5 5.

1
Linear Functions
Domain and Range of a Function
5.2 Discrete and Continuous Domains
5.3 Linear Function Patterns
5.4 Function Notation
5.5 Comparing Linear and Nonlinear Functions
5.6 Arithmetic Sequences

is. Then,
bin on the y-ax
is “I draw a ca ome on the range’.”
at the range I hum ‘Home,
H
I remember th
“Here’s how
the y-values.”

“It is my treat-conv
er
many cat treats I inpter function machine. However
ut, the machine ou
that many dog bis tputs
cuits. Isn’t that cool? TWICE
”

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 What You
Learned Before
“Do you th
in
Describe the pattern of inputs and outputs. shirt make k the stripes in this
me look to
o linear?”
Example 1 Example 2
Input Output Input, x 6 1 −4 −9 −14
2 0 Output, y 7 8 9 10 11
4 3
6 6 As the input x decreases by 5,
8 9 the output y increases by 1.

As the input increases by 2,

the output increases by 3.

Example 3 Draw a mapping diagram for the graph. Then describe the
pattern of inputs and outputs.
y Input, x Output, y
7
6 1 1
5
4
2 3
3 3 5
2 4 7
1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x As the input increases by 1,

the output increases by 2.

Describe the pattern of inputs x and outputs y.

1. Input, x Output, y 2. y
7

0 −2 6
5
−2 1 4
−4 4 3

−6 7 2
1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x

3.
Input, x 0 −1 −2 −3 −4

Output, y 7 3.5 0 −3.5 −7

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 5.1 Domain and Range of a Function

How can you find the domain and range of

a function?

1 ACTIVITY: The Domain and Range of a Function

Work with a partner. In Activity 1 in Section 2.4, you completed the table
shown below. The table shows the number of adult and child tickets sold
for a school concert.

input Number of Adult Tickets, x 0 1 2 3 4

output Number of Child Tickets, y 8 6 4 2 0

The variables x and y are related by the linear equation 4x + 2y = 16.

a. Write the equation in function form by solving for y.

b. The domain of a function is the set of all input values. Find the domain
of the function.

Domain =

Why is x = 5 not in the domain of the function?

1
Why is x = — not in the domain of the function?
2

c. The range of a function is the set of all output values. Find the range
of the function.

Range =

d. Functions can be described in many ways.

COMMON ● by an equation y
CORE 9
● by an input-output table
8
Functions
● in words 7
In this lesson, you will
● find the domain and ● by a graph 6
range of functions 5
from graphs or tables. ● as a set of ordered pairs 4
Learning Standards 3
8.F.1 Use the graph to write the function 2
F.IF.1 as a set of ordered pairs. 1
F.IF.5
0
( , ), ( , ), ( , ), 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x

( , ), ( , )
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 2 ACTIVITY: Finding Domains and Ranges
Work with a partner.
Math
Practice ● Copy and complete each input-output table.
Use Definitions ● Find the domain and range of the function represented by the table.
What does the
domain of a 1
a. y = −3x + 4 b. y = — x − 6
function represent? 2
What does the
range represent? x −2 −1 0 1 2 x 0 1 2 3 4

y y

c. y d. y
9 9
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x

x x

y y

3. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you find the domain and range of a function?
4. The following are general rules for finding a person’s foot length.
To find the length y (in inches) of a woman’s
foot, divide her shoe size x by 3 and add 7.

’s
To find the length y (in inches) of a man’s
foot, divide his shoe size x by 3 and add 7 3
7.3. © 2013 Zappos.com, Inc.

a. Write an equation for one of the statements.

b. Make an input-output table for the function in part (a).
1
Use shoe sizes 5 — to 12.
2
c. Label the domain and range of the function on the table.

Use what you learned about the domain and range of a function to
complete Exercise 3 on page 206.

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 5.1 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials

Key Vocabulary
function, p. 204
domain, p. 204 Functions
range, p. 204 A function is a relationship that pairs each input with exactly one
independent variable, output. The domain is the set of all possible input values. The range
p. 204 is the set of all possible output values.
dependent variable,
p. 204
−2
Input
−6
Output

EXAMPLE 1 Finding Domain and Range from a Graph

y Find the domain and range of the function represented by the graph.
4
3
Write the ordered pairs. Identify the inputs and outputs.
2
1
inputs
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 x
−1
−2 (−3, −2), (−1, 0), (1, 2), (3, 4)

outputs

The domain is −3, −1, 1, and 3. The range is −2, 0, 2, and 4.

Find the domain and range of the function represented by the graph.
Exercises 4– 6 1. y 2. y
2 5
1 4
3
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 x
−1 2
−2 1

−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 x
−4

When an equation represents a function, the variable that represents

input values is the independent variable because it can be any value in
the domain. The variable that represents output values is the dependent
variable because it depends on the value of the independent variable.

204 Chapter 5 Linear Functions

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 EXAMPLE 2 Finding the Range of a Function
The function y = −3x + 12 gives the amount y (in fluid ounces) of
juice remaining in a bottle after you take x gulps. (a) Identify the
independent and dependent variables. (b) The domain is 0, 1, 2, 3,
and 4. What is the range?
a. Because the amount y remaining Input, Output,
−3x + 12
depends on the number x of gulps, x y
y is the dependent variable and 0 −3(0) + 12 12
x is the independent variable. 1 −3(1) + 12 9
b. Make an input-output table to 2 −3(2) + 12 6
find the range.
3 −3(3) + 12 3
The range is 12, 9, 6, 3, and 0. 4 −3(4) + 12 0

EXAMPLE 3 Real-Life Application

The table shows the percent y (in decimal form) of x y
the moon that was visible at midnight x days after
0 0.76
May 19, 2014. (a) Interpret the domain and range.
(b) What percent of the moon was visible on 1 0.65
May 21, 2014? 2 0.54
3 0.43
a. Zero days after May 19 is May 19. One day after
May 19 is May 20. So, the domain of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 4 0.32
represents May 19, 20, 21, 22, and 23.
The range is 0.76, 0.65, 0.54, 0.43, and 0.32. These amounts
are decreasing, so the moon was less visible each day.
b. May 21, 2014 corresponds to the input x = 2. When x = 2,
y = 0.54. So, 0.54, or 54% of the moon was visible on
May 21, 2014.

3. The function y = −4x + 14 gives the number y of avocados you

Exercises 8–11 have left after making x batches of guacamole.
a. Identify the independent and dependent variables.
b. The domain is 0, 1, 2, and 3. What is the range?

4. The table shows the percent y (in decimal form) of the moon
that was visible at midnight x days after March 24, 2015.

x 0 1 2 3 4

y 0.19 0.29 0.39 0.49 0.59

a. Interpret the domain and range.

b. What percent of the moon was visible on March 28, 2015?

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 5.1 Exercises
Help with Homework

1. VOCABULARY How are independent variables and dependent variables different?

2. DIFFERENT WORDS, SAME QUESTION Which is different? Find “both” answers.

Find the range of the function Find the inputs of the function
represented by the table. represented by the table.

Find the x-values of the Find the domain of the x 2 4 6

function represented by function represented by
y 7 5 −1
(2, 7), (4, 5), and (6, −1). (2, 7), (4, 5), and (6, −1).

6)=3
9+(- 3)=
3+(- 9)=
4+(- =
1)
9+(-

3. The number of earrings and headbands you can buy with

$24 is represented by the equation 8x + 4y = 24. The table
shows the numbers of earrings and headbands.
a. Write the equation in function form. Earrings, x 0 1 2 3
b. Find the domain and range. Headbands, y 6 4 2 0
c. Why is x = 6 not in the domain of the function?

Find the domain and range of the function represented by the graph.
1 4. y 5. y 6. y
4 2 3
3 1 2
2 1
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 x
1 −1
−1 1 2 3 4 5 x
−2 −1
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 x
−1 −3 −2
−2 −4 −3

✗
7. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct
y The domain
the error in finding the domain and range 4
is −2, 0, 2,
of the function represented by the graph. 3
2
and 4.
1 The range is
2 8. PARKING METER The number of quarters
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 x −3, −1, 1, 3.
you put into a parking meter affects the −1
amount of time on the meter. Identify the −2
independent and dependent variables.

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 Copy and complete the input-output table for the function. Then find the domain and
range of the function represented by the table.
1
9. y = 6x + 2 10. y = −— x − 2 11. y = 1.5x + 3
4

x −1 0 1 2 x 0 4 8 12 x −1 0 1 2

y y y

12. VAULTING In the sport of vaulting, a vaulter performs a routine

while on a moving horse. For each round x of competition, the
vaulter receives a score y from 1 to 10.
x y
a. Find the domain and range of the
function represented by the table. 1 6.856
6
2 3
7.923
b. Interpret the domain and range.
3 5
8.135
c. What is the mean score of the vaulter?

13. MANATEE A manatee eats the equivalent of about 12%

of its body weight each day.
a. Write an equation that represents the amount y (in pounds)
of food a manatee eats each day for its weight x. Identify
the independent variable and the dependent variable.
b. Make an input-output table for the equation in part (a).
Use the inputs 150, 300, 450, 600, 750, and 900.
c. Find the domain and range of the function represented by the table.
d. The weights of three manatees are
300 pounds, 750 pounds, and 1050 pounds.
Wha is the total amount of food that these
What
thre manatees eat in a day? in a week?
three

14. Precision Describe the domain and

d range of the function.
a. y = ∣ x ∣ b. y = −∣ x ∣ c. y = ∣ x ∣ − 6 d. y = −∣ x ∣ + 4

Graph the linear equation. (Section 2.1)

15. y = 2x + 8 16. 5x + 6y = 12 17. −x − 3y = 2 18. y = 7x − 5

19. MULTIPLE CHOICE The minimum number of people needed for a group
rate at an amusement park is 8. Which inequality represents the number
of people needed to get the group rate? (Section 3.1)
A x≤8 B x>8 C x<8 D x≥8

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 Extension
5.1 Relations and Functions
Lesson Tutorials

Key Vocabulary A relation pairs inputs with outputs. A relation that pairs each input with
relation, p. 208
exactly one output is a function.
Vertical Line Test,
p. 209

EXAMPLE 1 Determining Whether Relations are Functions

Determine whether each relation is a function.
COMMON
CORE a. (−2, 2), (−1, 2), (0, 2), (1, 0), (2, 0)
Functions
In this extension, you will Every input has exactly one output.
● determine whether

relations are functions. So, the relation is a function.

● Use the vertical line test to

determine whether a graph b.

represents a function. Input −2 −1 0 0 1 2
Learning Standards:
8.F.1 Output 3 4 5 6 7 8
F.IF.1
F.IF.5 The input 0 has two outputs, 5 and 6.

So, the relation is not a function.

c. Input Output
−9 0
−2 5 Every input has exactly one output.
5 10
12

So, the relation is a function.

Determine whether the relation is a function.

1. (−5, 0), (0, 0), (5, 0) 2. Input Output 3. Input Output
(5, 10), (10, 10) 1
2 2.6 −—
1 4
4 5.2 — 0
2
1
6 7.8 —
4

Determine whether the statement is true or false. Explain your reasoning.

4. Every function is a relation. 5. Every relation is a function.
6. When you switch the inputs and outputs of any function, the resulting relation
is a function.
7. REASONING You record the number x of runs scored by the winning team and
the number y of runs scored by the losing team for each softball game in a
team’s season. Does the relation necessarily represent a function? Explain.

208 Chapter 5 Linear Functions

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 You can use a vertical line test to determine whether a graph represents
a function.

Vertical Line Test

Words A graph represents a function when no vertical line passes
through more than one point on the graph.
Examples Function Not a function
y y

x x

EXAMPLE 2 Using the Vertical Line Test

Determine whether each graph represents a function.
a. y b. y
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x

You can draw a vertical line No vertical line can be drawn

through (2, 2) and (2, 5). through two points on the graph.

So, the graph does not So, the graph represents

represent a function. a function.

Determine whether the graph represents a function.

y y y
8. 9. 10.
6 6 6
5 5 5
4 4 4
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
0 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x

11. REASONING You studied linear equations in Chapter 2. Do all linear equations
represent functions? Explain your reasoning.

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 5.2 Discrete and Continuous Domains

How can you decide whether the domain of a

function is discrete or continuous?

1 EXAMPLE: Discrete and Continuous Domains

In Activities 1 and 2 in Section 2.4, you studied two real-life problems
represented by the same equation.
4x + 2y = 16 or y = −2x + 8

a. y
9
8 y = −2x + 8
7 only 5 points
6 on the graph
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x Domain (x-values): 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
Range ( y-values): 8, 6, 4, 2, 0
The domain is discrete because it consists
of only the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4.

b. y
9
8 y = −2x + 8
7 all points on
6 line segment
5
COMMON 4
CORE 3
2
Functions Domain (x-values): 0 ≤ x ≤ 4
1
In this lesson, you will
● graph discrete and 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x
Range ( y-values): 0 ≤ y ≤ 8
continuous data.
● determine whether The domain is continuous because it
functions have a discrete consists of all numbers from 0 to 4 on
or continuous domain.
Learning Standards
the number line.
8.F.1
F.IF.1
F.IF.5

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 2 ACTIVITY: Discrete and Continuous Domains

Math Work with a partner.

Practice ● Write a function to
Apply m.
represent each problem.
Mathematics ● Graph each function.
How can you use
mathematics to ● Describe the domain
represent and solve and range of each
each problem? n
function. Is the domain
discrete or continuous??

a. You are in charge of reserving

er ing b The airline you
b. ou are using for the
hotel rooms for a youth soccer soccer trip needs an estimate of
team. Each room costs $69, plus the total weight of the team’s
$6 tax, per night. You need each luggage. You determine that there
room for two nights. You need will be 36 pieces of luggage and
10 to 16 rooms. Write a function each piece will weigh from 25 to
for the total hotel cost. 45 pounds. Write a function for
the total weight of the luggage.

Hotel Reservations Luggage Weight

y y
2700 2250
Total weight of luggage

2400 2000
Total hotel cost

2100 1750
1800 1500
1500 1250
1200 1000
900 750
600 500
300 250
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 x 0 10 20 30 40 x
Number of rooms Pounds per piece

3. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you decide whether the domain
of a function is discrete or continuous? Describe two real-life
examples of functions: one with a discrete domain and one with a
continuous domain.

Use what you learned about discrete and continuous domains to

complete Exercises 3 and 4 on page 214.

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 5.2 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials

Key Vocabulary
discrete domain,
p. 212 Discrete and Continuous Domains
continuous domain, A discrete domain is a set of input values that consists of only certain
p. 212 numbers in an interval.
Example: Integers from 1 to 5

−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

A continuous domain is a set of input values that consists of all

numbers in an interval.
Example: All numbers from 1 to 5

−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

EXAMPLE 1 Graphing Discrete Data

The function y = 15.95x represents the cost y (in dollars) of x tickets for
a museum. Graph the function using a domain of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4. Is the
domain discrete or continuous? Explain.
Make an input-output table.

Input, x 15.95x Output, y Ordered Pair, (x, y)

Museum Tickets
0 15.95(0) 0 (0, 0)
y
70 1 15.95(1) 15.95 (1, 15.95)
Total cost (dollars)

60
(4, 63.8)
50 2 15.95(2) 31.9 (2, 31.9)
(3, 47.85)
40
30 (2, 31.9) 3 15.95(3) 47.85 (3, 47.85)
20
(1, 15.95) 4 15.95(4) 63.8 (4, 63.8)
10
(0, 0)
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
Plot the ordered pairs. Because you cannot buy part of a ticket,
Number of tickets
the graph consists of individual points.

So, the domain is discrete.

1. The function m = 50 − 9d represents the amount of money

m (in dollars) you have after buying d DVDs. Graph the
function. Is the domain discrete or continuous? Explain.

212 Chapter 5 Linear Functions

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 EXAMPLE 2 Graphing Continuous Data
A cereal bar contains 130 calories. The number c of calories consumed
is a function of the number b of bars eaten. Graph the function. Is the
domain discrete or continuous?
Make an input-output table.

Cereal Bar Calories Input, b Output, c Ordered Pair, ( b, c )

c 0 0 (0, 0)
Calories consumed

700
600 1 130 (1, 130)
500 (4, 520)
400 2 260 (2, 260)
(3, 390)
300
(2, 260) 3 390 (3, 390)
200
(1, 130)
100 4 520 (4, 520)
(0, 0)
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 b
Number of bars eaten
Plot the ordered pairs. Because you can eat part of a cereal bar, b can be
any value greater than or equal to 0. Draw a line through the points.

So, the domain is continuous.

EXAMPLE 3 Real-Life Application

You conduct an experiment on the speed of sound waves in dry air at
86 °F. You record your data in a table. Which of the following is true?
Input Output A The domain is 2 ≤ t ≤ 10 B The domain is 2 ≤ t ≤ 10
Time, Distance, and it is discrete. and it is continuous.
t (seconds) d (miles)
2 0.434 C The domain is D The domain is
0.434 ≤ d ≤ 2.17 0.434 ≤ d ≤ 2.17
4 0.868
and it is discrete. and it is continuous.
6 1.302
8 1.736 The domain is the set of possible input values, or the time t. The time t
can be any value from 2 to 10. So, the domain is continuous.
10 2.170
The correct answer is B .

2. A 20-gallon bathtub is draining at a rate of 2.5 gallons per minute.

The number g of gallons remaining is a function of the number
Exercises 5 – 8
m of minutes. Graph the function. Is the domain discrete or
continuous?
3. Is the domain discrete or continuous? Explain.

Input
1 2 3
Number of Stories
Output
12 24 36
Height of Building (feet)

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 5.2 Exercises
Help with Homework

1. VOCABULARY Explain how continuous domains and discrete domains

are different.
2. WRITING Describe how you can use a graph to determine whether a domain
is discrete or continuous.

6)=3
9+(- 3)=
3+(- 9)=
4+(- =
1)
9+(-

Describe the domain and range of the function. Is the domain discrete or continuous?
3. y 4. y
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x

Graph the function. Is the domain discrete or continuous?

1 2 5. Input Output 6. Input Output
Bags, x Marbles, y Years, x Height of a Tree, y (feet)
2 20 0 3
4 40 1 6
6 60 2 9

7. Input Output 8. Input Output

Width, x (inches) Volume, y (cubic inches) Hats, x Cost, y (dollars)
5 50 0 0
10 100 1 8.45
15 150 2 16.9

✗
9. ERROR AANALYSIS Describe and correct the 2.5 is in the domain.
error ma
made in the statement about the domain. y
25
20
10. YARN The function m = 40 − 8.5b 15
represents the amount m of money 10
(in dollars) that you have after 5

buying b balls of yarn. Graph the −1 1 2 3 4 5 x

−5
function using a domain of 0, 1, 2,
and 3. Is the domain discrete
or continuous?

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 11. TICKETS The number t of tickets sold at a concert is a function of the
ticket cost c.
a. Which variable is independent? dependent?
b. Is the domain discrete or continuous?

12. DISTANCE The function y = 3.28x converts length from x meters to

y feet.
a. Graph the function. Which variable is independent? dependent?
b. Is the domain discrete or continuous? h

13. LOGIC The area A of the triangle is a function of the height h.

Your friend says the domain is discrete. Is he correct? Explain. 8 in.

14. PACKING You are packing books into a

box. The box can hold at most 10 books.
The function y = 5.2x represents the
weight y (in pounds) of x books.
a. Is 52 in the range? Explain.
b. Is 15 in the domain? Explain.
c. Graph the function. Is the domain
discrete or continuous?

15. Describe a real-world situation for the given constraints.

a. A negative number in the domain and the domain is continuous
b. A negative number in the range and the domain is discrete

Find the slope of the line. (Section 2.2)

16. y 17. 2
y 18. y
6
−1 1 2 3 4 5 x
5 1 −1
4 −2
−3 −1 1 2 3 x
3 −1 −3
2 −2 −4
1 −3 −5
−6
1 2 3 4 5 6 x

y
7
19. MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the y-intercept of the graph 6
of the linear equation? (Section 2.3) 5
4
A −4 B −2 3

C 2 D 4
1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x

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 5.3 Linear Function Patterns

How can you use a linear function to describe

a linear pattern?

1 ACTIVITY: Finding Linear Patterns

Work with a partner.
● Plot the points from the table in a coordinate plane.
● Write a linear equation for the function represented by the graph.

a. x 0 2 4 6 8 b. x 4 6 8 10 12

y 150 125 100 75 50 y 15 20 25 30 35

y y

200 40

150 30

100 20

50 10

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x 0 4 8 12 16 x

c. d. −4 −2
x −4 −2 0 2 4 x 0 2 4

y 4 6 8 10 12 y 1 0 −1 −2 −3

y y
2
COMMON 16
CORE
Functions 12
−4 −2 2 4 x
In this lesson, you will
● write linear functions 8 −2
from graphs or tables.
● solve linear functions.
4 −4
● solve real-life problems.

Learning Standards −6
8.F.3 −4 −2 2 4 x
8.F.4
F.BF.1a
F.LE.2

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 2 ACTIVITY: Finding Linear Patterns
Work with a partner. The table shows a familiar linear pattern from geometry.
Math
Practice ● Write a linear function that relates y to x.
Analyze ● What do the variables x and y represent?
Relationships
● Graph the linear function.
What is the
relationship
between the
a. x 1 2 3 4 5 b.
x 1 2 3 4 5
variables? How
does this help y 2π 4π 6π 8π 10π y 10 12 14 16 18
you write a linear
function?

x x

c. d.
x 1 2 3 4 5 x 1 2 3 4 5

y 5 6 7 8 9 y 28 40 52 64 76

2
2

x
4
4

3. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you use a linear function to describe
a linear pattern?
4. Describe the strategy you used to find the linear functions in
Activities 1 and 2.

Use what you learned about linear function patterns to complete

Exercises 4 and 5 on page 220.

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 5.3 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials

A linear function is a function whose graph is a nonvertical line. A linear

Key Vocabulary function can be written in the form y = mx + b.
linear function,
p. 218

EXAMPLE 1 Finding a Linear Function Using a Graph

Use the graph to write a linear function that relates y to x.
The points lie on a line. Find the slope y (4, 3)
3
and y-intercept of the line.
2
change in y 3−0 3 1
slope = — = — = — (2, 0)
change in x 4 − 2 2 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 x
Because the line crosses the y-axis at (0, −3), −2
(0, −3)
the y-intercept is −3. −3
−4
3
So, the linear function is y = — x − 3 . (−2, −6)
−5
2 −6

EXAMPLE 2 Finding a Linear Function Using a Table

Use the table to write a linear function
x −3 −2 −1 0
that relates y to x.
y 9 7 5 3
(−3, 9) y
9
8
Plot the points in the table.
(−2, 7)
7 The points lie on a line. Find the slope and y-intercept of the line.
6
(−1, 5) change in y 9−7 2
5
slope = — = — = — = −2
change in x −3 − (−2) −1
(0, 3)

2
Because the line crosses the y-axis at (0, 3), the y-intercept is 3.
1
So, the linear function is y = −2x + 3.
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 x

Use the graph or table to write a linear function that relates y to x.

Exercises 6–11 1. y 2.
3 x −2 −1 0 1
2
1
y 2 2 2 2

−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 x
−1
−2
−3

218 Chapter 5 Linear Functions

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 EXAMPLE 3 Real-Life Application

Hours Calories Graph the data in the table. (a) Is the Kayaking
Kayaking, x Burned, y domain discrete or continuous?
y
2 600 (b) Write a linear function that relates 2400
(8, 2400)
y to x. (c) How many calories do you

Calories burned
2100
4 1200 (6, 1800)
burn in 4.5 hours? 1800
6 1800 1500
a. Plot the points. Time can represent (4, 1200)
8 2400 1200
any value greater than or equal to 0, 900
so the domain is continuous. Draw 600
(2, 600)
a line through the points. 300
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
b. The y-intercept is 0 and the slope Hours
1200 − 600 600
is — = — = 300.
4−2 2

So, the linear

li function is y = 300x.

c. Find the value of y when x = 4.5.

y = 300x Write the equation.
= 300(4.5) Substitute 4.5 for x.
= 1350 Multiply.

You
Y burn 1350 calories in 4.5 hours of kayaking.

Hours Rock Calories 3. Graph the data in the table.

Climbing, x Burned, y a. Is the domain discrete or continuous?
3 1950
b. Write a linear function that relates y to x.
6 3900
9 5850 c. How many calories do you burn in 5.5 hours?
12 7800

Representing a Function
Words An output is 2 more than the input. Graph

Equation y=x+2 5
y

4
Input-Output Table
3

Input, x −1 0 1 2 2
1
Output, y 1 2 3 4
−1 1 2 3 4 x
−1

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 5.3 Exercises
Help with Homework

1. VOCABULARY Describe four ways to represent a function. y

5
2. VOCABULARY Does the graph represent a linear function? 4
Explain. 3
2
3. REASONING Do all linear functions have a y-intercept? 1
Explain.
1 2 4 5 x

6)=3
9+(- 3)=
3+(- 9)=
4+(- =
1)
9+(-

The table shows a familiar linear pattern from geometry. Write a linear function that
relates y to x. What do the variables x and y represent? Graph the linear function.
4. x 1 2 3 4 5 5. x 1 2 3 4 5
y π 2π 3π 4π 5π y 2 4 6 8 10

x
4

Use the graph or table to write a linear function that relates y to x.

1 2 6. y 7. y 8. y
10 8 4
8 6 3
6 4 2
4 1
2
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 x −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 x
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10 x
−4 −2
−4 −6 −3
−6 −8 −4

9. x −2 −1 0 1 10. x −8 −4 0 4 11. x −3 0 3 6

y −4 −2 0 2 y 2 1 0 −1 y 3 5 7 9

12. MOVIES The table shows the cost y (in dollars) of renting x movies.
a. Which variable is independent? dependent?
Number of
b. Graph the data. Is the domain discrete or continuous? 0 1 2 4
Movies, x
c. Write a function that relates y to x. Cost, y 0 3 6 12
d. How much does it cost to rent three movies?

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 13. BIKE JUMPS A bunny hop is a bike trick in which the rider
brings both tires off the ground without using a ramp. The
table shows the height y (in inches) of a bunny hop on a
bike that weighs x pounds.

Weight, x 19 21 23
Height, y 10.2 9.8 9.4

a. Graph the data. Then describe the pattern.

b. Write a linear function that relates the height of
a bunny hop to the weight of the bike.
c. What is the height of a bunny hop on a bike that weighs 21.5 pounds?

14. REASONING Can the graph of a function be a horizontal line?

Explain your reasoning.

Years of Annual
Education, x Salary, y
15. SALARY The table shows a person’s annual salary y (in thousands
0 28 of dollars) after x years of education beyond high school.
2 40
a. Graph the data. Then describe the pattern.
4 52
b. What is the annual salary of the person after 8 years of
6 64
education beyond high school?
10 88

Problem
16. Solving The Heat Index is calculated using the relative humidity and
the temperature. For every 1 degree increase in the temperature ture from
94° F to 98° F at 75% relative humidity, the Heat Index rises 4°° F.
a. On a summer day, the relative humidity is 75%, the
temperature is 94° F , and the Heat Index is 122° F.
Construct a table that relates the temperature t to the
Heat Index H. Start the table at 94° F and end it at 98° F.
b. Identify the independent and dependent variables.
c. Write a linear function that represents this situation.
d. Estimate the Heat Index when the temperature is 100° F.

Evaluate the expression when x = −2, 0, and 3. (Skills Review Handbook)

17. x − 2 18. −3x + 2 19. 0.5x − 0.25

20. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which expression has a value less than 1? (Skills Review
Handbook)
1
A —
−2 B 5−2 C 50 D 52
5

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 5 Study Help
Graphic Organizer

You can use a comparison chart to compare two topics. Here is an example of a
comparison chart for domain and range.

Domain Range
the set of all possible the set of all possible
Definition
input values output values
Algebra
x-values corresponding y-values
Example: y = mx + b

Ordered pairs
Example: (−4, 0), (−3, 1), −4, −3, −2, −1 0, 1, 2, 3
(−2, 2), (−1, 3)

Table
Example:
x −1 0 2 3
−1, 0, 2, 3 0, 1, 4, 9
y 1 0 4 9

Graph
Example:
y
2 −3, −1, 2, 3 −1, 1, 2
1

−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 x

Make comparison charts to help you study

and compare these topics.

1. independent variable and dependent variable

2. discrete domain and continuous domain
3. linear functions with positive slopes and
linear functions with negative slopes

After you complete this chapter, make a

comparison chart for the following topics.
4. linear functions and nonlinear functions “Creating a comparison chart causes
canines to crystalize concepts.”

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 5.1– 5.3 Quiz
Progress Check

Find the domain and range of the function represented by the graph. (Section 5.1)
1. y 2. y 3. y
4 4 4
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1

−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 x −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 x −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 x

−2 −2 −2
−3 −3 −3
−4 −4 −4

Graph the function. Is the domain discrete or continuous? (Section 5.2)

4. Minutes, x 0 10 20 30 5. Relay Teams, x 2 4 6 8
Height, y 40 35 30 25 Athletes, y 8 16 24 32

Use the graph or table to write a linear function that relates y to x. (Section 5.3)
6. y 7. x y
2
1
−3 −3
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 x
−1
0 −1
−2
−3 3 1
−4
6 3

8. VIDEO GAME The function m = 30 − 3r represents the amount m (in dollars) of

money you have after renting r video games. Graph the function using a domain
of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4. Is the domain discrete or continuous? (Section 5.2)

9. ADVERTISING The table shows the revenue R Advertising, A Revenue, R

(in millions of dollars) of a company when it spends 0 2
A (in millions of dollars) on advertising. (Section 5.3) 2 6
a. Write a linear function that relates the revenue to 4 10
the advertising cost. 6 14
b. What is the revenue of the company when it spends 8 18
$10 million on advertising?

10. WATER Water accounts for about 60% of a person’s body weight. (Section 5.1)
a. Write an equation that represents the water weight y of a person who weighs
x pounds. Identify the independent variable and the dependent variable.
b. Make an input-output table for the equation in part (a). Use the inputs
100, 120, 140, and 160.
c. Find the domain and range of the function represented by the table.

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 5.4 Function Notation

How can you use function notation to

represent a function?

By naming a function f, you can write the function using function notation.

f (x) = 2x − 3 Function notation

This is read as “f of x equals 2x minus 3.”

The notation f (x) is another name for y.
When function notation is used, the
parentheses do not imply multiplication.
You can use letters other than f to name a
function. The letters g, h, j, and k are often
used to name functions.

1 ACTIVITY: Matching Functions with

th
h Their
Their Graphs
Grap
Work with a partner. Match each function with its graph.

a. f (x) = 2x − 3 b. g(x) = −x + 2

c. h(x) = x 2 − 1 d. j (x) = 2x 2 − 3

A. 4 B. 4

Ź6 6 Ź6 6

COMMON
CORE
Functions Ź4 Ź4
In this lesson, you will
● evaluate, solve, and

graph functions written

in function notation. C. 4 D. 4
● compare graphs of

linear functions.
Learning Standards
F.BF.3 Ź6 6 Ź6 6
F.IF.1
F.IF.2
F.IF.7b
Ź4 Ź4

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 2 ACTIVITY: Evaluating a Function
Work with a partner. Consider the 4
Math function
Practice f(x) â Źx à 3

Evaluate f (x) = −x + 3.
Results Ź6 6
Locate the points (x, f (x)) on the graph.
Does your answer
seem reasonable?
Explain how you found each point.
How can you check
a. (−1, f (−1)) Ź4
your answer?

b. (0, f (0))
c. (1, f (1))
d. (2, f (2))

3 ACTIVITY: Comparing Graphs of Functions

Work with a partner. The graph of 4
a function from trigonometry is y â f(x)
shown at the right. Use the graph to
sketch the graph of each function. Ź6 6
Explain your reasoning.
a. g(x) = f (x) + 2
Ź4
b. g(x) = f (x) + 1
c. g(x) = f (x) − 1
d. g(x) = f (x) − 2

4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you use function notation to represent
a function? How are standard notation and function notation similar?
How are they different?
Standard Notation Function Notation
y = 2x + 5 f (x) = 2x + 5

5. Use what you discovered in Activity 3 to write a general observation

that compares the graphs of
y = f (x) and y = f (x) + c.

Use what you learned about function notation to complete

Exercises 4– 6 on page 229.

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 5.4 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials

In Section 5.3, you learned that you can write a linear function in the form
Key Vocabulary y = mx + b. By naming a linear function f, you can also write the function
function notation, using function notation.
p. 226
f (x) = mx + b Function notation
The notation f (x) is another name for y. If f is a function and x is in its
domain, then f (x) represents the output of f corresponding to the input x.
You can use letters other than f to name a function, such as g or h.

EXAMPLE 1 Evaluating a Function

Evaluate f (x) = −4x + 7 when x = 2.

Reading f (x) = −4x + 7 Write the function.
The notation f (x) is read
as “the value of f at x” f (2) = −4(2) + 7 Substitute 2 for x.
or “f of x.” It does not = −8 + 7 Multiply.
mean “f times x.”
= −1 Add.

When x = 2, f (x) = −1.

Evaluate the function when x = −4, 0, and 3.

Exercises 4–9
1. f (x) = 2x − 5 2. g(x) = −x − 1

EXAMPLE 2 Solving for the Independent Variable

2
For h(x) = — x − 5, find the value of x for which h(x) = −7.
3
2
h(x) = — x − 5 Write the function.
3
2
−7 = — x − 5 Substitute −7 for h(x).
3
2
−2 = — x Add 5 to each side.
3
3
−3 = x Multiply each side by —.
2
When x = −3, h(x) = −7.

Find the value of x so that the function has the given value.
Exercises 11–16 1
3. f (x) = 6x + 9; f (x) = 21 4. g(x) = −— x + 3; g(x) = −1
2

226 Chapter 5 Linear Functions

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 EXAMPLE 3 Graphing a Linear Function in Function Notation

Graph f (x) = 2x + 5.

Step 1: Make a table of values.

x −2 −1 0 1 2
f (x) 1 3 5 7 9

Step 2: Plot the ordered pairs.

Step 3: Draw a line through the points.
Study Tip y
9
The graph of f (x)
8
consists of the points
7
(x, f (x)).
6
5
f(x) â 2x à 5

3
2
1

Ź1 1 2 3 x

Graph the linear function.

3
Exercises 22–27 5. f (x) = 3x − 2 6. g(x) = −x + 4 7. h(x) = −— x − 1
4

Vertical Translations
The graph of f (x) + k is a vertical translation of the graph of f (x),
where k ≠ 0.

y
f(x) à k, k  0
f(x)
f(x) à k, k  0
x

In vertical translations of graphs of linear functions, the graphs have

the same slope but different y-intercepts.

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 EXAMPLE 4 Comparing Graphs of Linear Functions

Graph g(x) = x − 3. Compare the graph to the graph of f (x) = x.

Use the slope and y-intercept to graph the equations.

y g (x) = x − 3 f (x) = x
1
= 1x + (−3) = 1x + 0
Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 x
f(x) â x
Ź2
slope y-intercept slope y-intercept
Ź3
g(x) â x Ź 3
Ź5
The graphs have the same slope but different y-intercepts. The
graph of g is a translation 3 units down of the graph of f.

EXAMPLE 5 Real-Life Application

Helicopter The graph shows the number y of miles a helicopter is from its
destination after x hours on its first flight. On its second flight, the
y
350 helicopter travels at the same speed but 50 miles farther. Which
Distance (miles)

300 statement is true about the graph of the function that represents
250 the second flight compared to the graph of the function that
f(x) â 300 Ź 100x
200 represents the first flight?
150
100
A The slope decreases. B The slope increases.
50
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
C The graph is a translation D The graph is a translation
Hours 50 units down. 50 units up.

The helicopter travels at the same speed on both flights. So, the
graphs have the same slope. You can eliminate choices A and B.
Because the helicopter travels 50 miles farther on the second flight,
it is 50 miles farther from its destination when x = 0. So, the graph of
the function that represents the second flight is a vertical translation
50 units up of the graph of the function that represents the first flight.

The correct answer is D .

Graph the function. Compare the graph to the graph of f (x) = −2x.
Exercises 29 –31 8. g(x) = −2x + 3 9. h(x) = −2x − 5

10. WHAT IF? In Example 5, the helicopter travels the same

distance but 50 miles per hour faster on the second flight.
How does the graph of the function that represents the
second flight compare to the graph of the function that
represents the first flight?

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 5.4 Exercises
Help with Homework

1. VOCABULARY What is function notation? Give an example.

2. VOCABULARY Your height can be represented by a function h(x) where x is
your age. What does h(13) represent?
3. WRITING What type of graph is given by y = mx + b ? How does changing the
value of b affect the graph?

6)=3
9+(- 3)=
3+(- 9)=
4+(- =
1)
9+(-

Evaluate the function when x = −2, 0, and 5.

1 4. f (x) = x + 6 5. g(x) = 3x − 2 6. h(x) = −2x + 9
7. h(x) = −x − 7 8. g(x) = 6x − 3 9. f (x) = −5x + 2

10. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct

the error in evaluating the function
g(x) = 4x + 6 when x = −2. ✗ g(−2) = 4(−2) + 6
−2g = −8 + 6
−2g = −2
g=1

Find the value of x so that the function has the given value.
2 11. h(x) = −7x + 10; h(x) = 3 12. t(x) = −3x − 5; t(x) = 4
13. n(x) = 4x + 15; n(x) = 7 14. p(x) = 6x − 12; p(x) = 18
1 4
15. q(x) = — x − 2; q(x) = −4 16. r(x) = −— x + 7; r(x) = −5
3 5

17. SUMMER JOB You earn $11 per hour working at a grocery store during
the summer. The function p(x) = 11x represents the amount you earn
for working x hours.
a. You work 18 hours. How much do you earn?
b. How many hours do you have to work to
earn $275?

18. ORCHESTRA A group of friends are buying

tickets to the orchestra. Each ticket costs
$17.50 and one of the friends has a coupon
for $10. The function C(x) = 17.5x − 10
represents the total cost of buying x tickets.
a. How much does it cost to buy 5 tickets?
0?
b. How many tickets can you buy with $130.00?

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 Match the function with its graph.
1 1
19. f (x) = −2x − 2 20. g(x) = — x + 2 21. h(x) = — x − 2
2 2

A. y B. y C. y
6 6 6
4 4 4
2 2

Ź6 Ź4 Ź2 4 6 x Ź4 Ź2 2 4 6 x Ź6 Ź4 Ź2 2 4 6 x

Ź4 Ź4 Ź4
Ź6 Ź6 Ź6

Graph the linear function.

1
3 22. f (x) = 4x + 1 23. g (x) = −2x − 5 24. h(x) = −—x − 3
2
3
25. f (x) = — x + 2 26. g (x) = 7x − 4 27. h(x) = −6x + 3
5

28. ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE Under

normal conditions, the atmospheric
temperature drops 3.5°F per 1000 feet
of altitude up to 40,000 feet. When
the outside temperature is 80°F, the
atmospheric temperature can be
modeled by t(x) = −3.5x + 80, where
x is the altitude in thousands of feet.
a. Graph the function and identify its
domain and range.
b. Find and interpret the value of x so that t(x) = −25.

Graph the function. Compare the graph to the graph of f (x) = 3x.
7
4 29. g(x) = 3x + 2 30. n(x) = 3x − 7 31. v(x) = 3x − —
2

32. DECK The function C(x) = 25x + 50 represents the labor cost
Hours Cost
for Jones Remodeling to build a deck, where x is the number
of hours. Sample labor costs from their main competitor, 2 $130
Premiere Remodeling, are shown in the table. 4 $160
6 $190
a. Which cost function has the greater rate of change?
What does the rate of change represent?
b. The graph of which cost function has the greater y-intercept?
Interpret the y-intercept.
c. The job is estimated to take 8 hours. Which company would you hire?
Explain your reasoning.

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 Graph the functions f (x) and g (x) in the same coordinate plane. Use the graph
to solve f (x) = g (x).
1 2
33. f (x) = x − 2 34. f (x) = −—x − 3 35. f (x) = — x − 7
5 3
g(x) = 4x − 8 g(x) = 2x + 8 g(x) = −x + 3

36. CHOOSE TOOLS What tool would you use to solve f (x) = g(x) when
f (x) = 2.5x + 17 and g (x) = 0.8x? Explain. Then solve f (x) = g(x).

Given f (x) = 2x + 1, find the value of k so that the graph is f (x) + k.

37. y 38. y 39. y
6 10 2
4 8
Ź6 Ź4 Ź2 2 4 6 x
2 6

Ź6 Ź4 Ź2 2 4 6 x
2
Ź8
Ź6 Ź4 2 4 6 x
Ź6 Ź2 Ź10

y 40. PERIMETER The graph shows the relationship

20 between the width y and length x of a rectangle
16 f(x) â 20 Ź x
in inches. A second rectangle has a perimeter
12
8
that is 10 inches less than the perimeter of the
4 first rectangle. How does the graph relating
0 the width and length of the second rectangle
0 4 8 12 16 20 x
compare to the graph shown?

41. CRITICAL THINKING The graph of y = x + 4 is a translation 4 units up of the

graph of y = x. How can you obtain the graph of y = x + 4 from the graph
of y = x using a horizontal translation?

42. Given that f (x) = 3x − 5 and g(x) = 4x, write a function that
represents f (g(x)) and a function that represents g( f (x)).

Write in slope-intercept form an equation of the line that passes through

the given points. (Section 2.6)
43. (0, 0), (4, 4) 44. (−4, 9), (1, −1) 45. (−2, 1), (3, 1)

46. MULTIPLE CHOICE You buy a pair of gardening gloves for $2.25 and x packets
of seeds for $0.88 each. Which equation represents the total cost y ?
(Skills Review Handbook)
A y = 0.88x − 2.25 B y = 0.88x + 2.25
C y = 2.25x − 0.88 D y = 2.25x + 0.88

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 Extension
5.4 Special Functions
Lesson Tutorials

Key Vocabulary
piecewise function,
p. 232 Piecewise Function
step function, p. 233 A piecewise function is a function defined by two or more equations.
absolute value Each “piece” of the function applies to a different part of its domain.
function, p. 234 An example is shown below.
y
x − 2, if x ≤ 0 4
y=
2x + 1, if x > 0 3
COMMON 2
CORE ● The expression x − 2 gives the 1 y â 2x à 1, x  0
Functions value of y when x is less than or
Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 4 x
In this extension, you will equal to 0.
● graph piecewise, step, and y â x Ź 2, x a 0
absolute value functions. ● The expression 2x + 1 gives
Learning Standards the value of y when x is greater Ź4
F.BF.3
F.IF.1
than 0.
F.IF.2
F.IF.7b

EXAMPLE 1 Graphing a Piecewise Function

− x − 4, if x < 0
Graph y = . Describe the domain and range.
x, if x ≥ 0

Step 1: Graph y = −x − 4 for x < 0. 4

y

Because x is not equal to 0, 3

use an open circle at (0, −4). 2
1 yâx
Step 2: Graph y = x for x ≥ 0. Because
Ź4 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 4 x
x is greater than or equal to 0,
use a closed circle at (0, 0). Ź2

y â Źx Ź 4
The domain is all real numbers. Ź4
The range is y > −4.

Graph the function. Describe the domain and range.

x + 3, if x ≤ 0 x − 2, if x < 0 −3x − 2, if x ≤ 1
1. y = 2. y = 3. y =
−x, if x > 0 4x, if x ≥ 0 x + 1, if x > 1

1, if x < −3 −x + 2, if x ≤ −2
2x, if x < −1
4. y = 5. y = x − 1, if −3 ≤ x ≤ 3 6. y = 5, if −2 < x < 1
−2x, if x ≥ −1
−2, if x > 3 3x, if x ≥ 1

1 − x, if x ≤ 0
7. REASONING Does y = represent a function? Explain your reasoning.
x − 1, if x ≥ −2

232 Chapter 5 Linear Functions

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 EXAMPLE 2 Writing a Piecewise Function
Write a piecewise function for the graph. y
4
Each “piece” of the function is linear. 3
When x < 0, the graph is the line 2
1
given by y = x + 3.
Ź4 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 4 x
When x ≥ 0, the graph is the line
given by y = 2x − 1. Ź2
Ź3
Ź4
So, a piecewise function for the
Study Tip x + 3, if x < 0
graph is f (x) = .
2x − 1, if x ≥ 0
The graph of a step
function can look like
a staircase. A step function is a piecewise function defined by constant values over its
domain. The graph of a step function consists of a series of line segments.

EXAMPLE 3 Graphing a Step Function

You rent a karaoke machine for 5 days. The rental company charges
$50 for the first day and $25 for each additional day. Write and graph
a step function that represents the relationship between the number
of days x and the total cost of renting the karaoke machine.
Use a table to organize the information. Karaoke Machine Rental
Time Total 50, if 0 < x ≤ 1 y
(days) Cost < ≤ 175

Total cost (dollars)

75, if 1 x 2
150
0<x≤1 50 f (x) = 100, if 2 < x ≤ 3 125
1<x≤2 75 125, if 3 < x ≤ 4 100
2<x≤3 100 150, if 4 < x ≤ 5 75
50
3<x≤4 125
25
4<x≤5 150 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 x
Number of days

Write a piecewise function for the graph.

8. y 9. y 10. y
4 2 4
3 1 3
2
Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 4 x
1 1
Ź2
Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 4 x Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 4 x
Ź3
Ź2 Ź2

11. LANDSCAPING A landscaper rents a wood chipper for 4 days. The rental company
charges $100 for the first day and $50 for each additional day. Write and graph a step
function that represents the relationship between the number of days x and the total
cost of renting the chipper.
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 Absolute Value Function
Study Tip
An absolute value function has a f(x) â 
x 
y
The absolute value V-shaped graph that opens up or down.
function f (x) = ∣ x ∣
4

can be written as a The most basic absolute value function 3

piecewise function. is f (x) = ∣ x ∣. 2

1
−x, if x < 0 The absolute value of a number is
Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 4 x
f (x) = 0, if x = 0 always nonnegative. So, the range
x, if x > 0 of f (x) = ∣ x ∣ is y ≥ 0.

EXAMPLE 4 Graphing Absolute Value Functions

Graph each function. Compare the graph to the graph of y = ∣ x ∣.

Describe the domain and range.
a. y = ∣ x ∣ + 3
y â 
x  à 3 y
Step 1: Make a table of values. 8
7
Study Tip 6
x −2 −1 0 1 2
The function 5

y = ∣ x ∣ + 3 can be y 5 4 3 4 5 4
3
written as a piecewise
2
function. Step 2: Plot the ordered pairs. 1
−x + 3, if x < 0
f (x) =
x + 3, if x ≥ 0 Step 3: Draw the V-shaped graph. Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 4 x

The graph of y = ∣ x ∣ + 3 is a translation 3 units up of

the graph of y = ∣ x ∣. The domain is all real numbers.
The range is y ≥ 3.

b. y = ∣ x − 2 ∣

Step 1: Make a table of values.

y
6
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
4
y 2 1 0 1 2
3
2
Step 2: Plot the ordered pairs. 1 y â 
x Ź 2 
Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 4 5 x
Step 3: Draw the V-shaped graph.

The graph of y = ∣ x − 2 ∣ is a translation 2 units to the right

of the graph of y = ∣ x ∣. The domain is all real numbers. The
range is y ≥ 0.

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 EXAMPLE 5 Graphing Absolute Value Functions

Graph y = −—∣ x ∣. Compare the graph to the graph of y = ∣ x ∣.

1
2
Describe the domain and range.
Step 1: Make a table of values. y
3
2
x −2 −1 0 1 2 1

1 1 Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 2 3 4 x
y −1 −— 0 −— −1
2 2
Ź2
Ź3 1
y â Ź


x 
Step 2: Plot the ordered pairs. 2

Step 3: Draw the V-shaped graph.

The graph of y = −— ∣ x ∣ opens down and is wider than the graph

1
2
of y = ∣ x ∣. The domain is all real numbers. The range is y ≤ 0.

Graph the function. Compare the graph to the graph of y = ∣ x ∣. Describe the
domain and range.
12. y = ∣ x ∣ − 1 13. y = ∣ x ∣ + 5 14. y = ∣ x + 4 ∣

15. y = ∣ x − 3 ∣ 16. y = — ∣ x ∣ 17. y = −3∣ x ∣

1
4
18. y = ∣ x + 1 ∣ − 2 19. y = −∣ x − 5 ∣ + 1 20. y = 4∣ x ∣ − 4

Write an equation for the given translation of y = ∣ x ∣.

21. 7 units down 22. 10 units left
23. 1 unit down and 5 units right 24. 4 units up and 6 units left

25. REASONING Explain how the graph of each function compares to the graph
of y = ∣ x ∣ for positive and negative values of k, h, and a.
a. y = ∣ x ∣ + k b. y = ∣ x − h ∣ c. y = a∣ x ∣

Solve each equation using a graph. Check your solution.

26. ∣x−1∣=3 27. ∣ x + 2 ∣ − 6 = −1 28. 2∣ x + 7 ∣ = 4

29. STRUCTURE Rewrite the function y = ∣ x + 4 ∣ using piecewise notation.

−x + 5, if x ≤ 0
30. STRUCTURE Graph y = ∣ x ∣, if x > 0 . Describe the domain and range.

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 Comparing Linear and
5.5
Nonlinear Functions

How can you recognize when a pattern

in real life is linear or nonlinear?

1 ACTIVITY: Finding Patterns for Similar Figures

Work with a partner. Copy and complete each table for the sequence of
similar rectangles. Graph the data in each table. Decide whether each pattern
is linear or nonlinear.

2x

a. Perimeters of Similar Rectangles b. Areas of Similar Rectangles

x 1 2 3 4 5 x 1 2 3 4 5

P A
COMMON
CORE
P A
Functions
In this lesson, you will 40 40
● identify linear and

nonlinear functions 30
30
from tables or graphs.
Learning Standards
20 20
8.F.3
F.LE.1b
10 10

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x

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 2 ACTIVITY: Comparing Linear and Nonlinear Functions
Work with a partner. The table shows the height h (in feet) of a falling object
Math at t seconds.
Practice
Interpret ● Graph the data in the table.
Results ● Decide whether the graph is linear or nonlinear.
How do the graphs
● Compare the two falling objects. Which one has an increasing speed?
help you to answer
the question? a. Falling parachute jumper b. Falling bowling ball
Does your answer
make sense?
t 0 1 2 3 4 t 0 1 2 3 4

h 300 285 270 255 240 h 300 284 236 156 44

Parachute Jumper Bowling Ball

h h

240 240
Height (feet)
Height (feet)

180 180

120 120

60 60

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 t 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 t
Time (seconds) Time (seconds)

3. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How can you recognize when a pattern in real life
is linear or nonlinear? Describe two real-life patterns: one that is linear
and one that is nonlinear. Use patterns that are different from those
described in Activities 1 and 2.

Use what you learned about comparing linear and nonlinear

functions to complete Exercises 3 – 6 on page 240.

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 5.5 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials

Key Vocabulary The graph of a linear function shows a constant rate of change. A
nonlinear function does not have a constant rate of change. So, its
nonlinear function,
p. 238 graph is not a line.

EXAMPLE 1 Identifying Functions from Tables

Does the table represent a linear or nonlinear function? Explain.
a. +3 +3 +3 b. +2 +2 +2
Study Tip
x 3 6 9 12 x 1 3 5 7
A constant rate of
change describes a y 40 32 24 16 y 2 11 33 88
quantity that changes
by equal amounts over −8 −8 −8 +9 +22 +55
equal intervals.
As x increases by 3, y decreases As x increases by 2, y increases
by 8. The rate of change is by different amounts. The rate
constant. So, the function of change is not constant. So,
is linear. the function is nonlinear.

EXAMPLE 2 Identifying Functions from Graphs

Does the graph represent a linear or nonlinear function? Explain.
a. y b. y
3 3
2 2
1 1

−3 −2 1 2 3 x −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 x
−1 −1
−2
−3 −3

The graph is not a line. The graph is a line.

So, the function is nonlinear. So, the function is linear.

Does the table or graph represent a linear or nonlinear function?

Exercises 3–11 Explain.
1. x y 2. x y 3. y
3
2
0 25 2 8
7 20 4 4 −3 −2 1 2 3 x
−1
14 15 6 0 −2
−3
21 10 8 −4

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 EXAMPLE 3 Identify a Function from an Equation
Which equation represents a nonlinear function?
A y = 4.7 B y = πx
4
C y=— D y = 4(x − 1)
x

You can rewrite the equations y = 4.7, y = π x, and y = 4(x − 1) in

slope-intercept form. So, they are linear functions.
4
You cannot rewrite the equation y = — in slope-intercept form.
x
So, it is a nonlinear function.

The correct answer is C .

EXAMPLE 4 Real-Life Application

Account A earns simple interest. Account B earns compound interest.
Study Tip The table shows the balances for 5 years. Graph the data and compare
the graphs.
In Example 4, the initial
value of each function Savings Account
is $100.
y Account B
Account A Account B
Year, t 170

Balance (dollars)
Balance Balance 160
0 $100 $100 150
140
1 $110 $110
130
2 $120 $121 120 Account A
3 $130 $133.10 110
100
4 $140 $146.41
0
5 $150 $161.05 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 t
Year

Both graphs show that the balances are positive and increasing.
The balance of Account A has a constant rate of change of $10.
So, the function representing the balance of Account A is linear.
The balance of Account B increases by different amounts each year.
Because the rate of change is not constant, the function representing
the balance of Account B is nonlinear.

Does the equation represent a linear or nonlinear function? Explain.

Exercises 12–14 4x
4. y = x + 5 5. y=— 6. y = 1 − x2
3

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 5.5 Exercises
Help with Homework

1. VOCABULARY Describe how linear functions and nonlinear functions

are different.
2. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Which equation does not belong with the
other three? Explain your reasoning.

2
5y = 2x y = —x 10y = 4x 5xy = 2
5

6)=3
9+(- 3)=
3+(- 9)=
4+(- =
1)
9+(-

Graph the data in the table. Decide whether the function is linear or nonlinear.
1 3. 4.
x 0 1 2 3 x 1 2 3 4
y 4 8 12 16 y 1 2 6 24

5. 6. x −1 0 1 2
x 6 5 4 3

y 21 15 10 6 y −7 −3 1 5

Does the table or graph represent a linear or nonlinear function? Explain.

2 7. y 8. y
4 4
3 3
2 2
1

−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 4 x −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 x
−1
−2 −2
−3 −3
−4 −4

9. 10. x −3 −1 1 3
x 5 11 17 23

y 7 11 15 19 y 9 1 1 9

11. VOLUME The table shows the volume V (in cubic feet) of a cube with a side length
of x feet. Does the table represent a linear or nonlinear function? Explain.

Side Length, x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Volume, V 1 8 27 64 125 216 343 512

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 Does the equation represent a linear or nonlinear function? Explain.
8
3 12. 2x + 3y = 7 13. y + x = 4x + 5 14. y = —2
x
15. LIGHT The frequency y (in terahertz) of a light wave is a function of its
wavelength x (in nanometers). Does the table represent a linear or nonlinear
function? Explain.

Color Red
Red Yellow
Yell
llow
ow Green
Gree
een Blue
Blue Violet
Viiol
olet
let

Wavelength, x 660 595 530 465 400

Frequency, y 454 504 566 645 749

16. MODELING The table shows the cost y (in dollars) of x pounds of sunflower seeds.
a. What is the missing y-value that makes the table represent a
Pounds, x Cost, y linear function?
2 2.80 b. Write a linear function that represents the cost y of x pounds
3 ? of seeds.
4 5.60 c. What is the initial value of the function?
d. Does the function have a maximum value? Explain your reasoning.

17. TREES Tree A grows at a rate of 1.5 feet per year. The Years, x Height, h
table shows the height h (in feet) of Tree B after x years.
0 0
a. Does the table represent a linear or nonlinear 2 3.2
function? Explain. 5 8
b. Which tree is growing at a faster rate? Explain.

18. PRECISION The radius of the base of a cylinder is 3 feet. Is the volume of the
cylinder a linear or nonlinear function of the height of the cylinder? Explain.

19. The ordered pairs represent a function.

(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 9), and (4, 16)
a. Graph the ordered pairs and describe the pattern. Is the function
linear or nonlinear?
b. Write an equation that represents the function.

Find the square root(s). (Skills Review Handbook)

— — —
20. √ 49 21. −√ 36 22. ±√ 9

23. MULTIPLE CHOICE Which of the following equations has a slope of −2 and
passes through the point (2, 3)? (Section 2.6)
A y = −2x + 6 B y − 3 = −2(x + 2) C y = −2x + 7 D y − 2 = −2(x − 3)

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 5.6 Arithmetic Sequences

How are arithmetic sequences used to

describe patterns?

1 ACTIVITY: Describing a Pattern

Work with a partner.
● Use the figures to complete the table.
● Plot the points in your completed table.
● Describe the pattern of the y-values.

a. nâ1 nâ2 nâ3 nâ4 nâ5

y
12
10
8
6
Number of Rows, n 1 2 3 4 5 4
2
Number of Dots, y
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 n

b. nâ1 nâ2 nâ3 nâ4 nâ5

y
60
50
40
30
Number of Stars, n 1 2 3 4 5 20
10
Number of Sides, y 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 n
COMMON
CORE
Arithmetic Sequences
In this lesson, you will c. nâ1 nâ2 nâ3 nâ4 nâ5
● extend and graph
y
arithmetic sequences.
6
● write equations for
5
arithmetic sequences.
● solve real-life problems. 4
Learning Standards 3
F.BF.2 n 1 2 3 4 5 2
F.IF.3 1
F.LE.2 Number of Circles, y
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 n

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 2 ACTIVITY: Using a Pattern in Science to Predict
Work with a partner. In chemistry,
water is called H2O because each O H
molecule of water has 2 hydrogen H2O
H
atoms and 1 oxygen atom.
Molecule of Water
● Use the figures to complete the table.
● Describe the pattern of the y-values.
● Use your pattern to predict the number of atoms in 23 molecules.

nâ1 nâ2 nâ3 nâ4 nâ5

Number of Molecules, n 1 2 3 4 5

Number of Atoms, y

3 ACTIVITY: Writing a Story

Work with a partner.
Math
Practice ● Describe the pattern in the table.
e.
Make a Plan ● Write and illustrate a story using
g
What is your plan the numbers in the table.
for writing your
story? ● Graph the data shown in the table.
ble.

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
12 20 28 36 44 52 60 68 76 84 92 100

4. IN YOUR OWN WORDS How are arithmetic sequences used to describe

patterns? Give an example from real life.

Use what you learned about arithmetic sequences to complete

Exercise 3 on page 247.

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 5.6 Lesson
Lesson Tutorials

A sequence is an ordered list of numbers. Each number in a sequence is

Key Vocabulary called a term. Each term an has a specific position n in the sequence.
sequence, p. 244
term, p. 244 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, . . . , an, . . .
arithmetic sequence,
p. 244 1st position 3rd position nth position
common difference,
p. 244

Arithmetic Sequence
In an arithmetic sequence, the difference between consecutive terms
is the same. This difference is called the common difference. Each
term is found by adding the common difference to the previous term.

5, 10, 15, 20, . . . Terms of an arithmetic sequence

+5 +5 +5 Common difference

EXAMPLE 1 Extending an Arithmetic Sequence

Write the next three terms of the arithmetic sequence
−7, −14, −21, −28, . . ..
Use a table to organize the terms and find the pattern.

Position 1 2 3 4

Term −7 −14 −21 −28 Each term is 7 less than

the previous term. So, the
+(−7) +(−7) +(−7) common difference is −7.

Add −7 to a term to find the next term.

Position 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Term −7 −14 −21 −28 −35 −42 −49

+(−7) +(−7) +(−7)

The next three terms are −35, −42, and −49.

Write the next three terms of the arithmetic sequence.

Exercises 13 –18 3 1 1
1. −12, 0, 12, 24, . . . 2. 0.2, 0.6, 1, 1.4, . . . 3. 4, 3—, 3—, 3—, . . .
4 2 4

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 EXAMPLE 2 Graphing an Arithmetic Sequence
Graph the arithmetic sequence 4, 8, 12, 16, . . .. What do you notice?
Make a table. Then plot the ordered pairs (n, an).

an
Position, n Term, an
16
(4, 16)
1 4 14
12
(3, 12)
2 8 10
8
3 12 (2, 8)
6
4
4 16 2
(1, 4)
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 n

The points of the graph lie on a line.

Write the next three terms of the arithmetic sequence. Then graph
Exercises 25–28 the sequence.
4. 3, 6, 9, 12, . . . 5. 4, 2, 0, −2, . . . 6. 1, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, . . .

Because consecutive terms of an arithmetic sequence have a common

difference, the sequence has a constant rate of change. So, the points
of any arithmetic sequence lie on a line. You can use the first term and
the common difference to write a linear function that describes an
arithmetic sequence.

Position, n Term, an Written using a1 and d Numbers

1 first term, a1 a1 4
2 second term, a2 a1 + d 4+4=8
3 third term, a3 a1 + 2d 4 + 2(4) = 12
4 fourth term, a4 a1 + 3d 4 + 3(4) = 16
…

n nth term, an a1 + (n – 1)d 4 + (n − 1)(4)

Equation for an Arithmetic Sequence

Let an be the nth term of an arithmetic sequence with first term a1 and
common difference d. The nth term is given by
an = a1 + (n − 1)d.

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 EXAMPLE 3 Writing an Equation for an Arithmetic Sequence
Write an equation for the nth term of the arithmetic sequence
Study Tip 14, 11, 8, 5, . . .. Then find a50.

Notice that the The first term is 14 and the common difference is −3.
equation in Example 3
is of the form an = a1 + (n − 1)d Equation for an arithmetic sequence
y = mx + b, where y an = 14 + (n − 1)(−3) Substitute 14 for a1 and −3 for d.
is replaced by an and
x is replaced by n. an = −3n + 17 Simplify.

Use the equation to find the 50th term.

an = −3n + 17 Write the equation.
a50 = −3(50) + 17 Substitute 50 for n.
= −133 Simplify.

EXAMPLE 4 Real-Life Application

O
Online bidding for a purse increases Bid Number 1 2 3
$
$5 for each bid after the $60 initial bid.
Bid Amount $60 $65 $70
a. Write an equation for the nth term of the arithmetic sequence.
The first term is 60 and the common difference is 5.
an = a1 + (n − 1)d Equation for an arithmetic sequence
an = 60 + (n − 1)5 Substitute 60 for a1 and 5 for d.
an = 5n + 55 Simplify.
Check
an b. The winning bid is $90. How many bids were there?
95
90
(7, 90) Use the equation to find the value of n for which an = 90.
85 an = 5n + 55 Write the equation.
80
75 90 = 5n + 55 Substitute 90 for an.
70
65
35 = 5n Subtract 55 from each side.
60
(1, 60) 7=n Divide each side by 5.
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 n
There were 7 bids.

Write an equation for the nth term of the arithmetic sequence.

Then find a25.
Exercises 33–38
7. 4, 5, 6, 7, . . . 8. 8, 16, 24, 32, . . . 9. −2, −1, 0, 1, . . .
10. WHAT IF? In Example 4, the winning bid is $105. How many bids
were there?

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 5.6 Exercises Help with Homework

1. VOCABULARY How do you find the common difference of an arithmetic

sequence?
2. WRITING How are the graphs of arithmetic sequences and linear functions
similar? How are they different?

6)=3
9+(- 3)=
3+(- 9)=
4+(- =
1)
9+(-

Use the figures to complete the table. Then describe the pattern of the y-values.
3. nâ1 nâ2 nâ3 nâ4

Number of Quarters, n 1 2 3 4

Number of Cents, y

Write the next three terms of the arithmetic sequence.

4. First term: 2 5. First term: 18 6. First term: 0
1
Common difference: 11 Common difference: 3.5 Common difference: 4—
2

Find the common difference of the arithmetic sequence.

7. 5, 10, 15, 20, . . . 8. 16.1, 14.1, 12.1, 10.1, . . . 9. 100, 125, 150, 175, . . .
1 1
10. 3, 3 —, 4, 4 —, . . . 11. 6.5, 5, 3.5, 2, . . . 12. 350, 500, 650, 800, . . .
2 2

Write the next three terms of the arithmetic sequence.

1 13. 10, 13, 16, 19, . . . 14. 1, 12, 23, 34, . . . 15. 16, 21, 26, 31, . . .
5 2 1 1
16. 60, 30, 0, −30, . . . 17. 1.3, 1, 0.7, 0.4, . . . 18. —, —, —, —, . . .
6 3 2 3

19. PATTERN Write a sequence to

represent the number of smiley
faces in each group. Is the
sequence arithmetic? Explain.

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 Determine whether the sequence is arithmetic. If so, find the common difference.
20. 13, 26, 39, 52, . . . 21. 5, 9, 14, 20, . . .
22. 6, 12, 24, 48, . . . 23. 69, 75, 81, 87, . . .

✗
24. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct
the error in finding the common difference 2, 1, 0, −1, . . .
of the arithmetic sequence.
+1 +1 +1
The common difference is 1.

Write the next three terms of the arithmetic sequence. Then graph the sequence.
2 25. 7, 6.4, 5.8, 5.2, . . . 26. −15, 0, 15, 30, . . .
1 5 3 7
27. —, —, —, —, . . . 28. −1, −3, −5, −7, . . .
2 8 4 8

29. NUMBER SENSE The first term of an arithmetic

sequence is 3. The common difference of the
sequence is 1.5 times the first term. Write the
next three terms of the sequence. Then graph
the sequence.

30. DOMINOES The first row of a dominoes display has

10 dominoes. Each row after the first has two more
dominoes than the row before it. Write the first five
terms of the sequence that represents the number
of dominoes in each row. Then graph the sequence.

31. ZOO A zoo charges $8 per person for admission.

Number of Visits
a. Copy and complete the table. Cost
in One Year
b. Do the costs in your table show an arithmetic
1 $8
sequence? If so, graph the sequence.
c. What is the cost for one person to visit 2
the zoo six times? 3
d. An annual family pass costs $130. How many
4
times does a family of five have to visit the zoo
for the annual pass to be the better deal? Explain.

32. REPEATED REASONING Firewood is stacked in a pile. The bottom row has
20 logs and the top row has 14 logs. Each row has one more log than the row
above it. How many logs are in the pile?

Write an equation for the nth term of the arithmetic sequence. Then find a10.
3 33. −5, −4, −3, −2, . . . 34. −3, −6, −9, −12, . . .
1 1
35. —, 1, 1—, 2, . . . 36. 10, 11, 12, 13, . . .
2 2
1 2 3 4
37. −10, −20, −30, −40, . . . 38. —, —, —, —, . . .
7 7 7 7

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 39. MOVIE REVENUE A movie earns $100 million the first
week it is released. The movie earns $20 million less
each additional week. Write an equation for the
nth term of the arithmetic sequence.

40. REASONING Are the terms of an arithmetic sequence

independent or dependent? Explain your reasoning.

41. SPEED On a highway, you take 3 seconds to increase your speed from
32 to 35 miles per hour. Your speed increases the same amount each second.
a. Write the first four terms of the sequence that represents your speed each second.
b. Write an equation that describes the arithmetic sequence.
c. The speed limit is 65 miles per hour. What is the domain of the function?

42. OPEN-ENDED Write the first four terms of two different arithmetic sequences with
a common difference of −3. Write an equation for the nth term of each sequence.

43. REASONING Is the domain of an arithmetic sequence

discrete or continuous? Describe the types of numbers
in the domain.

44. EARTH DAY You and a group of friends take turns planting
2 trees each at a campsite. After the first person plants
2 trees, there are 12 trees at the campsite.
a. Write an equation for the nth term of the sequence.
b. What do you notice about the slope given by the equation
and the common difference of the sequence?
c. After 8 more people plant trees, how many trees are
at the campsite?

45. The number of births in a country each minute after midnight

January 1st can be estimated by the sequence in the table.
a. Write an equation for the nth term of Minutes after Midnight
1 2 3 4
the sequence. January 1st
b. Is the domain discrete or continuous? Babies Born 5 10 15 20
c. Explain how to use your function to estimate the number of births in a day.

Solve the system of linear equations by graphing. (Section 4.1)

46. y = 2x 47. y = −2x + 6 48. y + x = 0
1 1
y = 3x + 2 y = —x − 3 y + 2 = −— x
4 2

49. MULTIPLE CHOICE What expression is equivalent to 45? (Skills Review Handbook)
A ⋅
4 5 B ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
4 4 4 4 C 54 D ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
4 4 4 4 4

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 5.4 – 5.6 Quiz
Progress Check

Evaluate the function when x = −4, 0, and 2. (Section 5.4)

1
1. f (x) = x − 2 2. g(x) = 7x + 3 3. h(x) = −— x + 5
4

Graph the function. Compare the graph to the graph of f (x) = 4x. (Section 5.4)
4. g(x) = 4x + 1 5. h(x) = 4x − 2 6. n(x) = 4x − 6

Graph the function. Compare the graph to the graph of y = ∣ x ∣. Describe the
domain and range. (Section 5.4)
7. y = ∣ x ∣ + 2 8. y = ∣ x − 6 ∣ 9. y = 2∣ x ∣

Does the table or graph represent a linear or nonlinear function? Explain.

(Section 5.5)
10. y 11. y 12.
4 4 x y
3 3
2 2
0 3
1 3 0
x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 x −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 6 3
−1 −1
−2 −2
9 6

Write an equation for the nth term of the arithmetic sequence. Then find a15.
(Section 5.6)
13. 5, 6, 7, 8, . . . 14. −3, −2, −1, 0, . . .

15. 4, 8, 12, 16, . . . 16. −1.5, −0.5, 0.5, 1.5, . . .

17. HIGH-SPEED RAIL A high-speed passenger train travels at 110 miles per
hour. The function d(x) = 1375 − 110x represents the distance (in miles)
the train is from its destination after x hours. How far is the train from
its destination after 8 hours? (Section 5.4)

18. CHICKEN SALAD The equation y = 7.9x represents the cost y (in dollars)
of buying x pounds of chicken salad. Does this equation represent a
linear or nonlinear function? Explain. (Section 5.5)

19. PHONE BILL The table shows your phone bill for each minute over your
plan limit. (Section 5.6)

a. Write an equation for the nth term of the Extra Minute 1 2 3

arithmetic sequence.
Phone Bill $40.40 $40.85 $41.30
b. Your phone bill is $45.35. How many extra
minutes were billed to your account?

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 5 Chapter Review
Vocabulary Help

Review Key Vocabulary

function, p. 204 Vertical Line Test, p. 209 step function, p. 233
domain, p. 204 discrete domain, p. 212 absolute value function, p. 234
range, p. 204 continuous domain, p. 212 nonlinear function, p. 238
independent variable, p. 204 linear function, p. 218 sequence, p. 244
dependent variable, p. 204 function notation, p. 226 term, p. 244
relation, p. 208 piecewise function, p. 232 arithmetic sequence, p. 244
common difference, p. 244
Review Examples and Exercises
5.1 Domain and Range of a Function (pp. 202–209)

Find the domain and range of the function represented by the graph.
Write the ordered pairs. Identify the inputs and outputs. y
3
inputs 2
(−2, −3), (0, −1), (2, 1), (4, 3) 1

outputs −2 −1 1 2 3 4 x
−1
−2
The domain is −2, 0, 2, and 4.
−3
The range is −3, −1, 1, and 3.

Find the domain and range of the function represented by the graph.
1. y 2. y
3 2
2 1
1
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 x
−1
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 x
−1
−2 −3
−3 −4

5.2 Discrete and Continuous Domains (pp. 210–215)

A yearbook costs $19.50. The graph shows Yearbooks

the cost y of x yearbooks. Is the domain
y
discrete or continuous? 60
Cost (dollars)

(3, 58.5)
50
Because you cannot buy part of a yearbook, 40
the graph consists of individual points. (2, 39)
30
(1, 19.5)
20
So, the domain is discrete. 10
(0, 0)
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
Number of yearbooks

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 Graph the function. Is the domain discrete or continuous?
3. Hours, x 0 1 2 3 4 4. Stamps, x 20 40 60 80 100
Miles, y 0 4 8 12 16 Cost, y 8.4 16.8 25.2 33.6 42

5.3 Linear Function Patterns (pp. 216–221)

Use the graph to write a linear function that relates y to x.

The points lie on a line. Find the slope and y-intercept 3
y (2, 3)
of the line. 2
(1, 1)
1
change in y 3−1 2
slope = — = — = — = 2
change in x 2 − 1 1 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 x
(0, −1)
Because the line crosses the y-axis at (0, −1), −2

the y-intercept is −1. (−1, −3)

So, the linear function is y = 2x − 1.

Use the graph or table to write a linear function that relates y to x.

5. y 6. x −2 0 2 4
4
3
y −7 −7 −7 −7
2
1

Ź6 Ź5 Ź4 Ź3 Ź2 Ź1 1 2 3 x
Ź1

5.4 Function Notation (pp. 224–235)

Evaluate f (x) = 3x − 20 when x = 4.

f (x) = 3x − 20 Write the function.

f (4) = 3(4) − 20 Substitute 4 for x.

= −8 Simplify.

Evaluate the function when x = −5, 0, and 2.

7. f (x) = 5x + 12 8. g(x) = −1.5x − 1 9. h(x) = 7 − 3x
10. Compare the graph of f (x) = −3x − 1 to the graph of g(x) = −3x.
11. Compare the graph of y = ∣ x ∣ + 1 to the graph of y = ∣ x ∣.

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 5.5 Comparing Linear and Nonlinear Functions (pp. 236–241)

Does the table represent a linear or nonlinear function? Explain.

a. +2 +2 +2 b. +5 +5 +5

x 0 2 4 6 x 0 5 10 15
y 0 1 4 9 y 50 40 30 20

+1 +3 +5 −10 −10 −10

As x increases by 2, y increases As x increases by 5, y decreases

by different amounts. The rate by 10. The rate of change is
of change is not constant. So, constant. So, the function
the function is nonlinear. is linear.

Does the table represent a linear or nonlinear function? Explain.

12. 13.
x 3 6 9 12 x 1 3 5 7

y 1 10 19 28 y 3 1 1 3

5.6 Arithmetic Sequences (pp. 242–249)

Write an equation for the nth term of the arithmetic sequence

−3, −5, −7, −9, . . .. Then find a20.

The first term is −3 and the common difference is −2.

an = a1 + (n − 1)d Equation for an arithmetic sequence

an = −3 + (n − 1)(−2) Substitute −3 for a1 and −2 for d.

an = −2n − 1 Simplify.

Use the equation to find the 20th term.

a20 = −2(20) − 1 Substitute 20 for n.

= −41 Simplify.

Write an equation for the nth term of the arithmetic sequence.

Then find a30.
14. 11, 10, 9, 8, . . . 15. 6, 12, 18, 24, . . . 16. −9, −7, −5, −3, . . .

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 5 Chapter Test
Test Practice

1. Find the domain and range of the 2. Graph the function. Is

I the
th domain
d i
function represented by the graph. discrete or continuous?
y
6 Minutes, x Gallons, y
5 0 60
4
5 45
3
2 10 30
1 15 15
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 x

3. Use the graph to write a linear 4. Does the table represent a linear
function that relates y to x. or nonlinear function? Explain.
y
2 x 0 2 4 6
1
y 8 0 −8 −16
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 x
−1
−2
−3
−4

Evaluate the function when x = −3, 0, and 6.

5. f (x) = 9x − 10 6. g(x) = 2.5x + 5 7. h(x) = 15 − 3x

8. Compare the graph of h(x) = 5x + 2 to the graph of f (x) = 5x.

9. Compare the graph of y = ∣ x + 3 ∣ − 2 to the graph of y = ∣ x ∣.

−x, if x ≤ 0
10. Graph f(x) = . Describe the domain and range.
x + 5, if x > 0

Write an equation for the nth term of the arithmetic sequence. Then find a25.
11. 6, 12, 18, 24, . . . 12. −6, −5, −4, −3, . . . 13. 3, 1, −1, −3, . . .

14. FOOD DRIVE You are putting cans of food into boxes for a food drive. One
box holds 30 cans of food. Write a linear function using function notation
that represents the number of cans of food that will fit in x boxes. Is the
domain discrete or continuous?

15. SEATING The first row of a theater has 20 seats. Each

row after the first has two more seats than the row
before it. Write an equation for the number of seats
in the nth row. How many seats are in row 20?

16. SURFACE AREA A function relates the surface area S (in square inches) of a cube to
the side length x (in inches) of the cube. Is the function linear or nonlinear? Explain.

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 5 Standards Assessment
Test-Takin
g Strateg
y
1. The domain of the function y = 0.2x − 5 is Work Bac
kwards
5, 10, 15, 20. What is the range of this function?
(8.F.1)

A. 20, 15, 10, 5 C. 4, 3, 2, 1

B. 0, 5, 10, 15 D. −4, −3, −2, −1

2. A toy runs on a rechargeable battery. During

use, the battery loses power at a constant
rate. The percent P of total power left in the
battery after x hours can be found using the “Work b
a
equation shown below. When will the battery and 4. Y ckwards by try
ou will s ing 1, 2
e ,3
be fully discharged? (A.REI.3) So, D is e that 3(4) = 1 ,
correct. 2.
”
P = −0.25x + 1

F. After 4 hours of use

G. After 1 hour of use

H. After 0.75 hour of use

I. After 0.25 hour of use

3. A limousine company charges a fixed cost for a limousine and an hourly rate for its
driver. It costs $500 to rent the limousine for 5 hours and $800 to rent the limousine
for 10 hours. What is the fixed cost, in dollars, to rent the limousine? (8.F.4)

4. Which graph shows a nonlinear function? (F.LE.1b)

A. y C. y
3 3
2
1 1

−3 −2 O 1 2 3 x −3 −2 O 1 2 3 x

−2 −2
−3 −3

B. y D. y
3 3
2 2
1 1

−3 −2 O 1 2 3 x −3 −2 1 2 3 x

−2
−3

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 1
5. The equations y = −x + 4 and y = — x − 8 form a system of linear equations.
2
The table below shows the y value for each equation at six different values of x.
(A.REI.6)

x 0 2 4 6 8 10
y = −x + 4 4 2 0 −2 −4 −6
1
y = —x − 8 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3
2

What can you conclude from the table?

F. The system has one solution, when x = 0.

G. The system has one solution, when x = 4.

H. The system has one solution, when x = 8.

I. The system has no solution.

6. The temperature fell from 54 degrees Fahrenheit to 36 degrees Fahrenheit over a

six-hour period. The temperature fell by the same number of degrees each hour.
How many degrees Fahrenheit did the temperature fall each hour? (A.CED.1)

7. What is the domain of the function graphed in the coordinate plane below? (8.F.1)
y
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

−5 −4 −3 −2 O 2 3 4 5 x

−2

A. 0, 1, 2, 3 C. −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3

B. −2, −1, 2, 7 D. −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 7

8. What value of w makes the equation below true? (A.REI.3)

w
— = 3(w − 1) − 1
3

3 3
F. — H. —
2 4

5 1
G. — I. —
4 2

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 9. What is the slope of the line shown in the graph below? (F.IF.6)
y
6
(−4, 5)
5
4
3
2
1

−5 −4 −3 −2 1 2 3 x

−2
(1, −3)
−3
−4

2 8
A. −— C. −—
5 5
2 8
B. −— D. −—
3 3

1
10. A line with a slope of — passes through the point (6, 1). What is the equation of
3
the line? (A.CED.2)
1
F. y = — x H. x − 3y = 3
3
1
G. y = — x + 1 I. x + 3y = 3
3

11. The tables show how the perimeter and Side

area of a square are related to its side 1 2 3 4 5 6
Length
length. Examine the data in the table.
Perimeter 4 8 12 16 20 24
(F.LE.1b)

Side
1 2 3 4 5 6
Part A Does the first table show a Length
linear function? Explain Area 1 4 9 16 25 36
your reasoning.

Part B Does the second table show a linear function? Explain your reasoning.

12. In many states, you must be at least 14 years old to operate a personal
watercraft. Which inequality represents this situation? (A.CED.1)
A. y > 14 C. y ≥ 14

B. y < 14 D. y ≤ 14

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