PORTFOLIO

IN
THM 202
RISK MANAGEMENT AS APPLIED
TO
SAFETY, SECURITY, AND
SANITATION

SUBMITTED TO:
ANN CRISTINE A. OQUENDO
SUBJECT INSTRUCTOR

SUBMITTED TO:
REYNAN L.
CARISMA
BSHM 1-B
 INTRODUCTION

RISK MANAGEMENT AS APPLIED TO SAFETY, SECURITY,

AND
SANITATION

Risk management as applied to safety, security, and sanitation at this

course students will develop knowledge skills and values on the basic principles
of personal hygiene, food safety and sanitations as applied in tourism and
hospitality industry. Topic include the following: compliance with workplace
hygiene procedures establishment and maintenance of a safe and secure
workplace, implementation of occupational health and safety procedures and
performing basic First aid procedures
 TOPIC

I. FOOD SAFETY
II. FIRE SAFETY
III. FIRST AID
 FOOD SAFETY

Food safety is used as

a scientific method/
discipline describing
handling, preparation,
and storage of food in
ways that prevent
foodborne illness. The
occurrence of two or
more cases of a similar
illness resulting from the
ingestion of a common
food is known as a food – borne disease outbreak.

THE 4 STEPS OF A RISK ASSESSMENT

Step 1 - Hazard identification: “Could this food or anything in it

be harmful?”
Risk assessors collect and review scientific data and identify biological or
chemical hazards in food.

Step 2 - Hazard characterization: “What effects do the hazards

cause?”
The risk assessors evaluate scientific data to determine whether evidence is
strong enough to demonstrate that a substance has the potential to cause
harm.6 They study the nature of these health effects and, where possible,
calculate a safe level of exposure.
Step 3 - Exposure assessment: “Who may be harmed and at
what level may exposure be harmful?”
Experts estimate how much of the food or ingredient consumers in general,
population groups (e.g. infants, children, adults) or sub-populations (e.g.
vegetarians, vegans) are likely to be exposed to under real-life conditions, where
both dose and duration are considered. The exposure must be evaluated to
determine if a hazard presents an actual risk (step 4). With increased exposure,
the risk also increases.

Step 4 - Risk characterization: “How likely is it that people will

experience exposure at a level that can cause harm in real
life?”
The final step is to formulate a final conclusion on the level of risk. The previous
steps are taken into account to calculate the likelihood of the food or ingredient
causing harm according to the nature of the hazard and level of exposure. The
level of exposure that can cause harm is compared to the actual level of
exposure that someone would experience in real life. If the exposure level is
higher than that which causes harm, there may be a safety concern for
consumers in general or for specific groups.

RISK FACTORS IN FOOD SAFETY

• Food from unsafe sources

• Improper cooking temperature
• Cross contamination
• Time and temperature abuse
• Poor hygiene

THE 4 PRIMARY FOOD SAFETY HAZARDS AND

PREVENTING
FOODBORNE ILLNESS

1.Biological Hazards
Biological hazards are characterized by the
contamination of food by microorganisms. Found in the air,
food, water, animals, and in the human body, these
incredibly tiny organisms are not inherently unsafe – many
provide benefits to our anatomy. Despite this, foodborne
illness can occur if harmful microorganisms make their way
into the food we eat. There are several types of microorganisms, each of which
can negatively impact health: bacteria, viruses, and parasites.

2. Chemical Hazards
Chemical hazards are identified by the presence of
harmful substances that can be found in food naturally, or
unintentionally added during processing. Some chemical
hazards include naturally occurring chemicals, such as
mycotoxins, intentionally added chemicals, including the
preservative sodium nitrate, and unintentionally added
chemicals, like pesticides.

3. Physical Hazards
Physical hazards are foreign objects that are found in
food products. They are either naturally found in the
specific item, such as stems in fruit, or not normally
part of the food item, such as hair or plastic.
Unnatural physical hazards are generally more
dangerous to health, whereas natural physical
hazards can be harmless.

4/ Allergenic Hazards
The final, and perhaps the deadliest, are allergenic
hazards. Allergies are the 6th leading cause of chronic
illness in the U.S., with more than 50 million people
suffering from allergies each year. Allergic reactions
occur when the human body produces an abnormal
immune response to specific proteins found in food.
 REFLECTION

The topic of food safety reminds me of the importance of proper handling,

preparation, and storage of food to prevent foodborne illnesses. It reinforces the
need to prioritize cleanliness, separation of different types of food, proper
cooking, and appropriate chilling. It is crucial to follow food safety guidelines and
regulations to protect ourselves and others from potential health hazards
associated with unsafe food practices.
DOCUMENTATION ABOUT FOOD SAFETY
 FIRE SAFETY

Fire safety is the set of practices intended

to reduce destruction caused by fire. Fire safety
measures include those that are intended to
prevent the ignition of an uncontrolled fire and
those that are used to limit the spread and impact
of a fire.
 CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE

1.Class A (Solids)
Class A fires are fires involving solids. This type of fuel
could be paper and cardboard, common in offices and
manufacturing. It could be furniture, or fixtures and fittings. It
could even be the structure of the building.
If any type of solid material is burning, like you would
expect in a "normal" fire, then it's a Class A fire.
This is one of the most common types of fire because
solids are the most common type of fuel and one that is hard to eliminate. Good
housekeeping should help to keep materials like packaging and waste reduced,
minimizing risks.

How to put out a Class A fire

🧯 Water
🧯 Foam
The best types of fire extinguishers for class A fires are water and foam
extinguishers. Water is the most popular type of extinguisher because it can
handle most fires involving solids. But, as a conductor, it should never be used
near electrical equipment.
Power and wet chemical fire extinguishers also have limited suitability for
Class A fires.

2. Class B (Liquids)
Class B fires are fires involving liquids. Many of the fluids,
liquids and chemicals used in workplaces can be flammable or
explosive. Like cleaning fluids, solvents, fuels, inks, adhesives
and paints.
This type of fire is more common in industrial settings,
where large quantities of flammable liquids are present. Class B
fires are rare but more deadly than other types of fire. So how
can you protect yourself?
Make sure you know what flammable liquids are used in your workplace,
and carry out a COSHH assessment. COSHH assessments are a legal
requirement, for any hazardous substances. You should consider the safe
storage and use of these substances, and keep them in labelled containers and
away from sources of ignition.

How to put out a Class B fire

🧯 Foam
🧯 Powder
Should a class B fire ignite, foam or powder extinguishers are the best
types of extinguishers to attack this type of fire. CO2 extinguishers can also have
limited suitability.

3. Class C (Gases)
Class C fires are fires involving gases. This could be natural
gas, LPG or other types of gases forming a flammable or explosive
atmosphere.
Working with gas is dangerous, and increases fire risk. Keep
stored gases in sealed containers in a safe storage area, and
ensure that gas work is carried out by competent persons.

How to put out a Class C fire

Shut off the gas supply
🧯 Powder
While extinguishers can be used on Class C gas fires, the only safe method
to put out this type of fire is to shut off the gas supply. The best type of
extinguisher to put out the fire once the supply of gas is cut off, is a dry powder
extinguisher.

4. Class D (Metals)
Metals are not often thought of as a combustible
material, but some types of metal can be, like sodium. Metals
are also good conductors, helping a fire spread. All metals will
soften and melt at high temperatures, which can cause building
collapse when metal joists and columns are present in a fire as
structural elements.
 And don't reach for the common water extinguisher on a Class D fire,
water can actually act as an accelerant on metal fires.

How to put out a Class D fire

🧯 Powder
There are dry powder extinguishers developed to tackle metal fires. The
powder inside the extinguisher may vary depending on the type of metal risk it is
designed for. Small metal fires can sometimes be smothered with dry earth or
sand.

5. Electrical Fires
This is not strictly a class (Class E) of fire, because
electricity is more of a source of ignition than a fuel. However,
fires in live electrical equipment are an additional hazard.
Electrical fires are not given their own full class, as they
can fall into any of the classifications. After all it is not the
electricity burning but the surrounding material that has been set
alight by the electric current.
The Fire Safety Advice Centre Fire Extinguishers
Making sure electrical equipment and installations are installed, inspected,
and maintained correctly, will help to reduce the risk of this type of fire.
You don't want to be using water to put this fire out, or any other
conductor as that could give you a fatal shock.

How to put out an electrical fire

🧯 CO2
While you shouldn't use water to attack an electrical fire, you can use
other types of fire extinguishers. The best fire extinguisher to use on electrical
fires is the carbon dioxide (CO2) extinguisher. Some dry powder extinguishers
are suitable for low-voltage situations.
Always turn off the power supply if you can.

6. Class F (Cooking Fats & Oils)

Deep fat frying and spillages of flammable oils near heat
sources in kitchens can result in a Class F fire. This type of fire is
most common in commercial kitchens with deep-fat fryers but
can also happen in homes.
 Never leave food or frying equipment unattended during use.
These fires are hard to extinguish due to the heat from the oil, and using
the wrong type of extinguisher can spread the burning oils and fats (and spread
the fire).

How to put out a Class F fire

🧯 Wet Chemical
Fire Blanket
The only type of fire extinguisher approved for use on cooking oils and fats
is the wet chemical extinguisher. For small class F fires, you could also use a fire
blanket.

THE THREE ELEMENTS OF FIRE

1. Heat
A
heat
source is

responsible for the initial ignition of fire, and

is also needed to maintain the fire and
enable it to spread. Heat allows fire to spread
by drying out and preheating nearby fuel and
warming surrounding air.

2. Fuel
 Fuel is any kind of combustible material.
It’s characterized by its moisture content,
size, shape, quantity and the arrangement in
which it is spread over the landscape. The
moisture content determines how easily it
will burn.

3. Oxygen
Air contains about 21 percent oxygen, and most fires require at least 16
percent oxygen content to burn. Oxygen supports the chemical processes that
occur during fire. When fuel burns, it reacts with oxygen from the surrounding
air, releasing heat and generating combustion products (gases, smoke, embers,
etc.). This process is known as oxidation.

COMPOSITION OF AIR
EMERGENCY GO BAG
 TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER

01. Class A Fire Extinguishers

Class A fire extinguishers are safe for use on ordinary combustible fires,
like those fueled by paper or wood. There are a number of safe ways to
extinguish a Class A fire, so you’ll find a variety of Class A fire extinguisher
options available. Some may use a clean agent, while others may use water mist
to suffocate and cool a Class A fire.

02. Class B Fire Extinguishers

Class B fire extinguishers are rated for use on flammable liquids like
grease, gasoline, and oil, and most often use C02 or clean agents to safely
suppress fires. Both clean agents and CO2 work to remove the oxygen
from a fire, suffocating it and eventually extinguishing it. Clean agent
Class B fire extinguishers are also a preferred option because they leave
no residue and don’t require any cleanup.
03. Class C Fire Extinguishers
Class C fire extinguishers are safe for use on fires that are electrically
energized. Most class C fire extinguishers use CO2 or another clean agent to
suffocate the fire without adding any conductive materials to the flames.

04. Class D Fire Extinguishers

Class D fire extinguishers are used on combustible metals like magnesium
and titanium. These types of fires require an extinguishing agent that will not
react with the burning metal. Most Class D fire extinguishers use a dry powder
agent to smother the fire and absorb heat, suppressing the fire.

05. Class K Fire Extinguishers

Class K fire extinguishers are made to combat kitchen fires. Used on
cooking fat, grease, and oil fires, these fire extinguishers usually employ a wet
chemical agent composed of potassium to simultaneously cool and suppress the
fire.

THINGS YOU NEED TO CONSIDER

BEFORE USING A FIRE EXTINGUISHER TO
FIGHT A FIRE

 Location of the fire

 What is burning
 The condition of your fire extinguisher
 Size of the fire
 Stand 6 -8 feet away from the fire
 If you are in a room or confined area, position yourself between the fire and the
exit door
 You must be windward direction
 Safety of yourself


REFLECTION
Fire safety brings to mind the importance of being prepared and taking
preventive measures to minimize fire hazards. It highlights the significance of
installing and maintaining fire alarms, smoke detectors, and fire extinguishers.
Fire safety education and training are essential to raise awareness about fire
prevention measures, emergency evacuation procedures, and the appropriate
actions to take during a fire. Promoting fire safety helps protect lives, prevent
injuries, and minimize property damage caused by fires.

DOCUMENTATION ABOUT FIRE SAFETY

 FIRST
AID

First aid is the first and immediate assistance

given to any person with either a minor or serious
illness or injury, with care provided to preserve life,
prevent the condition from worsening, or to promote
recovery until medical services arrive. First aid is
generally performed by someone with basic medical
training.

TEN PRINCIPLES OF FIRST AID YOU NEED TO KNOW

First aid is defined as the immediate care given to an acutely injured or ill
person. It can literally be life-saving so it behooves all of us to know some basic
principles. What follows are some rules that cover common conditions and
general practices:
1.Don’t panic. Panic clouds thinking and causes mistakes. When I was an intern
and learning what to do when confronted with an unresponsive patient, a wise
resident advised me when entering a “code blue” situation to always “take my
own pulse first.” In other words, I needed to calm myself before attempting to
intervene. It’s far easier to do this when you know what you’re doing, but even if
you encounter a situation for which you’re unprepared, there’s usually some
good you can do. Focus on that rather than on allowing yourself an unhelpful
emotional response. You can let yourself feel whatever you need to feel later
when you’re no longer needed.

2.First, do no harm. This doesn’t mean do nothing. It means make sure that if
you’re going to do something you’re confident it won’t make matters worse. If
you’re not sure about the risk of harm of a particular intervention, don’t do it. So
don’t move a trauma victim, especially an unconscious one, unless not moving
them puts them at great risk (and by the way, cars rarely explode). Don’t
remove an embedded object (like a knife or nail) as you may precipitate more
harm (e.g., increased bleeding). And if there’s nothing you can think to do
yourself, you can always call for help. In fact, if you’re alone and your only
means to do that is to leave the victim, then leave the victim.
3.CPR can be life-sustaining. But most people do it wrong. First, studies suggest
no survival advantage when bystanders deliver breaths to victims compared to
when they only do chest compressions. Second, most people don’t compress
deeply enough or perform compressions quickly enough. You really need to
indent the chest and should aim for 100 compressions per minute. That’s more
than 1 compression per second. If you’re doing it right, CPR should wear you out.
Also, know that CPR doesn’t reverse ventricular fibrillation, the most common
cause of unconsciousness in a patient suffering from a heart attack. Either
electricity (meaning defibrillation) or medication is required for that. But CPR is a
bridge that keeps vital organs oxygenated until paramedics arrive. Which is
why…

4.Time counts. The technology we now have to treat two of the most common
and devastating medical problems in America, heart attacks and strokes, has
evolved to an amazing degree, but patients often do poorly because they don’t
gain access to that technology in time. The risk of dying from a heart attack, for
example, is greatest in the first 30 minutes after symptoms begin. By the time
most people even admit to themselves the chest pain they’re feeling could be
related to their heart, they’ve usually passed that critical juncture. If you or
someone you know has risk factors for heart disease and starts experiencing
chest pain, resist the urge to write it off. Get to the nearest emergency room as
quickly as you can. If someone develops focal weakness of their face, legs, or
arms, or difficulty with speech or smiling, they may be having a stroke, which
represents a true emergency. Current protocols for treatment depend on the
length of time symptoms have been present. The shorter that time, the more
likely the best therapies can be applied.
5.Don’t use hydrogen peroxide on cuts or open wounds. It’s more irritating to
tissue than it is helpful. Soap and water and some kind of bandage are best.

6.When someone passes out but continues breathing and has a good pulse, the
two most useful pieces of information to help doctors figure out what happened
are: 1) the pulse rate, and 2) the length of time it takes for consciousness to
return.

7.High blood pressure is rarely acutely dangerous. First, high blood pressure is a
normal and appropriate response to exercise, stress, fear, and pain. Many
patients I follow for high blood pressure begin panicking when their readings
start to come in higher. But the damage high blood pressure does to the human
body takes place over years to decades. There is such a thing as a hypertensive
emergency, when the blood pressure is higher than around 200/120, but it’s
quite rare to see readings that high, and even then, in the absence of symptoms
(headache, visual disturbances, nausea, confusion) it’s considered a
hypertensive urgency, meaning you have 24 hours to get the pressure down
before you get into trouble.

8.If a person can talk or cough, their airway is open. Meaning they’re not
choking. Don’t Heimlich someone who says to you, “I’m choking.”
9.Most seizures are not emergencies. The greatest danger posed to someone
having a seizure is injury from unrestrained forceful muscular contractions.
Don’t attempt to move a seizing person’s tongue. Don’t worry—they won’t
swallow it. Move any objects on which they may hurt themselves away from the
area (including glasses from their head) and time the seizure. A true seizure is
often followed by a period of confusion called “post ictal confusion.” Your
reassurance during this period that they’re okay is the appropriate therapy.

10.Drowning doesn’t look like what you think it does. For one thing, drowning
people are physiologically incapable of crying out for help. In fact, someone
actually drowning is usually barely moving at all (I strongly encourage everyone
to click on this link to learn more about how to recognize what drowning does
look like).

Things You Should Know

 • Perform the 3 Cs of first aid before doing any care work—check your
surroundings for safety, call for help, and then care for the person.
• Check if an unconscious person is responsive or breathing. Give rescue
breaths and chest compressions if they’re unresponsive but have a pulse.
• Wear gloves to protect yourself from blood borne pathogens while treating
cuts, scrapes, minor burns, or other injuries.

METHOD 1 Performing the Three Cs

1. Check the surroundings. Evaluate the situation. Are there things that might
put you at risk of harm? Are you or the victim threatened by fire, toxic smoke,
gasses, an unstable building, live electrical wires, or another dangerous
scenario? Do not rush into a situation where you could end up as a victim
yourself. This refers to the D (Danger) in DRABC (Danger, Response, Airways,
Breathing, and Circulation).
* If approaching the victim will endanger your life, seek professional help
immediately; they have higher levels of training and know-how to handle these
situations. First aid becomes useless if you can't safely perform it without hurting
yourself.

2. Call for help. Call out for help 3 times before you begin assisting the casualty.
If someone is with you or approaches, instruct them to call the authorities and be
prepared to relay information to them so they can update the responders. It is
not recommended that you leave the casualty unless required, but put them in
the recovery position if you need to leave them for any reason.

3. Care for the person. Caring for someone who has just gone through serious
trauma includes both physical treatment and emotional support. Remember to
stay calm and try to be reassuring; let the person know that help is on its way
and that everything will be alright. Other ways to reassure the casualty include
asking for their name, if they know what has happened, and then about their
interests.

METHOD 2 Caring for an Unconscious Person

1. Determine responsiveness. If a person is unconscious, try to rouse them by

speaking to them or by tapping on the shoulder. do not be afraid to speak loudly
or even shout. If they do not respond to activity, sound, touch, or other
stimulation, determine whether they are breathing.
2. Two fingers under the chin and gently guide the face pointing upwards to open
up their airways. If any debris such as vomit can be seen, it is appropriate to
move them onto their side to allow it to get out, which is achieved with the
recovery position. [3] Check for a pulse.
* During the COVID-19 pandemic, only look for signs of breathing rather than
listening to or trying to feel the person’s breath to avoid exposure.

3. If the person remains unresponsive and has no pulse, prep for CPR. Unless you
suspect a spinal injury, carefully roll them onto their back and open their airway.
[5] If you suspect a spinal injury, leave the person where they are, provided they
are breathing.
* Keep the head and neck aligned.
* Carefully roll them onto their back while holding their head.
* Open the airway by lifting the chin.

4. Give rescue breaths if the person is unresponsive and has a pulse, but isn’t
breathing. Pinch the person’s nostrils and completely cover their mouth with
yours. Give a deep breath that lasts 1 second and watch to see if their chest
rises. If it does, give them another breath. If they don’t tilt their head and chin
again before trying a breath.
* During COVID-19, it’s recommended that you don’t use rescue breaths if the
person has a confirmed or suspected case of coronavirus. [

5. Perform 30 chest compressions and two rescue breaths as part of CPR. In the
center of the chest, just below an imaginary line running between the nipples,
put your two hands together and compress the chest down approximately 2
inches (5.1 cm) at a rate of 100 compressions per minute (or to the beat of
"Staying Alive"). After 30 compressions, give two rescue breaths, done by
opening the airways, closing the nose, and fully covering the mouth hole. Then
check vitals. If the breaths are blocked, reposition the airway. Make sure the
head is tilted slightly back and the tongue is not obstructing it. Continue this
cycle of 30 chest compressions and two rescue breaths until someone else
relieves you.
* If you’re worried about COVID-19 exposure, just do continuous chest
compressions without rescue breaths.
* Even if you only do chest compressions, it’s better than not performing CPR at
all.

6. Remember your ABCs of CPR. The ABCs of CPR refers to the three critical
things you need to look for. [5] Check these three things frequently as you give
the person first aid CPR.
* Airway. Does the person have an unobstructed airway?
* Breathing. Is the person breathing?
* Circulation. Does the person show a pulse at major pulse points (wrist, carotid
artery, groin)?

7. Make sure the person is warm as you wait for medical help. Drape a towel or a
blanket over the person if you have one; if you don't, remove some of your own
clothing (such as your coat or jacket) and use it as a cover until medical help
arrives. However, if the person has a heatstroke, do not cover him or keep him
warm. Instead, try to cool him by fanning him and damping him.

8. Pay attention to a list of don'ts. As you administer first aid, be sure to be

aware of these things that you should not do in any case:
* Do not feed or hydrate an unconscious person. This could cause choking and
possible asphyxiation.
* Do not leave the person alone. Unless you absolutely need to signal or call for
help, stay with the person at all times.
* Do not prop up an unconscious person's head with a pillow.
* Do not slap or splash with water an unconscious person's face. These are
movie gimmicks.
* If the person appears in danger due to an electric shock, you may attempt to
move it, but only with a non-conductive object.

METHOD 3 Treating Common Problems In First Aid Scenarios

1. Protect yourself from blood borne pathogens. Blood borne pathogens can
threaten your health and wellbeing by causing sickness and disease. If you have
a first aid kit, sanitize your hands and put on sterile gloves. If sterile gloves and
sanitizer are not available, protect your hands with extra gauze or cotton. Avoid
direct contact with the other person's blood. If you do end up making contact,
make sure to clean yourself off as soon as possible. Eliminate any remaining
sources of contamination.

2.Stop the bleeding first. After you have established that the victim is breathing
and has a pulse, your next priority should be to control any bleeding. Control of
bleeding is one of the most important things you can do to save a trauma victim.
Use direct pressure on a wound before trying any other method of managing to
bleed. Read the linked article for more detailed steps you can take.
* Treat a bullet wound. Bullet wounds are serious and unpredictable. Read on for
special considerations when treating someone who has suffered a gunshot
wound

3.Treat shock next. Shock, often caused by a loss of blood flow to the body,
frequently follows physical and occasionally psychological trauma. A person in
shock will frequently have cool, clammy skin, be agitated or have an altered
mental status, and have pale color to the skin around the face and lips.
Untreated, shock can be fatal. Anyone who has suffered a severe injury or life-
threatening situation is at risk for shock

4. Provide first aid for a broken bone. A broken bone, however common, can be
treated with the following steps:
* Immobilize the area. Make sure that the broken bone doesn't have to move or
support any other body parts.
* Numb the pain. Often, this can be done with an ice pack covered by a towel.
* Make a splint. A bundle of newspapers and sturdy tape will do just the trick. A
broken finger, for example, can also use another finger as a stabilizing splint.
* Make a sling, if necessary. Tie a shirt or a pillowcase around a broken arm and
then around the shoulder.

5. Help a choking victim. Choking can cause death or permanent brain damage
within minutes. Read this article for ways to help a choking victim. The article
addresses helping both children and adult choking victims.
* One of the ways to help a choking victim is the Heimlich maneuver. The
Heimlich maneuver is performed by straddling the victim from behind and bear-
hugging them with your hands interlocked above their belly button but beneath
their breastbone. Thrust upward to expel air from the lungs and repeat until you
are successful in clearing the object from the windpipe.

6. Learn how to treat a burn. Treat first- and second-degree burns by immersing
or flushing with cool water for at least 10 minutes (no ice). Don't use creams,
butter, or other ointments, and do not pop blisters. Third-degree burns should be
covered with a damp cloth. Remove clothing and jewelry from the burn, but do
not try to remove charred clothing that is stuck to burns

7. Look out for a concussion. If the victim has suffered a blow to the head, look
for signs of concussion. Common symptoms include:
* Loss of consciousness following the injury
* Disorientation or memory impairment
* Vertigo
* Nausea
* Lethargy.
* loss of memory of recent events (short terms memories)

8. Treat a Spinal Injury Victim. If you suspect a spinal injury, it is especially

critical that you not move the victim's head, neck, or back unless they are in
immediate danger. You also need to take special care when performing rescue
breathing or CPR. Read this article to learn what to do.

METHOD 4 Treating Rarer Cases in First Aid Scenarios

1. Help someone who is having a seizure. Seizures can be scary things for people
who've never experienced them before. Luckily, helping people with seizures is
relatively straightforward.
* Clear the surroundings to protect the person from hurting themselves.
* Activate emergency medical services if the seizure lasts more than 5 minutes
or if the person is not breathing afterward.
* After the episode has ended, help them to the floor and put something soft or
flat under their head. Turn them onto their side to ease breathing, but do not
hold the person down or try to stop their movements.
* Be friendly and reassuring as their consciousness returns and do not offer food
or water until fully alert.

2. Help someone survive a heart attack. It helps to know the symptoms of heart
attack, which can include rapid heartbeat, pressure or pain in the chest, throat or
even pain in the armpit, and general unease, sweating, or nausea. Rush the
person to the hospital immediately while giving them an aspirin or a
nitroglycerin, which the person should chew.

3. Identify someone having a stroke. Again, knowing the symptoms of stroke is

important. They include temporary inability to talk or understand what is being
said; confusion; loss of balance or dizziness; unable to raise their arms and
severe headache with no precursor, among others. Rush a person you suspect
has had a stroke to the emergency room immediately
4. Treat poisoning. Poisoning can occur as a result of natural toxins (i.e. snake
bite) or

REFLECTION

First aid is a valuable skillset that allows individuals to provide immediate

medical assistance in emergency situations until professional help arrives. It
underscores the importance of being prepared and knowledgeable about basic
first aid techniques. Learning first aid equips us with the ability to assess and
respond to injuries, choking incidents, cardiac arrests, and other medical
emergencies, potentially saving lives and reducing the severity of injuries. First
aid is an essential life skill that can empower us to be of assistance during times
of crisis.
DOCUMENTATION ABOUT FIRST AID
 REFERENCES

https://images.search.yahoo.com/search/
images;_ylt=AwrO_pLTg3plItIGhcdXNyoA;_ylu=Y29sbwNncTEEcG9zAzEEdnRpZA
MEc2VjA3BpdnM-?p=white+and+black+background&fr2=piv-
web&type=E210US714G0&fr=mcafee#id=16&iurl=http%3A%2F
%2Fwallpapercave.com%2Fwp%2F8rT0gGu.jpg&action=click
https://images.search.yahoo.com/search/
images;_ylt=AwrjeWaDx3JlhwUFxAVXNyoA;_ylu=Y29sbwNncTEEcG9zAzEEdnRpZ
AMEc2VjA3BpdnM-?p=images+of+risk+management+as+applied+to+safety
%2C+security%2C+and+sanitation&fr2=piv-#id=32&iurl=https%3A%2F
%2Flookaside.fbsbx.com%2Flookaside%2Fcrawler%2Fmedia%2F%3Fmedia_id
%3D5536903216332825&action=click
http://sy21-22sem1.pamma.edu.ph/course/info.php?id=475
https://www.eufic.org/en/food-safety/article/what-are-food-safety-risk-
assessments-and-why-are-they-used
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_safety
https://www.eufic.org/en/food-safety/article/what-are-food-safety-risk-
assessments-and-why-are-they-used
https://blog.smartsense.co/food-safety-education-month-hazards-prevention
https://images.search.yahoo.com/search/
images;_ylt=AwrjfhWwGntlcSMBU9WJzbkF;_ylu=c2VjA3NlYXJjaARzbGsDYnV0dG9
u;_ylc=X1MDOTYwNjI4NTcEX3IDMgRmcgNtY2FmZWUEZnIyA3A6cyx2OmksbTpzY
i10b3AEZ3ByaWQDeDBQeE56MmZUcnl3WF9NX0lXUkQyQQRuX3JzbHQDMARuX3
N1Z2cDMARvcmlnaW4DaW1hZ2VzLnNlYXJjaC55YWhvby5jb20EcG9zAzAEcHFzdHI
DBHBxc3RybAMwBHFzdHJsAzM1BHF1ZXJ5A01BR0VTJTIwT0YlMjBQUklNQVJZJTIwR
k9PRCUyMFNBRkVUWSUyMEhBWkFSRAR0X3N0bXADMTcwMjU2NjYwNQ--?
p=MAGES+OF+PRIMARY+FOOD+SAFETY+HAZARD&fr=mcafee&fr2=p%3As
%2Cv%3Ai%2Cm%3Asb-top&ei=UTF-
8&x=wrt&type=E210US714G0#id=3&iurl=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteproxy.ruqli.workers.dev%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fnexustac.com
%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F07%2FFood-Hazards.png&action=click
https://images.search.yahoo.com/search/
images;_ylt=AwrjZjEfHntlfSUVyg6JzbkF;_ylu=c2VjA3NlYXJjaARzbGsDYnV0dG9u;_
ylc=X1MDOTYwNjI4NTcEX3IDMgRmcgNtY2FmZWUEZnIyA3A6cyx2OmksbTpzYi10
b3AEZ3ByaWQDUXdBMDhHeEZUMjJlRXNRM0hDUEtUQQRuX3JzbHQDMARuX3N1Z
2cDMARvcmlnaW4DaW1hZ2VzLnNlYXJjaC55YWhvby5jb20EcG9zAzAEcHFzdHIDB
HBxc3RybAMwBHFzdHJsAzI3BHF1ZXJ5AyUyMFBSSU1BUlklMjBGT09EJTIwSEFaQVJ
EJTIwSU1BR0VTBHRfc3RtcAMxNzAyNTY3Nzkz?
p=+PRIMARY+FOOD+HAZARD+IMAGES&fr=mcafee&fr2=p%3As%2Cv%3Ai
%2Cm%3Asb-top&ei=UTF-8&x=wrt&type=E210US714G0#id=4&iurl=https%3A
%2F%2Fimage.slidesharecdn.com%2Fhazardsinfoods-
160312120128%2F95%2Fhazards-in-foods-3-638.jpg%3Fcb
%3D1457784233&action=click
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_safety
https://images.search.yahoo.com/search/
images;_ylt=Awr.18V3lntl9wMAkbtXNyoA;_ylu=Y29sbwNncTEEcG9zAzEEdnRpZA
MEc2VjA3BpdnM-?p=images+of+fire+safety&fr2=piv-
web&type=E210US714G0&fr=mcafee#id=46&iurl=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteproxy.ruqli.workers.dev%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.free-
safety-training.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F10%2Ffire-
safety.jpg&action=click
https://www.haspod.com/blog/fire/classes-of-fire#:~:text=There%20are
%206%20different%20classes%20of%20fire%2C%20depending,put%20out
%20differently%2C%20depending%20on%20the%20hazards%20involved.
https://images.search.yahoo.com/search/
images;_ylt=AwrO5pf.m3tl01oG0V1XNyoA;_ylu=Y29sbwNncTEEcG9zAzEEdnRpZ
AMEc2VjA3BpdnM-?p=IMAGES+CLASSES+OF+FIRE&fr2=piv-
web&type=E210US714G0&fr=mcafee#id=3&iurl=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.evolutionfire.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F06%2Fthe-6-
classes-of-fire-and-how-to-stop-them-1200x630-1.jpg&action=click
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_triangle
https://smokeybear.com/en/about-wildland-fire/fire-science/elements-of-fire
https://images.search.yahoo.com/search/
images;_ylt=AwrO_Wqiq3tldQQAgRdXNyoA;_ylu=Y29sbwNncTEEcG9zAzEEdnRpZ
AMEc2VjA3BpdnM-?p=COMPOSITION+OF+AIR&fr2=piv-
web&type=E210US714G0&fr=mcafee#id=176&iurl=https%3A%2F
%2Fd138zd1ktt9iqe.cloudfront.net%2Fmedia%2Fseo_landing_files%2Frevati-m-
data-handling-01-1606975019.png&action=click
https://images.search.yahoo.com/search/
images;_ylt=AwrjbI.IrHtloccIiFSJzbkF;_ylu=c2VjA3NlYXJjaARzbGsDYnV0dG9u;_ylc
=X1MDOTYwNjI4NTcEX3IDMgRmcgNtY2FmZWUEZnIyA3A6cyx2OmksbTpzYi10b3
AEZ3ByaWQDWHo5aEZtNEZUM3l4Y2dMUUdpV0tHQQRuX3JzbHQDMARuX3N1Z2c
DMARvcmlnaW4DaW1hZ2VzLnNlYXJjaC55YWhvby5jb20EcG9zAzAEcHFzdHIDBHB
xc3RybAMwBHFzdHJsAzI3BHF1ZXJ5A0lNQUdFUyUyME9GJTIwRU1FUkdFTkNZJTIwJ
TIwR08lMjBCQUcEdF9zdG1wAzE3MDI2MDM5MjY-?p=IMAGES+OF+EMERGENCY+
+GO+BAG&fr=mcafee&fr2=p%3As%2Cv%3Ai%2Cm%3Asb-top&ei=UTF-
8&x=wrt&type=E210US714G0#id=76&iurl=https%3A%2F%2Fsiteproxy.ruqli.workers.dev%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww2.gov.bc.ca
%2Fassets%2Fgov%2Fpublic-safety-and-emergency-services%2Femergency-
preparedness-response-recovery%2Fembc%2Fpreparedbc%2Fgrab-and-go-
web.png&action=click
https://vanguard-fire.com/what-are-the-5-types-of-fire-extinguishers/
https://images.search.yahoo.com/search/
images;_ylt=AwrO_Wp.t3tlnAQAcepXNyoA;_ylu=Y29sbwNncTEEcG9zAzEEdnRpZ
AMEc2VjA3BpdnM-?p=IMAGES+OF+FIRST+AID&fr2=piv-
web&type=E210US714G0&fr=mcafee#id=38&iurl=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.pngitem.com%2Fpimgs%2Fm%2F9-98082_first-aid-kit-box-logo-first-
aid-sign.png&action=click
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_aid
https://imaginemd.com/blog/ten-principles-of-first-aid-you-need-to-know/
https://www.wikihow.com/Do-Basic-First-Aid#/Image:Do-Basic-First-Aid-Step-5-
Version-2.jpg