UNIT – 1

Unit-I Introduction: Historical development ,Vision of Cloud Computing, Characteristics of

cloud computing as per NIST , Cloud computing reference model ,Cloud computing
environments, Cloud services requirements, Cloud and dynamic infrastructure, Cloud
Adoption and rudiments .Overview of cloud applications: ECG Analysis in the cloud, Protein
structure prediction, Gene Expression Data Analysis ,Satellite Image Processing ,CRM and
ERP ,Social networking.

 INTRODUCTION OF CLOUD COMPUTING:

Cloud computing is the on-demand availability of computer system resources, especially data
storage and computing power, without direct active management by the user.
Cloud computing (also called simply, the cloud) describes the act of storing, managing and
processing data online - as opposed to on your own physical computer or network.

 Cloud computing is the delivery of different services through the Internet. These
resources include tools and applications like data storage, servers, databases, networking,
and software.

 Cloud Computing Providers: Major cloud service providers are Cisco, Citrix, Google,
IBM (SoftLayer), Oracle, Microsoft (Azure), and SAP, Rackspace, Verizon etc.

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  Features of Cloud Computing
 Virtual: Imagine racks of servers, humming along in a data center.
 Scalable: Cloud are super flexible, giving you what you need at the moment
 Secure: Create a private cloud on dedicated hardware.
 Affordable: get the greatest cost savings in the public cloud.

 Benefits of Cloud Computing

These are the Benefits of Cloud Computing
 Flexibility: Cloud-based services are ideal for businesses with growing or fluctuating
bandwidth demands. If your needs increase then you can easily to scale up your cloud
capacity.
 Improved Mobility: Data and applications are available to employees no matter where they
are in the world. Workers can take their work anywhere via smart phones.
 Cost Effective: Due to cloud computing companies don’t have to spend significant money on
hardware, facilities, utilities and other aspects of operations.
 Always on Availability: Most cloud providers are extremely reliable in providing their
services. The connection is always on and as long as workers have an internet connection,
they can get to the applications they need. Some applications even work off-line.
 Collaboration: Cloud applications improve collaboration by allowing dispersed groups of
people to meet virtually and easily share information in real time and via shared storage. This
capability can reduce time-to-market and improve product development and customer service.

 CHARACTERISTICS OF CLOUD COMPUTING AS PER NIST

The NIST definition lists five essential characteristics of cloud computing: on-demand self-
service, broad network access, resource pooling, rapid elasticity or expansion, and measured
service. It also lists three "service models" (software, platform and infrastructure), and four
"deployment models" (private, community, public and hybrid) that together categorize ways
to deliver cloud services.
 Types of Cloud Computing
Cloud computing means storing and accessing data or applications over the Internet. There
are three types of cloud computing.
 Public Cloud Computing
 Private Cloud Computing
 Hybrid Cloud Computing

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 CLOUD COMPUTING REFERENCE MODEL
Cloud Computing reference model is divided into 3 major service models:
1. Software as a Service (SaaS)
2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
3. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

 SaaS:

SaaS stands for Software as a Service, provides a facility to the user to use the software
from anywhere with the help of an internet connection.
 In SaaS, cloud providers host and manage the software application on a pay-as-you-
go pricing model
 Users: End Customers
A service provider delivers software and applications through the internet. Users subscribe to
the software and access it via the web or vendor APIs.

 PaaS

PaaS stands for Platform as a Service, this service providing the facility to make,
publish, and customize the software in the hosted environment.
 PaaS provides cloud platforms and runtime environments to develop, test and manage
software
 Users: Software Developers
A service provider offers access to a cloud-based environment in which users can build and
deliver applications. The provider supplies underlying infrastructure.

 IaaS

IaaS stands for Infrastructure as a Service, Using this service the user can use IT
hardware and software just by paying the basic price of it.
 IaaS is a cloud service that provides services on “pay-for-what-you-use” basis
 IaaS providers include Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure and Google Compute
Engine
 Users: IT Administrators

A vendor provides clients pay-as-you-go access to storage, networking, servers and other
computing resources in the cloud.

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 CLOUD SERVICE REQUIREMENTS
1. Efficiency / cost reduction
2. Data security
3. Scalability
4. Mobility
5. Disaster recovery
6. Control
7. Market reach
8. Automatic Software Updates

 CLOUD AND DYNAMIC INFRASTRUCTURE

Cloud and dynamic infrastructure refer to two interconnected concepts in the field of
information technology and computing.

 CLOUD INFRASTRUCTURE: Cloud infrastructure refers to the collection of

hardware, software, and network resources that are provided as services over the internet.
Instead of maintaining physical servers and infrastructure on-premises, organizations can
leverage cloud computing services to store data, run applications, and deliver various
computing resources on-demand.
Cloud infrastructure is typically managed by cloud service providers (e.g., Amazon
Web Services, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud Platform) and offers scalability,
flexibility, and cost efficiency to businesses.

Cloud infrastructure is typically composed of the following components:

 Virtualization: Cloud infrastructure uses virtualization techniques to create virtual
instances of servers, storage, and networks. Virtualization enables efficient resource
allocation and utilization by allowing multiple virtual machines (VMs) or containers
to run on a single physical server.
 Storage: Cloud infrastructure provides scalable and reliable storage options for
storing data. It may include object storage, block storage, and file storage services.
 Compute: Cloud infrastructure offers computing resources in the form of virtual
machines (VMs) or containers. Users can provision and manage these compute
resources as needed, scaling up or down based on demand.
 Networking: Cloud infrastructure provides networking capabilities to connect and
secure resources within the cloud environment. It includes virtual networks, load
balancers, firewalls, and other networking components.
 Management Tools: Cloud infrastructure is accompanied by management tools that
enable users to monitor, provision, and control their cloud resources. These tools
facilitate automation, orchestration, and administration of the cloud infrastructure.

 DYNAMIC INFRASTRUCTURE: Dynamic infrastructure refers to an IT

infrastructure that can adapt and scale based on varying workload demands.
It leverages cloud computing principles and technologies to dynamically allocate
computing resources, optimize performance, and meet changing requirements.

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 The key features of dynamic infrastructure include:
 Scalability: Dynamic infrastructure enables the seamless scaling of computing
resources, allowing businesses to accommodate fluctuating workloads. It can
automatically provision additional resources when demand increases and deprovision
them when demand decreases.
 Elasticity: Similar to scalability, elasticity refers to the ability of infrastructure to
automatically adjust resource allocation in real-time. It ensures that the right amount
of resources is available to handle workload variations, optimizing performance and
cost efficiency.
 Automation: Dynamic infrastructure relies heavily on automation to provision,
configure, and manage resources. Automated processes and tools enable rapid
resource provisioning, reduce human error, and improve overall operational
efficiency.
 Self-Service Provisioning: Dynamic infrastructure often provides self-service
capabilities, allowing users to request and provision resources on-demand without the
need for manual intervention from IT personnel.
 Orchestration: Dynamic infrastructure incorporates orchestration tools to manage
and coordinate various resources and services in a unified manner. Orchestration
ensures smooth interactions between different components of the infrastructure and
helps automate complex workflows.

 CLOUD ADOPTION AND RUDIMENTS

Cloud Adoption is a strategic move by organizations of reducing cost, mitigate risk, and
achieving scalability of database capabilities. Cloud adoption may be up to various
degrees in an organization, depending on the depth of adoption. In fact, the depth of
adoption yields insight into the maturity of best practices, and enterprise-ready cloud
services availability.
Cloud adoption means adopting a service or technology from another cloud service
provide.
1. Here Cloud means the environment of cloud where the cloud services are being
operated.
2. Adoption term states that accepting the services of new Technology.
3. Adoption means following some kind of new trend or existing trend or a technology.
4. This Cloud adoption is suitable for low priority business applications.
5. It supports some interactive applications that combine two or more data sources.
6. For example:-if a marketing company requires to grow his business in the whole
country in a short span of time then it must need a quick promotion or short
promotion across the country.
7. Cloud Adoption is useful when the recovery management, backup recovery based
implementations are required.
8. By considering the above key points we conclude that it is only suitable for the
applications that are modular and loosely coupled.
9. It will work well with research and development projects.
10. It means the testing of new services, design models and also the applications that can
be get adjusted on small servers.
11. Applications which require different level of infrastructure throughout the day or
throughout the month should be deployed through the cloud.
12. The applications whose demand is unknown can also be deployed using clouds.

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 Benefits of cloud adoption:
1. Data security
2. Increased resource sharing
3. Flexibility
4. Business agility
5. Facilitates innovation
6. Great efficiency at lower price
7. Better collaboration
8. Better backup

 ECG ANALYSIS IN THE CLOUD

ECG (Electrocardiogram) analysis in the cloud refers to the utilization of cloud
computing resources and services to process and analyze ECG data.

1. Data Collection and Storage:

 ECG data can be collected using wearable devices, monitoring systems, or medical
equipment.
 The collected data is securely transmitted to the cloud for storage and further analysis.
 Cloud storage services provide a scalable and reliable platform to store large volumes
of ECG data.

2. Data Preprocessing:
 ECG data often requires preprocessing before analysis to remove noise, artifacts, and
baseline wander.
 Cloud-based preprocessing techniques can be applied to the raw ECG data using
algorithms for filtering, signal enhancement, and normalization.
 Preprocessed ECG data is stored or transmitted to subsequent analysis modules.

3. Signal Processing and Analysis:

 Cloud-based signal processing algorithms can be applied to analyze ECG data for
various purposes, such as arrhythmia detection, heart rate variability analysis, and
ischemia detection.
 Cloud resources provide the computational power and scalability needed for complex
signal processing tasks.
 Machine learning and data mining techniques can be employed in the cloud to train
models and perform automated analysis on ECG data.

4. Real-time Monitoring and Alerting:

 Cloud platforms enable real-time monitoring of ECG data streamed from wearable
devices or monitoring systems.
 Cloud-based algorithms can continuously analyze the incoming ECG data to detect
abnormalities or critical events.
 In case of any anomalies or predefined thresholds being crossed, the cloud system can
generate alerts or notifications to healthcare providers or patients.
5. Collaboration and Integration:
 Cloud-based ECG analysis allows for seamless collaboration among healthcare
professionals, researchers, and data scientists.
 Multiple users can access and analyze the same ECG data simultaneously, enabling
collaborative diagnosis and research.
 Integration with electronic health record (EHR) systems or telemedicine platforms can
facilitate the exchange of ECG data and analysis results between healthcare providers
and patients.

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 6. Security and Privacy:
 Cloud providers implement robust security measures to protect sensitive ECG data,
including encryption, access controls, and compliance with healthcare data protection
regulations.
 Compliance with standards such as HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and
Accountability Act) ensures the privacy and security of patient health information.

Cloud-based ECG analysis offers several advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages:
1. Scalability: Cloud resources can be scaled up or down based on demand,
accommodating varying workloads efficiently.
2. Cost Efficiency: Pay-as-you-go model eliminates upfront infrastructure costs, resulting
in potential cost savings.
3. Accessibility and Remote Collaboration: Enables remote access to data and analysis
tools, facilitating collaboration among healthcare professionals and researchers.
4. Advanced Computing Power: Access to powerful computing resources enables faster
processing and analysis of ECG data.
5. Real-time Monitoring and Alerts: Allows for real-time monitoring of ECG data and
prompt detection of abnormalities or critical events.

Disadvantages:
1. Dependency on Internet Connectivity: Requires a stable and reliable internet
connection for accessing cloud resources.
2. Security and Privacy Concerns: Raises concerns regarding the security and privacy of
sensitive ECG data stored and processed in the cloud.
3. Data Transfer and Compliance: Uploading large volumes of ECG data to the cloud
may require significant bandwidth and compliance with data protection regulations.
4. Vendor Dependency: Reliance on third-party cloud service providers can impact
availability and performance.
5. Data Ownership and Control: Organizations need clear agreements to maintain
control over data ownership, control, and data portability.

 GENE EXPRESSION DATA ANALYSIS

Gene: A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes, which are made up
of DNA, act as instructions to make molecules, such as proteins. In humans, genes vary in
size from a few hundred DNA bases to more than 2 million bases.

Gene expression: Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used
in the synthesis of a functional gene product, such as proteins.

 SATELLITE IMAGE PROCESSING

Satellite Image Processing is an important field in research and development and consists
of the images of earth and satellites taken by the means of artificial satellites. Firstly, the
photographs are taken in digital form and later are processed by the computers to extract the
information. Statistical methods are applied to the digital images and after processing the
various discrete surfaces are identified by analyzing the pixel values. The satellite imagery is
widely used to plan the infrastructures or to monitor the environmental conditions or to
detect the responses of upcoming disasters. In broader terms we can say that the Satellite
Image Processing is a kind of remote sensing which works on pixel resolutions to collect
coherent information about the earth surface. Majorly there are four kinds of resolutions
associated with satellite imagery. These are:

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  Spatial resolution – It is determined by the sensors Instantaneous Field of View(IFoV)
and is defined as the pixel size of an image that is visible to the human eye being
measured on the ground. Since it has high resolving power or the ability to separate and
hence is termed as Spatial Resolution.
 Spectral resolution – This resolution measures the wavelength internal size and
determines the number of wavelength intervals that the sensor measures.
 Temporal resolution – The word temporal is associated with time or days and is defined
as the time that passes between various imagery cloud periods.
 Radiometric resolution – This resolution provides the actual characteristics of the
image and is generally expressed in bits size. It gives the effective bit depth and records
the various levels of brightness of imaging system.

 CLOUD APPLICATIONS: CRM AND ERP

 CRM: CRM stands for Customer Relationship Management and is software that is
hosted in cloud so that the users can access the information using internet. CRM software
provides high level of security and scalability to its users and can be easily used on
mobile phones to access the data.

Now a days, many business vendors and service providers are using these CRM
software to manage the resources so that the user can access them via internet. Moving
the business computation from desktop to the cloud is proving a beneficial step in both
the IT and Non-IT fields. Some of the major CRM vendors include Oracle Siebel,
Mothernode CRM, Microsoft Dynamics CRM, Infor CRM, SAGE CRM, NetSuite
CRM.
Advantages: Few advantages of using CRM are as follows:
 High reliability and scalability
 Easy to use
 Highly secured
 Provides flexibility to users and service providers
 Easily accessible

 ERP: ERP is an abbreviation for Enterprise Resource Planning and is a software similar
to CRM that is hosted on cloud servers which helps the enterprises to manage and
manipulate their business data as per their needs and user requirements. ERP software
follows pay per use methodologies of payment, that is at the end of the month, the
enterprise pay the amount as per the cloud resources utilized by them.
There are various ERP vendors available like Oracle, SAP, Epicor, SAGE, Microsoft
Dynamics, Lawson Softwares and many more.

Advantages: Few advantages of using ERP softwares are:

 Cost effective
 High mobility
 Increase in productivity
 No security issues
 Scalable and efficient

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Some of the tools for gene expression analysis are
1. AltAnalyze
2. Dchip
3. GeWorkbench 2.5.1 from NCI.
4. Babelomics suit
5. Myrna

Important Features of Cloud Computing

 Low Cost
 Storage capacity
 Low cost of IT infrastructure
 Increase computing power
 Reduce Software Costs
 Updating
 High Speed

1. Low Cost: After using cloud computing to run cloud technology, users don't require
high power computer & technology as because the application will run on the cloud and
not on users' PC.
2. Storage capacity: The Cloud storage capacity is unlimited & generally offers a huge
storage capacity of 2000-3000 GBs or more based on the requirement.
3. High Speed: Cloud computing allows you to deploy your service quickly in fewer
clicks. This faster deployment allows you to get the resources required for your system
within fewer minutes.
4. Reduce Software Costs: Cloud minimizes the software costs as users don't need to
purchase software for organizations or every computer.
5. Updating: Instant software update is possible & users don't have to face the choice
problem between obsolete & high-upgrade software.
6. Increase computing power: Cloud servers have a very high-capacity of running and
processing tasks as well as the processing of applications.
7. Low cost of IT infrastructure: As discussed earlier, the investment will be less if an
organization uses Cloud technology; even the IT staffs and server engineers are also not
required.

Uses of Cloud Computing

 E-Learning
 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
 Backup
 E-Governance
 Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) and platform as a service (PaaS)
 Private cloud and hybrid cloud
 Test and Development
 Big data Analytics
 File Storage
 Disaster Recovery
 Resolve Downtime and Load Balancing Problems
 24*7 Availability and Performance Oriented Infrastructure

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Benefits of Cloud Computing
Cloud Computing is one of the most dominant field of computing resources online because
sharing and management of resources is easy using cloud. These are the Benefits of Cloud
Computing
 Lower IT infrastructure and computer costs for users
 Improved performance
 Fewer Maintenance issues
 Instant software updates
 Improved compatibility between Operating systems
 Backup and recovery
 Performance and Scalability
 Increased storage capacity
 Increase data safety

1. Flexibility: Cloud-based services are ideal for businesses with growing or fluctuating
bandwidth demands. If your needs increase then you can easily to scale up your cloud
capacity.
2. Improved Mobility: Data and applications are available to employees no matter where
they are in the world. Workers can take their work anywhere via smart phones.
3. Cost Efective: Due to cloud computing companies don’t have to spend significant
money on hardware, facilities, utilities and other aspects of operations.
4. Always on Avalibillity: Most cloud providers are extremely reliable in providing their
services. The connection is always on and as long as workers have an internet
connection, they can get to the applications they need . Some applications even work off-
line.
5. Collaboration: Cloud applications improve collaboration by allowing dispersed groups
of people to meet virtually and easily share information in real time and via shared
storage. This capability can reduce time-to-market and improve product development
and customer service.

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