The Dictionary of Substances and their Effects (DOSE) E J -

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PRODUCTION TEAM

Ken Wilkinson (Staff Editor)

Richard Ellis
Sally Faint
Julie Hetherington
Alan Skull

The publishers make no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the
information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for
any errors or omissions that may be made.

Volume 4 ISBN 0-85404-823-5

Seven-volume set ISBN 0-85404-803-0

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

0The Royal Society of Chemistry 1999

All rights reserved

Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of research or private study, or criticism or review as
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Published by The Royal Society of Chemistry, Thomas Graham House, Science Park, Milton
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Typeset by Land & Unwin (Data Sciences) Ltd, Bugbrooke, UK

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Contents

Volume 1
Foreword vii
Introduction ix
Guide to Content xi
A-B Compounds 1-862
Abbreviations 863-865
Glossary of Medical and Biological Terms 867-881
Glossary of Organism Names 882-889

Volume 2
Guide to Content vii
C Compounds 1-865

Volume 3
Guide to Content vii
D Compounds 1-832

Volume 4
Guide to Content vii
E-J Compounds 1-892

Volume 5
Guide to Content vii
K-N Compounds 1-953

Volume 6
Guide to Content vii
0-S Compounds 1-952

Volume 7
Guide to Content vii
T-Z Compounds 1-712
Index of Chemical Names and Synonyms 713-914
Index of CAS Registry Numbers 915-956
Index of Molecular Formulae 957-998
Guide to Content

The data for each chemical in DOSE are organised as follows:

DOSE No. Invertebrate toxicity

Chemical name Toxicity to other species
Structure/line formula Bioaccumulation
Molecular formula
Molecular weight Environmental fate
CAS Registry No. Nitrification inhibition
Synonyms Carbonaceous inhibition
EINECS No. Anaerobic effects
RTECS No. Degradation studies
Uses Abiotic removal
Occurrence Adsorption and retention

Physical properties Mammalian and avian toxicity

Melting point Acute data
Boiling point Sub-acute and sub-chronic data
Flash point Carcinogenicity and chronic effects
Specific gravity Teratogenicity and reproductive effects
Partition coefficient Metabolism and toxicokinetics
Volatility Irritancy
Solubility Sensitisation

Occupational exposure Genotoxicity

Limit values
UN number Other effects
HAZCHEM code Other adverse effects (human)
Conveyance classification Any other adverse effects
Supply classification
Risk phrases Legislation
Safety phrases
Other comment s
Ecotoxicity
Fish toxicity References

These headings only appear in an item when data have been identified for that heading. The
user can, therefore, assume that the absence of a heading means that no relevant data were
retrieved from the sources examined.

vii Guide to Content

Dose No.
Each of the 4123 compounds in DOSE is identified by a unique, sequential alphanumeric
DOSE No. For example, the first compound in DOSE, A-a-C, has DOSE No. AZ; the last entry,
zoxazolarnine, has DOSE No. 225.

Chemical name
In general, the chemical name is the common name of the substance, for example
nitrobenzene. If it is not possible to allocate a precise chemical name (i.e. if the substance is of
unknown or variable composition, or consists of biological materials), a short phrase appears
instead, for example chlorinated paraflns (C12,60%).

Molecular formula
This is the elemental composition of the compound. The elements appear alphabetically for
inorganic compounds, i.e. Ag2C03, ClZCr, etc, but for organic compounds, carbon and
hydrogen content are shown first followed by the other elements in alphabetical order, i.e.
C6H5Br.

Molecular weight
This is directly calculated from the molecular formula. No molecular weights are given for
polymers.

CAS Registry No.

The CAS Registry No. is a number sequence adopted by the Chemical Abstracts Service
(American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio, USA) to uniquely identify specific chemical
substances. The number contains no information relating to the chemical structure of a
substance and is, in effect, a catalogue number relating to one of the millions of unique
chemical substances recorded in the CAS Registry. New numbers are assigned sequentially to
each new compound identified by Chemical Abstracts Service. This information is also
provided in the full index of CAS Registry Numbers available at the end of Volume 7.

Synonyms
For common chemicals, several chemical names and numerous trade names may be applied
to describe the chemical in question. Many of these names are identified to aid users on the
range of names which have been used to describe each substance.

EINECS No.
This number is assigned by the European Commission to each record in the EINECS
(European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances) inventory. The numbers
are in the format XXX-XXX-X, for example, 202-72 6-0 for nitrobenzene.

RTECS No.
The RTECS (Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances) number is a unique identifier
assigned by NIOSH (National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health in the US) to every
substance in the RTECS database. The number is in the format of two alphabetic characters
followed by seven numeric characters, for example, D A 6475000 for nitrobenzene.

Guide to Content viii

Uses
Principal uses of the substances are given, with information on other significant uses in
industrial processes.

Occurrence
Natural occurrences, whether in plants, animals or fungi are reported.

Physical properties
Melting/Boiling point
These data are derived from various sources.

Flash point
The flash point is the lowest temperature at which the vapours of a volatile combustible
substance will sustain combustion in air when exposed to a flame. The flash point
information is derived from various sources. Where possible the method of determination of
the flash point is given.

Specific gravity (density)

The specific gravity of each substance has been derived from a variety of sources. Where
possible the data have been standardised.

Partition coefficient
Partition coefficients, important for structure-activity relationship considerations,
particularly in the aquatic environment, are indicated. Ideally the n-octanoll water partition
coefficient is quoted. The major data source for this measurement is:
Sangster, J J. Phys. Chern. Ref. Data 1989,18(3), 1111-1229
Where no reference is quoted, it can be assumed that the information was derived from this
source.

Vo latiIity
The vapour pressure and vapour density are quoted where available. Where possible, the
data have been standardised.

SolubiIity
Solubility data derived from several sources are quoted for both water and organic solvents
where available.

Occupational exposure
Limit values
This field contains the occupational exposure limit values (or threshold limit values) from
France, Germany Japan, Sweden, UK and USA.

ix Guide to Content
The airborne limits of permitted concentrations of hazardous chemicals represent conditions
under which it is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed day after day
without adverse effect. These' limits are subject to periodic revision and vary between
different countries. The term threshold limit relates primarily to the USA, but equivalent terms
are available in most industrialised countries. The data relates to concentrations of substances
expressed in parts per million (ppm) and milligrams per cubic meter (mg m-3).

French exposure limits are published by the French Ministry in Charge of Labour and
presented in the report Valeurs limites d'exposition professionnelle aux agents chimiques en France
(ND 1945-153-93).The values in DOSE have been taken from the 1998 edition. The FR-VLE
values are short-term limits (15 minutes), and FR-VME values are long-term limits (8 hours).
German data currently include the national MAK values where available. The MAK value
(Maximale Arbeitsplatz-Konzentration) is defined as the maximum permissible
concentration of a chemical compound present in the air within a working area which,
according to current knowledge, does not impair the health of the employee or cause undue
annoyance. Under those conditions, exposure can be repeated and of long duration over a
daily period of eight hours, constituting an average working week of 40 hours. MAK values
are published by the Geschaftsstelle der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft, Bonn, in
"Maximum Concentrations at the Workplace and Biological Tolerance Values for Working
Materials." The values in DOSE have been taken from the 1998 edition.
Japanese exposure limits are those recommended by the Japanese Society of Occupational
Health. Unless otherwise indicated, these values are long-term exposure limits (the mean
exposure concentration at or below which adverse health effects caused by the substance do
not appear in most workers, working 8 hours a day, 40 hours a week under a moderate
workload). The values in DOSE were published in 1997.
Swedish data can include short-term exposure limit, a level limit, or a ceiling limit. The
values in DOSE were adopted in 1996.
In the UK occupational limits relating to airborne substances hazardous to health are
published by the Health and Safety Executive annually in Guidance Note EH40. The values
in the DOSE items have been taken from the 1999 edition.
There are Maximum Exposure Limits (MEL) in the UK which are subject to regulation and
which should not normally be exceeded. They derive from Regulations, Approved Codes of
Practice, European Community Directives, or from the Health and Safety Commission. In
addition, there are Occupational Exposure Standards (OES) which are considered to
represent good practice and realistic criteria for the control of exposure. In an analogous
fashion to the USA Threshold Limits, there are long-term limits, expressed as time-weighted
average concentrations over an 8-hour working day, designed to protect workers against the
effects of long-term exposure. The short-term exposure limit is for a time-weighted average
of 15 minutes. For those substances for which no short-term limit is listed, it is recommended
that a figure of three times the long-term exposure limit averaged over a 15-minute period be
used as a guideline for controlling exposure to short-term excursions.

Guide to Content X
The threshold limit values for the USA have been taken from the Threshold Limit Values and
Biological Exposure Indices, 1999 produced by the American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, USA. The limits relate to Threshold Limit - Time Weighted
Average, Threshold Limit - Short Term Exposure Limit and Threshold Limit - Ceiling Limit. The
Threshold Limit Value - Time Weighted Average (TLV-TWA) allows a time-weighted average
concentration for a normal 8-hour working day and a 40-hour working week, to which nearly
all workers may be repeatedly exposed day after day, without adverse effect. The Threshold
Limit Value - Short Term Exposure Limit (TLV-STEL) is defined as a 15-minute, time-
weighted average which should not be exceeded at any time during a work day, even if the
8-hour time-weighted average is within the TLV. It is designed to protect workers from
chemicals which may cause irritancy, chronic or irreversible tissue damage, or narcosis of
sufficient degree to cause the likelihood of accidental injury. Many STELs have been deleted
pending further toxicological assessment. With Threshold Limit - Ceiling Values (TLV-C) the
concentration should not be exceeded during any part of the working day.

UN number
The United Nations Number is a four-figure code used to identify hazardous chemicals and
is used for identification of chemicals transported internationally by road, rail, sea and air. In
the UK this number is also called the “Substance Identification Number” or ”SI Number”.

HAZCHEM code
The Hazchem Code is used to instruct United Kingdom emergency services on equipment,
evacuation and other methods of dealing with transportation incidents. It is administered by
the Chemical Industries Association.

Conveyance classif icat ion

The information presented for the transportation of substances dangerous for conveyance by
road is derived from the UK’s Approved Carriage List, Health and Safety Commission, UK.

Supply classification
The information presented for the supply of substances is derived from the UK’s Approved
Supply List: information approved for the classification and labelling of substances and
preparations dangerous for supply [Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging)
Regulations 1999 (CHIP 99)*] Health and Safety Commission, UK.

Risk and safety phrases

Risk and safety phrases used in connection with DOSE items are approved phrases for
describing the risks involved in the use of hazardous chemicals and have validity in the
United Kingdom and throughout the countries of the European Community. The approved
texts have designated R (Risk) and S (Safety) numbers from which it is possible to provide
translations for all approved languages adopted by the European Community. The risk and
safety phrases quoted in DOSE relate to the UK’s Approved Supply List: information

+At the time of going to press the Health and Safety Commission, UK announced that an amendment (Amendment No. 2) to the
CHIP 99 regulations is intended to come into force on 1 January 2000. The supply classifications and the risk and safety phrases
reported in this edition of DOSE do not include any changes which are proposed in Amendment No. 2 to CHIP 99. These changes are
incorporated in the updates to the electronic versions of DOSE released after 1January 2000.

xi Guide to Content
approved for the classification and labelling of substances and preparations dangerous for
supply [Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging) Regulations, 1999 (CHIP 99)J Health
and Safety Commission, UK. The risk and safety phrases should be used to describe the
hazards of chemicals on data sheets for use and supply; for labelling of containers, storage
drums, tanks etc., and for labelling of articles specified as dangerous for conveyance by road.
(See also footnote on page xi.)

Ecotoxicity
Information is presented on the effects of chemicals on various ecosystems. Results of studies
carried out on aquatic species, primarily fish and invertebrates, but also fresh water and
marine microorganisms and plants are reported. Persistence and potential for accumulation
in the environment and any available information on the harmful effects to non-target
species, i.e. the unintentional exposure of terrestrial and/or aquatic species to a toxic
substance is given. Ecotoxicology can be defined as that science involved in the study of the
production of harmful effects by substances entering the natural environment, especially
effects on populations, communities and ecosystems; or as the study of the effects of
chemicals on ecosystems and their non-human components. An essential part of the
ecotoxicology is the assessment of movement of potentially toxic imbalance through
environmental compartments and through food webs.
Ecotoxicology, unlike human toxicology, is more concerned with the effects to populations
than to individuals. Human toxicology is based on the extrapolation of data from many
species to one species man, whereas ecotoxicology necessitates the extrapolation from a few
species to many, or from limited field data to entire ecosystems.

Ecotoxicology must not be confused with environmental toxicology which is the direct effects
of environmental chemicals to humans. The term environmental toxicology should only be
applied to the study of direct effects of environmental chemicals on human beings. Although
the main thrust of preventative toxicology is in the area of human health, it is becoming
increasingly evident that human health is intimately connected with conditions in the natural
environment. Chemicals released into the environment far from human habitation may
become a health hazard for humans through food chain accumulation. Other chemicals may
adversely affect crop growth or kill economically important fish stocks or bird life.

Fish toxicity
LC50 values, with duration of exposure, are quoted for two species of freshwater and one
marine species if available. Any additional information on bioassay type (static or flow
through) and water condition (pH, temperature, hardness or oxygen content) is reported.

Invertebrate toxicity
LC50 values with duration of exposure, are quoted for molluscs and crustaceans. EC50 values,
i.e. concentrations which will immobilise 50% of an exposed population, are given for
microbes, algae and bacteria. Values which will inhibit microbial or algal growth are
reported. Duration of exposure is given when available.

Guide to Content xii

Toxicity to other species
Toxicity to species other than mammals, birds, invertebrates and fish (e.g. reptiles,
amphibians, plants, seaweeds), is reported here. LD50, LC50 and EC50 values are given with
duration of exposure, concentration and as much supplementary information as possible.

Bioaccumulation
Bioaccumulation, biomagnification and bioconcentration data are quoted primarily for fish,
invertebrates, bacteria and algae. Bioaccumulation is the progressive increase in the amount
of a chemical in an organism or part of an organism which occurs because the rate of intake
exceeds the organism’s ability to remove the substance from its body. Bioconcentration is a
process leading to a higher concentration of a chemical in an organism than in its
environment. Lastly, biomagnification is a sequence of processes in an ecosystem by which
higher concentrations are attained in organisms at higher trophic levels, i.e. at higher levels in
the food chain.

Environmental Fate
Degradation data are used to assess the persistence of a chemical substance in the
environment, in water, soil and air. If the substance does not persist, information on the
degradation products is also desirable. Intermediates may be either harmless or toxic
substances which will themselves persist. Degradation occurs via two major routes, microbial
degradation utilising microorganisms from a variety of habitats and decomposition by
chemical methods. Microbial degradation is associated with the production of elemental
carbon, nitrogen and sulfur from complex molecules. Standard biodegradation tests estimate
the importance of microbial biodegradation as a persistence factor. Most tests use relatively
dense microbial populations adapted to the compound being studied. Rapid degradation
results in these tests implies that the compound will degrade under most environmental
conditions, although specialised environments where degradation would not occur can exist.
Compounds which are not readily degradable are likely to persist over a wide range of
environmental situations.
Chemical degradation processes include photolysis, hydrolysis, oxidation and removal by
reversible/irreversible binding to sediment. Factors which influence degradation rates, such
as duration of exposure, temperature, pH, salinity, concentrations of test substance, microbial
populations, and other nutrients, must also be taken into account.
Due care must also be given when metabolism results in the production of substances that
are more toxic than their parents.

Nitrification inhibition
The nitrogen cycle is the major biogeochemical process in the production of nitrogen, an
essential element contained in amino acids and proteins. Nitrogen is an essential element in
microorganisms, higher plants and animals. Interference in the production of nitrogen from
more complex molecules can be determined by standard tests using nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
The degree of inhibition can be used to estimate the environmental impact of the test
chemical.

xiii Guide to Content

Carbonaceous inhibition
Another major biogeochemical process is the recycling of carbon via the decomposition of
complex organic matter by bacteria and fungi. In nature the process is important in the
cycling of elements and nutrients in ecosystems. The degradation sequence occurs in stages,
cellulose -+ cellobiose -+ glucose -+ organic acids and carbon dioxide. Chemical inhibition of
microbial processes at all or any of these stages is reported here.

Anaerobic effects
Anaerobic microbial degradation of organic compounds occurs in the absence of oxygen and
is an important degradation process in both the natural environment and in waste treatment
plants. Data on the effects of chemicals on anaerobic systems are reported here. An important
method uses anaerobic digestion tests which compare the production of methane and carbon
dioxide by anaerobic microbes in a sludge sample with and without added test material.
Methane production is at the end of the food chain process used by a wide range of anaerobic
microorganisms.

Degradation studies
This section focuses on microbial degradation in both soil and water under anaerobic and
aerobic conditions. The half-life of the chemical substance in the environment is reported
with its degradation products where possible, giving an indication of the degree of its
persistence. Water pollution factors: BOD (biochemical/biological oxygen demand), COD
(chemical oxygen demand) and ThOD (theoretical oxygen demand) are stated, where
available. BOD estimates the extent of natural purification which would occur if a substance
were discharged into rivers, lakes or the sea. COD is a quicker chemical method for this
determination which uses potassium dichromate or permanganate to establish the extent of
oxidation likely to occur. ThOD measures the amount of oxygen needed to oxidise
hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and water. When organic molecules contain other elements
nitrogen, sulfur or phosphorus, the ThOD depends on the final oxidation stage of these
elements.

Abiotic removal
Information on chemical decomposition processes is contained in this section. The energy
from the sun is able to break carbon-carbon, and carbon-hydrogen bonds, cause
photodissociation of nitrogen dioxide to nitric oxide and atomic oxygen and photolytically
produce significant amounts of hydroxyl radicals. Hydrolysis occurs when a substance
present in water is able to react with the hydrogen or hydroxyl ions of the water. Therefore
the extent of photolytic and oxidative reactions occurring in the atmosphere and hydrolysis
in water can be used as a measure of environmental pollution likely to arise from exposure to
a substance. Removal by activated carbon is also reported.

Adsorption and retention

The environmental impact of a chemical substance is determined by its ability to move
through the environment. This movement depends on the affinity of the chemical toward
particulate matter: soil and sediment. Chemicals which have a high affinity for adsorption are
less readily transported in the gaseous phase or in solution, and therefore can accumulate in a
particular medium. Chemical substances which are not readily adsorbed are transported
through soil, air and aquatic systems.

Guide to Content xiv

Mammalian and avian toxicity
Studies on mammalian species are carried out to determine the potential toxicity of
substances to humans. Avian species are studied primarily to assess the environmental
impact on the ecosystem, however data from avian studies are also used for assessing human
toxicity. This is specifically applied to pesticides, with neurotoxicology studies.
Procedures involve undertaking a series of established exposure studies on a particular
substance using specific routes, oral, inhalation, dermal or injection for variable durations.
Exposure durations include acute or single exposure to a given concentration of substance.
Sub-acute or sub-chronic exposure, i.e. repeat doses over an intermediate time period, up to 4
weeks for sub-acute and 90 day/l3 week (in rodents) or 1 year (in dogs) for sub-chronic
studies. Chronic/long-term studies involve exposure to specific concentrations of chemical
for a duration of 18 month-2 years. A variety of species are used in toxicity testing, most
commonly rodents (rats, mice, hamsters) and rabbits, but tests can also be carried out on
monkeys, domestic animals and birds.

Acute data
Single exposure studies quoting LD50, LCLO,LDLo, TCLOand TDLOdata.

Sub-acute and sub-chronic data

Results of repeat doses, intermediate duration studies are quoted. Priority is given to
reporting the adverse effects on the gastro-intestinal, hepatic, circulatory, cardiopulmonary,
immune, renal and central nervous systems.

Carcinogenicity and chronic effects

Information on the carcinogenicity of substances unequivocally proven to cause cancer in
humans and laboratory animals, together with equivocal data from carcinogenicity assays in
laboratory animals are reported. Additionally, treatment-related chronic adverse effects are
reported. Criteria for inclusion required the study to report the species, duration of exposure,
concentration and target organ(s); sex is also given where available.

Teratogenicity and reproductive effects

The results of studies carried out in intact animal and in vitro systems to determine the
potential for teratogenic, foetotoxic and reproductive damage are reported here. Criteria for
inclusion required the species, duration of exposure, concentration and details of the effect in
relation to fertility to be stated. Adverse effects reported in this section include sexual organ
dysfunction, developmental changes (to embryos and foetuses), malformations, increases in
spontaneous abortions or stillbirths, impotence, menstrual disorders and neurotoxic effects
on offspring.

Metabolism and tox ico kinetics

Data are quoted on the metabolic fate of the substance in mammals, and includes adsorption,
distribution, storage and excretion. Mechanisms of anabolic or catabolic metabolism, enzyme
activation and half-lives within the body are reported when available. Additionally findings
from in vitro studies are reported.

XV Guide to Content
I rrita ncy
Chemical substances which cause irritation (itching, inflammation) to skin, eye and mucous
membranes on immediate contact in either humans or experimental animals are reported
here. Exposure can be intentional in human or animal experiments, or unintentional via
exposure at work or accident to humans.

Sensitisation
Sensitisation occurs where an initial accidental or intentional exposure to a large or small
concentration of substance causes no reaction or irritant effects. However, repeat or
prolonged exposure to even minute amounts of a sensitising chemical causes increasingly
acute allergic reactions.

Genotoxicity
Genotoxicity testing is carried out to determine the mutagenic and/ or carcinogenic potential
of a chemical substance. A standard series of tests are carried out under controlled laboratory
conditions on an established set of test organisms. A hierarchical system using bacteria,
yeasts, cultured human and mammalian cells, in vivo cytogenetic tests in mammals and plant
genetics is used to assess the genotoxic potential of the substance under study. Bacteria,
unlike mammals, lack the necessary oxidative enzyme systems for metabolising foreign
compounds to the electrophilic metabolites capable of reacting with DNA. Therefore,bacteria
are treated with the substance under study in the presence of a post-mitochondial
supernatant (S9) prepared from the livers of mammals (usually rats). This fraction is
supplemented with essential co-factors to form the S9 mix necessary for activation. DOSE
reports published studies: giving the test organisms, whether metabolic activation (S9) was
required, and the result, positive or negative.

Other effects
Other adverse effects (human)
Adverse effects to humans from single or repeat exposures to a substance are given. The
section includes results of epidemiological studies, smaller less comprehensive studies of
people exposed through their work environment and accidental exposure of a single, few or
many individuals.

Any other adverse effects

Adverse effects to organisms or animals other than man are reported here.

Guide to Content xvi

Legislation
Any form of legislation, medical (food and drugs) or environmental from European,
American and worldwide sources is reported.

Other comments
All other relevant information, including chemical instability and incompatibility, reviews,
phytotoxicity and toxic effects associated with impurities, is contained in this section.

References
Contains references to data from above sections.

Indexes
The most convenient means of accessing a chemical in DOSE is via one of the indexes at the
back of Volume 7. DOSE contains three indexes: chemical name and synonyms, CAS Registry
Numbers and molecular formulae.

Index of chemical names and synonyms

Contains the name of the chemical used in DOSE together with a number of synonyms for
that chemical. All names are arranged alphabetically.

Index of CAS Registry Numbers

Contains a list of the CAS Registry Numbers of the chemicals in DOSE in ascending order.
This number is linked to the preferred DOSE name for that chemical and its DOSE number.

Index of molecular formulae

Contains a list of the molecular formulae of the chemicals in DOSE in alphabetical order for
inorganic compounds, i.e. Ag2C03, ClzCr, etc., but for organic compounds, carbon and
hydrogen content are shown first followed by the other elements in alphabetical order, i.e.
CbH5Br. This number is linked to the preferred DOSE name for that chemical and its DOSE
number.

xvii Guide to Content

Note
The Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) has only assessed published information in compiling
The Dictionary of Substances and their Effects. However, the RSC would welcome any
relevant information on the chemicals that i s not readily accessible, but in the public domain,
for inclusion when the items in DOSE are updated.

If you have any relevant information, please contact:

Chemical Databank Production

Royal Society of Chemistry
Thomas Graham House
Science Park
Cambridge CB4 OWF
UK
Telephone: +44 (0)1223420066
Fax: +44 (0)1223423429

Document Delivery
The Library and Information Centre (LIC) of the RSC offers a Document Delivery Service for
items in chemistry and related subjects. Contact: Library and Information Centre, the Royal
Society of Chemistry, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1V OBN, UK.

Telephone: +44 (0)20 7437 8656

Fax: + 44 (0)20 7287 9798
Email: [email protected]

Guide to Content xviii