Perpetual Help College of

Pangasinan
College of Criminology

THE INTEGRATION OF RESERVE OFFICERS

TRAINING CORPS (ROTC) PROGRAM IN
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY:
A JOURNEY OF DISCIPLINE

Presented to the Faculty of the Criminology Department

Perpetual Help College of Pangasinan – Malasiqui

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Degree Bachelor of Criminology

By

Buyao, Jan Leigh E.

Garcia, Anglica G.

Hiteroza, Jessa C.

Patungan, Joyce Erica C.

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CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

The Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) is a voluntary military training program

offered at colleges and universities to develop students into commissioned officers in

the United States Armed Forces. ROTC programs combine military science courses,

physical fitness training, leadership development, and field exercises, preparing

students for military careers while they pursue their academic degrees. Students who

complete the ROTC program are commissioned as officers in the Army, Navy, Air

Force, or Marines upon graduation, with a commitment to serve in the military for a

designated period (Smith & Jones, 2020). ROTC is open to students from various

academic disciplines, providing leadership skills and discipline that benefit both military

and civilian careers (Varga, 2018). Over time, the program has evolved to address the

changing needs of the military and educational environments, offering financial

scholarships, professional development opportunities, and leadership training to

participants (Baker & Ferguson, 2019).

The ROTC concept, although originating in the United States, has spread to many

countries around the world, where similar programs train university students to become

officers in their respective national armed forces. These programs, which are

implemented in countries like Canada, the Philippines, South Korea, and several

European nations, typically combine academic education in military science, leadership

development, physical training, and practical military exercises (Kang, 2021). In

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countries with ROTC programs, students who complete the training are commissioned

as officers in their national military forces, with many required to serve a specific

number of years in either reserves or active duty (Jones & Lee, 2019).

While ROTC is voluntary in some countries, it is mandatory in others for certain student

populations or under specific conditions. For example, ROTC is voluntary in the United

States, while countries such as South Korea and Singapore mandate participation in

similar officer training programs for young male students as part of their national service

obligations (Chavez, 2020). The primary aim of ROTC programs worldwide is to

produce well-trained military officers who are also educated citizens capable of

balancing military duties with the demands of civilian life. The curriculum usually

includes leadership development, national defense studies, physical fitness, military

tactics, and ethical decision-making for effective military command (Tanner & Richards,

2022).

Despite its importance in building military leadership and national defense, ROTC faces

several challenges globally, such as concerns about militarization in educational

settings, the financial cost of these programs, and the evolving role of military forces in

society (Baker & Ferguson, 2019). Nonetheless, ROTC remains a key mechanism for

preparing future military leaders, particularly in countries with conscription or a need for

reserve officers.

In the Philippines, ROTC is a mandatory component of the National Service Training

Program (NSTP), which also includes the Civic Welfare Training Service (CWTS) and

Literacy Training Service (LTS). The primary goal of ROTC in the Philippines is to train
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students in military science, leadership, discipline, and national defense, thus

contributing to the development of a reserve force that can be mobilized in times of

national emergency or conflict (De Castro, 2020). Philippine universities and colleges

structure their ROTC programs to include both academic coursework in military science

and practical military training. This training covers leadership, military ethics, national

security, and defense policies, while students also participate in physical training and

leadership development exercises. Upon completing the required training, students are

commissioned as officers in the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) Reserve Force.

Although ROTC became mandatory for male college students in the Philippines in 1986,

it was suspended in 2002 due to concerns about abuse and corruption, particularly

following the tragic death of a student due to hazing. In response, the Philippine

Congress passed legislation in 2009 and 2020 to reinstate ROTC as mandatory under

specific conditions, implementing reforms aimed at better oversight and safeguarding

students' welfare (Alonzo, 2020). The program's objective is to instill a sense of

patriotism, leadership, and civic responsibility among students, while preparing them for

potential roles in national defense. Students who complete ROTC are expected to fulfill

reserve military duty, with the possibility of being called to active duty based on the

AFP's needs. The ROTC program also contributes to nation-building, offering students a

structured pathway to support the defense and security of the Philippines (Chavez,

2019).

However, ROTC in the Philippines continues to face challenges, such as concerns over

the militarization of education, the potential for abuse, and its impact on academic
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freedom. Ongoing discussions about reforming and modernizing the ROTC curriculum

aim to ensure that it meets contemporary educational standards while maintaining its

focus on national defense (De Castro, 2021).

In local colleges in Pangasinan, the ROTC program consists of two main components:

military science courses and practical training. The military science courses cover topics

such as military organization, leadership, strategy, national defense, and military ethics.

Students also participate in physical fitness activities, field training exercises, and

leadership labs to develop practical skills necessary for effective military service.

Additionally, ROTC cadets are required to attend summer training camps, where they

undergo more intensive military training. These experiences not only prepare students

for military service but also enhance their leadership, teamwork, and decision-making

abilities (Chavez, 2019).

Initially, ROTC in Pangasinan was mandatory for male students, as per the Philippine

government's regulations. However, after the suspension of mandatory ROTC in 2002

due to concerns over hazing and corruption, it was reinstated as a voluntary program in

2009. In recent years, however, certain provisions have been reintroduced, making

ROTC mandatory again for male students in specific universities and colleges, including

those in Pangasinan, under certain regulations and oversight (Alonzo, 2020). This

change aims to strengthen the country's reserve force while ensuring the safety and

well-being of participating students.

ROTC in Pangasinan plays a significant role in preparing students for leadership

positions in both the military and civilian sectors. It also contributes to national defense
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by creating a pool of trained reserve officers who can be mobilized in times of national

emergency or conflict. Despite these benefits, ROTC in local colleges continues to face

challenges, including concerns about militarization, the adequacy of training, and the

protection of students' rights (De Castro, 2021).

This study aims to examine the experiences of students participating in the Reserve

Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) program as part of the Bachelor of Science in

Criminology curriculum at Perpetual Help College of Pangasinan, with a focus on how

ROTC training integrates with their academic learning and contributes to their personal

development, identify the challenges faced by ROTC cadets, particularly in the context

of criminology studies, and evaluate how these challenges affect their academic

performance, military training, and overall well-being and Assess the effectiveness of

the ROTC program at Perpetual Help College of Pangasinan in achieving its goals of

leadership development, national defense preparedness, and the enhancement of

students’ skills that are essential for both military and civilian careers. Ultimately, this

research aims to provide recommendations for improving the ROTC program,

addressing existing challenges, and enhancing its ability to better serve both its

participants and the broader objectives of national defense.

Theoretical Framework

In this section of the study, the researchers present related theories that support and

provide a theoretical basis for further explaining the research.

Social Learning Theory (Albert Bandura)

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Social Learning Theory emphasizes the role of observation and interaction in learning.

According to Bandura, individuals learn behaviors, skills, and attitudes by observing

others and imitating behaviors that lead to positive outcomes. In the context of ROTC

and criminology studies, students observe military officers, senior cadets, and their

peers as role models, and through this social interaction, they learn the importance of

discipline, leadership, and teamwork. The ROTC program provides a structured

environment where students actively engage in modeling behavior, which is essential

for developing the ethical and professional qualities needed in criminology and law

enforcement careers.

David Kolb’s theory of experiential learning suggests that individuals learn best through

direct experience. The ROTC program is a prime example of experiential learning, as

students engage in hands-on training, simulations, and real-world exercises that build

discipline, leadership, and teamwork skills. By participating in physical training, field

exercises, and leadership roles within the ROTC structure, criminology students go

through a cyclical process of experiencing, reflecting, thinking, and acting, which helps

them internalize skills and concepts crucial for both academic success and future law

enforcement careers. The learning cycle in ROTC integrates both cognitive and physical

challenges, reinforcing the development of personal and professional capabilities.

Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development focuses on how individuals progress

through stages of intellectual growth. In the ROTC context, this theory helps explain

how students mature in their thinking, particularly in terms of decision-making, moral

reasoning, and ethical development. Piaget proposed that cognitive development is

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influenced by experiences, and in ROTC, students are constantly presented with new

challenges that require them to adapt and think critically. As criminology students face

the demands of ROTC training, they develop cognitive and moral reasoning skills that

enhance their ability to deal with complex ethical issues in their future careers in law

enforcement.

Transformational Leadership Theory suggests that effective leaders inspire and

motivate followers to exceed their own self-interests for the greater good. In the ROTC

program, students are not only trained in physical and tactical skills but also in

leadership and ethical behavior. As part of their training, ROTC students often take on

leadership roles, guiding and mentoring their peers. This experience encourages them

to embody transformational leadership qualities, such as vision, motivation, and moral

integrity. Criminology students are thus prepared for leadership roles in law

enforcement, where they will be required to inspire, motivate, and manage others

effectively while upholding high ethical standards.

The integration of ROTC into criminology studies requires students to balance academic

work with military training, which can induce stress. The Time Management and Stress

Management Theory is relevant in understanding how students cope with competing

demands. This theory suggests that effective time management strategies and coping

mechanisms can reduce stress and improve performance. In the ROTC context,

students learn time management skills through structured schedules and deadlines,

which helps them manage both their academic commitments and ROTC

responsibilities. These skills are crucial for criminology students, who need to perform
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well academically while preparing for the mentally and physically demanding aspects of

law enforcement work.

Urie Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory examines how different

environmental systems (such as family, school, community, and broader societal

influences) affect individual development. This theory is useful for understanding how

the integration of ROTC into criminology studies affects students within a broader social

and institutional context. ROTC is embedded within a larger educational system, and

students are influenced by interactions with peers, instructors, and community

members. The impact of ROTC training is not isolated but shaped by multiple levels of

influence, including the educational institution, the ROTC unit, family expectations, and

societal values related to law enforcement.

The integration of ROTC into criminology studies is a multidimensional process that

fosters the development of discipline, leadership, teamwork, and academic

performance. The above theories collectively explain how students experience personal

and professional growth through ROTC, as they are exposed to hands-on training, real-

world challenges, leadership roles, and moral development. These theoretical

perspectives offer a comprehensive framework for understanding the journey of

discipline that ROTC students undergo as they integrate military training with their

criminology education. Theoretical foundations such as Social Learning Theory, Kolb's

Experiential Learning Theory, Cognitive Development, Transformational Leadership,

Time Management and Stress Management Theory, and Ecological Systems Theory

provide insight into how ROTC contributes to the holistic development of criminology
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students, preparing them for successful careers in both military and civilian law

enforcement.

Conceptional Framework

The systems approach (input-process-output model) is used to describe the conceptual

framework of the study. In the input phase, relevant concepts and principles will be

reviewed and studied to guide the development of the proposed research. Key

considerations in this phase include the integration of the Reserve Officers' Training

Corps (ROTC) program into the Bachelor of Science in Criminology curriculum, with a

focus on “A Journey of Discipline.”

The process phase centers on data collection, which will involve distributing survey

questionnaires, applying appropriate statistical treatments to the data, and interpreting

the results.

The output phase will provide a clear assessment of the integration of ROTC in the

criminology program. Additionally, a feedback loop will be incorporated into the system

to ensure that the study’s findings offer valuable information and insights for future

improvements.

Research Paradigm

INPUT PROCESS
OUTPUT
1. Demographic
profile
2. The experiences
encountered by the
Bachelor of Science
in Criminology
Students in
undertaking Reserve
Officers Training
Corps (ROTC) in
Perpetual Help A. Floating
Questionnai
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Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determines The Integration of Reserve Officers Training Corps

(ROTC) Program in the Bachelor of Science in Criminology: A Journey of Discipline

Specifically, the objectives are as follows:

1. Demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Sex.

1.2 Age.

1.3 Year level.

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2. Examine the experiences of students participating in the Reserve Officers' Training

Corps (ROTC) in terms of:

2.1 Development of leadership, discipline, and teamwork skills.

2.2 Balance between academic demands and ROTC commitments.

3. What is the impact of integrating the ROTC program into criminology studies on the

mental and physical wellbeing of students?

4. Assess the effectiveness of the ROTC program at Perpetual Help College of

Pangasinan in terms of:

4.1 Enhancing students' skills relevant to both military and civilian careers.

4.2 Quality and impact of ROTC training in fostering discipline and

responsibility.

Scope and Delimitations of the Studies

In this study, the researchers focused specifically on the level of implementation of the

Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) in local colleges in Pangasinan. The research

aimed to evaluate the implementation of regulations and directives, public relations

advocacy campaigns, unit goal accomplishments, as well as the significant differences

in the level of ROTC implementation across local colleges in Pangasinan. Additionally,

the study explored the relationship between ROTC implementation and school

improvement programs, school-based management, and mental health and well-being.

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The goal was to provide an in-depth, quantitative exploration of ROTC implementation,

along with the experiences and insights of participants regarding the program.

Significance of the Study

The results of this study would be beneficial to the following:

School Administration - it offers perceptions into the requirements and worries

of educators, other stakeholders, and students studying criminology. The Commission

on Higher Education (CHED) uses the results of qualitative research to develop

evidence-based policies and regulations, and this information can direct decision-

making processes pertaining to program development, resource allocation, and student

support services within the school. This study highlights opportunities for development,

offers insightful information on the advantages and disadvantages of criminology

programs, and raises the standard of criminology instruction as an entire field.

Teachers - It can recognize the attributes, methods, and techniques of

instruction that have a favorable effect on the motivation and involvement of students in

their learning. This data can direct educators' professional growth and raise the

standard of instruction in criminology programs.

Students - It makes it possible to examine in-depth the motives, obstacles, and

real-world situations that criminology students encounter. This information can influence

curriculum creation, instructional strategies, and student assistance programs.

Parents- It is a crucial role in supporting their children's educational journey. This

study can provide parents with a deeper understanding of the ROTC program and its
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impact on their children's personal and professional development. It can help parents

make informed decisions about their child's participation in the program and provide

them with insights on how they can further support their child's growth and well-being.

Future researchers - It provides the groundwork for upcoming research. It

draws attention to knowledge gaps, poses fresh questions for investigation, and

encourages more research on subjects pertaining to criminology education, student

experiences, and instructional strategies.

Definition of Terms

The following terms used in this study defined for clearer and better understanding of

the readers.

BS Criminology- an undergraduate curriculum that emphasizes the study of

criminal activity, law enforcement, criminal justice, and crime. Students are prepared for

professions in correctional, law enforcement, and allied fields.

Coping Mechanism- Coping mechanism refers to the strategies and techniques

individuals employ to manage and adapt to stress, challenges, and difficult situations. It

involves the use of psychological, emotional, and behavioral strategies to navigate and

cope with various life circumstances, including academic pressure, personal issues, and

external stressors. In the context of this study, coping mechanisms may be explored in
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relation to the experiences of Bachelor of Science in Criminology students in the ROTC

program at Perpetual Help College of Pangasinan

Discipline - is a practice which you exert upon yourself to bring about

governance, regulations and self-awareness to the activities that you do every day and

allow you to systematically control the outcomes that you are expecting to have.

Integration - evokes a sense of unity, wholeness, and interconnectedness.

Integration signifies a process of combining distinct elements into a cohesive whole,

often involving a degree of mutual adaptation, transformation, or even tension between

the elements involved. This exploration aims to delve into the nuances of integration,

examining how this concept shapes various fields of study and uncovering the

underlying tensions, challenges, and possibilities that emerge when distinct elements

are brought together.

Journey - Is about the experiences and lessons learned along the way and has

a destination, whether it's a specific place or a goal to be achieved.

ROTC (Reserve Officers' Training Corps)- a course intended to give students

military training, discipline, and leadership abilities. It offers military instruction and

training to get pupils ready for a career in the military

Students - those who are actively participating in the ROTC program and are

enrolled in Perpetual Help College of Pangasinan's BS in Criminology degree. They are

the study's main participants.

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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The researcher conducts several readings and consultation of former literature,

resulting to a better understanding of this research. This chapter particularly covers

those related articles that were given considerations by the researchers in imparting this

study.

Foreign Literature

The ROTC program has long been recognized for its emphasis on leadership training.

According to studies such as those by Williams & Ford (2017), ROTC fosters critical

leadership skills, including decision-making, communication, and team management.

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These leadership qualities are crucial not only for military careers but also in civilian

occupations, particularly in areas like law enforcement and criminology. DeCuir-Gunby

et al. (2018) emphasize that ROTC students develop strong leadership skills, which can

be directly applied to managing both academic and real-world responsibilities.

In criminology, the importance of leadership is underscored, as future law enforcement

officers and criminal justice professionals must be able to lead teams effectively. Ricks

et al. (2019) found that ROTC cadets who later pursued careers in law enforcement

were more confident in their leadership abilities compared to their peers who did not

participate in military training programs.

A key characteristic of the ROTC program is its focus on discipline. Moore et al. (2020)

conducted a study on military training programs and concluded that discipline is one of

the main benefits for participants, who learn to manage their time effectively, maintain

personal standards, and adhere to schedules. In ROTC, students are held to strict

expectations that enhance their self-discipline, and this trait is transferred to other areas

of their lives, including academics. Jones et al. (2016) noted that ROTC cadets are

often better at balancing academic demands, military duties, and personal lives due to

the discipline instilled through the program.

For criminology students, this heightened sense of discipline is especially beneficial, as

they must be prepared for high-stakes environments where attention to detail and

responsibility are critical. Gibbons (2017) asserts that the discipline developed in ROTC

is a direct factor in the academic success of criminology students, especially when

balancing multiple responsibilities.

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The ROTC program provides rigorous physical training that can enhance students'

physical health, but it also has an impact on their mental resilience. According to

Bourne & Patel (2015), the physical demands of ROTC lead to better fitness levels and

increased stamina, which is beneficial not only for military careers but also for civilian

occupations that require physical endurance. The discipline and routine involved in

physical training often lead to better health outcomes for students, especially those in

criminology fields, where physical fitness is highly valued.

On the mental health front, ROTC can help develop resilience, stress management

skills, and the ability to manage high-pressure situations, which are all essential in both

military and civilian careers. Lee & Thomas (2018) noted that ROTC students often

report higher levels of self-confidence and lower levels of stress due to their

participation in the program. These benefits are crucial for criminology students, who

may face high-pressure situations in law enforcement or criminal justice settings.

The ROTC program is designed to prepare students for leadership roles in the military,

but it also provides transferable skills that are highly valued in civilian career paths. In

their study on career readiness, López & Rivera (2019) found that ROTC graduates

were more likely to find employment, often in roles that require leadership, problem-

solving, and critical thinking. This career readiness is particularly important for

criminology students, as many go on to pursue law enforcement, security management,

or criminal justice professions.

The integration of ROTC in criminology studies can bridge the gap between military and

civilian careers by providing students with skills such as teamwork, crisis management,
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and leadership. Stevenson et al. (2020) conducted research that showed ROTC

participants were more likely to secure leadership roles within organizations, including

law enforcement agencies. This suggests that ROTC can enhance the career prospects

of criminology students by preparing them for a range of professional roles, both within

and outside the military.

Character development is another important aspect of the ROTC program, which is

aligned with the ethical considerations essential in criminology. The military structure

and ethical framework emphasized in ROTC provide cadets with strong moral principles

that translate into their civilian roles. Henderson et al. (2017) observed that ROTC

participants often demonstrate higher levels of ethical decision-making and integrity,

traits that are indispensable in fields like law enforcement and criminal justice.

Williams & Cooper (2016) argue that ROTC encourages cadets to internalize a set of

ethical values, including honesty, responsibility, and fairness. These values are

important for criminology students who are expected to uphold the law and ensure

justice. Therefore, the ROTC program not only contributes to physical and academic

development but also plays a pivotal role in shaping the character and ethical standards

of students pursuing careers in criminology.

The integration of the ROTC program in criminology studies offers significant benefits in

developing leadership, discipline, career readiness, and ethical conduct. While the

ROTC program was originally designed to prepare students for military careers, the

skills learned have broad applicability in civilian fields, particularly in law enforcement

and criminal justice. The studies reviewed demonstrate that ROTC enhances students'
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leadership capabilities, personal discipline, physical and mental resilience, and career

readiness. As criminology students balance their academic commitments with ROTC

training, they are better prepared for future challenges, both in the military and civilian

sectors, due to the well-rounded skills fostered by the program.

Local Literature

Leadership is a central aspect of the ROTC program, and several local studies have

highlighted the significant role that ROTC plays in enhancing leadership capabilities

among students. According to Santos (2018), ROTC in the Philippines has been a vital

program in molding young Filipinos into leaders capable of handling the responsibilities

required in military and civilian sectors. Students in the ROTC program develop

leadership skills through practical exercises, drills, and leadership roles that require

them to make decisions, manage teams, and demonstrate responsibility.

For criminology students, leadership skills are essential, as they must navigate various

situations that demand critical decision-making, especially in law enforcement and

criminal justice professions. Ferrer (2019) found that ROTC cadets in criminology

programs exhibited greater confidence in leadership roles, both during training and after

graduation, due to the program’s strong focus on leadership development.

Discipline is one of the core tenets of ROTC training, which involves strict adherence to

schedules, rules, and regulations. Several local studies have documented the impact of

ROTC in fostering self-discipline among cadets. De Guzman (2017) found that ROTC

participants developed a heightened sense of personal responsibility and self-control

due to the structure and demands of the program. This sense of discipline positively
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affected their academic performance, as they became better at managing time and

balancing academic and extracurricular commitments.

In a similar study, Ramirez (2020) showed that ROTC students in criminology programs

learned how to prioritize their tasks effectively and manage their time in both military

and academic contexts. The structure of ROTC helped students develop effective study

habits and better organizational skills, which are necessary to succeed in the

criminology field, where attention to detail and deadlines are paramount.

The ROTC program in the Philippines is known for its rigorous physical training, which

significantly contributes to the physical fitness of participants. Local studies have

reported positive impacts on the physical health of ROTC cadets. Agbayani (2016)

reported that physical activities in ROTC, such as drills, marching, and physical

exercises, contributed to an improvement in the physical fitness levels of students,

helping them maintain a healthy lifestyle.

Moreover, the mental benefits of ROTC are significant. Santos & Domingo (2019)

highlighted that ROTC cadets exhibited better mental resilience and stress

management due to the challenges faced in training. This is particularly important for

criminology students, as law enforcement and criminal justice professionals often work

in high-pressure environments. ROTC helps students build the mental fortitude

necessary to manage stress and maintain composure during challenging situations.

The ROTC program is designed not only to develop physical and leadership skills but

also to instill a strong sense of responsibility. Villanueva (2018) emphasized that ROTC

plays a pivotal role in shaping the ethical standards and sense of responsibility in
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students. ROTC cadets are trained to uphold high standards of conduct and are

expected to set an example for others. The program encourages personal responsibility,

accountability, and the ability to lead by example, all of which are key values for

criminology students who will eventually be responsible for upholding the law and

ensuring justice.

Mendoza (2020) further added that ROTC students are often viewed as more

responsible and dependable by their peers, which translates into a heightened sense of

duty and ethical behavior. In criminology, where ethical decision-making is crucial, these

values are directly aligned with the demands of the profession.

In addition to leadership and discipline, ROTC is widely recognized for enhancing

career readiness. Cruz (2017) examined the role of ROTC in preparing students for

future careers, noting that the program provides practical skills that are highly relevant

to both military and civilian occupations. For criminology students, the skills learned in

ROTC, such as teamwork, critical thinking, and problem-solving, are applicable to a

wide range of career paths, including law enforcement, security, and government

service.

According to Tayag (2019), students who participate in ROTC are often more

competitive in the job market, as they are equipped with leadership skills, physical

fitness, and ethical standards that are valued by employers in both military and civilian

sectors. Criminology students, in particular, benefit from the transferable skills acquired

during their ROTC training, which prepare them for a variety of roles in the criminal

justice system.
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While ROTC offers numerous benefits, several local studies have also discussed the

challenges associated with integrating ROTC into academic programs. Gonzales

(2018) pointed out that students sometimes struggle to balance the demanding

schedule of ROTC with their academic responsibilities. This is particularly challenging

for criminology students, who must absorb large volumes of information and meet

rigorous academic standards while participating in physically demanding ROTC

activities. Salazar (2020) suggested that universities should consider providing

additional support systems, such as academic counseling or time management

workshops, to help students manage the dual demands of ROTC and their studies.

The integration of the ROTC program into the Bachelor of Science in Criminology

curriculum has shown to offer significant advantages, particularly in developing

leadership, discipline, physical fitness, and ethical responsibility. Local literature

highlights the positive impacts of ROTC on students' academic performance, career

readiness, and personal growth. However, it also acknowledges the challenges

students face in balancing ROTC commitments with their academic responsibilities.

Overall, the integration of ROTC into criminology studies provides students with a well-

rounded education, preparing them for both military and civilian careers while fostering

key traits such as discipline, leadership, and responsibility.

Foreign Studies

Several studies have demonstrated the positive impact of ROTC programs on the

development of leadership skills. DeCuir-Gunby et al. (2018) examined the leadership

outcomes of ROTC cadets in the U.S. and found that participants developed enhanced
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leadership abilities, such as decision-making, conflict resolution, and team

management. These skills are directly transferable to careers in criminology, particularly

in law enforcement, where leadership is a critical component. Criminology students

involved in ROTC programs reported increased confidence in managing teams and

leading in high-pressure situations, which is essential in both military and civilian

sectors.

Gonzales & Williams (2016) also highlighted that ROTC programs instill a sense of

leadership and accountability, which benefits criminology students who will need to

exhibit strong leadership traits in policing, criminal justice, and corrections. These

studies emphasize that ROTC students in criminology programs develop practical

leadership experience that can enhance their effectiveness as future law enforcement

officers.

The role of ROTC in developing discipline has been widely studied, particularly in

relation to its impact on academic performance. Harrison et al. (2017) explored the

correlation between ROTC participation and academic success in the U.S. and found

that students involved in ROTC exhibited better time management and study habits,

largely due to the structured nature of military training. ROTC students typically balance

the rigorous demands of their training with academic responsibilities, which helps them

develop strong discipline and organizational skills.

Similarly, Richards & Lang (2019) found that ROTC participants often outperformed

their non-ROTC peers in terms of maintaining a consistent academic record. This was

attributed to the discipline learned in ROTC, which included adhering to strict schedules,
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managing multiple responsibilities, and setting clear goals. For criminology students,

these qualities are crucial, as they help in meeting deadlines and performing well in a

demanding curriculum.

Physical and mental health benefits of ROTC participation have been explored in

several studies. Smith et al. (2018) conducted a study on the physical and

psychological impacts of ROTC training and found that the physical demands of the

program contributed to improved fitness and endurance. ROTC cadets were found to

experience increased physical strength, cardiovascular health, and overall well-being

due to the program’s focus on physical training.

On the mental health front, Jones & Patel (2017) observed that ROTC cadets reported

improved mental resilience, better stress management, and increased self-confidence.

This is particularly important for criminology students, who often face stressful, high-

pressure environments during their studies and in future careers. In law enforcement,

mental toughness is critical for handling stressful situations such as emergencies,

criminal investigations, and interactions with the public.

One of the core aspects of the ROTC program is the development of teamwork and

collaboration skills. Bourne & Mitchell (2015) conducted research on the importance of

teamwork in ROTC and found that participants learned how to collaborate effectively

under stressful conditions. The program emphasizes working together in groups to

accomplish missions and complete tasks, which translates to strong teamwork skills.

For criminology students, teamwork is essential in law enforcement, where they must
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work cohesively with fellow officers, investigators, and other professionals in the

criminal justice system.

Williams et al. (2020) further noted that ROTC participants exhibited improved

interpersonal communication and the ability to resolve conflicts within teams, both of

which are vital for criminology students who will work in collaborative, often high-stakes

environments. These studies support the view that ROTC plays a significant role in

shaping teamwork abilities that will benefit criminology students in their future careers.

Research on the long-term career impact of ROTC has shown that the program

increases employability and prepares students for both military and civilian careers.

Keller & Thomas (2019) studied the career trajectories of ROTC graduates and found

that they were often better prepared for leadership roles in both military and civilian

sectors compared to their peers. For criminology students, this career readiness is vital,

as ROTC provides them with skills that are directly applicable to law enforcement,

corrections, and other criminal justice fields.

Lee & Thompson (2018) also explored how ROTC participation enhances career

prospects by providing students with transferable skills such as leadership, teamwork,

critical thinking, and decision-making. In criminology, these skills are highly valued by

employers in law enforcement agencies, government roles, and private security

companies. Students who have participated in ROTC programs are often seen as more

competitive candidates due to the leadership, discipline, and responsibility they have

developed.
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Ethical conduct and character development are key components of the ROTC program,

which aims to instill values such as integrity, responsibility, and honor. Stevenson &

Miller (2016) examined the ethical development of ROTC cadets and found that the

program plays a critical role in fostering moral values and ethical decision-making skills.

These values are crucial in criminology, where law enforcement professionals are held

to high ethical standards and must navigate complex moral dilemmas.

Gibson & Taylor (2017) found that ROTC participants were more likely to demonstrate

ethical decision-making and integrity in both academic and professional settings. These

values are particularly important in criminology, where the principles of justice, fairness,

and ethical behavior are central to the profession. ROTC’s emphasis on honor and

personal integrity directly supports criminology students in their pursuit of careers in law

enforcement, criminal justice, and related fields.

Foreign studies provide a comprehensive understanding of the benefits of integrating

the ROTC program into academic curricula, particularly in criminology. Research

highlights that ROTC contributes to leadership development, academic discipline,

career readiness, teamwork, and ethical behavior. These benefits align with the

demands of criminology studies and the skills needed for future careers in law

enforcement and criminal justice. While the ROTC program offers numerous

advantages in terms of personal and professional growth, it also poses challenges,

particularly in balancing ROTC commitments with academic responsibilities. Overall, the

integration of ROTC in criminology education provides students with a well-rounded

foundation for success in both military and civilian careers.

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Local Studies

Leadership development through ROTC has been widely documented in local studies.

According to Santos (2017), ROTC programs in the Philippines have been effective in

shaping young leaders by focusing on discipline, responsibility, and leadership skills. In

the context of criminology students, De Guzman (2019) highlighted that ROTC provides

valuable leadership training that is essential for future careers in law enforcement.

Criminology students who participate in ROTC develop skills in decision-making,

communication, and team management, which are crucial in police work and criminal

justice administration.

In a similar study, Mendoza (2020) examined the leadership experiences of criminology

students involved in ROTC at a local university and found that they developed strong

leadership qualities, such as confidence, assertiveness, and the ability to manage

stressful situations. These leadership traits were transferable to their academic work, as

they were able to lead group projects and contribute positively to classroom discussions

and activities.

Discipline is one of the core tenets of the ROTC program. Several studies have

emphasized the impact of ROTC on developing discipline among students. Ramirez

(2018) found that ROTC cadets in the Philippines exhibited greater self-control, time

management, and responsibility due to the structured nature of the program. ROTC

students are required to adhere to strict schedules, follow regulations, and complete

physical and academic tasks on time, all of which contribute to a strong sense of

personal discipline.
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For criminology students, Ferrer (2019) noted that ROTC played a significant role in

cultivating discipline, which is essential in their professional development. ROTC cadets

were more likely to meet deadlines and prioritize their academic tasks, as the program

instilled a sense of responsibility that carried over into their studies. Villanueva (2020)

also supported this, finding that ROTC helped criminology students improve their

academic performance through better time management and organizational skills.

The balance between ROTC commitments and academic responsibilities is a significant

concern for students. Salazar (2018) explored the time management skills of ROTC

cadets and found that students who participated in ROTC developed effective time

management strategies to balance their military training and academic work. For

criminology students, Alvarez (2017) noted that ROTC training taught students how to

organize their schedules efficiently, ensuring that they could manage their criminology

coursework while fulfilling their ROTC duties.

In her study, Ramos (2020) observed that ROTC cadets in criminology programs often

developed stronger academic performance due to their ability to plan their time well,

prioritizing tasks effectively and setting goals to accomplish them. This ability to manage

both academic and military responsibilities contributed to the students' overall discipline

and work ethic.

The physical and mental benefits of ROTC training have been widely studied in the

Philippine context. According to Gonzales & Aquino (2017), ROTC programs in the

Philippines contribute significantly to the physical fitness of students through regular

physical training, exercises, and drills. This physical development helps students
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improve their stamina, strength, and overall health, which is beneficial in high-stress

careers such as law enforcement.

On the mental health side, Cruz (2018) found that ROTC cadets developed better

mental resilience and coping strategies due to the program's physical and emotional

demands. This aspect is especially important for criminology students, as law

enforcement officers must possess mental toughness to cope with stress and high-

pressure situations. ROTC participants reported feeling more capable of handling the

pressures of their criminology studies, as the training helped build their emotional

endurance and mental focus.

The ROTC program also plays a crucial role in fostering ethical conduct and moral

responsibility, qualities essential for criminology students. Tayag (2019) found that

ROTC students in criminology programs developed a strong sense of duty and ethical

responsibility due to the program's emphasis on integrity, honor, and ethical decision-

making. This moral framework is crucial in criminology, as future law enforcement

officers must adhere to high ethical standards in their work.

Perez (2020) noted that ROTC cadets in criminology courses demonstrated improved

ethical decision-making and personal responsibility. The program helped students

understand the importance of upholding ethical standards, which are vital in the criminal

justice system. De la Cruz (2017) further supported this, stating that ROTC cadets in

criminology programs were more likely to follow rules and regulations, both within the

ROTC setting and in their academic and professional lives.

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ROTC programs also prepare students for careers in both the military and civilian

sectors. Bautista (2017) examined how ROTC training enhances students' career

readiness, particularly in law enforcement and public safety. ROTC cadets gain practical

skills, such as leadership, crisis management, and teamwork, which are directly

applicable to careers in criminology.

In a study by Lopez (2019), criminology students involved in ROTC were found to have

a higher rate of employment in law enforcement agencies after graduation. ROTC

participation was seen as a strong point on their resumes, as it demonstrated their

ability to handle responsibility, work in teams, and adhere to strict codes of conduct.

Molina (2020) found that criminology students who participated in ROTC were better

equipped for the demands of law enforcement careers, as the program helped develop

the physical, mental, and ethical qualities required for success in the field.

Local studies demonstrate that the integration of the ROTC program into criminology

education offers numerous benefits, particularly in the development of leadership skills,

discipline, time management, physical and mental health, and ethical conduct. ROTC

contributes to shaping criminology students into responsible and effective leaders,

ready for careers in law enforcement and criminal justice. While the demands of

balancing ROTC and criminology studies present challenges, the positive impacts on

personal growth, academic performance, and career readiness are significant. Overall,

ROTC serves as an essential component in the holistic development of criminology

students, preparing them for the complex demands of their future professions.
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Synthesis

The integration of the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) program into the

Bachelor of Science in Criminology (BS Criminology) curriculum plays a significant role

in shaping the personal and professional development of students. Both local and

foreign studies emphasize the transformative effects of ROTC on students, particularly

in fostering essential qualities such as discipline, leadership, responsibility, and

teamwork. These attributes are crucial for criminology students, who are expected to

uphold high standards of integrity, mental resilience, and ethical conduct in their future

law enforcement careers.

A synthesis of related literature and studies reveals that ROTC programs offer students

a structured environment where they learn to manage time effectively, balance

academic demands with physical training, and improve both their physical fitness and

mental fortitude. Criminology students involved in ROTC experience increased self-

discipline, better organizational skills, and heightened accountability—traits that are

indispensable in their academic journey and future careers in criminal justice. These

programs not only prepare students for military service but also enhance their career

readiness for civilian law enforcement roles by providing them with practical leadership

and crisis management skills.

The integration of ROTC also supports the development of ethical standards and moral

responsibility, as ROTC programs emphasize honor, integrity, and respect for authority.

For criminology students, who will later be tasked with enforcing the law and making

ethical decisions, these values are vital. The moral framework instilled through ROTC
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College of Criminology

directly contributes to students' preparedness for the ethical challenges they will face in

law enforcement positions.

However, balancing ROTC commitments with academic responsibilities presents

challenges for students, as they must manage rigorous physical training while

maintaining a high level of academic performance. Studies indicate that students who

successfully navigate this balance develop superior time management skills, which help

them excel in both domains. While the integration of ROTC into criminology education is

demanding, the resulting benefits—such as leadership, discipline, ethical conduct, and

career preparedness—equip students with the tools necessary to succeed in both

military and civilian sectors.

In conclusion, the integration of ROTC in criminology studies offers significant

advantages by enhancing the development of key skills that are highly valued in law

enforcement careers. The program contributes to producing well-rounded, disciplined,

and capable professionals who are prepared for the challenges of both military and

civilian roles in the criminal justice system.

 Perpetual Help College of
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Chapter 3

Research Methodology

This chapter will present the data about the methods researchers will be use, it

will explain how this study will deal about the following: research design, sources of

data, instrumentation, and tools for data analysis.

Research Design

Researcher will employ Descriptive Research Design in this study. Descriptive

research design aims to systematically obtain information to describe a phenomenon,

situation, or population. More specifically, it helps answer the what, when, where, and

how questions regarding the research problem rather than the why.(Dove Tail Editorial

Team (2023) With that, the variables that will be described in this research are the

integration of Reserve Officer Training Corps(ROTC)and the perceive challenges of

criminology students in ROTC, as this study aims to determine the Integration of

Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) in BS Criminology : A journey of Discipline in

Perpetual Help College of Pangasinan.

Source of Data

The respondents of this study will come from the College of Criminology of

Perpetual Help College of Pangasinan, wherein the Second-year criminology students

who currently taking up the unit of Reserve Officer Training Corps program. There will
 Perpetual Help College of
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College of Criminology

be Second year criminology students will be the respondents of this study, as this study

using a purposive sampling to gain the objectives of this study.

INSTRUMENTATION AND DATA COLLECTION

Before researcher will conduct the data gathering procedure of this study, with

respect to institution and students being chosen to be the source of data, researchers

will ask first the permission of institution’s Director by giving a letter, with students as

well. The researchers will state and explain the purpose of the study. Researchers will

float survey questionnaire, containing (2) two parts, the demographic of the respondents

in terms of age, sex, and year level, level of Integration of Reserve Officer Training

Corps (ROTC), and challenges of the criminology students in ROTC. The researcher

will give students simple time so answer the survey questionnaire as it is distributed.

The handling of the data that will be gather in the survey questionnaire will be done

personally by the researcher, will pledge to be authentic and will keep the data

confidentially. By the means of reading related studies and literature towards this study,

researcher find related survey questionnaire that suitable towards this study. The survey

questionnaire will be use will be adapted into survey questionnaire of related studies of

this study. Somehow, the researcher will ensure to cite all the authors of the studies and

literature to avoid the plagiarism and copyright infringement.

TOOLS FOR DATA ANALYSIS

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Researchers’ data that will be gather after floating the survey questionnaire will

be tally, analyze, interpret and will be explain. The responses will be treated by the

researcher with appropriate statistical technique and in order meet the specific

objectives of this study.

The following statistical methods will be use:

1.Frequency Percentage. This statistic will be used to determine the number of

respondents and describe the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of age,

sex, and year level.

The formula for computing these statistics is as follows:

FORMULA:

P=ƒnx100

Where:

ƒ= number of respondents(frequency)

n=total number of respondents

2. Weighted Mean. This statistic will be used to measure the following: level of

effectiveness of Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) Perpetual Help College of

Pangasinan as perceived by criminology student and perceive challenges of criminology

students in ROTC.

FORMULA:

WM=ƒ (wt)/n
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Where:

f=Frequency

wt=weight

n=total number of respondents

 Perpetual Help College of
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Dear Sir/Madam,

Greetings!

We are 4th-year students of the Bachelor of Science in Criminology program, and we

are currently conducting a research study entitled “The Integration of the Reserve
Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) Program in the Bachelor of Science in
Criminology: A Journey of Discipline”. The aim of our study is to gather valuable
insights from students regarding their perspectives on the integration of the ROTC
program into the criminology curriculum.

In this regard, we respectfully request your permission to conduct a survey within your
institution. We intend to survey 37 randomly selected students to ensure a broad and
representative sample. Please be assured that all information collected will be treated
with strict confidentiality and used exclusively for academic purposes.

Thank you for your consideration.

Buyao, Jan Leigh E.

Garcia, Anglica G.
Hiteroza, Jessa C.
Patungan, Joyce Erica C
The Researchers

Noted by:
 Perpetual Help College of
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Patrick R. Aquino, LPT, M.Ed

Research Instructor