaneous air loss. This can result in Sidewall Bulge Due to Impact with Pothole or Curb tread, such as glass, rocks or other. Remove these from
serious injury or death. where they have become stuck.
• T ire valves, making sure they have valve caps and mak-
Sidewall Damage Due to ing sure they have not been damaged.
• Make sure to check your tire pressure before going on a
Run Flat or Underinflation long-distance drive or road trip.
• Never overload your vehicle. To find the maximum load
for the vehicle, check the owner’s manual. When tow-
ing a trailer, take into account that some of the weight
Damage Due to Contact with Vehicle Components (Mud of the trailer’s load will also be transferred to the tow-
Flaps, Trailer Wheelhouse Molding, Bumpers, etc) ing vehicle.
MOUNTING & DEMOUNTING
HEAT DAMAGE TO TIRES
Heat buildup can easily cause damage to tires. Excessive IMPORTANT SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS
heat buildup can be caused by under-inflation, overloading, No one should mount or demount tires without the proper
or driving at excessive speed. The heat that is created by training. For easy reference, you should be able to find wall
these situations can easily damage integral parts of the charts that contain mounting and demounting instructions
tire such as the cord, the bonding between the carcass, for highway rims through your normal rim supplier.
the belts, and the tread. Most tire cords start to weaken at
temperatures over 120 degrees Celsius, which makes the Remove Any Cracked Wheels
tire vulnerable to failure. Heat buildup can also weaken
or damage rubber compounds or even cause separation
From Service
between the plies of the tire. For safety and tire longevity,
it is wise to avoid situations where excessive heat buildup
is created.

Flat Spotting Due to Locked Brakes MOISTURE DAMAGE TO TIRES

Moisture that makes its way inside the tire, or that gets
through to the steel belts of a radial tire can cause rust
damage to the steel cords or the rim. To avoid moisture
damage, storing tires in a dry place is very important.
Also, make sure that wheels, flaps, tubes, valves, and the
inner tire surfaces are clean and dry before and during the
mounting process. Make sure to use the recommended
mounting lubricant on the rim and the tire bead during Flat Spotting Due to Locked Brakes
mounting. Maintaining proper inflation and keeping the
valve stem capped and protected will also help to prevent
moisture from entering the tire and causing damage.

50 MAINTENANCE GUIDE MAINTENANCE GUIDE 51

 Proper Sequence for Tightening Flat Spotting Due to Locked Brakes IMPORTANT SAFETY NOTE: Always demount the tire before
attempting any wheel repair such as hammering, heating or
Stud Ruts on an 8 Stud System CORRECT welding of the wheel.
ACCURIDE 5” OR MOTOR WHEEL
“CR” OR “FL” FLANGE TIRE MOUNTING AND DEMOUNTING
1 2 MOTOR WHEEL OR ACCURIDE Carefully observe and follow all mounting and demounting
Motor Wheel or Accuride
“CR” or “FL” Side Ring
“CR” OR “FL” LOCK RING procedures and safety precautions. Keep tools and work
NOTE: Always use a safety cage
7 4 areas clean, and free of oil or grease.
that is securely held, and an PROPER PROPER
FIT FIT
extension hose with a clip-on Note: Mounting and demounting tires always requires the
air chuck. Rapid air loss can MOTOR WHEEL OR ACCURIDE “CR” OR “FL” BASE manufacturer’s recommended tire mounting lubricant.
5 6 cause the assembly to move.
MOTOR WHEEL LW AND LB
BASE ACCURIDE OR BUDD LB BASE Proper Mounting and Demounting
3 8
MOTOR WHEEL LW SIDE
RING ACCURIDE OR
PROPER FIT BUDD LB SIDE RING

Cross Section Through Typical

Flat Spotting Due to Locked Brakes INCORRECT
Dual Installation ACCURIDE 5” LOCK RING “LW” OR “LB” BASE “CR” / “FL”
“CR” OR “FL” IMPROPER BEAD SEAT SIDE RING
TOO HIGH
Lubricate Areas Shown BASE SEATING

TIRE CLEARANCE
LOOSE FIT
by Arrows
SECTION SECTION "CR" OR "FL" FLANGE & LOCK RING “LW” OR “LB” BASE Note: Make sure to use the correct design, size, and tube
WIDTH WIDTH “CR” OR “FL” type. Using incorrect design, size or tube types could cause
“LW” SIDE RING BASE
IMPROPER
tube breakage or damage to your Avantech radial tire. Check
LOOSE FIT
SEATING the tube to confirm the correct type and size, and valve stem
type, and that it will properly fit the wheel hub and have
MOUNTING TUBE-TYPE TIRES sufficient clearances for brake and wheel parts. Screw the
CL CL Clean all parts, making sure they are dry and free of any valve stem into the tube with a rubber bushing or washer,
SPACER foreign matter. Always use a new tube, as when old tubes making sure that the attachment to the tube is secure and
WIDTH are reused, they can stretch and increase in size, potentially clean.
causing cracking, folding, or rapid wearing of the tube. Be
sure to use properly sized radial tubes, which are designed
OFF OFF to be able to handle radial profiles and flexing requirements.
Use of GG Ring to Indicate SET SET
WHEEL PREPARATION
Correct Mounting SECTION WIDTH Check the following to ensure safe mounting and demounting
of tires and wheels: RUBBER
• M ake sure that the rim diameter, rim width, and flange WASHER
design are the correct ones that are recommended for
the tire.
• Make sure that the rim profile is appropriate for the type
of tire (tube-type or tubeless) that is being used.
• Make sure that the angle and position of the tire bead
VALVE STEM ATTACHMENT
seats properly to the rim.
Make sure not to screw the valve stem in the wrong
Prior to mounting, check the wheel for any cracks or breaks, direction, or tighten past the recommended tightness.
damage, misplaced parts, deformities or irregularities at the
Follow this step-by-step mounting procedure: insert the
locking ring rim flange, surfaces, or valve hole. Any sign of
new tube into the clean, dry tire and inflate slightly, just
dirt or dust, rough surfaces, dents, or weak welds should
until the tire becomes rounded. Make sure to use the proper
be fixed, if possible. If the defect is not able to be fixed,
sized new flap. Used flaps that are brittle, cracked, broken,
select another, more suitable wheel. If there is corrosion,
or stretched should never be used.
the rim may be cleaned with a wire brush, sanded smooth,
and painted with anti-rust paint. Any irregularities on the
surface, such as dents or rough surfaces must be smoothed.

52 MAINTENANCE GUIDE MAINTENANCE GUIDE 53

 TUBE-TYPE TIRE MOUNTING Tire Inside Tire Cage prying into the same place more than once. After the bead mounting lever can be used, as shown in the illustration.
Safely mount a tube-type tire by using these steps and the rim separate, put the lever into the groove at the
as a guideline: base, separate the lock ring, and remove the side ring. Inside Bead Inside Bead
1. Carefully mount the flap inside the tire, making sure not to Assembly Assembly
buckle the flap edges over or under. Mounting Tubeless Tires
2. Center the flap, positioning it so that the valve hole lines
up. Inflate the tire a little more until the flap is held close
between the tire and the tube. The shape will not conform
perfectly until later in the process.
3. L ubricate the rim flange, tire bead and the flap where it
will touch the rim.
4. Slide the tire, tube, and flap assembly onto the rim.
5. Combine the side ring and lightly tap the locking ring into
position. Do not use excessive force when tapping the
locking ring, and avoid hitting the tire.
OUTSIDE BEAD ASSEMBLY
IMPORTANT SAFETY PRECAUTION • S tart the process of placing the outside bead over the
Use an accurate air gauge and an air hose with a remote- outside rim flange by hand, beginning at the point where
operating nozzle that is long enough to allow you to stand a the valve stem is located.
safe distance from the tire assembly for the remainder of the • Once it becomes too difficult to continue by hand, con-
inflation process. THE TUBELESS TIRE RIM tinue using the correct tubeless tire bead mounting lever
Note: Never stand in front of a wheel while inflating the tire. Note that the areas indicated in to complete the job, as shown in the illustrations below.
gray above will need to be cleaned • Do not use excessive force, heavy tools, or hammering
6. Inflate the tire slightly and then recheck to make sure that
and lubricated. on the rim while mounting tires.
the assembled parts are in their proper positions.
7. Inflate the tire slightly more, and check that the tire bead RIM PREPARATION Outside Bead Outside Bead
has been seated (has slid over, making complete contact Important Safety Reminders: 1. Inspect the rim, making sure it has no breaks or damage in
with the rim flange). If the tire bead has not been seated, Never stand in front of the tire or the valve during inflation. any area.
Assembly Assembly
deflate the tire, lubricate, and re-try the assembly. Utilize the safety devices at all times during the process. 2. Remove the rubber bushing from the valve stem hole. Check
8. Release any trapped air between the tube, flap, and tire by  efore the final inflation stage, carefully check the assembly
B that the valve stem is free of any sign of damage or wear.
deflating and then reinflating to get the flap to conform to positioning to make sure it is correct. 3. Remove any rust, dirt, or foreign materials from the rim.
the correct fit. Clean and sand the areas indicated with shading in the
• Check for any air leakage.
above picture until completely smooth. If rust is found,
SETTING THE FINAL INFLATION PRESSURE • U
 se only the correct mounting and demounting levers, clean and repaint the rim surface to protect it from
A new valve core should be installed every time a new tire and make sure that they are clean and dry, as oily or further rusting.
is mounted. Always utilize a tire safety cage, and a remote- greasy levers can easily slip. 4. Replace any worn or damaged valve stem as needed.
operating air nozzle. Check and re-check that the assembly • U
 se only the recommended mounting and demounting 5. L ubricate the inner parts of the rim surface where the TUBELESS TIRE INFLATION
is fitting together correctly at every point of the mounting equipment required and never use excessive force tire will be mounted (indicated by the shaded area in the Use an accurate inflation gauge, the proper remote air hose
process. Inflate the tire in stages, re-checking the assembly or hammering. above picture) nozzle, and a safety cage when inflating the new mounting
at each stage until the recommended inflation pressure is
Deflate the tires before dismounting the wheel assembly TIRE PREPARATION tire. The lubricated bead should seat firmly to the rim flange
reached. Once the correct tire pressure is reached, add a
from the vehicle. Clear away any dirt or foreign matter from • If mounting new tires, wipe the bead clean with a dry once the tire reaches approximately 10 PSI inflation. Never
valve cap.
the valve stem and the surrounding area, then release the cloth and check to make sure that it has no damage, stand close to, or in front of the tire while inflating. For your
valve stem to let the air escape. kinks, or breaks. safety and protection, always use the safety cage and
• A pply the recommended lubricant to the tire bead. remain at a safe distance. If the bead fails to seat on the
DEMOUNTING THREE-PIECE WHEEL ASSEMBLIES first try, try rotating the tire a few degrees around the rim,
On firm, clean ground or floor, place the wheel assembly INSIDE BEAD ASSEMBLY make sure that the rim and bead flange are lubricated, and
down with the lock-ring side facing upward. Using a tire • On a clean flat surface, lay the wheel down with the try again. If the bead does not appear snugly or evenly
demounting lever with a spoon-type tip, pry in between valve facing upward. seated, do not try to inflate further. Apply a little more
the rim flange and the tire bead. Working around the tire, • Using your hands and knees, as shown in the illustra- lubricant on the bead and rim areas, and repeat the entire
operate the lever between the bead and rim flange. Avoid tion below, work the bead over the rim flange. If there is assembly process.
difficulty fitting the bead over the flange, the proper tire

54 MAINTENANCE GUIDE MAINTENANCE GUIDE 55

 Once the bead is properly seated, the bead and rim flange • L ubricate between the bead and the rim. NAIL HOLE REPAIRS
should have a snug, even fit all the way around. Then the tire • Insert the tip of the tire demounting lever between the B-Type Rim Valve Radial nail hole repairs up to ⅜-inch diameter (9.5 MM) may
can be inflated to the recommended inflation pressure for tire and the rim, and apply pressure. be done on the tread face as long as the puncture is at least
the axle load. Check to ensure that neither the tire nor the • Use a second lever about 15 cm (roughly six inches) LOCK NUT one inch inside the shoulder of the tire. All punctures outside
valves are leaking, and finally, tighten the valve cap. around the edge of the rim. of that point should be treated as a section repair.
• Repeat this until the bead is fully demounted.
TUBELESS TIRE DEMOUNTING
Make sure that the tire is completely deflated before
demounting. To do this, loosen and remove the valve stem Inside Bead Inside Bead
core, ensuring that the valve stem has no cracking or damage Demounting Demounting O-RING
and that there is no foreign matter left in the valve. Do not
stand near the valve stem during the deflation process. VALVE VALVE
BEAD DEMOUNTING CAP
On a clean, flat surface, place the tire assembly with the
valve facing upward. A tire demounting lever will be used C-TYPE RIM VALVE
for this process. • Make sure that the valve hole in the rim is clean, smooth, Step 1
and undamaged.
• F ollowing the illustration below, lubricate the O-Ring, RADIAL
Bead Demounting Bead Demounting TUBELESS RIM VALVE MOUNTING ONLY
and insert a new valve stem through the O-Ring and
A-TYPE RIM VALVE then through the valve stem hole in the rim from REPAIR
• Make sure that the valve hole in the rim is clean, smooth the inside. AREA
and undamaged. • From the opposite side, hand-tighten the lock nut securely.
• A pply the recommended lubricant to the rubber bushing
of the valve. C-Type Rim Valve
• Insert the valve stem through the rim hole, assembling
Any number of repairs in the crown area only
the washer and lock-nut on the inside. Tighten the lock VALVE O-RING (using the outer grooves as a guide) Refer larger
nut using a wrench so that the valve stem is secured to damages to an authorized tire repair facility.
the rim. Patches should not be overlapped.
OUTSIDE BEAD DEMOUNTING
• Using the tire demounting lever as in the following in- A-Type Rim Valve Step 2
structions, pry the bead over the rim flange directly in
line with the valve stem. WASHER
• Use a second tire demounting lever about 30 cm (rough- LOCK NUT
ly 12 inches) around the rim from the first lever to pry the VALVE CAP LOCK NUT
bead over the flange.
• Repeat this process around the tire until the outside
RUBBER BUSHING
bead is fully demounted.
VALVE CAP
VALVE STEM
Outside Bead Outside Bead TIRE REPAIRS
B-TYPE RIM VALVE
Demounting Demounting • Make sure that the valve hole in the rim is clean and
Simple tire repairs such as nail punctures can be repaired
by fleet operators and tire service centers. However, more With beads in a relaxed position, use a tapered
undamaged. drill bit or carbide cutter to drill a hole from
extensive repairs such as spot reinforcement or section
• A s shown in the illustration below, place a lubricated the inside. Using a probe reamer, lubricate the
repairs should be done by an authorized tire retreading
O-Ring on the valve stem. hole with vulcanizing cement.
and repair center. Make every effort to spot and repair any
• Insert the stem into the valve stem hole in the rim. The
significant cuts or cracks in the sidewall area as soon as
valve stem should be facing perpendicular to the rim.
possible to avoid the need for major section repair.
• T ighten the lock nut with a wrench from the opposite
side of the rim to secure the valve stem. Frequent tire inspection is recommended. The following
section gives information regarding tire damage to help
determine whether or not section repairs are advisable
INSIDE BEAD DEMOUNTING or possible.
• Turn the tire assembly over onto the other side.

56 MAINTENANCE GUIDE MAINTENANCE GUIDE 57

 Some notable visual characteristics can include the
Step 3 Step 6 following:
• T extured appearance or buff marks on the rubber
• Removed or obscured original tire markings
• Coloration differences of the rubber
• Surface contour changes
WARNING It is dangerous to drive on damaged tires. A
• A bulge or raised area above the surrounding surface
damaged tire may fail suddenly and without warning, leading
of the tire
to accidents, serious personal injury or even death.
A bulge caused by the stretching of the tire’s rubber in the
When performing a tire repair, always remove the tire from
repaired area may be noticeable upon full inflation, especially
the wheel assembly and do a complete internal inspection of
in the sidewall. A bulge is typically the width of the repaired
the tire. An outside-in tire repair, or an on-the-wheel repair
Brush the chemical cure cement onto the area, usually extending towards one or both beads. If any
nozzle, and insert it into the hole, With the beads in a relaxed position, remove should not be performed.
portion of the repaired area has bulging that is more than
turning clockwise. the backing from the “Versacure” patch. Center
3/8” above the tire’s surrounding surface, the section repair
the patch over the plug, and stitch the patch Under-Inflated Tires is not acceptable and the tire must be evaluated to see if
Step 4 on from the center outwards. The arrows on
the patch must point toward the tire bead.
with Puncture Damanage further repair is possible or if the tire must be permanently
taken out of service (scrapped). In the following image, a
SECTION REPAIR LIMITS IN SIDEWALL & SHOULDER AREA section repair bulge is pictured being evaluated with a metal
There should be no more than two of these section repairs gauge with a 3/8” clearance.
on a given tire that is in line-haul service, and no more than NOTE: If any portion of the repaired area has bulging that
three on a given tire that is in city service. The repairs is more than 3/8” above the tire’s surrounding surface,
should be no closer than ¼ of the tire circumference from the section repair is not acceptable and the tire must be
one another. Unlimited spot repairs may be made on a tire, evaluated to see if further repair is possible or if the tire
as long as the body plies are not exposed or damaged. Any must be permanently taken out of service (scrapped).
loose or questionable existing repairs must be reworked.
Cut off the excess plug 1/16” high on the Section Repair Bulge (Less than ⅜”)
A truck tire may have more than one section repair, however
inside. Do not stretch the plug.
repair areas must not overlap. Pictured above is an example of a tire that was driven in an
under-inflated condition and sustained a puncture, causing
Step 5 Make sure that any injured areas are far enough apart
from each other so that each repair can be made totally dangerous, non-repairable damage to the inner liner and
independently. No puncture repair patch may come into body ply material of the tire. Without removing this tire for
contact with another puncture repair patch or section repair inspection, this type of damage could not be discovered and
unit. Repairing multiple tread area punctures that damage repaired, as it would not be visible from the outside of the
the same radial cord(s), is not permitted unless all of the tire. Remove every tire from the wheel to inspect and assess
punctures can be reinforced with a single section repair. repairability.

Section Repair The Basic Principles for a Proper Section Repair: To make it more evident that a section repair has been
Under certain conditions, if injury to a truck or bus tire • A lways remove the tire from the wheel in order to in- made to a tire, a blue triangle identification patch may be
exceeds the limitations for a puncture repair, then a section spect and repair it externally applied to its sidewall. This can prevent the tire or
repair in the tread or sidewall may be done. Factors that • Properly prepare the injured area vehicle from being placed out of service unnecessarily by a
Apply a brush-on Nylon bond cement to may limit the size and location of the injury that can be • F ill injury with a suitable vulcanizing material to keep safety inspector or another authority.
the buffed surface only, and allow to dry
repaired include the tire size, the manufacturer, and the moisture out
The identification patch should feature a blue equilateral
thoroughly if using “Versacure” patches
service conditions. For example, section repairs must be • Using a repair unit, seal the inner liner to reinforce the
with applied heat. If heat is not applied, use triangle, each side being between 1/2” and 1-1/2” (or 13 mm
made in a full-service tire repair facility by properly trained damaged area of the tire, preventing loss of inflation
a chemical vulcanizing solution, applying - 38 mm) in dimension. The patch should be fixed on the tire
technicians, using appropriate tools and materials, and pressure, and keeping out moisture
to the buffed surface of the liner only. sidewall immediately above the rim flange, and be adjacent
following the applicable safety precautions and procedures. • Check the finished repair and re-inspect the tire
to the repair, but not within the repaired area.
Identifying Section Repairs
Size and Location Limitations
Depending on different factors such as location and size The areas on which section repairs may be conducted in
of tire injury, repair materials, and repair techniques, the tread and sidewall of a tire are shown in the following
section repairs can affect the external appearance of a diagram, Section Repair Areas. Sidewall injuries that extend
tire differently. into the bead area, from A-A to B as shown in the Section
Repair Areas diagram, are not permissible for Section

58 MAINTENANCE GUIDE MAINTENANCE GUIDE 59

 repair. Repair in this area can only be performed on rubber-
Measurement Values for A-A to B
only injuries, such as to the bead toe region, and in some
cases, to limited damage to chafer ply material. Consult TIRE SIZE
NOMINAL SECTION WIDTH
A-A TO B MEASUREMENT
TIRE SIZE Sidewall Max. Injury Tread
the casing manufacturer for repair limitations in the bead Tubeless and
Up to 265 3.0 inch
Nominal Section Width Width Length Max Injury
Tube-Type
area. Never repair a tire with an injury that has broken or METRIC
275 and Above 3.5 inch
3/8 inch 3.5 inch
otherwise damaged any body ply cord in the A-A to B area; Up to 8R 3.0 inch
Tubeless Up to 235 3/4 inch 2.0 inch 1.0 inch
tires with this type of damage should be removed from CONVENTIONAL
9R and Above 3.5 inch
Up to 7.50R 3.0 inch
service permanently (scrapped) and properly disposed of. Tube-Type 1.0 inch 1.0 inch
8.25R and Above 3.5 inch

Source: Care and Service of Commercial Truck and Bus Tires 3/8 inch 4.0 inch

Section Repair Areas Measure the injury in the sidewall or tread area as shown TUBELESS
245 to 285 3/4 inch 3.0 inch 1.5 inch
1.0 inch 2.0 inch
below in the Injury Measurements diagram. Thoroughly METRIC AND
TREAD 3/8 inch 4.5 inch
examine the injury to determine the extent of any damage TUBE-TYPE
SECTION REPAIR 295 to 365 1.5 inch
3/4 inch 4.0 inch
AREA to body ply, belt cords, and other structural materials of
1.5 inch 2.0 inch
the tire. Minor or Cosmetic damage to the rubber only (for
example, localized abrasion and tearing) does not need to be 3/8 inch 5.0 inch
included in the measurements. 375 and Above 3/4 inch 4.0 inch 2.0 inch
SIDEWALL SIDEWALL 1.5 inch 3.0 inch
SECTION SECTION
Section repairs may be conducted on injuries up to the
REPAIR REPAIR dimensions shown in the following table, Maximum 3/8 inch 3.5 inch

AREA AREA Repairable Size for Sidewall and Shoulder, and will depend Up to 8R 3/4 inch 2.0 inch 1.0 inch
A NO SECTION A on the type and size of the tire. Manufacturers of repair 1.0 inch 1.0 inch
REPAIR IF INJURY materials may have additional options and restrictions for 3/8 inch 4.0 inch
A IS BELOW A-A A their specific products. These limitations help to ensure that 9R to 11R 3/4 inch 3.0 inch 1.5 inch
the structural integrity of the tire can be safely restored. The 1.0 inch 2.0 inch
limitations also take into consideration both the durability of TUBELESS
B B 3/8 inch 4.5 inch
(BEAD TOE) (BEAD TOE) the section repair itself and the bulge limitation of 3/8 inch
12R to 15R 3/4 inch 4.0 inch 1.5 inch
once the tire is fully inflated.
To find point A-A, using a flexible scale/ruler, measure 1.5 inch 2.0 inch

from point B (the bead toe) along the contours of both the Injury Measurements 3/8 inch 5.0 inch
exterior and interior surfaces of the tire as shown above in 16.5R and Above 3/4 inch 4.0 inch 2.0 inch
the Section Repair Areas diagram. The measurements will TREAD 1.5 inch 3.0 inch
CONVENTIONAL
depend on the tire type and size, as shown in the following MAX. INJURY 3/8 inch 3.5 inch
table, Measurement Values for A-A to B. SIDEWALL IN ANY DIRECTION Up to 7.50R 1.0 inch
3/4 inch 2.0 inch
MAX. INJURY
For repair of injuries to the rubber only within the A-A to B WIDTH 1.0 inch 1.0 inch
area, see the “Bead Area Repair” section of this manual. A 3/8 inch 4.0 inch
sidewall injury undergoing section repair must not extend 8.25R to 10.00R 3/4 inch 3.0 inch 1.5 inch
into the A-A to B bead area, however the section repair unit 1.0 inch 2.0 inch
used to perform the repair may extend into this area. SIDEWALL TUBE-TYPE
3/8 inch 4.5 inch
MAX. INJURY
LENGTH 11.00R to 13.00R 3/4 inch 4.0 inch 1.5 inch
Bead Area Measurements 1.5 inch 2.0 inch
To locate A-A, two separate measurements are made:
1. From point B along the exterior surface contour of the tire. 3/8 inch 5.0 inch
A 2. From point B along the interior surface contour of the tire.
14.00R and Above 3/4 inch 4.0 inch 2.0 inch
A flexible scale/ruler is needed to make each measurement.
A-
B

1.5 inch 3.0 inch

IN
TE

A-B A-B
=
RI
A-

OR

EXTERIOR INTERIOR Size/shape of injury

Source: Care and Service of Commercial Truck and Bus Tires
B
EX

shown for clarity.

TE

The exterior and interior measurement amounts are the same.

RI
O

Not to scale.
Section repairs that are conducted in the tread area may also require removal of any excess material from the grooves, and
R

B
(BEAD TOE)
Sidewall damage is typically “split-type”, which is caused by tread pattern restoration. To improve ride comfort, high spots may be buffed smooth. Once the section repair is complete,
snags or punctures. The maximum repairable damage sizes inspect the tire and repair area both inside and out. Mount the tire, and inflate it to the maximum rated inflation pressure
for the tire sidewall and shoulder are shown below. stamped on the sidewall. As noted, check to ensure that the repaired area does not bulge more than 3/8” above the surrounding
surface of the tire.

60 MAINTENANCE GUIDE MAINTENANCE GUIDE 61

 Service Restrictions/Recommendations Spot Repair
Based on federal in-use inspection standards (49 CFR Spot repairs are performed to superficial, rubber-only
NOTES
570.62(d)), tires with reinforcement repairs should not be injuries that do not require a section repair unit or an interior
used on the front axle of commercial vehicles over 10,000 patch. Gouges or surface cuts are some examples of injuries
pounds GVWR. Section repairs on radial truck tires qualify that can be spot repaired to limit any further damage and
as reinforcement repairs. improve the tire’s appearance.
Bead Area Repair Spot repairs should not be done on tires with injuries
Repair in the bead area (refer to diagram Bead Area resulting in broken, cut, loose, or rusted body ply cords.
Measurements and the Measurement Values for A-A to B Evaluate tires with this type of damage to see if a section
Tables on the previous pages of this manual) is limited to repair can be done.
rubber-only tire injuries, such as injuries to the bead toe If an injury has exposed, but not damaged body ply cords,
region. In some cases bead area repair can be done if there contact Avantech tires for a recommendation regarding
is only limited damage to chafer ply material. spot repair.
• I f the chafer cords are rubber-covered, there is no Follow instructions provided by the repair materials
limit to rubber-only repair, for example, to the bead manufacturer for how to prepare the injured area, the
toe region. application of rubber fill material, curing and the final finish
• Repair with rubber to the chafer ply is limited by Avan- of spot repairs.
tech Tires manufacturer recommendations; consult
with Avantech Tires if any chafer cords are damaged
(broken, cut, loose or rusted) and the body ply cords are
undamaged and rubber-covered.
• If any steel body ply cord is exposed so that the metal is
showing, or damaged in the bead area, the tire must not
be repaired and/or retreaded. A tire with an injury that
has exposed, broken or otherwise damaged any body
ply cord (cut, loose or rusted) in the A-A to B area must
be permanently removed from service (scrapped) and
properly disposed of.

62 MAINTENANCE GUIDE MAINTENANCE GUIDE 63

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