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Sampling

The document discusses the process of Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC), which involves sampling, quantization, and coding to convert analog signals into digital form. It explains the sampling theorem, which states that the sampling frequency must be at least twice the highest frequency of the signal to avoid aliasing. Additionally, it provides examples of calculating the Nyquist rate for specific signals to ensure proper sampling rates are used.

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Arpita Mishra
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3 views12 pages

Sampling

The document discusses the process of Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC), which involves sampling, quantization, and coding to convert analog signals into digital form. It explains the sampling theorem, which states that the sampling frequency must be at least twice the highest frequency of the signal to avoid aliasing. Additionally, it provides examples of calculating the Nyquist rate for specific signals to ensure proper sampling rates are used.

Uploaded by

Arpita Mishra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sampling

PREPARED BY
DEBASISH MOHANTA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KEONJHAR
ADC
 Generally signals are analog in nature (eg: speech, weather signals).
 To process the analog signal by digital means, it is essential to convert them to
discrete-time signal , and then convert them to a sequence of numbers.
 The process of converting an analog to digital signal is ‘Analog-to-Digital
Conversion’.
 The ADC involves three steps which are:
1)Sampling
2)Quantization
3)Coding
TYPES OF SIGNALS
 Analog signals: continuous in time and amplitude
– Example: voltage, current, temperature,…

 Discrete-time signal: discrete in time, continuous in amplitude


– Example: hourly change of temperature in Austin

 Digital signals: discrete both in time and amplitude


– Example: attendance of this class, digitizes analog signals,…
Sampling
 During sampling process, a continuous-time signal is converted into
discrete -time signals by taking samples of continuous-time signal at
discrete time intervals.
𝑥 𝑛𝑇𝑠 = 𝑥(𝑡)
𝑇𝑠 =sampling interval
𝑥(𝑡)=analog input signal
Sampling theorem
 Sampling theorem gives the criteria for minimum number of samples
that should be taken.
 Sampling criteria:-”Sampling frequency must be twice of the highest
frequency”
𝒇𝒔 = 𝟐𝑾
𝑓𝑠 =sampling frequency
𝑊=higher frequency content
2𝑊 also known as Nyquist rate
Sampling theorem Contd.
 Nyquist rate is defined as the minimum sampling rate for the perfect
reconstruction of the continuous time signals from samples.

 Nyquist rate=2*highest frequency component =2*W

 So sampling rate must be greater than or equal to nyquist rate.


Sampling theorem Contd.
 There are two parts,
representation of x(t) in its samples
reconstruction of x(t)
Representation of x(t) in its samples
1.Define 𝑥𝜕 (𝑡)
2.Take fourier transform of 𝑥𝜕 (𝑡) (i.e) 𝑥𝜕 (𝑓)
3.Relation between x(f) and 𝑥𝜕 (𝑓)
4.Relation between x(t) and x(nTs)
Sampling theorem Contd.

 Reconstruction of x(t)
1.Take inverse fourier transform of 𝑥𝜕 (𝑓)
2.Show that x(t) is obtained back with the help of interpolation function.
Aliasing
 While providing sampling theorem we considered fs=2W
•Consider the case that fs < 2W

 Effects of Aliasing
1.Distortion.
2.The data is lost and it cannot be recovered.
Aliasing Contd.
 To avoid Aliasing,
1.Sampling rate must be fs>=2W.
2. strictly bandlimit the signal to ’W’.
Problem
 Determine the Nyquist rate
𝑠 𝑡 = 5 cos(50𝜋𝑡) + 20 sin 300𝜋𝑡 − 10 cos(100𝜋𝑡)
Solution
 In general form, any continuous signal can be written as
𝑠 𝑡 = 𝐴1 cos(𝜔1 𝑡) + 𝐴2 cos(𝜔2 𝑡) + 𝐴3 cos(𝜔3 𝑡)
𝜔
𝑓1 = 1ൗ2𝜋 = 50𝜋ൗ2𝜋 = 25𝐻𝑧
𝜔
𝑓2 = 2ൗ2𝜋 = 300𝜋ൗ2𝜋 = 150𝐻𝑧
𝜔
𝑓3 = 3ൗ2𝜋 = 100𝜋ൗ2𝜋 = 50𝐻𝑧
 Here, highest frequency component=150Hz
 Hence Nyquist rate=2*150Hz=300Hz
Problem
 What is the minimum sampling rate (nyquist rate)?
𝑠 𝑡 = 5 cos(200𝜋𝑡)
Solution
Highest frequency=100Hz
So, Nyquist rate=2W=2*100=200Hz

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