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Design and Implementation of an IoT Based Home Energy Monitoring System

Conference Paper · November 2022

DOI: 10.1109/ITED56637.2022.10051192

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 2022 5th Information Technology for Education and Development (ITED)

Design and Implementation of an IoT Based Home Energy Monitoring System

1
Abdul-Waliyi O. Muhammed, 2Victor Oisamoje, 3Henry E. Amhenrior, 4Edekin M. J. Evbogbai,
5
Vincent K. Abanihi, 6Lawal O. Bello and 7Chukwuemeka C. Obasi
1,2,3,4,5,6
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Edo State University Uzairue, Uzairue, Nigeria.
7
Department of Computer Engineering
Edo State University Uzairue, Uzairue, Nigeria.

demands that we monitor energy usage in our homes to be

Abstract – This paper presents “The Design and Implementation able to control it.
of an IoT Based Monitoring System for Home Energy From the foregoing, there is a need to accurately monitor
consumption”. The system monitors appliances by providing load consumption by the loads in our homes to enable the
real-time, energy usage, and other data and has the capability of
wireless disconnection and connection of loads. The methodology prudent management of the available electricity in our homes.
consists of PZEM-004T meter module for consumption pulse The objective of this work is to monitor and control the energy
measurement, which the ESP8266EX Microcontroller records. consumption in a residential home in dual mode namely
This microcontroller requests updates every second and manages through wireless means in real-time and in the offline mode.
unit consumption and other meter activities. This information is This home energy monitoring system is developed for
transmitted to the ThingSpeak cloud platform and later monitoring and managing complex energy in a home system
visualised with High-chart. The software aspect of this work is in
two-fold namely the programming of the microcontroller in C++ and also applicable in industries. The technology enables
to achieve the monitoring functionality of the system and the detailed tracking of the energy flow from the point of entry
development of communication command using C++ and HTML. into the consumer’s premises to end-user device and the
The result of the test carried out shows a range of 1 to 5seconds intelligent energy monitoring system is connected to an online
taken by the system in switching appliances depending on the cloud platform to visualize the usage of energy. The values
network mode. The results show that the system is good for measured are logged systematically and can be consulted in
monitoring energy consumption in a home especially in dual
mode - wireless and offline, as such, it allows users to use energy real-time and after an event.
judiciously by providing real-time consumption data. The In order to use electricity wisely, users should be alerted in
prototype of the IoT-based home energy monitoring system real-time on their energy consumption. With the help of this
worked satisfactorily and it is dependable and efficient for use in method, consumers will be less likely to complain about
homes. excessive or improper electricity bill amounts to power
distribution firms. Additionally, this IoT-based home energy
Index Terms - Energy Module, IoT, Energy Monitoring,
monitoring system has the ability to turn off any piece of
Microcontroller, C++, HTML.
electrical equipment, detecting and correct power factor.
I. INTRODUCTION
II. LITERATURE REVIEW.
Energy availability and usage is a major issue in
Nigeria. This is so because of the inadequacy of power supply Smart energy meter provided intelligent management
in the country and the cost of buying energy particularly of energy consumption by monitoring usage among other
electricity consumption. In order to be able to meet with the features such as automatic recharge according to [1] and [2].
energy demand of most homes in Nigeria, several sources of There are many advantages of smart energy meter among
electricity such as public power supply; the use of private other are comfort, energy efficiency, energy management,
generators and solar power supply through inverter is a adaptation, context-awareness, occupant comfort, adaptive
common practice in most Nigerian homes. This do not come energy consumption management, as observed in [3] which
without a cost, as some of the energy sources such as solar proposed smart meters for smart buildings.
through inverter requires huge capital for setup while the Smart meters are quite beneficial. Most of the equipment in
running cost of others such as the generator and public power our household platforms is susceptible to electrical failures,
supply is high especially as the price of fossil fuel which the which will cost a lot to replace. Therefore, an appropriate
generators depend on is on the increase. Again, most energy system is necessary that functions as an extra layer of safety to
users are not able to keep track of their energy usage in real- the equipment by identifying an early electric surge and
time and offline. This usually leads to wastage of energy that delivering a warning via portable devices, thereby lowering
would have been available to someone else or that would have the danger of tragedy.
been available for use at another time. The development of energy monitoring system for homes
With the advent of prepaid meters, the consciousness of the has evolved over the years. Smart plug devices as presented by
need to be judicious with electricity usage came to limelight [4] and [5] used technologies such as zigbee and wifi to
for the fact that one has to pay for electricity before usage and communicate monitored energy parameters remotely.
in the event that one runs out of credit (unit), such person is Alternative approach was the use of GSM-based energy
usually left without electricity supply. This consciousness monitoring system as proposed in [6] and [7], and internet of
things-based system as proposed in [8]and [9] with special
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 2022 5th Information Technology for Education and Development (ITED)

features of tracking excessive use of appliance and circuitry (TP4056). Two 3.7v rechargeable lithium-ion battery
regulating the cost of energy consumption in the home. The is connected to the TP4056 module. The module's output is
development of IoT version by [10] provided a full distributed to the control circuits: the relays, liquid crystal
automation, which automatically monitored supply, display, the ESP8266EX Microcontroller, and the DS18B2
consumption and other parameters between energy consumers temperature sensor. The power supply circuit is shown in Fig.
and supplier without intermediary. 2.
According to available literature under review, the interface N
of IoT-based smart meters with the cloud and big data L
analytics integrated feature for predicting usage of energy by
appliances was observed in [11] is the current direction of FU2 TR1
SW1
research. The present research intends to implement an IoT- 1A

based smart meter with the ability to detect power factor.

220-240V L1

III. MATERIALS AND METHOD 2 POLE BREAKER

TRAN-2P2S
This system is an embedded system, consisting of 12V
POWER INPUT TO
INDICATOR PZEM-004T
hardware and software components. Figure 1 is a block
diagram representation of the hardware sub-system. VOUT
+5V
VIN VOUT VIN
TP4056 BAT+
BAT-
Gnd Gnd Gnd
470uF 470uF Gnd GND
LM2596

Fig. 2. Power Supply circuit

2) Power unit module and microcontroller Interface

It consists of a meter module (PZEM-004T) for
consumption pulse measurement, which the ESP8266EX
Microcontroller records. This microcontroller requests updates
every second and manages unit consumption and other meter
Fig. 1. System Hardware Block Diagram activities. It sends this data over the internet to the Thing-
Speak platform and then uses the High-chart platform for
A. Hardware Implementation
visualization.
1) Power circuit The ESP8266EX Micro-controller is this system's brain that
The hardware block diagram of the design is shown in sends out all triggering signals to control other peripheral
Figure 1. Starting from the mains input, which is from the components. It was chosen for this project because of its
public power supply such as the power distribution companies. numerous advantages such as the Wi-Fi capability, loss
As 220/240V enters the system, the power goes through the amount, compactness in size and memory.
input power indicator light (Red), and then the earth wire goes The PZEM-004T meter module is great for measuring A.C.
to the terminal block, which is distributed to the transformer power sources, with a 0.5% measurement accuracy for
and the output load for earthing purposes. From the indicator voltage, current, active power, vibrant energy, frequency and a
light, power goes to the two-pole 30A molded case circuit 1% power factor. Other benefits are a small size and the speed
breaker (MCCB) breaker. From the breaker, power goes to the at which the meter relays this data to the Microcontroller. Fig.
step-down transformer and contactor input. A 1A fuse is 2 shows the interface connections between the
placed in series with the live input of the transformer, and the microcontrollers and the peripherals.
neutral is connected to the neutral terminal block dim ray. The 3) The Energy Measurement Module (PZEM-004T)
step-down transformer drops the voltage from the mains to Connections.
12V, 1.5A. This PZEM-004T Multi-function AC Energy meter is
The transformer output is transmitted to a bridge popular in electrical consumption measurement projects, and it
rectification circuit (Four 1N4001 connected in a bridge can measure four interrelated electrical variables Voltage,
configuration), and an LED is connected in series with a 1k Current, power, frequency, energy and power factor. The
resistor to the circuit. The rectification circuit (D.C. voltage) module easily interfaces with Arduino and other hardware
connects two polarized electrolytic capacitors (407micro farad using the code library.
25volts). The capacitor Voltage goes to an adjustable bulk The RX. and TX pins of ESP8266ES are connected to the
D.C. to D.C. chopper (LM2596). The negative output of the TX and RX pins of the PZEM-004T meter. The meter ground
chopper goes to the 5v cooling fan, while the positive goes to pin is connected to the ground, and the VDD terminal is
the switch of the cooling fan. The output of the chopper is sent connected to the 5v reference source. The PZEM-004T
to an uninterrupted power supply unit needed for the control voltage sensor terminal is connected to the breaker output.

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 2022 5th Information Technology for Education and Development (ITED)

TO GND
TO VOUT
TP4056 OF TP4056
RL2
VDD
SCL
SDA I2C LCD INTERFACE
47k 47k D1
VSS

TO POWER

14
13
12

10
11
SUPPLY CCT

9
8
7

6
5
4

3
2
1
10uF

D7
D6
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1
D0

VDD
E

RS

VEE

VSS
RW
47k

TO
TO LOAD 47k
LCD1 CONTACTOR1
CONTACTOR
Q4
BC547

27.0
47k
TO LIGHT

GND

VCC
DQ
A0 D0 RELAY
Gnd D1 47k
D2

1
2
3
VU D3 FU1 Q3
1A BC547
ESP8266ES

D4 47k
S3 3V
S2 Gnd
S1 D5 47k TO AC
SC RELAY
S0
RESET SK Q2
Gnd D6 BC547
SWITCH 3V D7 47k
EN D8 VIN N
RST Rx TX L
Gnd Tx RX PZEM004T CT1 47k TO SOCKET
VIN Gnd Gnd CT2 RELAY
3V
Q1
BC547
47k

Fig. 3. Microcontroller interfaces

(the live cable from the meter is connected to a 0.5A fuse V=>? (A DD8E?1F8) = 0.636V.
before going to the breaker's output). In contrast, the current VA1=B8 = 0.636 × 14.2 ≈ 9 VDC (Fullwave Rectitifer)
sensor terminal is connected to 100A current sensors situated 5) The Temperature Sensor and LCD Connections.
at the live output cable of the contactor. The DS18B20 temperature sensor used in the system
4) Power supply and control circuit design and can measure the temperature of -50C – 125C, which is within
calculation. range of what is intended to measure. This sensor was chosen
Hardware configuration Parameter: because it can be operated with a 3v D.C. which the
For capacitor microcontroller supports. Again, its accuracy in measurement
= (1) and response time is good.
( )
A 5v D.C. power is supplied to the I2C LCD
Know Parameters:
interface module (Vin and Gnd) with a 10uF electrolytic
Frequency = 120Hz
capacitor connected in parallel to it.
RL = Load resistance
The GPIO pins 2 and 3 are the modules' I2C LCD
= = = 10 interface data signal (SDA) and clock signal (SCL) terminals
V = V =7V respectively. An analogue 3v output from the microcontroller
V "" = 0.15 V is connected to two 4.7k resistors, one connected to the SDA
For capacitors terminal of the I2C and the other connected to the SCL
% 1 terminal. The analogue 3v output is also supplied to the
= = = 7930& DS18B20 temperature sensor.
& '(())) ' *+ (120 ∗ 10 ∗ 0.15) ∗ 7
For Rectification circuit The GPIO pin five is connected to the signal terminal
V12( 34) = 110 V (60 HZ) of the DS18B20.
6). Other Microcontroller Interfaces
Turns Ratio 10:1
This 5v power is also sent to a switch, which is then
V12("89:) = 1.414 V
connected to the ESP8266EX microcontroller module
V12( 34) = 1.414 × 110 = 155.5 V (NODEMCU). The reset terminal pin connects to one terminal
V=>?("89:) = 1⁄10 V of the push button, and the other end of the push button
V12( 34) = 1⁄10 × 155.5 = 15.6V terminal goes to the ground.
V12( 34) = 1.414 × 110 = 155.5 V The GPIO pin one is connected to two 4.7k resistors
VA1=B8 = 15.6 − 2(0.7) = 14.2 V where one goes to the ground, and the other resistor

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 2022 5th Information Technology for Education and Development (ITED)

L2

12V
CONTACTOR (4 POLE)
POWER OUTPUT
L INDICATOR 220/240 COIL

PZEM-OO4T
L

FROM

LIGHT

SOCKET
100A CT

AC
LOAD
SYSTEM
COOLING FAN
+5V
CONTACTOR
RL2 +88.8
SWITCH 1 CONTACTOR
kRPM

D2
SWITCH 2
D5 D1 RL4 RL6
D3

47k LIGHT AC SOCKET

RL1 RL3
47k D5 D6 D7

Fig. 4. Device switching circuit

goes to the base of the BC547 transistor, the collector of the readable programming language. The sketch (Arduino code
BC547 is then connected to the ground. In contrast, the emitter file) is processed and compiled into machine language.The
is connected to one channel relay module, and the relay project employs SPIFFS to store files on the ESP8266 and
module gets its power from the TP45056 module. The upload them to the ESP8266.SPIFFS is an abbreviation for
common side of the relay connects to the neutral terminal Serial Peripheral Interface Flash File System. It is a system
block, while the normally open side connects to one of the that stores files on the ESP8266 and ESP32's extra flash
relays in the four-channel relay module being used. memory. It is so named because the user uses the serial
A four-channel relay is connected to a ESP8266EX interface to read, write, or delete files from memory.
microcontroller (GPIO 1, 2, 3 & 4). The common of the first
relay is connected to a one-channel relay for the contactor.
The normally open side of the relay is connected to the A02
coil terminal of the contactor. The second, third and fourth
relays common are all connected to the neutral of the breaker's
output and the switching relays are as shown in Fig. 4.
In the output indicator light (Blue), the positive
terminal is connected to the live output terminal of the
contactor, while the neutral terminal is connected to the
neutral terminal block.
B. Software Implementation for monitoring
The software implementation of this system is mainly
in three sections: the HMI interface for offline visualization.
This microcontroller programming ensures meter correct
operations and the telegram Platform bot command
development.
1) Offline Mode interfacing and Authorization
The programing of the microcontroller was done
using the Arduino IDE. The Arduino code is written in C++, Fig. 5. The offline mode API interface.
adding special methods and functions. C++ is a human-

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 2022 5th Information Technology for Education and Development (ITED)

After flashing, connect to "WALI SMART METER|Offline" Table 3. Load Test (150W bulb).
pass is "wali12345" then go to any browser and input the I.P.
SN Time Volt App. I(A) Pf Power
address 192.168.4.1 (Wi-Fi manager) and connect to your Wi- Power Consumed
Fi router while for power server interface “192.168.x.x:8089” 1 21:31:52 UTC 246.0 101.4 0.41 1 100.86
(port is 8089). The visual presentation is represented in Fig. 5. 2 21:32:11 UTC 245.9 101.4 0.41 1 100.82
When accessing the offline mode API and the system 3 21:32:32 UTC 245.4 101.1 0.41 1 100.61
4 21:32:52 UTC 245.1 101.9 0.41 1 100.49
prompts the user with the message "The file exists, but you are 5 21:33:16 UTC 245.6 101.2 0.41 1 100.70
not authorized!" - this is a simple safety measure feature 6 21:33:33 UTC 245.5 101.1 0.41 1 100.66
implemented, so to access files, you must first go to a secret 7 21:33:54 UTC 245.6 101.2 0.41 1 100.70
8 21:34:15 UTC 245.2 101.0 0.41 1 100.53
URL http://192.168.x.x:8089/wali. Once the user navigates to
9 21:34:35 UTC 245.4 101.1 0.41 1 100.61
http://192.168.x.x:8089/wali, it stores a cookie in the browser 10 21:34:56 UTC 245.5 101.2 0.41 1 100.66
and authorizes the user.
Table 4. Load Test (100W bulb)
IV. TEST
Testing and measurement were carried out to SN Time Volt App. I(A) Pf Power
determine the accuracy level of the developed monitoring Power Consumed
1 13:58:54 UTC 232.4 221.8 1.5 0.6 220.45
system. The three tests carried out were the load test, alert 2 13:59:15 UTC 232.4 221.6 1.5 0.6 220.45
system test, and remote switching test. 3 13:59:35 UTC 233.9 223.1 1.5 0.6 223.33
With a 230V input, the present energy consumption 4 13:59:56 UTC 234.0 222.8 1.5 0.6 223.42
5 14:00:17 UTC 234.1 223.5 1.5 0.6 223.52
of 16.86kw/h was automatically recorded by the system. It
6 14:00:37 UTC 235.1 224.5 1.5 0.6 225.93
was done repeatedly for several times, and the meantime on 7 14:00:57 UTC 234.9 223.9 1.5 0.6 225.74
each load category was obtained and recorded. The load test 8 14:01:18 UTC 234.9 223.7 1.5 0.6 222.10
for 200w using a refrigerator is as shown in Table 1. These 9 14:01:38 UTC 235.8 229.8 1.5 0.6 229.53
10 14:01:59 UTC 235.6 232.6 1.5 0.6 2343.03
measurements were relayed in real-time to Things Speak.com
where it can be viewed. This test aimed to show the measuring
ability of the developed energy monitoring system. This test Table 5. Load Test (200W Fridge)
was carried out using a stopwatch, variable load, and the home SN Time Volt App. I(A) Pf Power
Power Consumed
energy monitoring system. 1 19:51:50 UTC 240.2 74.9 0.31 1 99.4
The load tests were carried out at 60W, 100W, 2 19:52:11 UTC 240.4 75.0 0.31 1 99.4
200W, 1000W and 2500W respectively. Tables 1 to 5 show 3 19:52:31 UTC 240.4 75.0 0.31 1 99.4
the readings from various loads as measured using the 4 19:52:51 UTC 240.7 75.2 0.31 1 99.2
5 19:53:12 UTC 240.3 74.9 0.31 1 99.5
prototype, while Figures 6 to 10 show plot of the power 6 19:53:32 UTC 240.4 75.0 0.31 1 99.4
consumed by the various appliances tested. 7 19:53:52 UTC 239.8 74.7 0.31 1 99.5
Table 1. Load Test (1000W Pressing Iron). 8 19:54:14 UTC 240.3 74.9 0.31 1 99.5
9 19:54:35 UTC 239.8 74.7 0.31 1 99.5
SN Time Volt App. I(A) Pf Power 10 19:54:55 UTC 240.1 74.9 0.31 1 99.4
Power Consumed
1 19:54:16 UTC 245.8 0.5 0 1 0.00
2 19:54:37 UTC 245.7 0.5 0 1 0.00
3 19:55:03 UTC 243.7 1191.6 4.89 1 1191.69
4 19:55:21 UTC 245.7 0.4 0 1 0.00
5 19:55:42 UTC 245.1 0.5 0 1 0.00
6 19:56:02 UTC 244.2 878.1 3.74 0.96 876.78
7 19:56:23 UTC 245.0 0.5 0 1 0.00
8 19:56:47 UTC 245.3 0.4 0 1 0.00
9 19:57:15 UTC 245.3 0.5 0 1 0.00
10 19:57:36 UTC 245.0 0.4 0 1 0.00

Table 2. Load Test (60W bulb)

SN Time Volt App. I(A) Pf Power

Power Consumed
1 12:56:22 UTC 225.7 177.6 0.81 0.98 179.16 Fig. 6. Plot of power consumed by 1000w Pressing iron
2 12:56:42 UTC 226.2 178.3 0.81 0.98 179.56
3 12:57:03 UTC 225.3 177.8 0.81 0.98 178.84
4 12:57:24 UTC 225.3 178.4 0.81 0.98 178.84
5 12:57:44 UTC 225.1 179.1 0.81 0.98 178.68
6 12:58:05 UTC 225.8 180.5 0.82 0.98 181.45
7 12:58:27 UTC 225.7 176.0 0.80 0.98 176.95
8 12:58:49 UTC 225.7 180.1 0.82 0.98 181.37
9 12:59:06 UTC 225.9 180.4 0.82 0.98 181.53
10 12:59:27 UTC 225.7 178.8 0.81 0.98 179.16

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 2022 5th Information Technology for Education and Development (ITED)

V. DISCUSSION
After the Successful design and development of the
home energy monitoring system, it was subjected to load tests
to ensure optimal system performance.
From tables 1, 3 and 5, the power factors of the loads
is 1 as these are resistive load. The other loads showed power
factors that varied from 1 because they are not resistive loads.
These have shown that the prototype is capable of measuring
power and power factor needed for power calculation and it is
therefore performing as expected. In figure 6, the plot shwed
some spike of power consumption and then drops to zero level
for the pressing iron. This is so because of the characteristic
power consumption pattern of an electric iron as the control
Fig. 7. Plot of power consumed by 60w bulb element cuts off the supply of current once the set value of
heat (temperature) is achieve. The period of current cut-off
from the heater is seen in the graph to be zero. The graphs of
figures 7 to 10 showed unique varied consumption pattern of
the various appliance. These graphs are continuous with no
zero power recorded at any instant as the appliances where
continuously on supply. This again shows that the prototype is
capable of monitoring the load consumption of home
appliances as designed.
This IoT-based home energy monitoring system has
two modes of operation: offline and online, which increases
the system's redundancy. There are several human-designed
smart monitoring systems, but the majorities only have one
Fig. 8. Plot of power consumed by 150w fan mode of operation. A backup power supply and a quick alert
system are advantages in this design.
The user can communicate with the system via
Telegram, checking the status of those currently connected to
the system. The text alert duration test shows a mean time of
1sec to 2.51 secs and about 2 to 5secs for switching
appliances, depending on the network mode. The results show
that the system is a good base for monitoring energy meters.
The system data can be visualized through the LCD
screen and the Thing Speak website. The obtained results are
divided into two parts: without IoT and with IoT factors.
When compared to existing energy monitoring systems, this
system provides faster and more reliable communication
Fig. 9. Plot of power consumed by 100w bulb between the metering and consumer end. As a result, the cloud
computing protocol transmits data to the server without delay
and this enables the online report to appear instantaneously.
This system will be useful in the future for better and smarter
communication in energy management system.

VI. CONCLUSION
This work has successfully achieved its set objective
of development of an IoT based home monitoring system with
a great level of safety and security built on it. It is IoT based,
such that users will be alerted via the telegram application
when a fault occurs such as short circuit, voltage fluctuations,
overload, or high-power consumption. The user can act
accordingly to prevent heavy financial losses due to high
Fig. 10. Plot of power consumed by 200w fridge power consumption.

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