Cloud computing U-2
Cloud computing U-2
Racks & Enclosures Organize hardware in rows for accessibility and airflow
Power Supply (UPS) Provide consistent power; includes battery backups, generators
Cooling System Prevent overheating (CRAC units, chillers, hot/cold aisle setup)
Design Considerations:
Design Factor Description
Energy Efficiency Green data centres use renewable energy and low-power hardware
Disaster Recovery Backup locations, cloud failover, and data replication strategies
Data centers serve as the foundation for cloud services, providing the resources needed to run virtual machines, store
data, and deliver applications.
Resource Sharing:
Cloud data centers are designed to accommodate multiple clients, allowing them to rent computing resources (like
storage or processing power) on demand.
Cloud data centers enable cloud providers to rapidly scale up or down computing resources based on client needs,
offering flexibility and cost-effectiveness.
Accessibility:
Data centers enable users to access cloud services from anywhere with an internet connection.
Architecture of DATA CENTER
Cloud programming and software development face challenges in several areas,
including cybersecurity, cost management, skill gaps, governance, and compliance. These
issues can lead to fractured operations, hindering companies' ability to effectively manage
application delivery infrastructure.
Cybersecurity: Data breaches and security vulnerabilities remain a significant concern in
cloud computing. Companies need to ensure robust security measures, including secure
access control, encryption, and vulnerability management.
Cost Management: Cloud costs can be difficult to predict and manage, especially when using
multiple cloud providers or services. Companies need to implement strategies for cost
optimization, such as leveraging reserved instances, right-sizing resources, and monitoring
usage patterns.
Skill Gaps: The rapid growth of cloud computing has led to a shortage of skilled professionals,
particularly in areas like cloud engineering, development, and security. Organizations need to
invest in training and development programs to address this skill gap.
Governance and Compliance: Managing cloud environments requires establishing clear
governance policies and procedures, including data residency, access controls, and
compliance with industry regulations.
Fractured Operations: When different teams manage different aspects of the application
delivery infrastructure (e.g., traditional teams managing on-premise infrastructure while
DevOps teams manage cloud infrastructure), it can lead to operational inefficiencies, security
risks, and compliance issues. Companies need to unify their approach to application delivery
infrastructure management, whether on-premise or in the cloud, to avoid fractured operations.
Types of Data Centers:
On-premises data centers:
Owned and operated by a single organization for their own internal use.
Colocation data centers:
Provide space and resources for other companies to host their servers and equipment.
Managed data centers:
Offer data storage, computing, and other services as a managed service to customers.
Cloud data centers:
Owned and operated by cloud service providers and used to deliver cloud services to a wide
range of users.
Key Components:
Front-end (API):
This layer provides the interface for users to access the storage. It can offer various APIs like file
service, web service, or traditional protocols like iSCSI.
Middleware (Storage Logic):
This layer handles various storage-related functionalities, such as data replication, data reduction, and
access control.
Back-end (Physical Storage):
This layer implements the physical storage devices where data is actually stored. It can involve various
storage technologies, including physical disks, object storage, or network protocols.
Key Characteristics:
Scalability:
Cloud storage architectures are designed to handle increasing storage demands by adding more
resources as needed.
Reliability:
Data replication and redundancy mechanisms ensure data is available even if one or more storage
components fail.
Security:
Security measures, such as encryption and access control, protect data from unauthorized access.
Multi-tenancy:
Cloud storage platforms allow multiple users or organizations to share the same infrastructure, enabling
efficient resource utilization.
Processors communicate with each Computer communicate with each other through
5.
other through bus message passing.
MAPREDUCE PARADIGM:
The MapReduce paradigm is a programming model for processing large datasets in a
massively parallel, distributed fashion. It simplifies the development of data-intensive
applications by dividing tasks into two main phases: Map and Reduce. The Map function
processes data in parallel, while the Reduce function combines the results from the Map
phase.
Here's a more detailed explanation:
Key Concepts:
Parallel Processing:
MapReduce is designed to leverage the power of distributed computing, processing data across multiple
machines simultaneously.
Data Splitting:
The input data is divided into smaller chunks, which are then processed independently by different map
tasks.
Map Function:
The Map function takes a key-value pair as input and produces a set of intermediate key-value pairs.
Reduce Function:
The Reduce function takes the intermediate key-value pairs and merges them based on the key,
producing the final output.
Fault Tolerance:
MapReduce is designed to be resilient to machine failures, allowing the system to continue operating
even if some nodes go down.
Abstraction:
The framework handles the complexities of data distribution, scheduling, and communication, allowing
developers to focus on the algorithms themselves.
How it Works:
1. Input Data Splitting: The input data is divided into smaller, manageable chunks.
2. Map Phase: Each chunk is processed by a Map task, which generates a set of intermediate key-value
pairs.
3. Shuffle and Sort: The intermediate key-value pairs are shuffled and sorted based on the key.
4. Reduce Phase: The Reduce tasks process the grouped key-value pairs and produce the final output.
Benefits of MapReduce:
Scalability: Can handle massive datasets that would be impossible to process on a single machine.
Efficiency: Parallel processing significantly reduces processing time.
Simplicity: The MapReduce model is relatively simple to understand and use, making it easier to develop
and maintain applications.
Fault Tolerance: The system can continue running even if some nodes fail.
Use Cases:
MapReduce Architecture: