EXPERIMENT NO.

AIM: To carry out the following and classify them as Physical or Chemical
changes.

● Burning of magnesium in air

● Sodium sulphate with barium chloride in the form of their solutions in water
● Iron nail with copper sulphate solution in water
● Zinc with dilute sulphuric acid
● Heating of copper sulphate
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Test tubes, test tube stand, pair of tongs, burner

CHEMICALS REQUIRED : Magnesium ribbon, sodium sulphate solution, barium

chloride solution, iron nails, copper sulphate solution, zinc granules, dilute
sulphuric acid,
THEORY:

CHEMICAL CHANGE: In a chemical change, chemical reaction takes place and the
substances undergo a change in their state.
● During chemical reactions, one substance reacts with another to form a new
substance.
● The chemical composition of the new substance is different from that of the
reacting species.
● Due to a chemical change, the chemical properties of matter also change. That
means the product is entirely different from either of the reactants.
● Some chemical reactions may be either exothermic or endothermic in nature.
● Displacement reactions and combination reactions are types of chemical changes.
PHYSICAL CHANGE: In a physical change, a substance undergoes changes in its
physical properties like size, shape, colour and state. These changes are generally
reversible.
PROCEDURE: (i) Burning of magnesium in air
SI EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
No.

1 Take a piece of magnesium ribbon and rub It looks silvery Colour of

it with sand paper to remove dirt from its white. magnesium metal is
surface. silvery white.

2 Hold the magnesium ribbon with the help It burns Magnesium burns in
of a pair of tongs, light the magnesium and brilliantly and a air to form
collect the ash of burnt ribbon in a china white ash is left Magnesium oxide
dish. behind. (MgO).

3 Take a moist red litmus paper and bring it Red litmus MgO is basic in
in contact with the white ash of MgO. paper turns nature.
blue.
CHEMICAL REACTIONS INVOLVED:
2Mg(s) + O2 --------> 2MgO(s)
Magnesium Oxygen Magnesium oxide
(from air)

● Magnesium is a silvery white metal that burns in air and utilizes atmospheric oxygen
from air to form magnesium oxide.
● Magnesium oxide changes the colour of red litmus paper to blue. This reaction
shows that magnesium oxide is basic in nature.
● The formation of magnesium oxide is a direct combination reaction of two elements:
magnesium and oxygen. Magnesium oxide is entirely different from the reactants
magnesium and oxygen. So, this reaction is a chemical change.
INFERENCE: IT IS A CHEMICAL CHANGE.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The surface of magnesium ribbon should be properly cleaned with sandpaper.
2. The white ash of magnesium oxide should not be touched.
3. Magnesium ribbon should be held by a pair of tongs while burning it.
PROCEDURE: (ii) Sodium sulphate with barium chloride in the form of their
solutions in water

Take a small amount of barium chloride solution in a test tube and pour it into a conical
flask.Then take a small amount of sodium sulphate solution in another test tube and add it
into barium chloride solution taken in the conical flask. Stir the contents of the conical flask
and keep it undisturbed for some time. After some time decant the upper solution from the
conical flask and add a small amount of dil. HCl to the precipitate in the conical flask.

OBSERVATION
On adding sodium sulphate to barium chloride a white precipitate is immediately formed
which is insoluble in dil.HCl.
INFERENCE
Sodium sulphate chemically reacts with barium chloride in the form of their aqueous
solution to form a white precipitate of barium sulphate. This reaction is a chemical
change, as the products are entirely different from the reactants in chemical composition
and chemical properties.

CHEMICAL REACTIONS INVOLVED:

BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) --------> BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
Barium chloride Sodium sulphate Barium sulphate Sodium chloride

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Test tubes should be clean and dry.
2. Allow a time of 5-10 minutes for the displacement reaction experiments to complete.
PROCEDURE: (iii) Iron nail with copper sulphate solution in water

Clean two iron nails of sufficient size by rubbing with sandpaper so that their colour
appears greyish. Take sufficient quantity of copper sulphate solution in two test tubes and
fix one test tube in each stand. Tie one iron nail with a thread and hang it in one test tube so
that it is completely immersed in copper sulphate solution. Tie the other end of the thread
with the stand. Keep the other nail in a petri dish for comparison after the experiment. Keep
the two test tubes undisturbed for about 15 min. After 15 min. remove the iron nail immersed
in copper sulphate solution and put it in the petri dish.

OBSERVATION
There is a brown coating on the iron nail which was dipped in the copper sulphate
solution, whereas the iron nail placed in petri dish shows greyish colour of iron. The
colour of the copper sulphate solution in which the iron nail was dipped turns light
greenish, whereas the solution of copper sulphate in the other test tube does not change.
INFERENCE
The brown coating on the iron nail shows that copper is deposited on the iron nail by
displacing iron. The greenish colour of the solution in the test tube shows that Fe 2+ ions
are present in the solution. This shows that iron is more reactive than copper as Fe2+
ions have displaced Cu2+ ions from copper sulphate solution and form light greenish
coloured ferrous sulphate solution.

CHEMICAL REACTIONS INVOLVED:

Fe(s) + CuSO4 (aq) --------> FeSO4 + Cu (s)

Iron Copper sulphate Ferrous sulphate Copper

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Clean the iron nails by rubbing them with sand paper to remove rust, dust or greasy
surface.
2. Avoid touching copper sulphate solution or a nail dipped in copper sulphate
solution.
PROCEDURE: (iv) Zinc with dilute sulphuric acid

Take a small quantity of dil. H2SO4 in a conical flask. Add a small quantity of zinc granules to
it. Cork the flask with a one bored cork and insert a jet tube through the hole in the cork.
Bring a burning candle near the mouth of the fine jet tube.

OBSERVATION
After adding zinc granules to dil. H2SO4 evolution of gas bubbles occurs. On bringing the
flame, the gas coming out of the jet tube burns instantaneously with a small explosion
and produce a pop sound and the flame dips out.
INFERENCE:

Zinc reacts with dil.H2SO4 to form zinc sulphate and evolve hydrogen gas. This is a single
displacement reaction of a non-metal by a metal. It is a chemical change.
CHEMICAL REACTIONS INVOLVED:

Zinc dilute Zinc sulphate Hydrogen

sulphuric acid
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Use the chemicals judiciously.
2. Do not inhale gases evolved directly.
3. Hydrogen gas instantaneously burns with mild explosion. Therefore, a fine jet tube
should be used to see the burning of hydrogen.
4. Handle acids and bases carefully.
PROCEDURE: (v) Heating of copper sulphate

Take a small amount of copper sulphate crystals in a dry boiling tube. Hold the boiling
tube with a test tube holder. Heat the boiling tube over the flame of a burner first gently
and then strongly. Observe the colour of copper sulphate crystals after heating for some
time. Note the water droplets along the sides of the boiling tube. Remove the boiling tube
from the flame and cool. Add 2-3 drops of water on the sample of copper sulphate
obtained after heating.
OBSERVATION:
On heating, the colour of copper sulphate crystals changes from blue to white. There are
water droplets on the walls of the boiling tube. On adding 2-3 drops of water white copper
sulphate turns blue.

INFERENCE:
Copper sulphate crystals contain water of crystallisation (CuSO4.5H2O). On heating,
hydrated copper sulphate loses its water molecule and forms white coloured anhydrous
copper sulphate. On adding water anhydrous copper sulphate changes to hydrated
copper sulphate, regaining its blue colour. It is a reversible and hence, physical change.
REACTION INVOLVED:

Hydrated copper sulphate Anhydrous water

copper sulphate

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Keep the mouth of the test tube away from your face.
2. Always use test tube holder while heating the test tube.
3. Take a small quantity of copper sulphate crystals.

KINDLY NOTE: CHEMICAL EQUATIONS ARE GIVEN ONLY FOR COMPREHENSION AND IS NOT
IN SYLLABUS IN CLASS 9. THESE WILL BE DONE IN CLASS X.