SECTION 1 – NUMBER THEORY AND COMPUTATION

Introduction
This section focuses on developing computational skills, understanding number
systems, and applying properties of numbers to solve problems. It emphasizes
accuracy in computation, numeracy in everyday life, and investigative skills
using patterns and trends.

GENERAL OBJECTIVES
On completion of this Section, students should:
1. Demonstrate computational skills.
2. Be aware of the importance of accuracy in computation.
3. Appreciate the need for numeracy in everyday life.
4. Demonstrate the ability to make estimates fit for purpose.
5. Understand and appreciate the decimal numeration system.
6. Appreciate the development of different numeration systems.
7. Demonstrate the ability to use rational approximations of real numbers.
8. Demonstrate the ability to use number properties to solve problems.
9. Develop the ability to use patterns, trends, and investigative skills.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES, CONTENT, AND EXPLANATORY NOTES

1. Number Sets
 1.1 Distinguish among sets of numbers.
 Content:
 Natural numbers: N={1,2,3,…}.
 Whole numbers: W={0,1,2,3,…}.
 Integers: Z={…,−2,−1,0,1,2,…}.

 Rational numbers: Q={qp:p,q∈Z,q=0}.

 Irrational numbers (non-terminating, non-recurring decimals,
e.g., π,2).

 Real numbers: R=Q∪(irrational numbers).

 Inclusion relations: N⊂W⊂Z⊂Q⊂R.

 Sequences with recognizable patterns; factors, multiples,
square numbers, even/odd numbers, prime/composite
numbers.
2. Powers and Operations
 2.1 Compute powers of real numbers.

 Content: Powers of the form xa, where a∈Q. Includes squares,

square roots, cubes, and cube roots.
 2.2 Evaluate numerical expressions.
 Content: Use addition, multiplication, subtraction, and division of
whole numbers, fractions, and decimals. Follow the order of
operations.

3. Fractions, Percents, and Decimals

 3.1 Convert among fractions, percents, and decimals.
 Content: Conversion of fractions to decimals and percents, decimals
to fractions and percents, and percents to decimals and fractions.

4. Factors and Multiples

 4.1 List the set of factors and multiples of a given integer.
 Content: Positive and negative factors of an integer.
 4.2 Compute the H.C.F. or L.C.M. of two or more positive integers.
 Content: Highest Common Factor (H.C.F.) and Lowest Common
Multiple (L.C.M.).

5. Numeration Systems
 5.1 State the value of a digit of a numeral in a given base.
 Content: Place value and face value of numbers in bases 2, 4, 8,
and 10.

6. Unit Conversions
 6.1 Convert from one set of units to another.
 Content: Conversion using conversion scales, within metric scales,
and between 12-hour and 24-hour clocks.

7. Significant Figures and Decimal Places

 7.1 Express a value to a given number of significant figures or decimal
places.
  Content: Round to 1, 2, or 3 significant figures; round to 0, 1, 2, or 3
decimal places.

8. Properties of Numbers
 8.1 Use properties of numbers and operations in computational tasks.
 Content: Closure, associativity, additive/multiplicative identities and
inverses, commutativity, and distributivity.

9. Scientific Notation
 9.1 Write any rational number in scientific notation.
 Content: For example, 759000=7.59×105.

10. Percentages
 10.1 Calculate any percentage of a given quantity.
 Content: Fractions and percentages of a whole; finding the whole
given a fraction or percentage.
 10.2 Express one quantity as a fraction or percentage of another.
 Content: Comparing two quantities using fractions and percentages.

11. Ratios, Proportions, and Rates

 11.1 Compare quantities using ratio, proportion, and rates.
 Content: Ratio, proportion of no more than three parts.
 11.2 Divide a quantity in a given ratio.
 Content: Division of quantities into specified ratios.

12. Ordering Real Numbers

 12.1 Order a set of real numbers.
 Content: Rearrange a set of real numbers in ascending or
descending order. Example: Arrange 1.1,27,2,1.45,π in ascending
order.

13. Sequences
 13.1 Compute terms of a sequence given a rule.
 Content: Generate terms of a sequence based on a given formula.
  13.2 Derive an appropriate rule given the terms of a sequence.
 Content: Identify patterns and derive a formula for the sequence.

14. Problem Solving

 14.1 Solve problems involving concepts in number theory.
 Content: Problems involving ratio, rates, and proportion.
SECTION 2 – CONSUMER ARITHMETIC
Introduction
This section focuses on developing skills in performing calculations required in
normal business transactions, computing budgets, and solving real-world
problems involving consumer arithmetic. It emphasizes accuracy, speed, and the
application of concepts to describe, model, and solve practical scenarios.

GENERAL OBJECTIVES
On completion of this Section, students should:
1. Develop the ability to perform the calculations required in normal business
transactions and in computing their own budgets.
2. Appreciate the need for both accuracy and speed in calculations.
3. Appreciate the advantages and disadvantages of different ways of
investing money.
4. Appreciate that business arithmetic is indispensable in everyday life.
5. Demonstrate the ability to use concepts in consumer arithmetic to
describe, model, and solve real-world problems.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES, CONTENT, AND EXPLANATORY NOTES

1. Basic Calculations
 1.1 Calculate:
 (a) Discount
 (b) Sales tax
 (c) Profit
 (d) Loss
 1.2 Calculate:
 (a) Percentage profit
 (b) Percentage loss
 1.3 Express a profit, loss, discount, markup, and purchase tax as a
percentage of some value.
 1.4 Solve problems involving marked price, selling price, cost price, profit,
loss, or discount.

2. Installments and Payments

  2.1 Solve problems involving payments by installments as in the case of
hire purchase and mortgages.

3. Interest Calculations
 3.1 Solve problems involving simple interest.
 Content: Principal, time, rate, amount.
 3.2 Solve problems involving compound interest.
 Content: Formulae may be used in computing compound interest.
The use of calculators is encouraged.

4. Appreciation and Depreciation

 4.1 Solve problems involving appreciation and depreciation.

5. Measures and Money

 5.1 Solve problems involving measures and money.
 Content: Currency conversion.

6. Real-World Applications
 6.1 Solve problems involving:
 (a) Rates and taxes
 (b) Utilities
 (c) Invoices and shopping bills
 (d) Salaries and wages
 (e) Insurance and investments

SECTION 3 – SETS
Introduction
This section introduces the fundamental concepts of set theory, including
definitions, representations, operations, and applications. It emphasizes
communication using set language, logical reasoning, and the utility of sets in
solving real-world problems.

GENERAL OBJECTIVES
On completion of this Section, students should:
1. Demonstrate the ability to communicate using set language and concepts.
2. Demonstrate the ability to reason logically.
3. Appreciate the importance and utility of sets in analyzing and solving real-
world problems.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES, CONTENT, AND EXPLANATORY NOTES

1. Basic Concepts of Sets
 1.1 Explain concepts relating to sets.
 Content:
 Examples and non-examples of sets.
 Description of sets using words.
 Membership of a set.
 Cardinality of a set (number of elements in a set).
 Finite and infinite sets.
 Universal set (the set containing all elements under
consideration).

 Empty set (a set with no elements, denoted by ∅).

 Complement of a set (elements not in the set but in the
universal set).
 Subsets (a set A is a subset of B if every element of A is also
in B).

2. Representation of Sets
 2.1 Represent a set in various forms.
 Content:
  Description: Using words to describe the set.
Example: "The set A comprising the first three natural
numbers."
 Set builder notation:
Example: A={x:0<x<4,x∈N}.
 Listing: Explicitly listing the elements of the set.
Example: A={1,2,3}.

3. Subsets
 3.1 List subsets of a given set.
 Content:
 Identify subsets of a set.
 Determine the number of subsets of a set with n elements:
2n.

4. Operations on Sets
 4.1 Determine elements in intersections, unions, and complements of sets.
 Content:
 Intersection (A∩B): Elements common to both sets A and B.

 Union (A∪B): All elements in A or B or both.

 Complement (A′): Elements in the universal set but not in A.

 Apply the formula for the union of two sets:n(A∪B)=n(A)

+n(B)−n(A∩B)

5. Relationships Among Sets

 5.1 Describe relationships among sets using set notation and symbols.
 Content:
 Universal set, complement, subsets, equal sets, equivalent
sets, intersection, disjoint sets, and union of sets.

6. Venn Diagrams
 6.1 Draw Venn diagrams to represent relationships among sets.
 Content:
 Represent up to 4 sets, including the universal set.
7. Applications of Venn Diagrams
 7.1 Use Venn diagrams to represent relationships among sets.
 Content:
 Solve problems involving intersections, unions, and
complements using Venn diagrams.

8. Problem Solving
 8.1 Solve problems in Number Theory, Algebra, and Geometry using
concepts in Set Theory.
 Content:
 Apply set theory concepts to solve problems in other areas of
mathematics.
SECTION 4 – MEASUREMENT
Introduction
This section focuses on understanding how geometrical objects can be quantified
using measurement. It emphasizes that all measurements are approximate and
highlights the importance of selecting appropriate units and instruments for
accurate measurement. Students will also apply measurement concepts to
model and solve real-world problems.

GENERAL OBJECTIVES
On completion of this Section, students should:
1. Understand that the attributes of geometrical objects can be quantified
using measurement.
2. Appreciate that all measurements are approximate and that the relative
accuracy of a measurement depends on the measuring instrument and the
measurement process.
3. Demonstrate the ability to use concepts in measurement to model and
solve real-world problems.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES, CONTENT, AND EXPLANATORY NOTES

1. Unit Conversion
 1.1 Convert units of length, mass, area, volume, and capacity.
 Content: Refer to Section 1, Specific Objective 8 (SO8).

2. SI Units and Derived Quantities

 2.1 Use the appropriate SI unit of measure for area, volume, capacity,
mass, temperature, time (24-hour clock), and other derived quantities.
 Content: Refer to Section 1, SO8.

3. Perimeter of Plane Shapes

 3.1 Determine the perimeter of a plane shape.
 Content:
 Estimating and measuring the perimeter of compound and
irregular shapes.
 Calculating the perimeter of polygons and circles.
4. Arc Length of a Circle
 4.1 Calculate the length of an arc of a circle.
 Content:
 Perimeter of a sector of a circle.

5. Area Estimation
 5.1 Estimate the area of plane shapes.
 Content:
 Finding the area of plane shapes without using formulae.

6. Area of Polygons and Circles

 6.1 Calculate the area of polygons and circles.

7. Area of a Sector of a Circle

 7.1 Calculate the area of a sector of a circle.

8. Area of a Triangle
 8.1 Calculate the area of a triangle given two sides and the angle they
form.
 Content:
 Use of formulae (e.g., given two sides and included angle).

9. Area of a Segment of a Circle

 9.1 Calculate the area of a segment of a circle.

10. Surface Area of Solids

 10.1 Calculate the surface area of solids.
 Content:
 Prisms (including cubes and cylinders).
 Right pyramids (including cones).
 Spheres: A=4πr2.
11. Volume of Solids
 11.1 Calculate the volume of solids.
 Content:
 Prisms (including cubes and cuboids), cylinders, right
pyramids, cones, and spheres.
 Volume of a sphere: V=34πr3.

12. Time, Distance, and Speed

 12.1 Solve problems involving the relations among time, distance, and
speed.
 Content:
 Average speed.

13. Margin of Error

 13.1 Estimate the margin of error for a given measurement.
 Content:
 Sources of error.
 Maximum and minimum measurements.

14. Scales and Scale Drawings

 14.1 Use scales and scale drawings to determine distances and areas.
 Content:
 Link to Geography.

15. Problem Solving

 15.1 Solve problems involving measurement.
 Content:
 Perimeter, area, and volume of compound shapes and solids.
SECTION 6 – ALGEBRA
Introduction
This section introduces algebra as a language and tool for communication in
mathematics. It emphasizes the role of symbols and algebraic techniques in
solving problems and reasoning with abstract entities.

GENERAL OBJECTIVES
On completion of this Section, students should:
1. Appreciate the use of algebra as a language and a form of communication.
2. Appreciate the role of symbols and algebraic techniques in solving
problems in mathematics and related fields.
3. Demonstrate the ability to reason with abstract entities.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES, CONTENT, AND EXPLANATORY NOTES

1. Symbolic Representation
 1.1 Use symbols to represent numbers, operations, variables, and
relations.
 Content: Symbolic representation.

2. Translation Between Symbols and Words

 2.1 Translate between algebraic symbols and worded expressions.

3. Directed Numbers
 3.1 Evaluate arithmetic operations involving directed numbers.

4. Simplification of Algebraic Expressions

 4.1 Simplify algebraic expressions using the four basic operations.

5. Substitution
 5.1 Substitute numbers for variables in algebraic expressions.

6. Binary Operations
  6.1 Evaluate expressions involving binary operations (other than the four
basic operations).
 Content: Commutative, associative, and distributive properties.

7. Distributive Law
 7.1 Apply the distributive law to factorize or expand algebraic expressions.
 Content: Examples:
 x(a+b)=ax+bx
 (a+b)(x+y)=ax+bx+ay+by.

8. Algebraic Fractions
 8.1 Simplify algebraic fractions.
 Content: The four basic operations on algebraic fractions.

9. Laws of Indices
 9.1 Use the laws of indices to manipulate expressions with integral indices.
 Content:
 xm×xn=xm+n
 xnxm=xm−n

 (xm)n=xm⋅n
 x−m=xm1.

10. Linear Equations

 10.1 Solve linear equations in one unknown.

11. Simultaneous Linear Equations

 11.1 Solve simultaneous linear equations, in two unknowns, algebraically.

12. Linear Inequalities

 12.1 Solve a simple linear inequality in one unknown.

13. Changing the Subject of Formulae

  13.1 Change the subject of formulae.
 Content: Including equations involving roots and powers.

14. Factorization
 14.1 Factorize algebraic expressions.
 Content: Expressions of the type:
 a2−b2
 ax+bx+ay+by
 ax2+bx+c, where a,b, and c are integers and a=0.

15. Completing the Square

 15.1 Rewrite a quadratic expression in the form a(x+h)2+k.
 Content: Completing the square of a quadratic expression.

16. Quadratic Equations

 16.1 Solve quadratic equations algebraically.
 Content: Formula and methods of factorization and completing the
square.

17. Word Problems

 17.1 Solve word problems.
 Content: Applications include:
 Linear equations
 Linear inequalities
 Two simultaneous linear equations
 Quadratic equations
 Real-world applications (e.g., demand and supply functions in
business studies).

18. Nonlinear Equations

 18.1 Solve a pair of equations in two variables when one equation is
quadratic or nonlinear and the other is linear.
19. Identical Expressions
 19.1 Prove two algebraic expressions to be identical.
 Content: Equations vs. identities.

20. Direct and Inverse Variation

 20.1 Represent direct and inverse variation symbolically.
 Content:

 Direct variation: y∝x, y=kx.

 Inverse variation: y∝x1, y=xk.

21. Problems Involving Variation

 21.1 Solve problems involving direct variation and inverse variation.

SECTION 7 – RELATIONS, FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

Introduction
This section introduces the fundamental concepts of relations and functions,
emphasizing their representation in symbolic, tabular, and pictorial forms. It also
highlights the importance of these concepts in solving real-world problems using
graphs and equations.

GENERAL OBJECTIVES
On completion of this Section, students should:
1. Appreciate the importance of relations in Mathematics.
2. Appreciate that many mathematical relations may be represented in
symbolic, tabular, or pictorial form.
3. Appreciate the usefulness of concepts in relations, functions, and graphs
to solve real-world problems.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES, CONTENT, AND EXPLANATORY NOTES

1. Basic Concepts of Relations
 1.1 Explain basic concepts associated with relations.
 Content:
 Concept of a relation.
 Types of relations (reflexive, symmetric, transitive, etc.).
 Examples and non-examples of relations.
 Domain, range, image, co-domain.

2. Representation of Relations
 2.1 Represent a relation in various ways.
 Content:
 Set of ordered pairs.
 Arrow diagrams.
 Graphical representation.
 Algebraic representation.

3. Characteristics of Functions
 3.1 State the characteristics that define a function.
 Content:
 Concept of a function.
  Examples and non-examples of functions.

4. Functional Notation
 4.1 Use functional notation.
 Content:

 Notation: f:x↦x2, f(x)=x2, or y=f(x).

 Inverse function f−1(x).
 Composite functions fg=f[g(x)].

5. Relation vs. Function

 5.1 Distinguish between a relation and a function.
 Content:
 Ordered pairs.
 Arrow diagrams.
 Graphical representation (vertical line test).

6. Linear Functions
 6.1 Draw graphs of linear functions.
 Content:
 Concept of linear function.

 Types of linear functions: y=c, x=k, y=mx+c, where m,c,k∈R.

7. Intercepts of Linear Functions

 7.1 Determine the intercepts of the graph of linear functions.
 Content:
 x-intercepts and y-intercepts.
 Determination graphically and algebraically.

8. Gradient of a Straight Line

 8.1 Determine the gradient of a straight line.
 Content:
 Definition of gradient/slope.
9. Equation of a Straight Line
 9.1 Determine the equation of a straight line.
 Content:
 Using:
 The graph of the line.
 Coordinates of two points on the line.
 The gradient and one point on the line.
 One point on the line or its gradient, and its
relationship to another line.

10. Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

 10.1 Solve problems involving the gradient of parallel and perpendicular
lines.

11. Length and Midpoint of a Line Segment

 11.1 Determine from coordinates on a line segment:
 (a) The length.
 (b) The coordinates of the midpoint.
 Content:
 Concept of magnitude or length.
 Concept of midpoint.

12. Simultaneous Linear Equations

 12.1 Solve a pair of simultaneous linear equations in two unknowns
graphically.
 Content:
 Intersection of graphs.

13. Linear Inequalities in One Variable

 13.1 Represent the solution of linear inequalities in one variable using:
 (a) Set notation.
 (b) The number line.
  (c) A graph.

14. Linear Inequalities in Two Variables

 14.1 Draw a graph to represent a linear inequality in two variables.

15. Linear Programming

 15.1 Use linear programming techniques to graphically solve problems
involving two variables.

16. Composition of Functions

 16.1 Derive the composition of functions.
 Content:
 Composite functions of no more than two functions (fg,f2).
 Non-commutativity of composite functions (fg=gf).

17. Relationship Between a Function and Its Inverse

 17.1 State the relationship between a function and its inverse.
 Content:
 Concept of the inverse of a function.
 Composition of inverse functions (f(x) and f−1(x)) results in x.

18. Inverse of a Function

 18.1 Derive the inverse of a function.
 Content:
 f−1,(fg)−1.

19. Evaluation of Functions

 19.1 Evaluate a function f(x) at a given value of x.
 Content:

 f(a),f−1(a),fg(a), where a∈R.

20. Quadratic Functions

  20.1 Draw and use the graph of a quadratic function to identify its
features:
 (a) An element of the domain that has a given image.
 (b) The image of a given element in the domain.
 (c) The maximum or minimum value of the function.
 (d) The equation of the axis of symmetry.
 Content:
 Roots of the equation.

21. Interpretation of Quadratic Graphs

 21.1 Interpret the graph of a quadratic function to determine:
 (a) The interval of the domain for which elements of the range may
be greater than or less than a given point.
 (b) An estimate of the value of the gradient at a given point.
 (c) Intercepts of the function.
 Content:
 Concepts of gradient of a curve at a point, tangent, turning
point.
 Roots of the function.

22. Axis of Symmetry and Maximum/Minimum Value

 22.1 Determine the equation of the axis of symmetry and the maximum or
minimum value of a quadratic function expressed in the form a(x+h)2+k.

23. Sketching Quadratic Graphs

 23.1 Sketch the graph of a quadratic function expressed in the form
y=a(x+h)2+k and determine the number of roots.

24. Non-Linear Functions

 24.1 Draw graphs of non-linear functions.
 Content:
 y=axn, where n=−1,−2,+3 and a is a constant.
 Including distance-time and speed-time graphs.
25. Interpretation of Graphs
 25.1 Interpret graphs of functions.
 Content:
 Including distance-time graphs and speed-time graphs.

26. Problem Solving

 26.1 Solve problems involving graphs of linear and non-linear functions.

SECTION 8 – GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY

Introduction
This section introduces students to the fundamental concepts of geometry and
trigonometry. It emphasizes understanding geometric properties,
transformations, and the application of trigonometric methods to solve real-world
problems.
GENERAL OBJECTIVES
On completion of this Section, students should:
1. Appreciate the notion of space as a set of points with subsets of that set
(space) having properties related to other mathematical systems.
2. Understand the properties and relationships among geometrical objects.
3. Understand the properties of transformations.
4. Demonstrate the ability to use geometrical concepts to model and solve
real-world problems.
5. Appreciate the power of trigonometrical methods in solving authentic
problems.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES, CONTENT, AND EXPLANATORY NOTES

1. Basic Concepts of Geometry
 1.1 Explain concepts relating to geometry.
 Content:
 Points, lines, parallel lines, intersecting lines, perpendicular
lines, line segments, rays, curves, planes.
 Types of angles.
 Number of faces, edges, and vertices.

2. Measurement of Angles and Line Segments

 2.1 Draw and measure angles and line segments accurately using
appropriate instruments.

3. Construction of Geometric Objects

 3.1 Construct lines, angles, and polygons using appropriate instruments.
 Content:
 Parallel and perpendicular lines.
 Bisecting line segments and angles.
 Constructing a line perpendicular to another line, L, from a
point not on the line.
 Triangles, quadrilaterals, regular and irregular polygons.

 Angles include 30∘,45∘,60∘,90∘,120∘, and their combinations.

4. Symmetry
 4.1 Identify the type(s) of symmetry possessed by a given plane figure.
 Content:
 Line(s) of symmetry.
 Rotational symmetry.
 Order of rotational symmetry.

5. Geometric Problems Using Properties

 5.1 Solve geometric problems using properties of:
 (a) Lines, angles, and polygons.
 (b) Congruent triangles.
 (c) Similar figures.
 (d) Faces, edges, and vertices of solids.
 (e) Classes of solids.
 Content:
 Determining and justifying the measure of angles: adjacent
angles, angles at a point, supplementary angles,
complementary angles, vertically opposite angles.
 Parallel lines and transversals: alternate angles,
corresponding angles, co-interior angles.
 Triangles: equilateral, isosceles, scalene, obtuse, right, acute.
 Quadrilaterals: square, rectangle, rhombus, kite,
parallelogram, trapezium.
 Other polygons.
 Cases of congruency.
 Properties of similar triangles.
 Prisms, pyramids, cylinders, cones, spheres.

6. Circle Properties and Theorems

 6.1 Solve geometric problems using properties of circles and circle
theorems.
 Content:
 Radius, diameter, chord, circumference, arc, tangent,
segment, sector, semicircle, pi.
  Determining and justifying angles using the circle theorems:
 The angle subtended at the center is twice the angle
subtended at the circumference.
 Angles in the same segment are equal.
 The angle subtended by the diameter is a right angle.
 Opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are
supplementary.
 The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral equals the
interior opposite angle.
 The angle between a tangent and a chord equals the
angle in the alternate segment.
 A tangent is perpendicular to the radius/diameter at
the point of contact.
 Tangents from an external point to a circle are equal in
length.
 The line joining the center of a circle to the midpoint of
a chord is perpendicular to the chord.

7. Translations in a Plane
 7.1 Represent translations in a plane using vectors.
 Content: Column matrix notation (xy).

8. Transformations
 8.1 Determine and represent the location of:
 (a) The image of an object under a transformation.
 (b) An object given the image under transformation.
 Content:
 Translation in the plane.
 Reflection in a line in that plane.
 Rotation about a point (the center of rotation) in that plane.
 Enlargement in the plane.

9. Relationships Between Object and Image

 9.1 State the relationship between an object and its image in the plane
under geometric transformations.
  Content: Orientation, similarity, congruency.

10. Describing Transformations

 10.1 Describe a transformation given an object and its image.
 Content:
 Translation: vector notation.
 Reflection: mirror line/axis of symmetry.
 Rotation: center of rotation, angle of rotation, direction of
rotation.

 Enlargement: center, scale factor k, where ∣k∣>1 or 0<∣k∣<1.

11. Combination of Transformations

 11.1 Locate the image of an object under a combination of
transformations.
 Content: Combination of any two of:
 Enlargement.
 Translation.
 Rotation.
 Reflection.

12. Pythagoras’ Theorem

 12.1 Use Pythagoras’ theorem to solve problems.

13. Trigonometric Ratios

 13.1 Define the trigonometric ratios of acute angles in a right triangle.
 Content: Sine, Cosine, Tangent.

14. Relating Real-World Objects to Geometry

 14.1 Relate objects in the physical world to geometric objects.
 Content: Angle of elevation, angle of depression, bearing.

15. Applications of Trigonometric Ratios

 15.1 Apply the trigonometric ratios to solve problems.
  Content: Spatial geometry, scale drawing, angles of elevation and
depression.

16. Sine and Cosine Rules

 16.1 Use the sine and cosine rules to solve problems involving triangles.

17. Bearings
 17.1 Solve problems involving bearings.
 Content:
 Relative position of two points given the bearing of one point
with respect to the other.
 Bearing of one point relative to another point given the
position of the points.

 Bearings written in 3-digit format (e.g., 060∘).

SECTION 9 – VECTORS AND MATRICES

Introduction
This section introduces students to the concepts of vectors and matrices. It
emphasizes their use in modeling and solving real-world problems, as well as
their application in representing linear transformations in the plane.

GENERAL OBJECTIVES
On completion of this Section, students should:
1. Demonstrate the ability to use vector notation and concepts to model and
solve real-world problems.
2. Develop awareness of the existence of certain mathematical objects, such
as matrices, that do not satisfy the same rules of operation as the real
number system.
3. Appreciate the use of vectors and matrices in representing certain types of
linear transformations in the plane.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES, CONTENT, AND EXPLANATORY NOTES

1. Concepts Associated with Vectors
 1.1 Explain concepts associated with vectors.
 Content:
 Concept of a vector: magnitude, unit vector, direction, scalar.
 Scalar multiples: parallel vectors, equal vectors, inverse
vectors.

2. Simplification of Vector Expressions

 2.1 Simplify expressions involving vectors.
 Content:
 Vector algebra: addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication.
 Vector geometry: triangle law, parallelogram law.

3. Position Vectors
 3.1 Write the position vector of a point P(a,b) as OP=(ab), where O is the
origin (0,0).
 Content:
 Displacement and position vectors.
 Use of coordinates in the x-y plane to identify and determine
displacement and position vectors.

4. Magnitude of a Vector
 4.1 Determine the magnitude of a vector.
 Content:
  Including unit vectors.

5. Direction of a Vector
 5.1 Determine the direction of a vector.

6. Applications of Vectors in Geometry

 6.1 Use vectors to solve problems in geometry.
 Content:
 Points in a straight line.
 Parallel lines.
 Displacement, velocity, weight.

7. Concepts Associated with Matrices

 7.1 Explain basic concepts associated with matrices.
 Content:
 Concept of a matrix: row, column, square, identity,
rectangular, order.

8. Matrix Operations
 8.1 Solve problems involving matrix operations.
 Content:
 Addition and subtraction of matrices of the same order.
 Scalar multiples.
 Multiplication of conformable matrices.
 Equality, non-commutativity of matrix multiplication.

9. Determinant of a 2x2 Matrix

 9.1 Evaluate the determinant of a 2×2 matrix.

10. Multiplicative Inverse of a Non-Singular Square Matrix

 10.1 Define the multiplicative inverse of a non-singular square matrix.
 Content:
  Identity the square matrices.

11. Inverse of a Non-Singular 2x2 Matrix

 11.1 Obtain the inverse of a non-singular 2×2 matrix.
 Content:
 Determinant and adjoint of a matrix.

12. Matrices Associated with Transformations

 12.1 Determine a 2×2 matrix associated with a specified transformation.
 Content:
 Transformation equivalent to the composition of two linear
transformations in a plane (where the origin remains fixed).
 Reflection in:
 The x-axis, y-axis.
 The lines y=x and y=−x.
 Rotation in a clockwise and anticlockwise direction about the
origin; the general rotation matrix.
 Enlargement with center at the origin.

13. Applications of Matrices

 13.1 Use matrices to solve simple problems in Arithmetic, Algebra, and
Geometry.
 Content:
 Data matrices, equality.
 Use of matrices to solve linear simultaneous equations with
two unknowns.
 Problems involving determinants are restricted to 2×2
matrices.
 Matrices of order greater than m×n will not be set, where
m≤4, n≤4.