Subject : Computer Practical

Practical 1: Basic Hardware Familiarization

Aim :
1. Understanding Computer Hardware and Software
2. Introduction to types of input and output devices
3. Using Data Storage Devices (Memory Unit)
4. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
5. Identifying different hardware parts in the PC

Computer: Computer is an electronic device which accepts data (input) , processes it and
generates result (output).

A Computer system primarily comprises of Hardware and Software.

1. Hardware: Hardware of a computer system can be referred as anything which we

can touch and feel.
Eg. Input devices, Central processing unit (CPU), Output devices, Storage Devices
2. Software: The software is basically a set of instructions or commands that tell a
computer what to do.
Eg. Windows operating system, MS-Word, MS-Excel, PowerPoint, etc.

Working of a computer

1. Input Devices
The devices with the help of which we give data or instructions to the computer.
Eg. Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Joystick, Light pen, Microphone, Web Camera, Bar Code
Reader

2. Output Devices
The devices with the help of which we get the information from the computer.

Eg. Monitor, printer, speaker, projector, plotter

3. Storage Devices (Memory Unit)

The storage unit is a part of the computer system which is used to store the information and
instructions to be processed. It can also store information/data both temporarily and
permanently.

The storage devices are characterized by the access time (the time required to locate and
retrieve the stored data), storage capacity (the amount of data that can be stored) and the
cost per bit of storage.

Storage system/ Memory unit is classified into two categories:

1. Internal storage / Primary Memory
2. External Storage / Secondary Memory

1. Internal storage / Primary Memory:

The internal memory is present on the motherboard and is essential for any digital
computer. Internal storage has the faster access time, smaller storage capacity and the
higher cost per bit of storage.
Types of primary memory
1. RAM (Random Access Memory)
RAM is also known as read/write memory. It is used to store information that is used
immediately. It is volatile in nature and stores the information for temporary period of time.
2. ROM (Read Only Memory)
It contains BIOS (Basic Input Output System) program i.e the information about the
computer’s hardware and boot up process that is essential for starting a computer. The
information in ROM is stored permanently during manufacturing.
 2. External Storage / Secondary Memory:
These are the devices that store data permanently and are not directly accessible by the
CPU. Secondary storage is also called an external memory or auxiliary storage.
Eg. Hard disk drives (HDDs), Solid state drives (SSDs), CD (Compact Disk), DVD (Digital
Versatile Disk), USB storage

➢ Other Storage Devices

Online/cloud storage: cloud drives (Google Drive, OneDrive, Dropbox, etc.), NAS
(Network Attached Storage) drive

• CPU (Central Processing Unit)

CPU is considered as the brain of the computer. It stores data, intermediate results, and
instructions (program).

CPU has two components:

I. ALU (Arithmetic & Logic Unit)
It performs the arithmetic operations like addition, division, multiplication, and subtraction
and logical operations like comparing, merging, selecting, and matching data.
II. Control Unit

It controls the transfer of data, input/output functions and coordinates all internal working
of the hardware.

• Identifying different hardware parts in the PC

Computer hardware refers to the physical components that make up a computer system.
There are many different kinds of hardware that can be installed inside, and connected to
the outside, of a computer.

1. Motherboard
2. Central Processing Unit (CPU) / Processor
3. Random Access Memory (RAM)
4. Read Only Memory (ROM)
5. Power Supply Unit (SMPS – Switched Mode Power Supply)
6. Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
 7. Solid-State Drive (SSD)
8. CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) battery
9. VGA (Video Graphics Array)
10. HDMI (High Definition Multimedia Interface)
11. Cooling Fan
12. Hard Disk
13. Power Cables
14. CD (Compact Disk) /DVD (Digital Versatile Disk) Drive
15. Parallel port – Is used to connect peripheral devices such as printer and scanner.
16. UPS – Uninterrupted Power Supply
17. USB – Universal Serial Bus

• Units of Computer Memory

Information in computer is stored in form of 0 and 1, i.e. in binary form. A binary digit is
called a bit.
A bit is the smallest unit of information a computer can use.
A group of 8 bits is called a Byte.
One Byte is used to represent a character in the computer.

8 bits = 1 Byte
4 bits = nibble
16 bits = 1 word
32 bits = double word

1024 bytes = 1 Kilobyte (1KB)

1024 KB = 1 Megabyte (1MB)
1024MB = 1 Gigabyte (1GB)
Gigabyte (GB), Terabyte (TB), Petabyte (PB)
 Practical 2: Operating System

Aim:

6. To understand an Operating System

7. Knowledge of Windows Operating System
8. Functions of Windows Operating System
9. Managing files and folders
10. Using keyboard shortcuts to speed up operations
11. Ways to sort computer issues by control panel options
12. De-Fragmenting a Drive
13. Finding / Sorting / Archiving files

Operating System

Types of Software
An Operating System (OS) is a software that acts as an interface between computer hardware
components and the user.
The purpose of an operating system is to provide a platform on which a user can execute
programs conveniently and efficiently.
E.g.: Some popular, modern graphical user interfaces include Microsoft Windows, macOS
andGNOME Shell for desktop environment, Android, Apple's iOS, BlackBerry OS, Windows
10 Mobile, Palm OS-WebOS, and Firefox OS for smartphones.

Windows Operating System

It is a GUI (Graphical User Interface) based operating system that is developed by Microsoft
Corporation.
It allows users to view and store files, run the software, play games, watch videos, and
provides a way to connect to the internet. It was released for both home computing and
professional works.

Functions of Windows Operating System

1. User Interface
The user interacts with the computer system through the operating system.
2. File and directory management
An O.S. keeps track of information regarding the creation, deletion, transfer, copy,
and storage of files in an organized way.
3. Memory management
An O.S. is responsible for allocating and deallocating of memory required by
programs.
4. Device management
An O.S. manages device communication via its respective drivers in order to execute
the programs.
5. Processor Management
In a multi-programming environment, the OS decides the order in which processes
have access to the processor, and how much processing time each process has. This
function of OS is called Process Scheduling.
6. Security management
The operating system uses password protection to protect user data and similar
other techniques.

• Managing files and folders

 File Management: The process and act of creating an organized structure in which you
store information for easy retrieval.
Windows Explorer / file explorer is the file management application in Windows
Operating System.

To manage files and folders on a computer, you can perform basic operations like
creating, opening, renaming, deleting files and folders, as well as searching for specific
files or folders using your computer's file explorer.

• Keyboard shortcuts to speed up operations

Ctrl + A Select All Content

Ctrl + S Save the document

Ctrl + C Copy selected text/item

Ctrl + X Cut selected text/item

Ctrl + V Paste copied text/item

Ctrl + Z Undo

Ctrl + Y Redo

Ctrl + B Change selected text to Bold

Ctrl + U Change selected text to Underline

Ctrl + I Change selected text to Italic

Ctrl + F Find

Ctrl + Home Go to beginning of document

Ctrl + End Go to end of document

Ctrl + Esc Open a start menu

Ctrl + K Insert Hyperlink for selected text

Ctrl + O Open a file

Ctrl + N Create a new blank file

Ctrl + P Print

Alt + Tab Switch between open apps

 Close active window. (If no active window is present, a
Alt + F4
shutdown box appears)

Ctrl + D (Del) Delete selected item to the Recycle Bin

Ctrl + Shift +N Create new folder on desktop or File Explorer

Shift + Delete Delete the selected item permanently, skipping Recycle Bin

F2 Rename selected item

PrtScn Take a screenshot and stores it in the clipboard.

Windows key +
Capture a full screenshot in the "Screenshots" folder
PrtScn

The Ways to Sort Out / Fix Minor Computer Issues by Using Control Panel Options

1. Slow Computer Performance

Issue: Over time, your computer might slow down due to background processes,
unnecessary programs or corrupted files.

Solution:

• System Configuration: Open Control Panel > Administrative Tools > System
Configuration. Under the Startup tab, disable unnecessary startup programs to
improve boot time.
• Disk Cleanup: Go to Control Panel > Administrative Tools > Disk Cleanup to remove
temporary files, system files, and other unnecessary data that can speed up your
computer.
• Defragment Hard Drive: Open Control Panel > Administrative Tools > Defragment
and Optimize Drives, then select your hard drive and click Optimize to defrag it.

2. No Sound from Speakers

Issue: You may encounter situations where your computer's sound isn't working.

Solution:

• Open Control Panel > Sound.

• In the Playback tab, right-click on the active device (e.g., speakers or headphones)
and click Set as Default Device if it's not already set.
• Ensure the volume is turned up and that the device is enabled.
3. Network Connectivity Issues

Issue: Your computer might not connect to the internet or local network.

Solution:

• Open Control Panel > Network and Sharing Center

• Click on Troubleshoot problems on the left-hand side to use the built-in network
troubleshooting tool.
• If the problem persists, click Change adapter settings, right-click on your active
network adapter (Wi-Fi or Ethernet), and select Disable. Wait for a few seconds, then
right-click again to Enable it.

4. Printer Not Responding

Issue: Sometimes your printer may not be working or is showing offline.

Solution:

• Open Control Panel > Devices and Printers.

• Right-click on your printer and select Set as Default Printer.
• If the printer still isn't responding, right-click on it and choose See what's printing. In
the queue window, click Printer > Cancel All Documents to clear any stuck print jobs.
• You can also use Troubleshoot if the printer has issues or is not showing up in the
list.

5. Display Issues (Resolution or Orientation)

Issue: Your screen resolution or orientation may be incorrect or mismatched.

Solution:

• Go to Control Panel > System > Display.

• To adjust screen resolution, click on Adjust Resolution under the Display options and
select a resolution that matches your monitor’s capabilities.
• If the screen orientation is wrong (e.g., sideways or upside down), click Change
Display Settings and select the proper orientation from the dropdown menu under
Orientation.

De-fragmenting a Drive
Defragmentation- Defragmenting refers to rearranging files and storing them in contiguous
memory locations.

Defragmenting a Drive refers to the process of reorganizing fragmented data on a hard disk
drive (HDD) to improve the speed and efficiency of the system. When data is written to a
disk, it can become scattered across different physical locations, especially as files are
created, modified, or deleted. Over time, this fragmentation can cause the system to take
longer to read or write files because the hard drive's read/write head has to jump around to
retrieve the scattered data.

• Go to Control Panel and select System and Security.

• Under the Administrative Tools section, click on Defragment and Optimize Drives
(or Disk Defragmenter in older versions of Windows).

• In the Optimize Drives window, you'll see a list of your hard drives. Choose the hard
drive you want to defragment (typically, C: Drive or the system drive).
• Click on the drive and then select Optimize.

Finding / Sorting / Archiving files

• Finding Files:
Use the File Explorer search bar or Windows Search in the Start Menu to locate files
quickly. We can refine searches using filters and advanced search operators.
• Sorting Files:
In File Explorer, right-click and use Sort by options to organize files based on name,
date, size, or type. You can toggle between ascending and descending order for any
category.
• Archiving Files:
An archive file is a file format that will allow storing of many files of any type into
one file for convenient storage and transfer of information.
We can compress files using ZIP format directly from File Explorer, or use third-party
tools like 7-Zip or WinRAR for more options. We can also set up automatic backups to
archive files regularly.
 Practical 3
MS-Word : Word Processing Software

1. Introduction – Microsoft Word

2. Create and Save Documentation
3. File (Data) Import and Export features
4. Open, Find, And Rename Files and Folders
5. Use "Print" Commands
6. Use "Paragraph" Options, "Bullets" And "Numbering"
7. Use ‘Windows’ Help
8. Use "Formatting Toolbar"
9. Use "Headers and Footers"
10. Insert Symbols and Pictures
11. Create Tables in MS-Word
12. Convert MS-WORD document into PDF file
13. Mail Merge

1. What is Microsoft Word?

Microsoft Word is word processing software. It is developed by Microsoft and is part of

Microsoft Office Suite. It allows users to create, edit, format, print and save professional
documents like letters and reports.

Uses of MS Word

Word allows users to create documents, such as letters, resumes, reports, essays and more,
with a wide range of formatting options.

Tabs available in MS Word

• Home
font colour, font size, font style, alignment, bullets, line spacing etc.

• Insert
Tables, shapes, images, charts, graphs, header, footer, page number etc.

• Design
We can select Themes, watermark, page color and borders

• Page Layout
Margins, orientation, columns, breaks, lines, indentation, spacing, etc.

• References
This tab is the most useful for those who are creating a thesis or writing books or lengthy
documents. Options like citation, footnote, table of contents, caption, bibliography, etc. can
be found under this tab.

• Mailings
This tab is where you would create labels, print them on envelopes, do mail merge, etc.

• Review
Spell check, grammar, Thesaurus, word count, language, translation, comments, etc.

2. Create and Save Documentation

Create a Document:

• Open Microsoft Word.

• Start a new document by selecting File > New and choosing a blank document or a
template.
• Begin typing your content as required.

Save a Document:

• After creating your document, save it by selecting File > Save or pressing Ctrl + S.
• If saving for the first time, you will be prompted to choose a location. Enter a name
for the file and select the desired file format (e.g., .docx).

3. File (Data) Import and Export Features

• Import:
o You can import content from other sources like text files, Excel, or web pages.
o Go to File > Open, choose All Files, and locate the file to import.
o Alternatively, you can copy and paste content from other programs into
Word.
• Export:
o To export your Word document, go to File > Save As.
o Choose PDF or other formats like .txt or .html from the Save as type
dropdown menu to convert the document for use in other applications or to
make it shareable.

4. Open, Find, and Rename Files and Folders

• Open a Document:
o Go to File > Open, and select the document from the recent files or browse to
the location where it's saved.
• Find a File:
 o Press Ctrl + F or go to Home > Find in the ribbon to search for specific text
within the document.
• Rename a File: (F2 is shortcut key to rename a file or folder)
o Close the document, go to the folder where it’s stored, right-click the file, and
choose Rename. Type the new name and press Enter.
• Find a Folder:
o Open File Explorer (Windows), type the folder name in the search bar to
locate it.

5. Use "Print" Commands

• To print a document, go to File > Print or press Ctrl + P.

• You’ll see print options including the printer, pages to print, and the number of
copies.
• Click on Print to send the document to the selected printer.

6. Use "Paragraph" Options, "Bullets," and "Numbering"

• Paragraph Options:
o Select the text and go to the Home tab. In the Paragraph section, you can
adjust the alignment (left, center, right, justify), line spacing, and indentation.
o Click on the Line and Paragraph Spacing icon to adjust spacing between lines
or paragraphs.
• Bullets and Numbering:
o In the Paragraph section, you can create bulleted or numbered lists.
o For bulleted lists, click on the Bullets icon; for numbered lists, click on the
Numbering icon. You can also customize bullet styles or numbering formats.

7. Use ‘Windows’ Help

• Press F1 or go to the Help button (usually in the top right of the window) to open
Microsoft Word Help.
• You can search for any specific task or feature by typing it into the search box (e.g.,
“How to create a table” or “How to insert a picture”).

8. Use "Formatting Toolbar"

• The Formatting Toolbar allows quick access to text formatting options like font size,
bold, italic, underline, and font style.
• You can also adjust text color or highlighting.
• These options are available under the Home tab in the Font section.

9. Use "Headers and Footers"

• To add Headers and Footers (which will appear at the top or bottom of every page),
go to Insert > Header or Footer.
• You can choose a pre-designed style or create a custom header/footer.
 • Use Insert > Page Number to add page numbers to the header or footer.
• You can edit headers and footers for specific sections of the document (e.g., different
first page, odd/even pages).

10. Insert Symbols and Pictures

• Insert Symbols:
o Go to Insert > Symbol to add special characters, mathematical symbols, or
foreign characters.
o Select the symbol from the list or click on More Symbols for a larger
selection.
• Insert Pictures:
o Go to Insert > Pictures.
o Choose to insert from This Device, Stock Images, or Online Pictures.
o After inserting, you can resize, move, and format the image as needed.

11. Create Tables in MS Word

• Go to Insert > Table, then select the number of rows and columns from the grid or
click Insert Table for more customization options.
• After inserting a table, you can enter data into the cells.
• Use the Table Design tab for formatting options like borders, shading, and table
styles.

12. Convert MS-Word Document into PDF File

• To convert a Word document into a PDF, go to File > Save As.

• In the Save as type dropdown menu, select PDF.
• Choose the location where you want to save the PDF and click Save.

13. Mail Merge

Mail merge is a feature in Microsoft Word that allows you to create personalized
documents, such as letters, envelopes, labels, or emails.

It is used to send personalized mass mailings by merging a main document (containing

generic content) with a data source (such as an Excel spreadsheet, Access database, or
Outlook contacts list).

By using the mail merge option in MS Word, you can save time and effort when creating
personalized documents for mass mailings.

Components of mail merge:

The three main components of the merging process are the main document, the data
source, and the merged document.
1. The main document contains the main body of your letter, field names, and
merges instructions. The basic information within the main document remains
equivalent.
2. The data source (or Recipients’ list) stores the knowledge that changes for
every document. This information is inserted in the main document one by one.
An example of the data source is a name and address list from which the
program gets what you want to include in the main document.
3. The merged document contains the main text from the main document and
data from a data source.

Home Work

Write use of function keys F1 to F12

 Practical 4
MS-Excel: Spreadsheets
Learning Goals:

1. What is Microsoft Excel?

2. Create Workbooks, Working with Rows, Columns, Cells and Worksheets
3. Insert Pictures and Graphics
4. Format Cells
5. Use Conditional Formatting on Data in Cells
6. Basic Calculations - Add, Subtract, Multiply, Divide
7. Calculate Averages, Find the Maximum Value
8. Format Worksheets
9. Manipulate Data - Move, Copy, And Paste, Add/Delete Columns, Add/Delete Rows,
Employ Multiple Worksheets, Insert/Delete Worksheets
10. Create Formulas, Employ the Function Wizard, Add Comments, Create Charts
11. File (Data) Import and Export features, Convert MS-EXCEL document into PDF file

1. What is Microsoft Excel?

Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet program used to record and analyze numerical and
statistical data. Microsoft Excel provides multiple features to perform various operations
like calculations, pivot tables, graph tools, macro programming, etc.

2. Create Workbooks, Working with Rows, Columns, Cells and Worksheets

Workbook

An Excel workbook is a collection of worksheets that stores the data inside rows and
columns. Excel files are known as workbooks.

Worksheet
Worksheet (sheet) is a single page within a workbook where data is stored and organized in
rows and columns. Each workbook holds one or more worksheets (spreadsheets).

A Excel spreadsheet is a collection of columns and rows that form a table.

The intersection of a column and a row forms a cell. The address of a cell is given by the
letter representing the column and the number representing a row.

The specifications for Excel Worksheet include:

o Number of Rows per Worksheet: 1,048,576

o Number of Columns per Worksheet: 16,384
o Total cells per Worksheet: 17,179,869,184
 3. Insert Pictures and Graphics

To insert pictures or graphics, go to the Insert tab and select Pictures. You can choose to
insert a picture from your device, online sources, or from the built-in icons in Excel.

4. Format Cells

Formatting Cells involves changing the appearance of data in a cell, such as font type, size,
color, background color, alignment, and number formatting (like currency, date, or
percentage). To format cells, right-click on a cell or group of cells, and select Format Cells.

5. Use Conditional Formatting on Data in Cells

Conditional formatting is used to apply specific formatting to cells that meet a certain
condition, like highlighting cells above a certain value or below average. To apply
conditional formatting, go to the Home tab, select Conditional Formatting, and choose a
rule type.

6. Perform Basic Calculations

• Addition: =A1 + B1
• Subtraction: =A1 - B1
• Multiplication: =A1 * B1
• Division: =A1 / B1

7. Calculate Averages, Find the Maximum, Minimum Value

Average: =AVERAGE(A1:A10)

=MAX(B2:B10) - to get the max value from B2 to B10

=LARGE(B2:B10,1) - to get the largest value from B2 to B10

=LARGE(B2:B10,2) - to get the 2nd largest value from B2 to B10

=MIN(B2:B10) - to get the min value from B2 to B10

=SMALL(B2:B10,1) - to get the smallest value from B2 to B10

=SMALL(B2:B10,2) - to get the 2nd smallest value from B2 to B10

8. Format Worksheets

• Draw Tables: You can draw or insert tables by selecting the Insert > Table option.
• Format Text and Cells: Adjust font size, style, color, and alignment to format text.
Cells can also be formatted for borders, background color, and text wrap.
• Adjust Columns and Rows: Resize columns and rows by dragging their borders or
selecting the Format option under the Home tab.
• Print Worksheets: To print a worksheet, go to File > Print. Here, you can adjust print
settings like the number of copies, page layout, margins, and print area.

9. Manipulate Data

• Move, Copy, Paste: You can move, copy, and paste cells or ranges using drag-and-
drop or the right-click menu. Use Ctrl + C to copy, Ctrl + X to cut, and Ctrl + V to
paste.
• Add/Delete Columns/Rows: To insert or delete rows/columns, right-click on the row
number or column letter and select Insert or Delete.
• Multiple Worksheets: You can work with multiple worksheets within a single
workbook by adding new sheets or navigating between them using the tabs at the
bottom.
• Insert/Delete Worksheets: Right-click on a worksheet tab and select Insert or Delete
to manage worksheets in a workbook.

10. Create Formulas, Function, Comments & Charts

• Create Formulas: Excel uses formulas to perform calculations. Formulas always
begin with an equal sign (=). For example, =A1+B1.
• Function Wizard: To assist in creating functions, use the Formulas > Insert Function
option. The wizard helps you search for and insert functions like SUM, AVERAGE, and
more.
• Add Comments: You can add comments to any cell by right-clicking the cell and
selecting Insert Comment.
• Create Charts: To visualize data, use the Insert > Chart option. You can create various
types of charts like bar, line, pie, etc.

11. File (Data) Import and Export Features

• Import Data: Excel allows importing data from different sources, such as external
databases, text files, or web sources, via Data > Get External Data.
• Export Data: You can export your worksheet to other formats like CSV, Text, or PDF
by selecting File > Save As and choosing the desired format.
 Practical 5
MS-PowerPoint: Presentations
Learning Goals:

1. Create a Presentation, Create a Slide, Insert Pictures, Format Text, Format Pictures,
Preview A Presentation.
2. Insert Tables and Charts, Employ Design Templates, Employ A Master Slide, And
Rearrange Slides.
3. Animate Text, Graphics, Create Slide Transitions, Advance Slides Automatically
4. File (Data) Import and Export features, Convert MS POWER POINT document into
PDF file.

What is Microsoft PowerPoint?

Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation software program which allows users to create

visually engaging slideshow presentations by incorporating text, images, videos and
animations.

1. Creating and Managing Presentations:

• Create a Presentation: Open PowerPoint and select a template or start with a blank
presentation.
• Create and Add Slides: Use the 'New Slide' button on the Home tab to add slides
with various layouts.
• Rearrange Slides: In the slide sorter view, drag slides to reorder them.

2. Inserting and Formatting Content:

• Insert Pictures: Go to the Insert tab, click 'Pictures', and choose the source to add
images.
• Format Text: Highlight text and use the options in the Home tab to change font, size,
color, and style.
• Format Pictures: Select an image and use the Picture Tools format tab to adjust
style, size, and effects.
• Insert Tables and Charts: Use the 'Insert' tab to add tables and charts for data
representation.

3. Animations and Transitions:

• Animate Text and Graphics: Apply entrance, emphasis, and exit animations from the
Animations tab.
• Slide Transitions: Set transitions between slides for a smooth flow using the
Transitions tab.
• Advance Slides Automatically: In the Transitions tab, set timing for slides to advance
automatically.
4. Preparing and Sharing Presentations:

• Preview a Presentation: Use the 'Slide Show' tab to rehearse timings and preview
slides.
• Make Presentations Portable: Save presentations in formats like PDF for easy
sharing.
• Import and Export Features: Import content from other applications and export
presentations as PDFs or videos.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l5Ij7nUy9UQ
 Practical 6
Networks and Cyber Security
Learning Goals:
5. Networking Concepts
6. Networking Infrastructure (Lan, Wan, Man) and Topologies
7. Type of Network Used in a Company and its Limitations
8. How a Networking Can Improve Business Operations
9. Basic Network Technology Terms
10. Procedures for Networking computers
11. Network Cable Cat 5 and Cat 6, Crippling and Punching of The Network Cable
12. Cyber security
13. Password Management, Precautions to safeguard against Cyber threat.
14. Types of Cyber Crimes
15. Cyber security challenges in maritime industry

1. Network
• A network is a group of interconnected devices (like computers, phones, or servers)
that can communicate and share resources.
• These devices are often referred as nodes.

Networking involves connecting computers, devices, and systems to share data, resources,
and services. Key concepts include protocols (rules for communication), network devices
(routers, switches), and data transmission methods.

Benefits of Networks:
• Resource Sharing: Networks allow users to share resources like printers, storage, and
applications.
• Communication: Networks facilitate communication between devices and users.
• Data Sharing: Networks allow users to share data and files with each other.

2. Networking Infrastructure (LAN, WAN, MAN) and Topologies

• Local Area Network (LAN): A network that connects devices within a small
geographical area, like a home or office.
• Wide Area Network (WAN): A network that connects devices across a larger
geographical area, like different cities or countries.
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): A network that connects devices within a
metropolitan area, like a city.
 • Personal Area Network (PAN): A network that connects devices within a small area,
like a person's personal devices.
• Wireless Network: A network that uses wireless technology (like Wi-Fi) to connect
devices.
• Wired Network: A network that uses physical cables (like Ethernet) to connect
devices.

Topologies: It is the arrangement of devices in a network. It reflects physical layout of

devices and cables to a form a connected network.

Types of Network Topology – Bus, Star, Ring, Mesh, Tree and Hybrid

Computer Network Components/parts – NIC(Network Interface Card), Hub, Switch, Router,

cables, Modem, Client, Server

3. Type of Network Used in a Company and Its Limitations

Companies often use a combination of LAN and WAN for internal and external
communication. Limitations include cost, scalability, and security concerns.

4. How Networking Can Improve Business Operations

Networking enhances communication, data sharing, and collaboration. It supports remote

work, increases efficiency, and facilitates the integration of business processes.

5. Basic Network Technology Terms

1. MAC Address – A MAC (Media Access Control) also called as hardware address and
physical address. Every Network Interface Card (NIC) has a unique MAC address
assigned by the manufacturer. Eg "50:7B:9D:56:69:21"
2. IP address - IP Address stands for Internet Protocol Address. An IP address is a
computer's logical address used to identify computers linked to a network uniquely.
IP address is a 4-bytes (IPv4) or 6-bytes(IPv6) address.
Internet Service Provider (ISP) provides the IP Address.
IP Address is a logical address.
Example 192.155.12.1
3. DNS (Domain Name System)
DNS is the internet's address book. It translates human-readable domain
names/URL’s (like www.microsoft.com) into IP addresses (such as 192.0.2.1) that
computers use to locate and communicate with each other over the network.
4. World Wide Web (WWW)
It is the service that is used on Internet to view and search contents (in the form of
web-pages).
5. Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)
It is a Protocol, which is used especially for voice transfer over IP network. Likewise,
it facilitates users to make phone-calls by using internet.
6. Procedures for Networking Computers

Set up involves installing hardware (routers, cables), configuring software (network settings,
IP addresses), and ensuring security through firewalls and encryption.

Firewalls are security systems designed to protect networks and devices from unauthorized
access, cyber threats, and malicious activity. They act as barriers between your internal
network and external sources, like the internet.

Firewalls monitor and control incoming and outgoing network traffic based on
predetermined security rules, blocking potentially harmful data.

7. Network Cable Cat 5 and Cat 6

• Cat 5: Supports up to 100 Mbps speeds; used for basic networking.

• Cat 6: Higher performance, supports 1 Gbps and more.

8. Cybersecurity
Cybersecurity is the practice of safeguarding computers, servers, networks, and data from
malicious attacks, unauthorized access, and damage.
Common Cybersecurity Practices

• Firewalls: Act as barriers between trusted and untrusted networks.

• Encryption: Scrambles data so only authorized parties can read it.
• Antivirus Software: Detects and eliminates malware.
• Two-Factor Authentication (2FA): Adds an extra layer of login security.
• Regular Updates: Keeps software and systems protected from vulnerabilities.

Benefits of Cybersecurity

• Safeguards sensitive personal and business data.

• Builds trust with clients and stakeholders.
• Reduces downtime and financial losses caused by attacks.
• Ensures compliance with legal and regulatory requirements.

9. Password Management and Precautions Against Cyber Threats

Use strong, unique passwords, enable two-factor authentication, avoid clicking on

suspicious links, and regularly update passwords.

10. Types of Cyber Crimes

Cyber crimes involve illegal activities carried out through digital means.

Types of Cyber Crime:

1. Phishing:
 o Deceptive emails or messages that trick individuals into revealing sensitive
information like login credentials or financial data.
2. Identity Theft:
o Stealing someone's personal information to commit fraud, such as opening
bank accounts or making unauthorized purchases.
3. Online Fraud:
o Scams involving fake websites, phishing, or fraudulent online transactions.
4. Social Engineering:
o Manipulating individuals into sharing confidential information by exploiting
their trust.
5. Hacking:
o Unauthorized access to systems or networks, often to steal data or disrupt
operations.
6. Cyber Stalking:
o Using digital platforms to harass or intimidate someone.

7. Spamming:

• Sending unsolicited messages, often to advertise or spread malware.

8. Cryptocurrency Fraud:

• Scams involving digital currencies, such as fake investments or fraudulent

exchanges.

11. Cybersecurity Challenges in Maritime Industry

Cyber threats in maritime include GPS jamming, communication disruption, and

ransomware targeting vessels and ports.

The maritime industry faces unique cybersecurity challenges due to its reliance on
technology for operations, navigation, and communication. Here are some key issues:

1. Vulnerabilities in Navigation Systems:

o Systems like GPS and Automatic Identification Systems (AIS) are susceptible
to jamming, spoofing, and hacking.
o Cyber attacks can mislead ships, causing navigation errors or collisions.
2. Complex and Interconnected Systems:
o Maritime operations involve a mix of legacy systems and modern
technologies.
o Older systems are often less secure and lack robust cybersecurity measures.
3. Third-Party Risks:
o Ports and ships rely on vendors and contractors who may introduce
vulnerabilities.
o Data sharing across multiple entities increases the risk of breaches.
4. Cyber Threats to Cargo Management:
o Hackers may target cargo tracking systems for theft or smuggling.
o Disruptions in shipping schedules due to ransomware can lead to financial
losses.
5. Remote Access Exploits:
o Increased use of remote monitoring and control systems exposes ships to
unauthorized access.
o Weak authentication methods can become entry points for attackers.
6. Limited Cybersecurity Awareness:
o Many maritime personnel lack training on cybersecurity protocols.
o Human errors, such as weak passwords or phishing, contribute to
vulnerabilities.
7. Regulatory Challenges:
o Ensuring compliance with international cybersecurity standards like IMO
guidelines can be difficult.
o Lack of uniform policies across countries complicates security enforcement.
8. Impact of Cyber Attacks:
o Financial losses from shipping disruptions or stolen cargo.
o Operational delays due to system failures.
o Environmental consequences if attacks lead to collisions or spills.