1(a) The following assembly code in Fig. 1 is written for the Little Man Computer instruction set.

State the output when the inputs are 13 followed by 5.

[1]
(b) In the line:

(i) State what opcode SUB does.

[1]

(ii) Name the register in which the result of this line is stored.

[1]

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 2 The program, as shown in Fig.2 below, is written in assembly code using the Little Man Computer instruction set.
It is supposed to take in two numbers and output the higher.

A processor executes this program following the Fetch-Decode-Execute cycle. To do this it needs to make use of
registers.

One of the registers used is the Program Counter (PC). Ordinarily it would be incremented by one each cycle.

(i) Identify an instruction in the Little Man Computer program shown in Fig.2 that would cause the PC to change
in a different way.

[1]

(ii) State which register the contents of the PC would be copied to in order for the processor to access the next
instruction.

[1]

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 3(a) A gaming company decides to release a new video games console. The console will use a modified version of
an operating system called Linux.

Describe two functions an operating system might be expected to carry out on the console.

[4]
(b) Linux is open-source.

Explain how Linux being open-source would benefit the games company.

[2]
(c) As well as a CPU the console contains a GPU for 3D graphics. Explain why a GPU is more suitable than a CPU
for this task.

[3]

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 4(a) A company releases a utility called Utility software. The utility creates a virtual storage drive from an area of the
computer's RAM.

Describe what is meant by the term utility software.

[2]
(b) Give one advantage of using RAM as storage in this way.

[1]
(c) The utility periodically copies what is in the RAM drive to secondary storage, such as a hard disk. Explain why
this is necessary.

[2]

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 5 * Modern computers tend to have magnetic or solid state (flash) hard drives. Discuss which hard drive you would
recommend for a keen video games player to use on their desktop PC.

[9]

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 6 Below are extracts from the ASCII and EBCDIC character sets.

ASCII

EBCDIC

Write a function that given the denary value of an EBCDIC uppercase letter, returns the denary value of an
ASCII uppercase letter. If a value is entered that doesn't correspond to an uppercase EBCDIC letter the function
should return –1.

e.g.

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 endfunction

[5]

7(a) A database stores information about songs on a music streaming service.

One of the tables called Song has the fields.

Explain why none of these fields would be suitable as a primary key.

[2]

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 (b) Give one advantage and one disadvantage of indexing the field Artist.

Advantage

Disadvantage

[2]
(c) Users can build up playlists of their songs. Another table is created called Playlist.

Explain why a third table which we shall call PlayListEntry is needed. You should use an ER diagram to
illustrate your answer.

[4]

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 (d) A band called RandomBits removes their permission for their songs to be streamed.

The company removes all the songs belonging to RandomBits from their service.

(i) Identify the law with which the company are complying.

[1]

(ii) Write an SQL statement that will remove all songs by RandomBits from the table Song.

[2]

(iii) When the songs have been removed, explain what must happen to the table PlayListEntry if the
database is to retain its referential integrity. (You are not expected to write the SQL to do this).

[1]

8(a) A software development company is building an operating system for a mobile phone that is in the process of
being designed.

Give one reason the phone needs an operating system.

[1]

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 (b) One of the developers is responsible for writing the code for what happens when the CPU receives an interrupt.
Outline what the code must do.

[6]

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 9 A website has the following HTML code.

the site's owner wants to add the photo UKstamps.jpg in place of the comment

The site uses styling set out as attributes in tags rather than a linked CSS file.

(i) Give one disadvantage of this to the site's owner.

[1]

(ii) Give one disadvantage of this to the site's visitors.

[1]

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 10 Explain two advantages to programmers of using reusable components when developing programs.

[4]
11 Julie wants to earn her living by being a successful app developer.

Before she even writes any code, she thinks it would be sensible to find out some basic facts about app
development and the market for apps in order to maximise her chances of being successful.

State four items of data that she could obtain in order to make a sensible choice of an app development project.

[4]

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 12 A flight simulator allows a user to take control of a simulated aeroplane. The user can fly the plane in an
environment that can simulate different weather conditions and additional planes in the sky.

Identify three pieces of information that would need to be researched in order to design this simulator.

[3]

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 13(a) A procedure is shown below.

is a local variable and has a default value of .

(i) Show the result of when the procedure is called with: . Show your working.

[4]
:

(ii) Show the result of when the procedure is called with . Show your working.

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 [4]
:

(iii) Identify the purpose of this algorithm.

[1]

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 (b) In this procedure, is assumed to be a local variable.

(i) Explain the problem that would be caused in this algorithm if was a global variable.

[3]

(ii) The programmer has chosen to keep as a global variable.

Describe how the algorithm could be changed to prevent the error identified in part (i)

[1]

14(a) Four in a Row is a game where two players drop coloured discs into a grid, with the aim to get four of their own
colour in a row.
Each player is given a set of coloured discs, red (R) or yellow (Y). The players take it in turns to drop their disc
into a column in the grid. The disc drops down to the lowest available space in that column.

The grids below (Fig 7.1 and 7.2) show what happens when the yellow player drops a disc into column 2:

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 The game continues until one player has got four discs of their colour in a straight row in any direction i.e.
vertical, horizontal, or a diagonal.

A programmer is going to use decomposition to help produce the game.

(i) Explain how decomposition can be used in the design of the game Four in a Row.

[2]

(ii) The program will allow the players to take it in turns to make a move. Each move will be checked to ensure it
is valid (i.e. the column is not already full). After each move the program will check if that player has won by

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 checking the horizontal, vertical and diagonal positions to confirm if that player has four discs in a row.

The programmer has developed a top-down design for the program as shown in the structure diagram Fig
7.3.

Add one further level to the structure diagram, by dividing the sub-modules ‘Player move’, ‘Check valid’ and
‘Check won’ into further sub-modules.

[3]

(iii) The structured design for this program makes use of pipelining. Describe one example of where pipelining
could be used in this program.

[2]

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 (b) A 2-dimensional array, grid, is used to hold the game grid.

Using pseudocode, write a function that takes as input the player whose turn it is, and the column number they
select as their turn. The function either:

returns 999 (i.e. the column is already full), or

stores the player's move in the array and returns the row the disc has been placed in.

Annotate your pseudocode with comments to show how it solves the problem.

[6]
(c) After a player makes their move, the program needs to check if that player has won (i.e. the player has four discs
in a row).

Subroutines have already been written to check if the player has won vertically, or diagonally.

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 Using pseudocode, write a procedure that reads appropriate parameters and checks if the player has won
horizontally. If the player has won, display an appropriate message identifying which player has won.

[6]

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 (d)

(i) * The programmer is writing a new version of the game, where each player removes one disc from the
bottom row of the grid before a new move is made.

In the example below, player R removes one disc from column 2 (Before) and places one in column 4
(After).

The programmer has to decide whether to continue to use a 2D array, or produce an array of queues.

Evaluate the use of a 2D array versus an array of queues to perform this action.

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 [9]

(ii) Explain why a stack would not be an appropriate data structure for this revised game.

[2]

(iii) A procedure needs to be written to remove the disc from the chosen column. The procedure will:
have the column the disc is being removed from as a parameter
move each disc in that column down to the bottom of the grid
replace the top space with an empty string ("")
Complete the algorithm below.

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 [3]

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 (e) The programmer is adding a feature that allows a player to play against the computer.

Explain how the programmer could make use of a tree structure, using a heuristic approach in the development
of the computer player.

[7]

END OF QUESTION PAPER

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

1 a It outputs 3 (1). 1 For 1 mark.

b i Performs subtraction (1). 1 For 1 mark.

ii The accumulator (1). 1 For 1 mark.

Total 3

2 i BRA (1) / BRP (1). 1 For 1 mark.

Accept ‘Branch’ or ‘Branch if Positive’.

ii Memory Address Register (MAR) (1). 1 For 1 mark.

Accept MAR on its own.

Total 2

3 a Provide a user interface (1 – AO1.1) for 4 1 mark for each correct identification
the user to load games etc. (1 – (AO1.1) up to a maximum of 2 marks.
AO1.2).
Control hardware (1 – AO1.1) such as 1 mark for each valid description (AO1.2)
graphics card, games controllers etc. up to a maximum of 2 marks.
(1 – AO1.2).
Act as a platform from which software
can be run (1 – AO1.1) such as games
and apps (1 – AO1.2).
Control access (1 – AO1.1) so that
different users can access the system
(1 – AO1.2) and have their own data
such as scores and achievements (1 –
AO1.2).

b This means that a lot of the core 2 Up to 2 marks for a valid explanation.
functionality they need is already
available (1) so the company just has
to make amendments / additions
specific to their system (1) saving time
and money (1).

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

c CPUs are general purpose processors 3 Up to 3 marks for a valid explanation.

(1) whereas GPUs are designed
specifically for graphics (1). And so
likely to have built in circuitry /
instructions for common graphics
operations (1). GPUs are able to
perform an instruction on multiple
pieces of data at one time (1) often we
want to do this when processing
graphics (e.g. transforming points in a
polygon or shading pixels) (1) which
means it can perform transformations
to onscreen graphics quicker than a
CPU (1).

Total 9

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

4 a – A piece of software … 2
– … with one purpose …
– usually to do with the upkeep /
maintenance of a computer.
(1 per –, max 2)

b Faster read / write speed than secondary 1

storage media.

c – RAM is volatile meaning it loses 2

contents when power is off …
– … so must be copied to secondary
storage in case of unexpected power
failure
(1 per –,)

Total 5

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

5 Mark Band 3–High Level (7–9 marks) 9 AO1: Knowledge and Understanding
The candidate demonstrates a thorough
knowledge and understanding of Magnetic The following is indicative of possible
and Flash storage. The material is factors / evidence that candidates may
generally accurate and detailed. refer to but is not prescriptive or
exhaustive:
The candidate is able to apply their – Magnetic hard drives work by magnetic
knowledge and understanding directly and patterns being read off platters that
consistently to the context provided. mechanically spin at high speeds.
Evidence / examples will be explicitly – Flash hard drives use memory chips.
relevant to the explanation. These can have their contents erased and
subsequently overwritten when an
The candidate provides a thorough electrical charge is applied.
discussion which is well balanced. – Magnetic hard drives are cheaper per GB
Evaluative comments are consistently and tend to be sold in much higher
relevant and well-considered. capacities than flash hard drives.
– Flash hard drives tend to have much
There is a well-developed line of reasoning higher read / write speeds than magnetic
which is clear and logically structured. The hard disks.
information presented is relevant and – Flash hard disks have no moving parts
substantiated. and therefore tend to have lower power
consumption and are not affected by their
Mark Band 2–Mid Level (4–6 marks) device moving.
The candidate demonstrates reasonable
knowledge and understanding of a
Magnetic and Flash based storage; the AO2.1: Application
material is generally accurate but at times
underdeveloped. The selected knowledge / examples should
be directly related to the specific question.
The candidate is able to apply their The following is indicative of possible
knowledge and understanding directly to factors / evidence that candidates may
the context provided although one or two refer to but is not prescriptive or
opportunities are missed. Evidence / exhaustive:
examples are for the most part implicitly
relevant to the explanation. – Many games tend to incorporate a lot of
media and as such a keen gamer is likely
The candidate provides a sound to need a lot of storage space.
discussion, the majority of which is – Games are fast paced and often
focused. Evaluative comments are for the competitive. High loading speeds can be
most part appropriate, although one or two beneficial.
opportunities for development are missed. – High performance is often important to
gamers and as such will pick highest
There is a line of reasoning presented with performing components.
some structure. The information presented – Hybrid approaches exist which offer ‘the
is in the most part relevant and supported best of both worlds’.
by some evidence. – Magnetic hard drives can be noisy (due
to parts moving at high speed), this can be
Mark Band 1–Low Level (1–3 marks) undesirable and distracting whilst gaming.
The candidate demonstrates a basic Conversely flash drives operate silently.

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

knowledge of Magnetic and Flash based

storage with limited understanding shown;
the material is basic and contains some AO3.3: Evaluation
inaccuracies. The candidate makes a
limited attempt to apply acquired Candidates will need to consider a variety
knowledge and understanding to the of issues in relation to the question and will
context provided. make some evaluative comments about
the issues and solutions they are
The candidate provides a limited discussing. The following is indicative of
discussion which is narrow in focus. possible factors / evidence that candidates
Judgements if made are weak and may refer to but is not prescriptive or
unsubstantiated. exhaustive:

The information is basic and

communicated in an unstructured way. The – Due to their high storage capacity
information is supported by limited magnetic hard disks are the best choice. A
evidence and the relationship to the gamer could have many games installed at
evidence may not be clear. one time. Whilst performance is not quite
that of flash drives, to have a similarly
0 marks sized flash drive would be prohibitively
No attempt to answer the question or expensive. A high quality magnetic drive
response is not worthy of credit. will provide good enough performance
leaving money to be spent elsewhere. As it
is being installed on a desktop there is no
need to worry about power consumption or
issues with the computer moving.
– Gamers need high performance and that
includes large amounts of data being
loaded quickly. The read / write speed of a
solid state drive means this is the natural
choice for the gamer's desktop.

Total 9

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

6 – Value between 193 and 201 returns 5

respective ASCII value between 65 and 73
– Value between 209 and 217 returns
respective ASCII value between 74 and 82
– Value between 226 and 233 returns
respective ASCII value between 83 and 88
– Values less than 193 and greater than
233 return -1
– Values between 202 and 208, and 218
and 225 return -1.
(1 per –)

A program that returns a value 128 less for

values between 193 and 208 would receive
the first mark but not the last one. (The
same principle applies for points 2 and 3)

Total 5

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

7 a – A primary key must have a unique 2

value for every record
– The values for all these fields could
repeat.
(1 per –)

b – Advantage: Searches of Artist can be 2

performed more quickly.
– Disadvantage: The index takes up
extra space in the database.
(1 per –)

c – would have a 4
many to many relationship
– This is not allowed
– Adding a table between them resolves
this
– Diagram to illustrate this.

(1 per –)

d i Copyright, Design and Patents Act 1 Accept Copyright Act / Law

ii 2
(1
mark per –, max 2)

iii All entries in which 1

contain songs by RandomBits must be
removed.

Total 12

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

8 a To control the hardware 1

b – Complete the current FDE Cycle 6

– Check the priority of the incoming
interrupt.
– If its of a higher priority than the current
task.
– Contents of registers stored in
memory..
– … in a stack.
– The relevant interrupt service routine is
loaded …
– ..by loading the relevant value into the
program counter.
– When the ISR is complete the previous
state is popped from the stack
– And are loaded back into the registers.
(1 per –, max 6)

Total 7

9 i – Formatting code has to be rewritten for 1

every page
– Changes have to be made to every
page
– It is a lot of work to keep the look of the
site consistent.
(1 per –, max 1)

ii The site is slower to access (as the 1

formatting information is reloaded for every
page)

Unlikely to have formatting specific to their

device/needs.

Total 2

10 Modules already tested (1 – AO 1.2) so 4 1 mark for each correct identification

more reliable programs (1 – AO 2.1). (AO1.2) up to a maximum of two
Less development time (1 – AO 1.2) as identifications.
programs can be shorter (1 – AO 2.1)
and modules can be shared (1 – AO 1 mark for each of two valid explanations
2.1). (AO2.1).

Total 4

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

11 Popularity data (1). 4 1 mark for each correct identification up to

Platforms available (1). a maximum of four identifications.
Sales of existing similar apps (1).
Prices charged (1).
Does it exist already? (1).

Total 4

12 1 mark per data item, accept any 3

appropriate, sensible suggestions

Number of other planes that could be

in the sky (1)
Speed (1)
Flight path (1)
Altitudes (1)
Rate of acceleration (1)

Total 3

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

13 a i 1 mark for . 4 If only the result is shown, 1 mark only.

1 mark for showing y's values correctly Award bod if no “” with y
through loop Accept any suitable answer, e.g. trace
1 mark for showing x's values correctly table
through loop
1 mark for the correct answer

ii 1 mark for and 4 If only the result is shown, 1 mark only.

1 mark for showing y's values correctly Award bod if no “” with y
through loop
1 mark for showing x's values correctly Accept any suitable answer, e.g. trace
through loop table
1 mark for the correct answer

iii Converts a denary number into sign 1 cao

and magnitude

b i 1 mark per bullet to max 3 3

Past values will remain (1)

If the last value was a negative number
it will remain (1)
…future positive values will still have
the flag / will be treated as a
negative number (1)

ii 1 from 1

Put an else statement in / another IF to

set flag to if needed (1)
Make be in the first line of
the procedure (1)

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

Total 13

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

14 a i 1 mark per bullet to max 2 2

Breaks a problem down into its

component parts (1)
Game can be divided into subprograms
(1)
Subprograms can then be programmed
as subroutines (1)

ii 1 mark for identifying all of the sub- 3

modules in each sub-module. Allow any
appropriate additions, do not award a mark
for any inappropriate or clearly incorrect
sub-modules.

Player move must ask for the move to

be input (1)
Check valid must check if the column is
full (1)
Check won must check horizonal,
vertical and diagonal (1)

e.g.

iii 1 mark for the example, 1 mark for 2 Accept any valid example
explanation of why it is pipelining
e.g.

The results from the player move

subroutine … (1)
…will feed into the check valid
subroutine (1)

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

b Programming steps to award marks for, 6

max 6

Function declaration taking 2

parameters (1)
Looping through all 6 elements in the
array… (1)
…in the correct order (bottom to top, 5
to 0) (1)
Place player in correct position… (1)
… return the position (1)
Return 999 if no space in that column
(1)

Example pseudocode

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

c The algorithm can be tackled by either a) 6

Checking all possible positions, b) Just
checking what is around the last move c)
Checking the entire row. Full marks can be
awarded for all possible methods, if
correct.

Programming steps to be awarded as

follows, to max 6 marks.

Appropriate procedure declaration…

… taking at least player parameter (1)
Checking each element in the row (1)
Only checking valid options (e.g. if
checking row-3, row-2, row-1, 0 then
they need to check all rows are within
the grid) (1)
Updating a counter / checking for four-
in-a-row (1)
Appropriate output message (1)

Example pseudocode:

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

d i Mark Band 3 – High level 9 AO1: Knowledge and Understanding

(7–9 marks) Indicative content
The candidate demonstrates a thorough
knowledge and understanding of queues Arrays are static (size cannot change)
and arrays; the material is generally Queues are dynamic (size can change)
accurate and detailed. Queues use pointers to identify the first
The candidate is able to apply their element (to be removed)
knowledge and understanding directly and
consistently to the context provided. AO2: Application
Evidence / examples will be explicitly
relevant to the explanation. Array will need all elements to be
There is a well-developed line of reasoning moved ‘down 1’ each time a disc is
which is clear and logically structured. The removed
information presented is relevant and Queue will allow the front element to
substantiated. be taken out and then the pointer will
move
Mark Band 2 – Mid level Algorithms for queues can be more
(4–6 marks) complex, especially as the language
The candidate demonstrates reasonable may use an array to implement the
knoledge and understanding of queues queue
and arrays; the material is generally
accurate but at times underdeveloped. AO3: Evaluation
The candidate is able to apply their Candidates will need to evaluate the
knowledge and understanding directly to benefits and drawbacks of using queues
the context provided although one or two and arrays and suggest an appropriate
opportunities are missed. Evidence / solution
examples are for the most part implicitly e.g.
relevant to the explanation.
The candidate provides a reasonable Size does not need to change (Static is
discussion, the majority of which is needed as grid is fixed size) so that
focused. Evaluative comments are, for the benefit of queues is not necessary
most part appropriate, although one or two Programmer has already written a
opportunities for development are missed. program using arrays, may be less
There is a line of reasoning presented with time consuming to edit it for arrays
some structure. The information presented Language may need a queue to be
is in the most part relevant and supported programmed in an array, therefore an
by some evidence. array may be more straight forward to
use
Mark Band 1 – Low Level Queue does not need to move all
(1–3 marks) elements each time a counter is
The candidate demonstrates a basic removed, only pointers change
knowledge of queues and arrays with
limited understanding shown; the material
is basic and contains some inaccuracies.
The candidates makes a limited attempt to
apply acquired knowledge and
understanding to the context provided.
The candidate provides a limited
discussion which is narrow in focus.

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

Judgements if made are weak and

unsubstantiated.
The information is basic and comunicated
in an unstructured way. The information is
supported by limited evidence and the
relationship to the evidence may not be
clear.

0 marks
No attempt to answer the question or
response is not worthy of credit.

ii Max 2 2

Stack is last-in-first-out (1)

This game the first-in needs to be first-
out (1)

iii 1 mark per bullet to max 3 3

Appropriate loop to move through the

column (bottom to top, so 5 to 1)
Replacing the grid with the value above
(5 with 4 etc.)
Replacing row 0 with “”

e.g.

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 Mark Scheme

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

e 1 mark per bullet to max 7 7 Allow a diagrammatic answer with

appropriate annotation that meets the
Stores / considers a range of next bullets
moves (1)
Creates branches with possible further
moves (from both players) (1)
Continues branching (1)
Ranks possible moves based on
success down the branches (1)
Uses a branching algorithm / step to
decide which direction to follow (1)
Can increase ranks on stored moves
based on past moves (1)
The current board position is at the top
of the tree (1)
The possible moves are at the next
level (1)
Each level gives every possible next
move (1)
Can add weightings as to probability of
winning (1)
Searching algorithm can find which set
of moves leads to / has greatest
possibility of winning (1)
Heuristics can help in the actual
ranking / probability generation for
each game state. (1)

Total 40

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