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DI Project_ Cell Structures and Function (1)

This document discusses the role and function of various cellular structures, including the nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. It highlights the differences between plant and animal cells, such as the presence of cell walls and chloroplasts in plants. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of understanding these structures for advancements in biology, medicine, and environmental science.

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amir.brafeh
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
10 views29 pages

DI Project_ Cell Structures and Function (1)

This document discusses the role and function of various cellular structures, including the nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. It highlights the differences between plant and animal cells, such as the presence of cell walls and chloroplasts in plants. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of understanding these structures for advancements in biology, medicine, and environmental science.

Uploaded by

amir.brafeh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cellular

Structures and
Function
Ibrahim, Sara, Aya, Amir
Table of contents

0 0 0
1 2 3
The Role of
Cellular
Compar Conclu
Structures -ison -sion
Introduction
Cells are the fundamental building blocks of all living
organisms, serving as the basic unit of life. Understanding
cellular structures is essential for comprehending how life
functions at a microscopic level. Each cellular component
plays a specific role that contributes to the overall health
and operation of the cell, influencing processes such as
energy production, protein synthesis, and waste
management.
0 The Role of
Cellular

1 Structures
Nucleus
Structure Function

The nucleus houses the cell's genetic


material (DNA) and controls the Inside, there’s a nucleolus
activities of the cell by regulating that produces ribosomal RNA
gene expression.It is surrounded by a
double membrane called the nuclear
(rRNA), which forms the
envelope, which has pores to allow ribosomes.
the exchange of materials between
the nucleus and cytoplasm.
Ribosomes
Structure Function
Its responsible for synthesizing
Ribosomes are made of proteins by translating
messenger RNA (mRNA). They
rRNA and proteins. are either found free-floating in
the cytoplasm, where they make
proteins for use within the cell,
or attached to the rough ER,
where they make proteins for
export or use in membranes.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
(rough)

Structure Function

Studded with ribosomes Involved in the


on its cytoplasmic synthesis of proteins
surface and its destined for
Composed of a network membranes, secretion,
of membranes that form or lysosomes
flattened sacs.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
(smooth)
Structure Function

Lacks ribosomes, resulting Involved in the synthesis of


in a smooth appearance. lipids(fats) and metabolism of
carbohydrates and detoxifies
And its Composed of a
drugs and poisons and stores
network of membranes that
calcium ions essential for
form tubular structures. muscle contraction.
Golgi Apparatus

Structure Function
The Golgi apparatus is It receives proteins and lipids
made up of stacked, from the ER, modifies them (e.g.,
flattened sacs called adding sugars to form
glycoproteins), sorts them, and
cisternae. It has a "cis" face
packages them into vesicles.
that receives vesicles from These vesicles then transport the
the rough ER and a "trans" modified molecules to their
face that dispatches destinations, either inside or
modified proteins and outside the cell.
lipids.
Vesicles
Structure Function

Vesicles are small, They move materials


between the ER, Golgi
membrane-bound
apparatus, and other
sacs that transport locations. They also play a
substances within role in metabolism and
the cell enzyme storage.
Structure Structure
(in plant cell) (in animal cell)

The central vacuole stores Vacuoles are smaller and are


water, ions, nutrients, and involved in storing nutrients

Vacuoles
waste. and waste products.

Function Function
(in plant cell) (in animal cell)

It maintains cell pressure


(turgor pressure) that helps Stores nutrients and
the plant stay rigid and waste, assist in
upright. The vacuole also
stores pigments, defensive transport, and help
compounds, and regulate cell size.
contributes to cell growth
by enlarging.
Lysosomes
Structure Function
Lysosomes contain hydrolytic The combination of these
enzymes that digest components allows lysosomes
macromolecules (proteins, lipids, to effectively break down and
nucleic acids) , these enzymes recycle various biological
are stored in the interior of the molecules, playing a crucial
lysosome in the “lumen” this role in cellular maintenance
lumen is highly acidic with a PH and waste disposal.
around 4.5 to 5.
Mitochondria
Structure Function
Mitochondrias have a double Mitochondria serve several essential
membrane where the outer is functions in the cell:
permeable to small molecules ● They are also involved in
and the inner is highly folded regulating cell death (apoptosis).
into cristae which increases the ● They participate in metabolic
surface area for chemical processes like the citric acid
reactions, it also contains cycle to break down nutrients for
enzymes mtDNA, ribosomes and energy and help regulate the
other molecules involved in metabolism of carbohydrates,
metabolic processes in the fats, and proteins
matrix, the space enclosed by Overall they are vital for energy
the inner membrane. production and maintaining
metabolic balance in the cell
Chloroplasts
Structure Functions
Chloroplasts are surrounded by two The chloroplasts are primarily
membranes—the outer membrane responsible for photosynthesis,
and the inner membrane—creating
but they also store starch they
a specialized internal environment
for photosynthesis. Inside the are involved in synthesizing
chloroplast there are important compounds like fatty
interconnected membrane acids and amino acids which
structures called thylakoids that are vital for plants growth, they
contain chlorophyll. The fluid area also contribute to defense
surrounding these thylakoids is the
stroma where various enzymes,
mechanisms against pathogens.
DNA and other molecules essential
for glucose synthesis are located.
Cytoplasm
Structure Function
Cytoplasm is the gel-like substance that
fills the interior of a cell, lying between
It provides a medium for chemical
the cell membrane and the nucleus, it reactions to occur and allows organelles to
contains “cytosol” ;the liquid portion of be suspended and move within the cell.
the cytoplasm where many cellular The cytoplasm plays a role in signaling
components are suspended and many pathways, allowing communication
metabolic reactions occur.The cytoplasm
contains various organelles (like between different parts of the cell.
mitochondria, ribosomes) that perform It can store various substances, including
specific functions within the cell.A nutrients, ions, and waste products, until
network of protein filaments and tubules they are needed or can be disposed of
provides structural support, maintains
cell shape, and facilitates movement of
materials within the cytoplasm
Cell Membrane
Structure Function
The cell membrane is a lipid ● Controls the movement of
bilayer that is made up of ions, nutrients, and waste
phospholipids, proteins, and products into and out of the ● A protective barrier,
cell, helping to maintain safeguarding the internal
cholesterol.
internal balance and components of the cell from
homeostasis. the external environment
while allowing selective
● Matrices, promoting tissue passage of substances.
formation and stability.
● Facilitates the adhesion of
● The membrane contains cells to one another and to
receptors that enable the cell extracellular-
to receive environmental
signals and communicate with
neighboring cells
Cell Wall
Structure Function
The cell wall is a rigid outer layer Provides structural
found in plants, fungi, and some support, protection, and
bacteria, providing support and
helps maintain the shape
protection. Composed of cellulose in
plants, chitin in fungi, and of the cell. The cell wall
peptidoglycan in bacteria, it typically also prevents excessive
has multiple layers, including a water uptake, thus
flexible primary wall and a thicker avoiding bursting in
secondary wall in some plants. hypotonic conditions.
Plasmodesmata, or pores, allow
communication between adjacent
cells.
Comparison
between the
animal and 0
the plant
cells 2
Cell Wall

Plant Cells: Have a Animal Cells: Lack a


cell wall made of cell wall, making
cellulose that them more flexible.
provides rigidity, The cell membrane
structure, and alone maintains
protection. cell integrity.
Chloroplast

Plant cells contain Animal cells do


chloroplasts for not have
photosynthesis,co chloroplasts since
nverting sunlight ,they obtain
into glucose. energy from food,
not light.
Vacuoles

Plant Cells: Have a Animal Cells: Have


large central vacuole smaller, numerous
that stores water and vacuoles that store
maintains cell nutrients, waste, and
turgidity. other substances.
Shape
Plant Cells: Animal Cells: Are
Typically have a usually rounder
fixed rectangular and more irregular
shape due to the in shape due to the
rigid cell wall. lack of a rigid cell
wall.
Centrioles
Animal Cells:
Plant Cells: Contain centrioles,
Typically lack which play a role in
organizing
centrioles. microtubules during
cell division
(mitosis).
0
Conclusion
3
In conclusion, cellular structures are crucial for cell
function, with organelles like mitochondria providing
energy, the nucleus regulating activity, and the cell
membrane controlling substance movement.
Understanding the differences between plant and animal
cells, such as chloroplasts in plants for photosynthesis
versus energy consumption in animals, offers valuable
insights into organismal function. This knowledge
significantly impacts advancements in biology, medicine,
and environmental science.
Thank You!
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