700 Essential Neurology Checklists - 1st Edition

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700 Essential Neurology Checklists

Ibrahim Imam, FRCP

First edition published 2022
by CRC Press
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ISBN: 9781032117294 (hbk)
ISBN: 9781032076232 (pbk)
ISBN: 9781003221258 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/​9781003221258
Typeset in Minion
by Newgen Publishing UK
Contents

Preface xxii
Acknowledgements and dedication xxiii
Introduction xxiv

CHAPTER 1 DISORDERS OF COGNITION AND CONSCIOUSNESS 1

Cognitive symptoms and signs 2

Cortical release phenomena 2
Confabulation 2
Pathological laughter 3
Aphasia: classification 3
Akinetic mutism 4
Delirium (acute confusional state) 5
Delirium: risk factors 5
Delirium: clinical features 5
Delirium: differential diagnosis 6
Delirium: management 6
Dementia presentations 7
Reversible dementia 7
Rapidly progressive dementia 7
Young-​onset dementia: causes 8
Subacute encephalopathy: causes 8
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) 9
Alzheimer’s disease (AD): risk factors 9
Alzheimer’s disease (AD): clinical features 9
Alzheimer’s disease (AD): preventative measures 10
Alzheimer’s disease (AD): non-​drug treatments 10
Alzheimer’s disease (AD): drug treatments 11
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) 12
Behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTLD): clinical features 12
Primary progressive aphasia (PPA): non-​fluent variant (nfvPPA) 12
Primary progressive aphasia (PPA): logopenic variant (lvPPA) 13
Amnestic syndromes 14
Acute amnestic syndromes 14
Subacute and chronic amnestic syndromes 14
Transient global amnesia (TGA): risk factors and triggers 15
Transient global amnesia (TGA): clinical features 15
Transient global amnesia (TGA): differential diagnosis 16
Encephalopathy 17
Wernicke’s encephalopathy: clinical features 17
Wernicke’s encephalopathy: MRI features 17
Korsakoff syndrome 18

v
vi Contents

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES): clinical features 18

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES): risk factors 19
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES): differentials 19
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES): management 20
Osmotic demyelination disorders (ODD): causes 20
Osmotic demyelination disorders (ODD): clinical features 21
Osmotic demyelination disorders (ODD): management 21
Transient loss of consciousness (TLOC) 22
Transient loss of consciousness (TLOC): causes 22
Transient loss of consciousness (TLOC): clinical features 22
Transient loss of consciousness (TLOC): differentials 23

CHAPTER 2 EPILEPSY 24

Seizure risk factors 25

Seizures: medical risk factors 25
Seizures: drug-​induced 25
Seizures: risks for recurrence 26
Seizures: clinical features 27
Seizures: typical features 27
Seizures: differential diagnosis 27
Febrile seizures (FS): clinical features 28
Transient epileptic amnesia (TEA) 28
Post-​ictal psychosis of epilepsy 29
Myoclonus 30
Myoclonus: classifications and differentials 30
Myoclonus: neurological causes 30
Myoclonus: drug-​induced 31
Myoclonus: systemic causes 31
Major epilepsy types 32
Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) 32
Eyelid myoclonia with absences (Jeavon’s syndrome) 32
Juvenile absence epilepsy (JAE) 33
Idiopathic generalised epilepsy (IGE) 33
Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME): clinical features 34
Generalised epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+) 35
Temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (TLE-​HS): features 35
Frontal lobe epilepsy: clinical features 36
Occipital lobe epilepsy 36
Status epilepticus 37
Convulsive status epilepticus: clinical features 37
Convulsive status epilepticus: management 37
Non-​convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE): clinical features 38
Refractory status epilepticus (RSE): classification 38
Super refractory status epilepticus (SRSE) 39
Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) 40
Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP): subject-​related risk factors 40
Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP): risk factors 40
Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP): clinical indicators 41
Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP): management 41
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CHAPTER 3 SLEEP DISORDERS 42

Narcolepsy 43
Narcolepsy: clinical features 43
Narcolepsy: differential diagnosis 43
Narcolepsy: investigations 44
Narcolepsy: treatment of hypersomnia 44
Narcolepsy: treatment of cataplexy 45
Insomnia 46
Insomnia: causes 46
Insomnia: clinical features 46
Insomnia: non-​drug treatments 47
Insomnia: drug treatments 47
Hypersomnia 48
Central hypersomnias: classification 48
Central hypersomnia: drug treatments 48
Idiopathic hypersomnia: clinical features 49
Idiopathic hypersomnia: management 49
REM sleep parasomnias 50
REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD): risk factors 50
REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD): clinical features 50
REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD): management 51
Anti-IgLON5 antibody syndrome: clinical features 51
Anti-IgLON5 antibody syndrome: management 52
Exploding head syndrome (EHS) 52
Non-​REM sleep parasomnias 53
Confusional arousals 53
Sleep walking (somnambulism) 53
Sleep talking (somniloquy) 54

CHAPTER 4 MOVEMENT DISORDERS 55

Parkinsonism 56
Parkinson’s disease (PD): neurological risk factors 56
Parkinson’s disease (PD): systemic risk factors 56
Parkinson’s disease (PD) genetics: classification 57
Parkinson’s disease (PD): bradykinesia 57
Parkinson’s disease (PD): resting tremor 58
Parkinson’s disease (PD): freezing of gait 58
Parkinson’s disease (PD): differential diagnosis 59
Parkinson’s disease (PD): treatment of motor features 59
Multiple system atrophy (MSA): clinical features 60
Multiple system atrophy (MSA): investigations 60
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP): clinical features 61
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP): differential diagnosis 62
Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB): clinical features 62
Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB): investigations 63
Corticobasal degeneration (CBD): clinical features 63
Corticobasal degeneration (CBD): diagnosis 64
Dystonia 65
DYT1: Early onset primary dystonia 65
DYT5: Dopa-​responsive dystonia (DRD): clinical features 65
DYT8: Paroxysmal non-​kinesigenic dyskinesia 1 (PNKD1) 66
DYT11: Myoclonus dystonia: clinical features 67
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DYT12: Rapid onset dystonia-​parkinsonism (RDP) 67

Cervical dystonia: clinical features 68
Cervical dystonia: management 68
Wilson’s disease: neurological features 69
Wilson’s disease: management 69
Tremor 70
Tremors: medical causes 70
Essential tremor (ET): tremor features 70
Essential tremor (ET): non-​tremor features 71
Essential tremor (ET): drug treatment 71
Ataxia 72
Friedreich’s ataxia (FA): clinical features 72
Friedreich’s ataxia (FA): monitoring 73
Friedreich’s ataxia (FA): treatment 73
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA 1) 74
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) 74
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3): clinical features 75
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6) 75
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 (SCA7) 76
Episodic ataxia type 1 (EA1) 76
Episodic ataxia type 2 (EA2) 77
Episodic ataxia (EA): differential diagnosis 77
Sporadic adult onset ataxia: neurological causes 78
Sporadic adult onset ataxia: systemic causes 78
Chorea 79
Chorea: neurological causes 79
Chorea: systemic causes 79
Chorea: management 80
Huntington’s disease (HD): clinical features 80
Huntington’s disease (HD): differential diagnosis 81
Huntington’s disease (HD): treatment 81
Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD): clinical features 82
Dentatorubral pallidolyusian atrophy (DRPLA) 82
Miscellaneous movement disorders 83
Tic disorders: causes 83
Tourette syndrome: clinical features 83
Tardive dyskinesia: clinical features 84
Serotonin syndrome: causes 84
Serotonin syndrome: clinical features 85
Restless legs syndrome (RLS): risk factors and causes 85
Restless legs syndrome (RLS): drug treatments 86
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS): causes and risk factors 86
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS): clinical features 87
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS): management 87
Painful legs moving toes (PLMT) 88

CHAPTER 5 NEUROINFLAMMATORY AND AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS 89

Multiple sclerosis 90
Multiple sclerosis (MS): non-​modifiable risk factors 90
Multiple sclerosis (MS): modifiable risk factors 90
Multiple sclerosis (MS): classification 91
Multiple sclerosis (MS): typical neurological features 92
Multiple sclerosis (MS): other neurological features 92
Multiple sclerosis (MS): systemic features 93
 Contents ix

Multiple sclerosis (MS): differential diagnosis 93

Clinically isolated syndromes (CIS): predictors of conversion to MS 94
Radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS): predictors of conversion to MS 94
Multiple sclerosis (MS): symptomatic treatments 95
Disease modifying treatments (DMTs): types 95
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) 96
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO): central neurological features 96
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO): systemic features 97
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO): clinical differentials and prognosis 97
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO): differentials of LETM 98
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO): long-​term immunosuppression treatment 98
Other neuroinflammatory disorders 99
Anti-​MOG antibody disorders: phenotypes 99
Neurosarcoidosis: cranial features 100
Neurosarcoidosis associated myelopathy 100
Neurosarcoidosis: MRI features 101
Neurosarcoidosis: treatment 101
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML): risk factors 102
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML): clinical features 102
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML): investigations 103
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML): management 103
Autoimmune encephalitis 104
Anti-LGI1 VGKC autoimmune encephalitis: clinical features 104
Anti-LG1 VGKC autoimmune encephalitis: faciobrachial dystonic seizures 104
Anti-CASPR2 VGKC autoimmune encephalitis: clinical features 105
Anti-CASPR2 VGKC autoimmune encephalitis: management 105
Anti-NMDAR autoimmune encephalitis: clinical features 106
Anti-NMDAR autoimmune encephalitis: investigations 106
Anti-NMDAR autoimmune encephalitis: treatment 107
Anti-AMPAR autoimmune encephalitis 107
Peripheral autoimmune disorders 108
Neuromyotonia: clinical features 108
Morvan’s syndrome 108
Anti-​GAD syndromes: phenotypes 109
Stiff person syndrome (SPS): clinical features 109
Stiff person syndrome (SPS): variants 110
Stiff person syndrome (SPS): treatment 110

CHAPTER 6 INFECTIONS 111

Viral infections 112

Viral encephalitis: aetiological indicators 112
Viral encephalitis: management 112
HIV associated neurological syndromes: classification 113
HIV associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND): clinical features 113
HIV associated neuropathy (HAN) 114
Rabies encephalitis: clinical features 114
Rabies encephalitis: virology and management 115
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection: central features 115
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection: peripheral features 116
Varicella zoster (VZV) vasculopathy 116
Varicella zoster (VZV) vasculopathy: management 117
Dengue virus infection (DENV): neurological features 117
Dengue virus infection (DENV): ophthalmological features 118
Dengue virus infection (DENV): systemic features 118
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West Nile virus (WNV) infection: central features 119

West Nile virus (WNV) infection: peripheral and systemic features 119
Coronavirus (SARS-​CoV-​2) infection: systemic features 120
Coronavirus (SARS-​CoV-​2) infection: central vascular features 120
Coronavirus (SARS-​CoV-​2) infection: central non-​vascular features 121
Coronavirus (SARS-​CoV-​2) infection: cranial nerve disorders 121
Coronavirus (SARS-​CoV-​2) infection: peripheral features 122
Bacterial infections 123
Bacterial meningitis: clinical features 123
Bacterial meningitis: management 124
Tuberculous meningitis (TBM): clinical features 124
Tuberculous meningitis (TBM): CSF analysis 125
Tuberculous meningitis (TBM): treatment 125
Lyme neuroborreliosis: clinical features 126
Neurosyphilis: clinical features 126
Neurosyphilis: management 127
Tetanus: clinical features 128
Tetanus: treatment 128
Parasitic infections 129
Parasitic infections of the nervous system: classification 129
Cerebral malaria: pathology and clinical features 129
Cerebral malaria: investigations and treatment 130
Post malaria neurological syndrome (PMNS) 130
Neurocysticercosis: parenchymal type 131
Neurocysticercosis: extraparenchymal (racemose) type 131
Neurocyticercosis: management 132
Toxoplasmosis: clinical features 133
Toxoplasmosis: management 133
Fungal infections 134
Fungal infections of the nervous system: classification 134
Cryptococcal meningitis: clinical features 134
Cryptococcal meningitis: management 135
Aseptic, recurrent, and chronic meningitis 136
Aseptic meningitis: causes 136
Recurrent meningitis: causes 136
Chronic meningitis: causes 137

CHAPTER 7 HEADACHE 138

Migraine 139
Migraine: non-​modifiable risk factors 139
Migraine: modifiable risk factors 139
Migraine: triggers 140
Migraine auras 140
Migraine: headache features 141
Ophthalmoplegic migraine 141
Retinal migraine 142
Vestibular migraine 142
Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) 143
Status migrainosus 143
Migraine acute drugs: analgesics and anti-​emetics 144
Triptans: types and clinical use 144
CGRP receptor antagonists (CGRP-​Ras): general aspects 145
Lasmiditan 146
 Contents xi

Migraine non-​drug treatments 146

Migraine prophylactic drugs: classification 147
Migraine prophylaxis: CGRP monoclonal antibodies (CGRP mAbs) 147
Trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias 148
Cluster headache (CH): causes 148
Cluster headache (CH): clinical features 148
Cluster headache (CH): acute treatment 149
Cluster headache (CH): transitional prophylaxis 150
Cluster headache (CH): chronic drug prophylaxis 150
Paroxysmal hemicrania (PH) 151
Hemicrania continua (HC) 151
Long lasting autonomic symptoms with associated hemicrania (LASH) 152
SUNCT: causes and triggers 152
SUNCT: clinical features 153
SUNCT: treatment 153
Intracranial pressure headaches 154
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH): typical clinical features 154
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH): variant types 154
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH): medical differentials 155
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH): drug differentials 155
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH): MRI features 156
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH): medical treatment 156
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH): shunting 157
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH): other surgical treatments 157
Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH): clinical features 158
Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH): MRI features 158
Post dural puncture headache (PDPH): clinical features 159
Post dural puncture headache (PDPH): management 159
Other headache types 160
Tension type headache (TTH): clinical features 160
Tension type headache (TTH): treatment 160
Medication overuse headache (MOH): clinical features 161
Medication overuse headache (MOH): treatment 161
Thunderclap headache (TCH) 162
Exertional headache 162
Sexual headache 163
New persistent daily headache (NPDH) 163

CHAPTER 8 VASCULAR DISORDERS 164

Ischaemic stroke features 165

Transient ischaemic attacks (TIA): clinical features 165
Transient ischaemic attacks (TIA): investigations 165
Transient ischaemic attacks (TIA): treatment 166
Ischaemic stroke: genetic risk factors 166
Ischaemic stroke: medical risk factors 167
Ischaemic stroke: social and environmental risk factors 167
Ischaemic stroke: differential diagnosis 168
Ischaemic stroke complications: classification 168
Cryptogenic stroke: potential causes 169
Embolic stroke: risk factors 169
Embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS): potential causes 170
Spinal cord infarction (SCI): risk factors and causes 170
Posterior circulation stroke: causes 171
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Posterior circulation stroke: clinical features 171

Stroke in the young: vascular causes 172
Stroke in the young: systemic causes 172
Stroke treatment 173
Ischaemic stroke: acute treatment outline 173
Thrombolysis: clinical use 173
Thrombolysis: contraindications 174
Thrombectomy: clinical use 174
Secondary stroke prevention 175
Stroke rehabilitation 176
Haemorrhagic stroke 177
Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH): causes and risk factors 177
Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH): complications 177
Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH): acute medical treatment 178
Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH): causes 179
Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH): clinical features 180
Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH): medical treatment 180
Vascular malformations 181
Cerebral aneurysms: risk factors for formation 181
Cerebral aneurysms: clinical features 181
Cerebral aneurysms: screening 182
Cerebral aneurysms: treatments 182
Arteriovenous malformations (AVM): clinical features 183
Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF): clinical features 183
Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF): management 184
Vasculopathies 185
Cervical artery dissection (CAD): causes and risk factors 185
Cervical artery dissection (CAD): clinical features 186
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA): clinical features 186
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA): radiological features 187
Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS): causes 188
Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS): clinical features 188
Primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS): clinical features 189
Primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS): radiological differentials 189
CADASIL: clinical features 190
CADASIL: management 190
Venous disorders 191
Cerebral vein thrombosis (CVT): haematological risk factors 191
Cerebral vein thrombosis (CVT): non-​haematological risk factors 191
Cerebral vein thrombosis (CVT): clinical features 192
Cerebral vein thrombosis (CVT): investigations 192
Cerebral vein thrombosis (CVT): anticoagulant treatment 193
Cavernous sinus syndrome (CSS) 193

CHAPTER 9 CRANIAL NERVES 194

Optic nerve 195

Optic neuropathy: medical causes 195
Optic neuropathy: infectious causes 195
Optic neuropathy: toxic and drug-​induced 196
Optic neuropathy: clinical features 196
Optic neuritis: clinical features 197
Optic neuritis: differential diagnosis 197
Optic atrophy: genetic causes 198
Optic atrophy: non-​genetic causes 198
 Contents xiii

Trigeminal nerve 199

Trigeminal neuropathy: causes 199
Trigeminal neuralgia (TN): clinical features 199
Trigeminal neuralgia (TN): management 200
Facial nerve 201
Bell’s palsy: clinical features 201
Bell’s palsy: differential diagnosis 201
Bell’s palsy: management 202
Ramsay Hunt syndrome (RHS) 202
Post herpetic neuralgia (PHN) 203
Other cranial nerves 204
Anosmia: causes 204
Oculomotor nerve palsy: clinical features 204
Trochlear nerve palsy: causes 205
Abducens nerve palsy: neurological causes 205
Abducens nerve palsy: systemic causes 206
Abducens nerve palsy: brainstem syndromes 206
Vagus nerve palsy: causes 207
Vagus nerve palsy: clinical features 207
Dysphonia: causes 208
Deafness: genetic causes 208
Deafness: acquired causes 209
Hypoglossal nerve palsy: causes 209
Hypoglossal nerve palsy: clinical features 210
Cranial nerve associated disorders 211
Painful ophthalmoplegia: causes 211
Supranuclear gaze palsy: causes 211

CHAPTER 10 SPINAL CORD DISORDERS 212

Myelopathy 213
Acute transverse myelitis (ATM): infectious and inflammatory causes 213
Acute transverse myelitis (ATM): other causes 213
Cervical compressive myelopathy: clinical features 214
Non-​compressive myelopathy: neurological causes 214
Myelopathy with normal MRI scan 215
Spastic paraparesis 216
Spastic paraparesis: causes 216
Spastic paraparesis: investigations 216
Spinal cord tumours 217
Spinal cord tumours: classification 217
Spinal cord tumours: clinical features and management 217
Metastatic cord compression 218
Spinal canal stenosis 219
Spinal canal stenosis: clinical features and management 219
Spinal canal stenosis: differential diagnosis 220

CHAPTER 11 ANTERIOR HORN CELL DISORDERS 221

Motor neurone disease 222

Motor neurone disease (MND): major genetic risk factors 222
Motor neurone disease (MND): non-​genetic risk factors 222
Motor neurone disease (MND): neuromuscular features 223
Motor neurone disease (MND): other features 224
Motor neurone disease (MND): diagnostic criteria 224
Motor neurone disease (MND): differential diagnosis 225
xiv Contents

Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS): clinical features 226

Progressive muscular atrophy (PMA) 226
Flail arm syndrome (FAS) variant motor neurone disease (MND) 227
C9orf72 variant motor neurone disease (MND): clinical features 227
C9orf72 variant motor neurone disease (MND): investigations 228
Riluzole 228
Edaravone 229
Motor neurone disease (MND): neurological symptomatic treatments 229
Motor neurone disease (MND): systemic symptomatic treatments 230
Motor neurone disease (MND): supportive care 230
Spinal muscular atrophy 231
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA): classification 231
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA): types I-​IV 231
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA): general treatments 232
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA): gene therapy 232
Other anterior horn cell disorders 233
Monomelic amyotrophy: pathology and epidemiology 233
Monomelic amyotrophy: clinical features 233
Monomelic amyotrophy: management 234
Kennedy disease (SBMA): clinical features 234
Kennedy disease (SBMA): genetics and management 235
Post-​polio syndrome (PPS): clinical features 235
Post-​polio syndrome (PPS): differentials and management 236

CHAPTER 12 ROOT AND PLEXUS DISORDERS 237

Radiculopathy 238
Radiculopathy: causes 238
Cervical radiculopathy: clinical features 238
Cervical radiculopathy: differential diagnosis 239
Lumbosacral radiculopathy: clinical features 239
Lumbosacral radiculopathy: differential diagnosis 240
Lumbosacral polyradiculopathy 240
Cauda equina syndrome (CES) 241
Elsberg syndrome 241
Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS): causes and risk factors 242
Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS): clinical features 242
Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS): provocative tests 243
Plexopathy 244
Brachial plexopathy: causes 244
Brachial neuralgia: risk factors 244
Brachial neuralgia: clinical features 245
Lumbosacral plexopathy: causes 245
Lumbosacral radiculoplexus neuropathy 246

CHAPTER 13 PERIPHERAL NERVE DISORDERS 247

Neuropathy causes 248

Demyelinating peripheral neuropathy (PN): causes 248
Hereditary peripheral neuropathy (PN): causes 248
Peripheral neuropathy (PN) with nerve hypertrophy 249
Peripheral neuropathy (PN) with spasticity 249
Axonal neuropathy 250
Chronic idiopathic axonal polyneuropathy (CIAP): differential diagnoses 250
 Contents xv

Small fiber neuropathy: causes 250

Drug-​induced peripheral neuropathy (PN): causes 251
Systemic vasculitic peripheral neuropathy (PN): causes 251
Sensory neuronopathy: causes 252
Acquired demyelinating neuropathy 253
Guillain–Barre syndrome (GBS): non-​infective triggers 253
Guillain–Barre syndrome (GBS): clinical features 253
Guillain–Barre syndrome (GBS): complications 254
Guillain–Barre syndrome (GBS): differential diagnoses 254
Guillain–Barre syndrome (GBS): treatment 255
CIDP: clinical features 255
CIDP: associated disorders 256
CIDP: investigations 256
CIDP treatment: IVIg 257
CIDP treatment: immunosuppressants 257
Multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN): clinical features 258
Hereditary neuropathies 259
Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease 1A (CMT1A) 259
Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease 2A (CMT2A) 259
Familial TTR amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP TTR): clinical features 260
Familial TTR amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP TTR): treatment 260
HNPP: clinical features 261
Paraproteinaemic neuropathy 262
IgG and IgA MGUS paraproteinaemic neuropathy 262
IgM anti-​MAG paraproteinaemic neuropathy: clinical features 262
CANOMAD paraproteinaemic neuropathy 263
Paraproteinaemic neuropathy: management 264
Mononeuropathies 265
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS): causes and risk factors 265
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS): clinical features 265
Cubital tunnel syndrome: causes and risk factors 266
Cubital tunnel syndrome: clinical features 266
Ulnar neuropathy: anomalous anastomoses 267
Sciatic neuropathy: causes 267
Sciatic neuropathy: clinical features 268
Common peroneal neuropathy: causes 268
Common peroneal neuropathy: clinical features 269
Long thoracic nerve palsy: causes 269
Long thoracic nerve palsy: occupational risks 270
Scapula winging: causes 270
Scapula winging: clinical features 271
Foot drop: causes 271
Foot drop: localisation 272
Diaphragmatic paralysis: neurological causes 272
Diaphragmatic paralysis: systemic causes 273
Diaphragmatic paralysis: clinical features 273
Phrenic nerve palsy 274
Mononeuropathy multiplex: causes 274

CHAPTER 14 NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION DISORDERS 275

Myasthenia gravis: general features 276

Myasthenia gravis (MG): classification 276
Myasthenia gravis (MG): drug triggers 276
Myasthenia gravis (MG): non-​drug triggers 277
Myasthenia gravis (MG): differential diagnosis 277