VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Janasangama, Belagavi – 590018

TECHNICAL SEMINAR REPORT

on

“Building Information Modeling”

Submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
in
Civil Engineering

Submitted by

AJAHARUDDIN RAEEN
1ST21CV001

Under the Guidance of

Prof. MONICA M S
Assistant Professor
Department of C
SAIT, Bengaluru

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SAMBHRAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

M. S. Palya, Bengaluru – 560097

2023-2024

1
 SAMBHRAM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
M. S. Palya, Bengaluru – 560097

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the Technical seminar entitled “Building Information Modeling” carried out by Mr./Ms.
Ajaharuddin Raeen, bearing the USN 1ST21CV001, a bonafide student of SAMBHRAM
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY in partial fulfilment for the award of BACHELOR OF
ENGINEERING IN CIVIL ENGINEERING of VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, Belgaum during the year 2023-
2024. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been
incorporated in the report deposited in the departmental library. The report has been approved as it
satisfies the academic requirements in respect of Technical seminar prescribed for the said Degree.

Prof. Monica MS. Prof. MONICA MS Dr. H. G. Chandrakanth

Guide Assistant Prof. & HOD I/C Principal
Assistant Professor Dept. of Civil SaIT, Bengaluru
Dept. of Civil SaIT, Bengaluru
SaIT, Bengaluru

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The euphoria that accompanies the acquisition of extra-curricular skills would be complete only by
acknowledging every personnel, who by their supervision steered and crowned out my effort with
success.

I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to Dr. H. G. CHANDRAKANTH, Principal, Sambhram

Institute of Technology, for his moral support towards completion of my activities.

I would like to express my profound gratitude to Prof. Monica MS, HOD, Department of CV,
Sambhram Institute of Technology, for his valuable suggestions and expert advice.

I would like to extend my impassioned thanks and admiration to my Guide, Prof. Monica MS,
Assistant Professor, Department of CV, Sambhram Institute of Technology, for his/her enduring
encouragement, critical comments, and constant guidance.

Finally, I would like to thank my Parents and my Friends who have helped me with their valuable
suggestions and guidance for the completion of my internship.

AJAHARUDDIN RAEEN
1ST21CV001

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

SL.NO. Page no.

Description

1. Chapter 1-Introduction 5-19

2. Chapter 2-Literature Review 20-29

3. Chapter 3-Methodology 30-31

4. Chapter 4-Case study 32

5. Conclusion 33-34

6. Reference 35

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 BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING (BIM)
Chapter 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Building Information Modeling (BIM) is an intelligent model-based process that provides insight
for creating and managing building projects faster, more economically, and with less
environmental impact.

It is a process of creating and managing 3D building data during its development. BIM is a
complex multiphase process that gathers input from team members to model the components
and tools that will be used during the construction process to create a unique perspective of the
building process.

The 3D process is aimed at achieving savings through collaboration and visualization of building
components into an early design process that will dictate changes and modifications to the
actual construction process.

It is a very powerful tool that when used properly will save money, time and simplify the
construction process.

Over the year the industry has commercialized BIM towards architectural related professionals,
however, the real purpose and benefits of BIM relate to all construction industry professionals.
The 3D representation of the building and now used in roads and utilities too and is geared
towards all construction professionals, and all of you are responsible for understanding the
process and participate in providing input to the software.
BIM makes a reliable digital representation of the building available for design decision making,
high-quality construction document production, construction planning, performance
predictions, and cost estimates. Not only, that BIM can also be used by the property owners,

once the construction process has ended, to carefully monitor how the building is performing
and to complete repairs efficiently.

The building information modeling process covers geometry, space, light, geographic
information, quantities, and properties of building components. BIM can be used to
demonstrate the entire building life cycle, including the processes of construction and facility
operation.

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6
1.2 HISTORY OF BIM

In 1957, Dr. Patrick J. Hanratty had developed the first commercial CAM (Computer Aided
Machining) program.

The first CAD software with a graphical interface was Sketchpad, developed in 1963 by Ivan
Sutherland.

During the 1960s, Hanratty himself developed DAC, a CAD system, while working for General
Motors Research.

During the 1970s the transformation from 2D to 3D began.

During the 1980s the Auto cad, CATIA, Pro/Engineer, Unigraphics and I-DEA became the leading
CAD software packages.
During the 1990s the transition from 2D to 4D CAD began. That is the transition zone to the
BIM.

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1.3 NEED OF BIM

BIM provides a way to work concurrently on most aspects of building life cycle process.

Provides a way to change traditional architectural phases and data sharing.

The modeling process integrates actual construction pieces and parts

BIM can be used as a tool to estimate and complete construction cost forecasting

Used to monitor actual building performance data

The software can be used to collect data on warranty, aging, defects, and installation time

Determine whether a temporary construction set up is needed

Can be used to sequencing planning or determining how the phases of a project should be
scheduled.

Detect or avoid construction and design issues early in the game preventing change orders and
unforeseen conditions

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BIM APPLICATIONS
The BIM application process can be used during design and architecture process creating a clear
picture used for better and more integrated designs .The sokware will be used to foresee
problems and coordination between different contractors and as a way to generate
construction documents and process that will later be implemented during the physical process.
It is ideal when there are many trades executing at the same moment or when schedules are
compressed. There are multiple applications for BIM so it can be used by the following groups:

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BIM APPLICATIONS
Architecture

Sustainability

Structures

Detailed design

Design Analysis

Construction Management

Time Management (PERT & CPM)

Utilities

Road Construction

Scheduling

Cost Analysis & Quantity schedule

Property Management

Documentation

Industry groups are trying to develop one standardized BIM model that can be used to integrate
all different types of modeling systems. By doing this, they will facilitate the coordination and
communication in the design-construction-operation team under one single platform. The
purpose of this movement is to create a single data center, with multiple CAD and specs
depending on the discipline that you are working for.

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All data will then come together allowing it to be used for take-offs, analysis, coordination and
important project milestones. This effort will help standardize the process and will establish a
base that can be used during the bidding process so everyone can be judged using some
standard guidelines.
The Building Smart Alliance, a council of the National Institute of Building Sciences, in
Washington, D.C., is leading these efforts towards a National BIM Standard. 1.5 BIM OVER CAD

One of the main advantages to introducing a design method that will resonate with everyone
from project managers to contractors and developers is cost savings. With BIM being mandated
in Singapore for several years, Red-stack has gained significant experience implementing BIM
and is seeing BIM deliver significant cost savings for design and construction projects.

In the days of 2D drawing, it was impossible to fully Visual what a project would actually look
like until it was built. By then, minor issues that could be easily spotted and amended with BIM
solutions have become expensive headaches instead. Not only do they cost money to fix, they
take time as well. If there's anything worse than a project that's over budget, it's one that's also
late.

In our experience, contractors choose BIM solutions because they can achieve a cost saving of
between 10 and 12 per cent over the course of a contract.

BIM is not a software product, but rather a methodology that seeks to link all parts of the
design and construction process, ensuring that any problems can be reworked before
contractors break ground.

It does this through a series of steps to ensure there is consistency throughout the design
process. These are:

Visualization- see how the drawings look and ensure they are viable.

Coordination work-out how the design will manifest once construction starts.

Collaboration get architects, project managers and contractors working with consistent
information.

Aside from missing out on the collaboration advantages and cost savings BIM delivered, BIM is
being mandated on projects around the world and those that are not BIM ready are missing out
on winning contracts. BIM has been mandated in Singapore for several years now and we have
seen the early adopters of BIM thrive while those reluctant to change have struggled to remain
competitive. We are seeing the same trend emerge around the world. Those who are
implementing BIM now are more likely to survive and thrive in the future.

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 BIM MATURITY LEVELS
The concept of "BIM Levels" has become the 'accepted' definition of what criteria are required
to be deemed BIM-compliant, by seeing the adoption process as the next steps in a journey that
has taken the industry from the drawing board to the computer and, ultimately, into the digital
age.

Level 0 BIM

This level is defined as unmanaged CAD. This is likely to be 2D, with information being shared by
traditional paper drawings or in some instances, digitally via PDF, essentially separate sources of
information covering basic asset information. The majority of the industry is already well ahead
of this now.

Level 1 BIM

This is the level at which many companies are currently operating. This typically comprises a
mixture of 3D CAD for concept work, and 2D for drafting of statutory approval documentation
and Production Information. CAD standards are managed to BS 1192:2007, and electronic
sharing of data is carried out from a common data environment (CDE), often managed by the
contractor. Models are not shared between project team members.

Level 2 BIM

This is distinguished by collaborative working-all parties use their own 3D CAD models, but not
necessarily working on a single, shared model. The collaboration comes in the form of how the
information is exchanged between different parties and is the crucial aspect of this level. Design
information is shared through a common file format, which enables any organization to be able
to combine that data with their own in order to make a federated BIM model, and to carry out
interrogative checks on it. Hence any CAD sokware that each party used must be capable of
exporting to one of the common file formats such as IFC (Industry Foundation Class) or CO Bie
(Construction Operations Building Information Exchange). This is the method of working that

has been set as a minimum target by the UK government for all work on public-sector work, by
2016.

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Level 3 BIM

Currently seen as the holy grail, this represents full collaboration between all disciplines by
means of using a single, shared project model which is held in a centralized repository. All
parties can access and modify that same model, and the benefit is that it removes the final
layer of risk for conflicting information. This is known as 'Open BIM'. Current nervousness in
the industry around issues such as copyright and liability are intended to be resolved-the
former by means of robust appointment documents and software originator/read/write
permissions, and the latter by shared-risk procurement routes such as partnering. The CIC BIM
Protocol makes provision for these.

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TYPES OF BIM
BIM 3D-PARAMETRIC DATA IN COLLABORATIVE MODEL

BIM revolves around an integrated data model from which various stakeholders such as
Architects, Civil Engineers, Structural Engineers, MEP System Engineers, Builders, Manufacturers
and Project Owners can extract and generate views and information according to their needs.
3D BIM's visualizations capabilities enable participants to not only see the building in three
dimensions before ground is ever broken, but also to automatically update these views along
the project life cycle, from earliest conception to demolition. BIM 3D helps participants to
manage their multidisciplinary collaboration more effectively in modelling and analyzing
complex spatial and structural problems. further -more because accurate data can be
collected along the project life cycle, and stored in the Building Information Model, new value
can be added to predictive models allowing to resolve issues proactively.

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Benefits
1. Improved visualization of the project, communication of design intent

2. Improved multidisciplinary collaboration

3. Reduced rework

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BIM 4D-SCHEDULING

4D-BIM (four-dimensional building information modelling) is used for construction site planning
related activities. The fourth dimension of BIM allows participants to extract and visualize the
progress of their activities through the lifetime of the project. The utilization of 4D-BIM
technology can result in improved control over conflict detection or over the complexity of
changes occurring during the course of a construction project. 4D BIM provides methods for
managing and visualizing site status information, change impacts as well as supporting
communication in various situations such as informing site staff or warning about risks.

Benefits

Integrating BIM with 4D CAD simulation models bring benefits to parficipants in terms of
planning optimization.

Builders and manufacturers can optimize their construction activities and team coordination.

BIM 5D-ESTIMATING

5D-BIM (fifth-dimensional building information modelling) is used for budget tracking and cost
analysis related activities. The fifth dimension of BIM associated with 3D and 4D (Time) allows
participants to visualize . The utilization of 5D-BIM technology can result in a greater accuracy
and predictability of project's estimates, scope changes and materials, equipment or manpower
changes. 5D BIM provides methods for extracting and analyzing costs, evaluating scenarios and
changes impacts.

Benefits

Integrating BIM with 5D CAD simulation models enables the development of more efficient,
cost-effective and sustainable constructions.

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17
BIM 6D-SUSTAINABILITY
6D-BIM (sixth-dimensional building information modelling) helps perform energy consumption
analyses. The utilization of 6D-BIM technology can result in more complete and accurate energy
estimates earlier in the design process. It also allows for measurement and verification during
building occupation, and improved processes for gathering lessons learned in high performance
facilities.
Benefits
Integrating BIM with 6D CAD simulation models leads to an overall reduction in energy
consumption.

BIM 7D-FACILITY MANAGEMENT

7D-BIM (seventh-dimensional building information modelling) is used by managers in the
operation and maintenance of the facility throughout its life cycle. The seventh dimension of
BIM allows participants to extract and track relevant asset data such as component status,
specifications, maintenance/operation manuals, warranty data etc. The utilization of 7D-BIM
technology can result in easier and quicker parts replacements, optimized compliance and a
streamlined asset life cycle management over time. 7D BIM provides processes for managing
subcontractor/supplier data and facility component through the entire facility life cycle.

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Benefits
Integrating BIM with 7D CAD simulation models optimizes asset management from design to
demolition.

OBJECTIVES

To explore the process of Building Information Modelling.

To study about the various BIM software.

To study about Industry Foundation Classes (IFC).

Progress of their activities and related costs over time.

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Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

A.H.OF et aI.(2016) studied The provision of Application Programming Interface (API) in BIM-
enable tools can contribute to facilitating BIM-related research. APIs are useful links for running
plug-ins and external programmer but they are yet to be fully exploited in expanding the BIM
scope. The modelling of n-Dimensional (ND) building performance measures can potentially
benefit from BIM extension through API implementations. Sustainability is one such measure
associated with buildings. For the structural engineer, recent design criteria have put great
emphasis on the sustainability credentials as part of the traditional criteria of structural
integrity, constructability and cost. This paper examines the utilization of API in BIM extension
and presents a demonstration of an API application to embed sustainability issues into the
appraisal process of structural conceptual design options in BIM. It concludes that API
implementations are useful in expanding the BIM scope. Also, the approach including process
modelling, algorithms and object-based instantiations demonstrated in the API implementation
can be applicable to other nD building performance measures as may be relevant to the
various professional platforms in the construction domain.

20
Miyoung Ohm et aI.(2017) studied The emergence of building information modeling (BIM) has
generated several BIM jobs. However, despite opinions by BIM experts, questions regarding
BIM jobs and their competencies still have no clear solution. This paper addresses this question
by the collection and analysis of 242 online job postings, written in English, from the US, the UK,
and China. These 242 job postings comprised a total of 32,495 words, from which 35 types of
job titles and 5,998 terms related to job competency were extracted. Sequentially, the 35 job
types were classified into eight BIM job types by analyzing the relations between the job titles
using the role and position analysis of social network analysis. The eight BIM job types were
BIM project manager, director, BIM manager, BIM coordinator, BIM designer, senior architect,
BIM mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) coordinator, and BIM technician. The 5,998
competency-related terms were categorized into 43 competency elements using the O*NET
classification as a framework for analysis. The 43 competencies were then subcategorized into
essential, common, and job-specific competencies for the eight BIM job types. The findings of
this paper could contribute to the research, industry, and academia by a) providing researchers
with a scientific foundation for conducting studies related to BIM jobs and competence in the
future; b) setting up guidelines for recruiting and training BlYang Zou et aI.(2016) studied Risk
management in the AEC (Architecture, Engineering and Construction) industry is a global issue.
Failure to adequately manage risks may not only lead to difficulties in meeting project
objectives but also influence land-use planning and urban spatial design in the future growth of
cities. Due to the rapid development and adoption of BIM (Building Information Modelling)
and BIM-related digital technologies, the use of these technologies for risk management has
become a growing research trend leading to a demand for a thorough review of the state-of-
the-art of these developments. This paper presents a summary of traditional risk management,
and a comprehensive and extensive review of published literature concerning thelatest efforts
of managing risk using technologies, such as BIM, automatic rule checking, knowledge based
systems, reactive and proactive IT (information technology)-based safety systems. The findings
show that BIM could not only be utilised to support the project development process as a
systematic risk management tool, but it could also serve as a core data generator and platform
to allow other BIM-based tools to perform further risk analysis. Most of the current efforts
have concentrated on investigating technical developments, and the management of
construction personnel safety has been the main interest so far. Because of existing technical
limitations and
the lack of "human factor" testing, BIM-based risk management has not been commonly used in
real environments. In order to overcome this gap, future research is proposed that should:

21
(1) have a multi-disciplinary system-thinking

(2) investigate implementation methods and processes

(3) integrate traditional risk management with new technologies

(4) support the development process

Olugbenga O. Akinade et aI.(2016) studied the future directions of effective Design for
Deconstruction (DfD) using BIM-based approach to design coordination. After a review of
extant literatures on existing DfD practices and tools, it became evident that none of the tools is
BIM compliant and that BIM implementation has been ignored for end-of-life activities. To
understand how BIM could be employed for DfD and to idenfify essential functionalities for a
BIM-based deconstruction tool, Focus Group Interviews (FGIs) were conducted with
professionals who have utilised BIM on their projects. The interview transcripts of the FGIs were
analysed using descriptive interpretive analysis to identify common themes based on the
experiences of the participants. The themes highlight functionalities of BIM in driving effective
DfD process, which include improved collaboration among stakeholders, visualisation of
deconstruction process, identification of recoverable materials, deconstruction plan
development, performance analysis and simulation of end-of-life alternatives, improved
building lifecycle management, and interoperability with existing BIM software. The results
provide the needed technological support for developing tools for BIM compliant DfD tools. M
experts in the industry; and c) allowing universities to develop BIM-related courses depending
on their educational goals.

Yang Zou et aI.(2016) studied Risk management in the AEC (Architecture, Engineering and
Construction) industry is a global issue. Failure to adequately manage risks may not only lead to
difficulties in meeting project objectives but also influence land-use planning and urban spatial
design in the future growth of cities. Due to the rapid development and adoption of BIM
(Building Information Modelling) and BIM-related digital technologies, the use of these
technologies for risk management has become a growing research trend leading to a demand
for a thorough review of the state-of-the-art of these developments. This paper presents a
summary of traditional risk management, and a comprehensive and extensive review of

22
published literature concerning the latest efforts of managing risk using technologies, such as
BIM, automatic rule checking, knowledge based systems, reactive and proactive IT (information
technology)-based safety systems. The findings show that BIM could not only be utilised to
support the project development process as a systematic risk management tool, but it could
also serve as a core data generator and platform to allow other BIM-based tools to perform
further risk analysis. Most of the current efforts have concentrated on investigating technical
developments, and the management of construction personnel safety has been the main
interest so far. Because of existing technical limitations and the lack of "human factor" testing,
BIM-based risk management has not been commonly used in real environments. In order to
overcome this gap, future research is proposed that should:

(1) have a mull-disciplinary system-thinking

(2) investigate implementation methods and processes

(3) integrate traditional risk management with new technologies

(4) support the development process

Olugbenga O. Akinade et aI.(2016) studied the future directions of effective Design for
Deconstruction (DfD) using BIM-based approach to design coordination. After a review of
extant literatures on existing DfD practices and tools, it became evident that none of the tools
is BIM compliant and that BIM implementation has been ignored for end-of-life activities. To
understand how BIM could be employed for DfD and to identify essential functionalities for a
BIM-based deconstruction tool, Focus Group Interviews (FGIs) were conducted with
professionals who have utilised BIM on their projects. The interview transcripts of the FGls
were analysed using descriptive interpretive analysis to identify common themes based on the
experiences of the participants. The themes highlight functionalities of BIM in driving effective
DfD process, which include improved collaboration among stakeholders, visualisation of
deconstruction process, identification of recoverable materials, deconstruction plan
development, performance analysis and simulation of end-of-life alternafives, improved

23
building lifecycle management, and interoperability with existing BIM software. The results
provide the needed technological support for developing tools for BIM compliant DfD tools.

Yujie Lu et aI.(2017) studied the applications of BIM for the development of green

buildings, the activity of making buildings in a way that protects the natural environment. As
the usefulness of BIM has been widely recognized in the building and construction industry,
there is an urgent need to establish an up-to-date synthesis on the nexus between BIM and
green buildings. Aker an indepth review of hundreds of journal articles published from 1999 to
2016 and 12 widely used types of BIM software, this study provides a holistic understanding
and critical reflection on the nexus between BIM and green buildings, which is systematically
illustrated by a "Green BIM Triangle" taxonomy. The proposed taxonomy indicates that the
nexus between BIM and green buildings needs to be understood based on three dimensions,
namely project phases, green attributes and BIM attributes. Following the proposed taxonomy,
this paper systematically illustrated

1) The applications of BIM in supporting the design, construction, operation, and

retrofitting processes of green buildings

2) The various functions of BIM for green building analyses such as energy, emissions, and
ventilation analysis

3) The applications of BIM in supporting green building assessments (GBA)

4) Research gaps and future research directions in this area. Through critical review and
synthesis of BIM and green buildings based on evidence from both academic research and
industrial practices, this paper provides important guidance for building researchers and
practitioners to better align BIM development with green building development in the
future.

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Hasan Burak Cavka et aI.(2016) studied that Building information modeling (BIM) is

emerging as a potential solution for facility owners to address the challenges of poor
information fidelity, interoperability, and usability in project delivery to support thelifecycle of
their assets' information. Despite the many benefits offered by BIM, its use for facility
operations remains significantly limited. The reality is that implementing BIM in large owner
organizations is a complex challenge. In particular, a significant barrier to BIM adoption for
owners is the challenge of identifying and formalizing the information requirements needed to
support model-based project delivery and asset management. This paper presents the results
of a longitudinal research project that investigated two large owner organizations in Canada to
better understand the process of developing and formulating BIM requirements to support the
lifecycle of their assets. Specifically, the objectives were to formalize an iterative approach to
the identification and characterization of owner requirements and to develop a conceptual
framework that would relate digital and physical products to owner requirements and
organizational constructs, to underpin the formalization process. As part of this research an
array of requirements documentation were analyzed, interviews were performed with
numerous facility management personnel, and BIMs from four projects were analyzed. A
methodology is introduced to support a rigorous and detailed analysis of BIM requirements.
The investigation of the owner requirements helped to develop an understanding of the
required information content, and its alignment with BIM. Finally the relationships between
organizational constructs, owner requirements, and BIM

were mapped. As the construction industry shifts towards model-based project delivery, this
research will inform owners about how to think about handover of digital facility models, and
what to require in models based on their specific needs.

Mohammed Kaseem et aI.(2016) studied that the adoption of Building Information Modelling
(BIM) across markets is a pertinent topic for academic discourse and industry attention. This is
evidenced by the unrelenting release of national BIM initiatives; new BIM protocols; and
candidate international standards. This paper is the second part of an ongoing Macro BIM
Adoption study: the first paper "Macro BIM Adoption: Conceptual Structures" (Succar and
Kassem, 2015) introduced five conceptual models for assessing macro BIM adoption across
markets and informing the development of BIM adoption policies. This second paper clarifies

25
how these models are validated through capturing the input of 99 experts trom 21 countries
using a survey tool; highlights the commonalities and differences between sample countries
with respect to BIM adoption; and introduces sample tools and templates for either developing
or calibrating BIM adoption policies. Survey data collected indicate that all five conceptual
models demonstrate high levels of 'clarity', 'accuracy' and 'usefulness', the three metrics
measured. They also indicate (1) varying rates of BIM diffusion across countries with BIM
capability near the lower-end of the spectrum; (2) varying levels of BIM maturity with the mean
of most macro BIM components falling below the medium level; (3) varying diffusion dynamics
across countries with the prevalence of the middle-out diffusion dynamic; (4) varying policy
actions across countries with a predominance of the passive policy approach; and (5) varying
distribution of diffusion responsibilities among player groups with no detectable dominant
pattern across countries.

Xiao Li et aI.(2016) studied that Building Information Modeling (BIM) has been recognized as an
emerging technological innovation which can

help transform the construction industry and it has been adopted broadly in the field of built
environment. Due to the rapid development of BIM research, various stakeholders require a
state-of-the-art review of the BIM research and implementation. The purpose of this paper is to
provide an objective and accurate summary of BIM knowledge using 1874 published BIM-
related papers. The results show that 60 key research areas, such as information systems, 3D
modeling, design and sustainability and 10 key research clusters, such as architecture design
studio, building information and lean construction, are extremely important for the
development of BIM knowledge. The results are useful for the identification of research
clusters and topics in the BIM community. More importantly, these results can help highlight
how BIM- related research evolves over time, thus greatly contributing to understanding the
underlying structure of BIM. This study offers useful and new insights to summarize the status
quo of BIM knowledge and can be used as a dynamic platform to integrate future BIM
developments.

Shahryar Habibi(2017) studied that In order to raise awareness of the role of building
information modeling (BIM) in improving energy efficiency and comfort conditions, the work
introduces a strategy of combining building simulation tools and optimization methods.
Furthermore, it emphasizes the fact that a combination of these strategies with BIM can
improve not only the construction process but also enable explorafion of alternative

26
approaches. The work discusses the potential application of data integration methodology for
an office environment and focuses on the review of the potential performance of integrated
systems. It also explains how BIM can help facilitate review of results and methods for
improving building performance in terms of energy efficiency and indoor environmental
quality.

Shabtai Issac et aI.(2017) studied that the fact that a large porhon of the work in construction
projects is usually carried out by different subcontractors, makes an effective work packaging
process crucial for the subsequent execution planning. However, the definition of optimal work
packages is currently challenging and time consuming. A method was developed to allow the
work packaging process to be carried out in a more accurate and efficient way, using data from
Building Information Models (BIM). This method is based on a bottom-up approach that can
take into account relations between specific components, and the consequent interruptions
that will occur in the construction processes. The method incorporates BIM data in Design
Structure Matrices and Domain Mapping Matrices to automatically generate a list of proposed
work packages with minimal interfaces. An application of the method in a case study
demonstrated that it can accelerate the work packaging process, and allow alternative
solutions to be explored at an early stage in the project.

Daniele Parrone et aI.(2017) studied that the seismic performance of non-structural elements is
nowadays recognized to be a key issue in performance based earthquake engineering. The
knowledge of construction details within a building is of paramount importance in order to
reduce uncertainties and improve the quality of the analysis and design, particularly in regards
to non-structural elements. The use of Building Information Modelling (BIM) could represent a
new frontier in the seismic design of non-structural elements by increasing the reliability of the
seismic design and/or assessment. This study discusses the effectiveness of using Building
Information Models in seismic design of non-structural building elements. A simple tool has
been developed to perform automatically the seismic design of sway braces for pressurized fire
suppressant sprinkler piping systems based on information extracted from a Building
Information Models. The effectiveness of the proposed procedure was validated via a case
study.

Dolli Mansuri et aI.(2017) studied that the formwork systems are accountable for a

27
significant share of the cost of reinforced concrete structures. The application of
constructability principles to the design, selection and management of formwork systems in the
preconstruction phase can significantly reduce the cost of reinforced concrete construction
projects. Although many studies have developed tools and methodologies to automate the
design and selection of formwork systems, few studies have explored the benefits of improving
the process of managing formwork. The focus of this paper is on the use of BIM along with a
cascading tool to maximize the return on formwork investment and improve the management
of formwork. This paper presents an approach to utilize data drawn from the building
information models coupled with a cascading algorithm to efficiently manage the formwork
inventory on a construction project by generating a scheduled formwork reuse plan and
calculating the minimum quantity of formwork required for the project. The paper discusses the
use of BIM to extract data required for the cascading tool, working of the cascading algorithm
and the development of the tool. The paper ends by presenting a case study where the
developed tool was applied on a construction project in Cincinnati, Ohio and 13%

savings in formwork material cost was reported.

Weisheng Lu et aI.(2015) studied that There is a lively debate on the application of Building
Information Modelling (BIM) to construction waste management (CWM). BIM can be utilized as
a less expensive, virtual, and computational environment to enable designers to ponder
different design options, or contractors to evaluate different construction schemes, both with a
view to minimizing construction waste generation. However, existing debate on this topic too
frequently treats BIM as a cure-all silver bullet; without some major hurdles being adequately
addressed, the applications of BIM will remain rhetorical. This paper aims to demystify BIM's
computational application to CWM. Based on a critical literature review, a prototypical
framework of a computational BIM for CWM is delineated, within which the two key
prerequisites of 'informafion readiness' and 'computational algorithms' are highlighted. Then,
the paper details the required information and how it can be organized in a standalone
database or encapsulated in existing BIM for CWM. Learning from the historical development
of data infrastructure in the field of BIMbased cost management, the process to develop the
required information is likely to be tortuous but is unavoidable. The paper further explores
computational BIM algorithms that can manipulate the information to facilitate decision-
making for CWM. Finally, the operation of computational BIM is elaborated by relating it to
various prevailing procurement models within which BIM applications are contextualized.
Although the

28
 framework reported here has been substantially developed for experimental appIication„ it is
not to be taken as an immediately applicable solution but rather as an illustrafion of the kind of
platform on which future development of computational BIM for CWM can proceed in a more
efficient and effective fashion.

Pawel Nowak et aI.(2015) studied that the possibilities of Building Information Modeling (BIM)
techniques and relevant software for decision making optimization in construction. Some
relevant description of BIM elements needed for optimization in construction investment
process. Authors presents chosen tools for decision making point of reference method. Paper
consist also practical example of suggested methodology use choice of the best location of the
office building.

Lieyun Ding et aI.(2014) studied that the utilization of Building lnformation Modeling (BIM) has
been growing significantly and translating into the support of various tasks within the
construction industry. In relation to such a growth, many approaches that leverage dimensions
of information stored in BIM model are being developed. Through this, it is possible to allow all
stakeholders to retrieve and generate information from the same model, enabling them to
work cohesively. To identify gaps of existing work and evaluate new studies in this area, a BIM
application framework is developed and discussed in this paper. Such a framework gives an
overview of BIM applications in the construction industry. A literature review, within this
framework, has been conducted and the result reveals a research gap for BIM applications in
the project domains of quality, safety and environmental management. A computable multi-
dimensional (ND) model is difficult to establish in these areas because with continuously
changing conditions, the decision-making rules for evaluating whether an individual component
is considered good quality, or whether a construction site is safe, also vary as the construction
progresses. A process of expanding from 3D to computable ND models, specifically, a possible
way to integrate safety, quality and carbon emission variables into BIM during the construction
phase of a project is explained in this paper. As examples, the processes of utilizing and models
on real construction sites are described. It is believed to benefit the industry by providing a
computable BIM and enabling all project participants to extract any information required for
decision making. Finally, the framework is used to identify areas to extend BIM research.

CHAPTER 3
29
3.1 METHODOLOGY

The BIM methodology involves the coordination of different technologies tor project
management through a single 3D digital model that shortens the times of both the design and
the production, and therefore it reduces costs. It also implies a new way of coordinating the
different teams involved, improving the quality of the engineering projects, architecture and
construction.

In this article we will disaggregate the changes that have taken place in the working and project
development methods, optimizing the process, streamlining phases of the project and achieving
a more linear and collaborative workflow.

In the early stages, where the project evolves and is being generated, the BIM methodology
helps us to easily extract floors and sections from a single 3D model. This model is the germ of
the project and thanks to the various displays, it allows the understanding of the different
proposals by the customer and by our own team, and all that in real time.

Because of the importance of the project's implementation on its place and its adaptation to
the environment, is valuable the information we can get about the energy evaluation of the
building. In this way from the initial phases comparatives of different sustainable solutions are
generated, allowing us to select the most appropriate from the conceptual phase. For this, we
use the BIM model to study the optimum orientation of the rooms, the amount of solar
radiation and lower environmental impact (6D). We may, if necessary, export the model to
specific tools that complement the information obtained from the native model.

The coordination of the design team begins gaining importance in the intermediate stages.
From the start, domains and the ability to modify the different design elements of each team
member, should be managed. BIM model and an open environment, enables various design
teams simultaneously design different parts of the project, without getting interference and
expediting the process.

30
During the most advanced stages of the design, the use of open standards allows the use of the
best specific tools in the calculation and sizing of structures and facilities. First of all, the export
to IFC of the architectural model allows engineers to import into their programs modelling and
analysis for evaluation and approval by the project coordinator. Subsequently BCF file sharing
enables the transmission of comments and observations as well as tracking the modifications to
the project that facilitates its traceability.

The IFC files are also used to federate or integrate the different partial models of the project,
and check the degree of collisions between them. By using verification tools we detect in
advance possible anomalies that may cause conflict later in work, and thus avoiding more
costly changes during the execution of the work.

Some unique elements require special attention during the development of the projects. To do
this, we can look at design options thanks to the use of parametric tools. With them we can
investigate and compare in detail alternatives that allow us to choose the most convenient
solution for our client. These tools are used to develop facades, finishes and even unique
elements in the interior design phase through the use of interoperable formats we can design
exclusive and unique furnishing that adds value to the proposal.

When it comes to elaborate the work's documentation, the use of BIM methodology ensures
the correct coordination between the three-dimensional model (3D), the two-dimensional
planes exported to various formats (2D). Likewise, the use of displays of the model - with
specific applications for mobile devices allows a much more completed and updated reading
of the project. This information is always at the disposal of work team and the client. Finally,
we can also export the IFC file model to measurement and budgeting programs (5D) and also
simulation, planning and construction management (4D) to complete the information that we
can extract from the model. Once the project is built, the BIM model can still be used to carry
out the comprehensive management of services and building maintenance (7D).

The BIM methodology is definitely not a technological transformation by itself is not a software,
it is a change of mentality. Interoperability in the complex processes has become essential in the
market, traceability of actions and the inherent responsibilities of each participant in
development is essential to the smooth running of the project. Customer access to all
information in a simple and practical way in real time, is nowadays possible and desired.

31
CASE STUDIES

Power Generation Projects in China

Wuga Chong Reservoir Project in Pu'an County of Guizhou Province (Wuga Chong Water
Conservancy and Hydropower Co., Ltd.) is a medium-sized hydroelectric power project, which
moved from 2D AutoCAD to 3D BIM using the entire set of Bentley design applications,
delivering the initial 3D model in just two months. Bentley GEOPAK helped the team quickly
solve a complex issue with the topography of the site, enabling it to develop a zig-zag ramp
design that would have been difficult to visualize in 2D. Using ProjectWise, the team
collaborated across all engineering disciplines. It also created 3D videos using Bentley Lumen RT
to explain the zig-zag design to their clients and to promote the organization's capabilities for
other projects. Wuga Chong Water Conservancy and Hydropower Co., Ltd. is now rolling out 3D
BIM using Bentley technologies across other projects in the region and it expects to save CNY 10
million (USD 1.5 million) on each project. The Wuga Chong

Reservoir project is a typical example of how the smaller design institutes are quickly
developing new skills and radically changing the way they deliver projects.
Qiong zhong Pumped Storage Power Sta Gon (Power China Zhong Nan Engineering Corporation
Limited) project exemplifies how China is moving toward a greener future by using pumped
storage to reduce its reliance on coal. Quoting from its Be Inspired submission, the company
said, "The cooperation of constructed Qiong zhong Pumped Storage Power Station, nuclear
power and new energy in Hainan Province can achieve optimum allocation of energy
resources, improve the utilization rate of new energy power, and highlight the huge role of
clean energy in energy conservation and emission reduction, while delivering consistent power
and ensuring safe, stable, and economic operation of the system ."The pumped storage power
station adds up to 600 megawatts to the grid system and will help meet peak demands for the
growing Hainan economic region. The project is located on a mountainous island that
presented the team with engineering and construction logistics challenges. The team used the
entire integrated collection of Bentley 3D design applications together with ProjectWise to
engage all stakeholders from concept to construction, saving over CNY 60 million in
engineering costs and completing construction three months ahead of schedule. This earned
Zhong Nan Engineering Corporation the record for the fastest pumped storage project in China
to date. By using Bently GEOPAK to optimize the civil design, they reduced the earthwork excavation and
filling quantity by 30 percent, saving over CNY 42 million. The hydraulic machinery specialty and HVAC
specialty extracted 90 percent of construction drawings directly from the 3D model, shortening design
time by two months, which equated to a savings of over CNY 20 million.

32
 conclusion
A BIM Schema development should be a living system. Governments should support BIM
Schema standardization because it can improve the management of governmental assets.

Standards provide three important roles:

(1) inter-operability

(2) trust

(3) comparability

To date, BIM standards, such as IFC, have succeeded in making only partial progress in inter-
operability; although limited, this progress is very important and its impact will be evident years
from now. However, BIM standardization does not yet exhibit trust or enable comparability. A
major problem is BIM Schemata redundancy. A Schema should not allow any explicit data
structures that can be derived from other explicit data structures. Such quick fixes speed-up
schema developments but cause redundancies that may lead to inconsistencies and new inter-
operability problems. The speed, traceability, and extensibility of the BIM Schema
standardization could be improved with dynamic segmented modelling [31] and evolutionary
ontology. The BIM Schema standardization could be significantly motivated by and improved
with: Clear evidence of competitive advantage and the coverage of the BIM Schema compared
to other exchange formats or APIs. The analysis of coverage should assess the coverage of
representational media and include a comparison of differences between 'as-designed', and 'as-
built models. Research on the expressiveness of modelling constructs with BWW and evaluation

33
of the importance of natural language used in the modelling would be very valuable for future
schemata.

Formal specification of the canonical form for BIM modelling, mapping between internal and
external schemata, and for different granularities of BIM Models that could significantly
improve the overall conceptual modelling and exchange of models in heterogeneous
environments. The implementation and deployment could be significantly improved with:

Published implemented subschema and mapping between internal and external BIM Schema;

Published parts of internal BIM Schema that are not implementable with a given external
schema:

Published workflows, which include heterogeneous tools and operate on the lossless level.

The adoption of BIM practices requires business process reengineering, which should be
supported by a process-competency- driven approach. Motivation towards better productivity,
control, and quality should be observed from the personal, organizational and technological
standpoints. The transition should be supported by appropriate organizational

structures. End-users could be motivated with features that reduce error levels and improve
presentation styles, interpretation, re-use, and repurposing of models. Better understanding of
communications and semiotics could lead to better BIM technologies. The developments
should focus on support for all teamwork stages. Collaborative environments for BIM should
enable collaborative modelling and the use of models to provide a complete answer, not only
to "Who did what and when?" but also to "Why was it done?" (intent) and how the information
was used. To make more use of models, BIM Models should be first available, possibly in BIM-
aware digital repositories, with metadata from controlled vocabularies, thus enabling better
information retrieval and management supported by BIM Schemata (e.g., as an interface in
crawling, indexing, and searching of BIM Models)

34
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