KANDUNGAN

BAB
1 Pengukuran
Measurement
J1

BAB
2 Daya dan Gerakan I
Force and Motion I
J2

BAB
3 Kegravitian
Gravitation
J7

BAB
4 Haba
Heat
J10

BAB
5 Gelombang
Waves
J17

BAB
6 Cahaya dan Optik
Light and Optics
J22

Penilaian Akhir Tahun J31

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 JAWAPAN
BAB 1.2 Penyiasatan Saintifik
Pengukuran
1 Measurement
Scientific Investigation
1 (a) Jenis: lurus; melalui; positif
1.1 Kuantiti Fizik Type: straight; passing; positive
Physical Quantities Tafsiran: berkadar terus
1 Kuantiti yang boleh diukur atau dikira pada sesuatu Interpret: directly proportional
objek atau fenomena. (b) Jenis: lurus; tidak melalui; positif
The quantity that can be measured or calculated on an object Type: straight; does not pass; positive
or phenomena. Tafsiran: bertambah secara linear
2 (a) Kuantiti fizik/ Physical quantity Interpret: increases linearly
(b) Magnitud/ Magnitude (c) Jenis: lurus; tidak melalui; negatif
(c) Unit S.I/ S.I unit Type: straight; does not pass; negative
3 (a) Kuantiti yang tidak dapat ditakrifkan dalam Tafsiran: berkurang secara linear
sebutan kuantiti-kuantiti fizik yang lain. Interpret: decreases linearly
A quantity that cannot be defined in terms of other (d) Jenis: melengkung; melalui; positif
physical quantities. Type: curve; passing; positive
4 Tafsiran: bertambah
(a) Masa saat Interpret: increases
t s
Time second (e) Jenis: melengkung; tidak melalui; negatif
Type: curve; does not pass; negative
(b) Panjang meter Tafsiran: berkurang
l m Interpret: decreases
Length metre
(f) Jenis: melengkung; tidak memintas; negatif;
Type: curve; does not pass; negative
(c) Suhu
T kelvin K Jenis: lurus; melalui; positif
Temperature
Type: straight; passing; positive
Tafsiran: berkadar songsang
5 Gabungan kuantiti-kuantiti asas secara pendaraban atau
Interpret: inversely proportional
pembahagian atau gabungan kedua-duanya.
Combination of base quantities by multiplication, division or
both these operations. EKSPERIMEN 1.1
6 (a) m × m = m2
Inferens: Tempoh ayunan bandul bergantung kepada
(b) m × m × m = m3
panjang talinya.
kg
(c) = kg m–3 Inference: The period of oscillation of a simple pendulum depends
m3 on its length.
m
(d) = m s–1
s Hipotesis: Semakin panjang bandul, semakin panjang
(e) kg × m s−1 = kg m s−1 tempoh ayunan.
m s–1 Hypothesis: The longer the length of the simple pendulum, the
(f) = m s–2 longer the period of oscillation.
s
(g) kg × m s−2 = kg m s−2 atau/ or N
Tujuan: Mengkaji hubungan antara panjang bandul dengan
N tempoh ayunan bandul.
(h) = N m–2 atau/ or Pa
m2 Aim: To investigate the relationship between the length of a simple
(i) N × m = N m atau/ or J pendulum and the period of oscillation.
(j) A × s = A s atau/ or C
Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasi: Panjang bandul, l
7 (a) Kuantiti fizik yang mempunyai magnitud sahaja.
Manipulated variable: Length of pendulum, l
Physical quantity which has magnitude only.
(b) Kuantiti terbitan Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas: Tempoh ayunan, T
Derived quantities Responding variable: Period of oscillation, T
(c) Sesaran, halaju, pecutan, momentum, tekanan,
Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan: Jisim ladung
daya Constant variable: Mass of pendulum
Displacement, velocity, acceleration, momentum,
pressure, force

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 Radas: Kaki retort, jangka sudut, ladung bandul, jam (ii) Daya
randik, pembaris meter dan benang 100 cm Force
Apparatus: Retort stand, protractor, pendulum bob, stopwatch, Fr 2 N m2
(b) G = → = N m2 kg–2
metre ruler and 100 cm thread Mm kg × kg
Keputusan/ Result: 2 (a) t = 26 – 2
[Jawapan murid/ Student’s answer] = 24 s
(i) Contoh/ Example: (b) Untuk mendapatkan bacaan lebih jitu.
tpurata To increase the accuracy of the measurement.
taverage T (s) T2 (s2) (c) Ayunkan bandul dahulu dan kemudian hidupkan
(s) jam randik serta mula kira bilangan ayunan
lengkap.
21.0 1.05 1.1
Swing the pendulum first, then start the stopwatch and
24.0 1.20 1.4 start counting the complete oscillation.
26.0 1.30 1.7 24.0
(d) (i) T =
27.0 1.40 1.8 20
= 1.2 s
30.0 1.50 2.3
gT 2
34.0 1.70 2.9 (ii) l =
4π2
(ii) 10(1.2)2
T2/ s2
=
4π2
= 0.36 m
3.0

BAB
Daya dan Gerakan I
2.5
2 Force and Motion I

2.0 2.1 Gerakan Linear

Linear Motion
1 (a) Panjang lintasan yang dilalui oleh suatu objek
1.5
yang bergerak.
The total path length travelled by an object.
1.0 (b) Jarak terpendek di antara kedudukan awal dengan
kedudukan akhir dalam suatu arah tertentu.
0.5 Shortest distance between initial position and final
position in a specific direction.
(c) (i) d = 800 m
l/ cm
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 (ii) s = (400)2 + (400)2
Kesimpulan: T2 berkadar terus dengan l = 565.69 m pada arah AC/ in the direction
Discussion: T2 is directly proportional to l of AC
(iii) Kerana sesaran mempunyai magnitud dan
Perbincangan/Discussion: arah.
2.5 – 0 Because displacement has magnitude and direction.

(i) m = = 0.417 s2 cm–1
60 – 0 = 4.17 s2 m–1 (d) (i) meter per saat (m s–1)
meter per second (m s–1)

(ii) Untuk meningkatkan kejituan bacaan tempoh ayunan, T. d
To increase the accuracy of the period of oscillation, T. (ii) v =
t
(iii) Kadar perubahan sesaran
Praktis Sumatif Rate of change in displacement
(iv) Kuantiti vektor
KERTAS 1 Vector quantity
1 B 2 C 3 B 4 A 5 D (e) Kadar perubahan halaju
Rate of change in velocity
KERTAS 2
Perubahan halaju
Pecutan =
Bahagian A Masa
1 (a) (i) Jisim // Jarak Change in velocity
Acceleration =
Mass // Distance Time
(ii) Daya // Pemalar kegravitian v–u
a =
Force // Gravitational constant t

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 (f) (a) (b) (c) 2.2 Graf Gerakan Linear
Linear Motion Graphs
Sama Bertambah Berkurang 20
v
Same Increases Decreases 1 (a) (i) v =
10
Sifar Memecut Nyahpecut = 2 m s–1
a
Zero Accelerates Decelerates
(ii) v = 0
(g) (i) 0 – 20 – 0
(ii) 4.0 m s–1 (iii) v =
35 – 30
4.0 – 0 = – 4 m s–1

(iii) = 0.8 m s–2
5.0 (b) (i) Halaju malar/ Constant velocity
2 (a) 50 detik = 1 s → 1 detik = 0.02 s (ii) Tidak bergerak/ At rest
50 ticks = 1 s → 1 tick = 0.02 s (iii) Halaju malar pada arah bertentangan/ Constant
A ke B : 10 detik
velocity in opposite direction
A to B : 10 ticks (c) (i) 20 + 0 + 20 = 40 m
t = 10 × 0.02 (ii) 20 + 0 + (– 20) = 0
= 0.2 s 40
(d) (i) = 1.14 m s–1
(b) s = 8 cm 35
8.0 (ii) 0
(c) v = = 40.0 cm s–1
0.2 20
0.2 2 (a) (i) v =
(d) Halaju awal, u = = 10.0 cm s–1 10

Initial velocity 0.02 = 2 m s–2
1.4 –(20 – 10)
Halaju akhir, v = = 60.0 cm s–1 (ii) a =
0.02 20 –10
Final velocity = –1 m s–2
Masa, t = (5 – 1) × 0.02 = 0.08 s
Time
(iii) a = 0
v – u 60.0 – 10.0 –(10 + 10)
Pecutan, a = = (iv) a =
Acceleration t 0.08 40 – 30
= 625 cm s–2 = –2 m s–2

a = 625 cm s –2 (b) (i) Pecutan seragam/ Uniform acceleration
3 (a) v = u + at (ii) Nyahpecutan seragam/ Uniform deceleration
1 (iii) Halaju seragam/ Uniform velocity
(b) s = ut + at2 (iv) Nyahpecutan seragam/ Uniform deceleration
2
1 (c) (i) Jarak = Luas di bawah graf, A
(c) s = (v + u)t
2 Distance = Area under the graph, A

(d) v2 = u2 + 2as 1 1
A1 = (20 × 10) A2 = (10 + 20)10
4 (a) (i) u = 4 m s–1, v = 10 m s–1, s = 35 m 2 2
1 = 100 m = 150 m
s = (v + u)t 1 1
2 A3 = (10 + 15)10 A4 = (10 + 10)
1 2 2
35 = (10 + 4)t = 125 m = 50 m
2 Jumlah jarak/ Total distance
35
t= = 100 + 150 + 125 + 50
7
=5s = 425 m
(ii) v2 = u2 + 2as (ii) Jumlah sesaran/ Total displacement
102 = 42 + 2a(35) = 100 + 150 + 125 – 50
70a = 84 = 325 m
a = 1.2 m s–2 3 (a) Pecutan
Acceleration
(b) u = 20 m s–1, t = 5 s, a = 3 m s–2
v = u + at
= 20 + 3(5)
= 35 m s–1
(c) u = 0, a = 3 m s–2, = 4 s,
1
s = ut + at2
2 Masa
1 0 T 2T Time
= 0(4) + (3) (4)2
2
= 24 m

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 (b) Halaju (b) a = g = 9.81 m s–2
Velocity v = u + gt
= 0 + 9.81(2)
= 19.6 m s–1
5 a = g = –9.81 m s–2
v2 = u2 + 2gs
0 Masa 0 = 102 + 2(–9.81)s
T 2T Time s = 5.10 m

2.4 Inersia
Inertia
1 Sifat suatu objek yang cenderung untuk menentang
2.3 Gerakan Jatuh Bebas sebarang perubahan keadaan asalnya sama ada keadaan
Free Fall Motion rehat atau keadaan gerakan dalam satu garis lurus.
1 Keadaan di mana objek jatuh disebabkan oleh daya The tendency of the object to remain at rest or, if moving, to
tarikan graviti sahaja. continue its uniform motion in a straight line.
An object is falling freely when it is falling under the 2 sesuatu objek akan kekal dalam keadaan rehat
gravitational force only. ataubergerak dengan halaju malar jika tiada daya luar
2 (a) Bola golf/ Golf ball bertindak ke atasnya.
(b) Luas permukaan kertas lebih besar, maka every object continues in its state of rest, or of uniform motion
rintangan udara lebih besar. in a straight line, unless it is acted on by an external force.
The surface area of the paper larger, then the air 3 (a) Duit syiling jatuh terus ke dalam gelas.
resistance larger. The coin drops straight into the glass.
(c) Kedua-duanya/ Both objects (b) Inersia duit syiling kekal pegun. Duit syiling jatuh
(d) Luas permukaan kertas renyuk menjadi kecil, ke dalam gelas disebabkan daya tarikan graviti.
The inertia of the coin maintains its state at rest. The
maka rintangan udara turut kecil.
coin falls into the glass due to gravitational force.
The surface area of the paper become smaller, then the
air resistance also small.
EKSPERIMEN 2.2

EKSPERIMEN 2.1 Inferens: Inersia objek bergantung kepada jisim objek itu
Inference: The inertia of an object depends on the mass of the
Tujuan: Menentukan nilai pecutan graviti.
object
Aim: To determine the value of gravitational acceleration.
Hipotesis: Semakin bertambah jisim objek, semakin
Radas: Jangka masa detik, pita detik, bekalan kuasa 12 V
bertambah tempoh ayunan.
(a.u), pemberat berslot, pengapit-G dan bangku
Hypothesis: The larger the mass of object, the longer the
Apparatus: Ticker timer, ticker tape, 12 V (a.c) of power supply,
oscillation period.
slotted weight, G-clamp and stool
Tujuan: Mengkaji hubungan antara inersia dengan jisim
Perbincangan/ Discussion:
objek.
(i) Jatuh bebas/ Free fall
Aim: To study the relationship between inertia and mass of object.
(ii) Nilai daripada eksperimen lebih rendah daripada nilai
sebenar kerana terdapat rintangan udara/ The value from Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasi: Jisim objek
the experiment is lower than the actual value because there is Manipulated variable: Mass of object
air resistance.
Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas: Tempoh ayunan
(iii) Hal ini kerana Bumi sebenarnya bukan berbentuk sfera
Responding variable: Oscillation period
yang sempurna. Jarak dari Khatulistiwa ke pusat Bumi
lebih jauh daripada jarak dari kutub ke pusat Bumi. Nilai Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan: Panjang bilah gergaji
g lebih kecil di Khatulistiwa daripada di kutub Bumi/ This Constant variable: Length of hacksaw blade
is because Earth is actually not a perfect sphere. The distance
Radas: Bilah gergaji, pengapit-G, jam randik, plastisin,
from the Equator to the center of the Earth is further than the
distance from the poles to the center of the Earth. The value of g
neraca tiga alur
Apparatus: Hacksaw blade, G-clamp, stopwatch, plasticine balls,
is smaller at the equator than at the Earth’s poles.
triple beam balance
4 (a) a = g = 9.81 m s–2
1
s = ut + gt2
2
1
20 = 0 + (9.81)(t2)
2
20
t 2 =
4.9
t = 2.02 s

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 Keputusan/ Result: The water droplet move together with the umbrella.
[Jawapan murid/ Student’s answer] When the umbrella is stopped suddenly, the inertia of the
(i) Contoh/ Example: droplet continues its state of motion and left the umbrella.

m/g Tpurata/ average/ s T/s T2/s 2.5 Momentum

Momentum
30 4.1 0.41 0.17 1 Momentum ialah jisim x halaju
Momentum is mass x velocity
40 5.1 0.51 0.25 2 p = mv
di mana/ where
p = Momentum objek/ Momentum of object
50 6.3 0.63 0.39 m = Jisim objek/ Mass of object
v = Halaju objek/ Velocity of object
60 7.1 0.70 0.48 3 kg m s–1
4 Jumlah momentum sebelum perlanggaran sama dengan
70 7 0.81 0.63 jumlah momentum selepas perlanggaran jika tiada daya
luar yang bertindak ke atas sistem itu.
(ii) T 2/ s2 Total momentum before collision same as total momentum
after collision if no external force acts on the system.
5
Perlanggaran tak
Perlanggaran kenyal
kenyal
Elastic collision
Inelastic collision

Bergerak berasingan Bergerak bersama dengan

dengan halaju berbeza halaju yang sama
Move separately with Move together with same
different velocity velocity

Diabadikan Diabadikan
Conserved Conserved
0 m/ g Diabadikan Diabadikan
Conserved Conserved
Perbincangan/ Discussion:
(i) Tempoh ayunan/ Oscillation period Diabadikan Tidak diabadikan
(ii) Semakin bertambah jisim objek, semakin lama tempoh Conserved Not conserved
ayunan.
m1 u1 + m2 u2 = m1 v1 + m2 v2 m1 u1 + m2 u2 = (m1 + m2)v
The higher the mass of object, the longer the oscillation period.
(iii) Semakin bertambah jisim objek, semakin besar inersia
6 0 = m1v1 + m2v2
objek.
m1v1 = – m2v2
The higher the mass of object, the larger the inertia of object.
5 (a) Sos tomato bergerak bersama-sama dengan botol. 7 (a) Pemain/ Player A:
Apabila botol dihentikan secara mendadak, inersia pA = mv
sos terus bergerak dan keluar daripada botol. = 70 × 4
The sauce moves together with the bottle. When the = 280 kg m s–1
bottle stops suddenly, the inertia of the sauce continues
to move and poured out of the bottle.
Pemain/ Player B:
(b) Kepala penukul bergerak bersama pB = mv
pemegang ke bawah. Apabila pemegang = 75 × (–3)
diberhentikan tiba-tiba, inersia kepala penukul
ingin kekal bergerak ke depan. Oleh itu, hujung = –225 kg m s–1
pemegang masuk ke dalam kepala penukul. (b) Perlanggaran kenyal/ Elastic collision
The head of hammer is moving together with the handle m1 u1 + m2 u2 = m1 v1 + m2 v2
as it moves down. When the handle is stopped suddenly, (1 000)(20) + (1 200)(10) = (1 000)v1 + (1 200)(15)
the inertia of the head of hammer still want to move 1 000v1 = 14 000
forward. So, the top end of the handle will slotted deeper v1 = 14 m s–1
into the head of the hammer. (c) Perlanggaran tak kenyal/ Inelastic collision
(c) Air hujan dan payung bergerak bersama-sama. m1u1 + m2u2 = (m1 + m2 )v
Apabila payung diberhentikan dengan tiba-tiba, (15)(20) + 0 = (15 + 60)v
inersia air hujan ingin terus bergerak dan 75v = 300
meninggalkan payung. v = 4 m s–1

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 (d) Jumlah momentum sebelum letupan F: Daya impuls/ Impulsive force
= jumlah momentum selepas letupan mv – mu: Perubahan momentum/ Change in momentum
Total momentum before explosion t: Masa impak/ Impact time
= total momentum after explosion 5 untuk setiap daya tindakan terdapat satu daya tindak
0 = momentum peluru + momentum pistol balas yang sama magnitud tetapi bertentangan arah.
0 = momentum of bullet + momentum of pistol for every action there is a reaction of equal magnitude, but in
0 = m1v1 + m2v2 the opposite direction.
0 = (0.01)(300) + (1.5)v2 6 Masa impak lama, impuls besar.
1.5v2 = – 3.0 Longer impact time, large impulse.
v2 = – 2.0 m s–1 Perubahan momentum lebih besar.
(Pistol tersentak ke belakang) Larger change in momentum.
(Pistol recoiled backwards) Bola bergerak dengan halaju tinggi dan bergerak jauh.
Ball moves at higher velocity and moves further.
2.6 Daya 7(a) (i) besar/ larger
Force (ii) lama/ longer
1 (iii) tinggi/ high
mv – mu (b) Perlanggaran menyebabkan kereta dihentikan dan
F ∝ ma F∝
t mengalami suatu perubahan momentum.
Collision causes a car to stop and experience a change
2 kadar perubahan momentum berkadar terus dengan in momentum.
daya dan bertindak pada arah tindakan daya. Bahagian hadapan kereta yang mudah remuk
the rate of change of momentum is directly proportional to the
memanjangkan masa impak semasa perlanggaran.
force and acts in the direction of the applied force.
The crumple zone of the car extends the impact time
3 F = ma during collision.
di mana/ where Daya impuls ke atas kereta dikurangkan.
F : Daya/ Force The impulsive force on the car is reduced.
m : Jisim objek/ Mass of object (c) Alu bergerak ke lesung yang keras permukaannya.
a : Pecutan objek/ Acceleration of object The pestle moving at high speed to a hard mortar.
4 F = ma Alu berhenti dalam masa yang singkat.
F 30 The pestle to be stopped in a very short time.
a= =
m 5 Daya impuls besar dihasilkan menyebabkan cili
a = 6 m s–2 (ke kanan/ to the right) mudah dihancurkan.
5 (a) v2 = u2 + 2as A large impulsive force is produced and causes these
0 = (40)2 + 2a(2 500) spices to be crushed easily.
5 000a = –1 600 8 (a) J = Ft = mv – mu
a = – 0.32 m s–2 (nyahpecutan/ deceleration) = 0.2(40) – (0.2)(–20)
(b) F = ma =8+4
= 2 000 × (– 0.32) J = 12 kg m s–1
= – 640 N mv – mu
(b) F =
t
2.7 Impuls dan Daya Impuls 12
Impulse and Impulsive Force =
0.01
1 Perubahan momentum = –1 200 N
Change of momentum
2 J = mv – mu 2.8 Berat
= Ft Weight
di mana/ where 1 Daya tarikan graviti yang bertindak ke atas objek.
J: Impuls/ Impulse Gravitational force acting on an object.
m: Jisim/ Mass 2 W = mg
u: Halaju awal/ Initial velocity di mana/ where
v: Halaju akhir/ Final velocity W : Berat/ Weight
F: Daya/ Force m : Jisim/ Mass
t: Masa impak/ Impact time g : Pecutan graviti/ Gravitational acceleration
3 Kadar perubahan momentum semasa perlanggaran atau 3 Newton, N.
hentaman dalam masa yang singkat. 4 Daya tarikan graviti yang bertindak ke atas jisim 1 kg.
The rate of change of momentum in a collision or impact in a Gravitational force acts on a 1 kg of mass.
short period of time. 5 W = mg
mv – mu W
4 F= g=
t
m
di mana/ where

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 6 g = 9.81 N kg–1 (c)
Aspek Alasan
7 Pecutan graviti
Gravitational acceleration
Aspect Reason
8 Di Bulan Ketumpatan tiang
Lebih ringan
On the Moon rendah Lighter
1 Low density of the pole
100 × 9.81 × = 163.5 N
6 Susah patah // Boleh
Di Bumi Keterlenturan tiang
melentur tanpa patah
On the Earth tinggi
Difficult to break // Can
100 × 9.81 = 98.1 N High flexibility of the pole
sway without breaking
9 (a) W = 100 × 9.81
= 981 N Ketegangan tali Tidak mudah putus //
(b) m = 100 kg maksimum Daya tinggi // Kuat
(c) m = 100 kg Maximum tension of the Not break easily // high
(d) W = 100 × 3.7 string force // Strong
= 370 N Tali diikat pada Lebih stabil // Kuat //
Praktis Sumatif kedudukan tinggi Tidak mudah jatuh
High position of string Stable // Stand still //
KERTAS 1 tied Strong // Not easily to fall

1 C 2 B 3 C 4 C 5 B Tiang bendera Q dipilih kerana ketumpatan

6 D 7 A 8 B 9 A 10 D tiang rendah, keterlenturan tiang tinggi,
11 C 12 B 13 D ketegangan maksima dan tali diikat pada
kedudukan tinggi
Flag pole Q is chosen because of low density of the
KERTAS 2
pole, high flexibility of the pole , maximum tension of
Bahagian A the string and high position of string tied.
1 (a) Jarak di antara dua titik
The distance between two dots BAB
Kegravitian
2 (b) (i) Sama/ Same 3 Gravitation
(ii) Panjang pita detik Rajah 1.2 lebih panjang
daripada pita detik Rajah 1.1. 3.1 Hukum Kegravitian Semesta Newton
The length of the ticker tape in Diagram 1.2 is Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation
longer than the ticker tape in Diagram 1.1. 1 daya graviti bertindak antara mana-mana dua jasad
(iii) Laju purata dalam Rajah 1.2 lebih tinggi dalam alam semesta.
daripada dalam Rajah 1.1. it acts between any two bodies in the universe.
The average speed in Diagram 1.2 is higher than in
2 (i) berkadar terus/ directly proportional

Diagram 1.1. (ii) berkadar songsang/ inversely proportional
(c) Berkadar terus
Directly proportional
1
(d) Halaju bertambah secara seragam // F∝
F ∝ m1 m2
Pecutan malar // Pertambahan panjang malar // r2
Jarak di antara titik bertambah secara seragam
The velocity increases uniformly // Constant
acceleration // Increasing in length uniformly // The
distance between dots increases uniformly

Bahagian B m1 m2
2 (a) Perubahan momentum F∝
r2
Change of momentum
(b) Masa sentuhan bertambah.
Time of contact increases.
Impuls bertambah.
Impulse increases. Hukum
Bola mengalami perubahan momentum besar. Kegravitian
The ball experiences a larger change of momentum. Gm1 m2 Semesta Newton
Bola bergerak dengan halaju tinggi. F= Newton’s Universal
r2
The ball moves at a high velocity. Law of Gravitation

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 3 daya graviti antara dua jasad adalah berkadar terus dengan GM
hasil darab jisim kedua-dua jasad dan berkadar songsang (iv) g =
r2
dengan kuasa dua jarak di antara pusat dua jasad tersebut. (b) berkadar terus
the gravitational force between two bodies is directly directly proportional
proportional to the product of the masses of both bodies and (c) Jisim Bumi/ Mass of the Earth
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between
Jarak di antara Bumi dengan objek
the centers of the two bodies.
Distance between Earth and object
4 Daya graviti antara dua jasad
F 7 (a) Berkadar terus
Gravitational force between two bodies Directly proportional
G Pemalar kegravitian/ Gravitational constant (b) Berkadar songsang
Inversely proportional
m1 Jisim jasad 1/ Mass of body 1 GM
(c) g =
(R +h)2
m2 Jisim jasad 2/ Mass of body 2
(6.67 × 10–11)(5.97 × 1024)
Jarak di antara pusat dua jasad =
r [(6.37 × 106) + (1.5 × 106)]2
Distance between centres of two bodies
g = 177.0 m s–2
Gm1 m2 (6.67 × 10–11)(55)(45) 8 Suatu daya yang bertindak ke atas suatu jasad yang
5 (a) (i) F = =
r2
(2.0)2 melakukan gerakan membulat dengan arah yang
F = 4.1 × 10–8 N sentiasa menuju ke pusat bulatan itu.
Force acts on the body in a direction towards the center of the
Gm1 m2 (6.67 × 10–11)(55)(45)
(ii) F = = circle for a body in circular motion.
r2 (4.0)2 9
F Daya memusat/ Centripetal force
F = 1.0 × 10–8 N
(iii) Berkadar terus m Jisim jasad/ Mass of body
Directly proportional
v Laju linear/ Linear speed
(iv) Semakin bertambah jarak di antara dua jasad,
semakin kecil daya graviti. r Jejari orbit/ Radius of orbit
The further the distance between two bodies, the

smaller the gravitational force. mv2
10 F = ma =
GM1m2 r
(b) (i) F = v2
r2 a=
r
(6.67 × 10–11)(5.97 × 1024)(1.20 × 103)
= 4π2 r3
(6.37 × 106)2 11 (a) M =
GT 2
F = 11 776.13 N r = jejari orbit planet// Bulan// satelit
GM1m2 radius of orbit of planet// Moon// satellite
(ii) F = T = tempoh peredaran/ period of revolution
r2
(6.67 × 10–11)(5.97 × 1024)(1.20 × 103) 4π 2r 3 4π2(3.83 × 108)3
= (b) M = =
[(6.37 × 106) + (4.22 × 107 )]2 GT 2 (6.67 × 10–11)(2.36 ×106)2
F = 2.03 × 102 N M = 5.97 × 1024 kg
(iii) Daya graviti Matahari dan Bumi lebih besar. 4π r2 3
The gravitational force between the Sun and the (c) M =

Earth is bigger. GT 2
GMm 4π2(1.50 × 1011)3
(iv) r = =
F (6.67 × 10–11)(365 × 24 × 60 × 60)2
M = 2.0 × 1030 kg
(6.67 × 10–11)(5.97 × 1024)(7.35 × 1022)
=
2.0 × 1020 3.2 Hukum Kepler
Kepler’s Laws
= 3.82 × 108 m 1 (a) Orbit setiap planet adalah elips dengan Matahari
6 (a) (i) F = mg berada di satu daripada fokusnya.
GMm All planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one
(ii) F = focus.
r2 (b) elips/ eclipse
GMm
(iii) mg = (c) panjang; sama/ longer; same
r2 (d) Jejari orbit/ radius of orbit

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 2 (a) Garis yang menyambungkan planet (b) Satelit akan jatuh ke orbit yang lebih rendah dan
dengan Matahari akan mencakupi luas yang sama terus memusar mendekati Bumi sehingga
dalam selang masa yang sama apabila planet memasuki atmosfera.
bergerak dalam orbitnya. The satellite will fall to a lower orbit and continue to
A line that connect a planet to the Sun sweeps out equal revolve towards the Earth until it enters the atmosphere.
areas in equal times. 3 Orbit mengelilingi Bumi
(b) sama dengan/ same as Orbiting around the Earth
(c) lebih jauh/ further 4
(d) lebih tinggi/ higher Satelit geopegun
Satelit bukan geopegun
3 (a) Kuasa dua tempoh orbit planet adalah Geostationary
Non-geostationary satellite
berkadar terus dengan kuasa tiga jejari orbitnya. satellite
The square of the orbital period of any planet is directly
proportional to the cube of the radius of its orbit.
(a) Arah gerakan Arah gerakan tidak perlu
(b) T2 α r3
sama dengan arah sama dengan
(c) panjang/ longer
putaran Bumi arah putaran Bumi
(d) panjang/ longer
Direction of motion Direction of motion need
GMm same as the not be the same as the
4 (a) F =
r2 direction of Earth direction of Earth rotation
mv2 rotation
(b) F =
r
(b) T = 24 jam T lebih singkat atau lebih
GMm mv2 GM T = 24 hours
(c) = → v2 = lama daripada
r2 r r 24 jam
2
2πr GM T is shorter or longer than
(d) = 24 hours
T r
4π2
T 2 = r3 (c) Berada di atas Berada di atas tempat
GM
tempat yang sama yang berubah-ubah
(e) T 2 = kr3 di muka Bumi di muka Bumi
T12 r13 Above the same Above different
5 (a) =
T 22 r23 geopraphical geographical location
location
(b) Jejari orbit satelit/ Radius of orbit of the satellite,
r1 = (6.37 × 106) + (420 × 103) = 6.8 × 106 m
(d) Satelit komunikasi Pengimejan Bumi // GPS
Tempoh orbit satelit/ Orbital period of the satellite
Communication // Kaji Cuaca
= T1 satellite Earth imaging // GPS//
Jejari orbit Bulan/ Radius of orbit of the Moon, r2 Weather forecast
= 3.83 × 108 m
Tempoh orbit Bulan/ Orbital period of the Moon, T2
= 655.2 jam/ hours (e) MEASAT TiungSAT // RazakSAT
// Pipit ISS
T12 r13
= 3
r2 5 (a) Halaju minimum yang diperlukan oleh objek di
T 2
2

permukaan Bumi untuk mengatasi daya graviti
(6.8×106)3 × (655.2)2
T1 =
2 dan terlepas ke angkasa lepas.
(3.83 × 108)3 The minimum velocity needed by an object on the
T1 = 1.55 jam/ hours surface of the Earth to overcome the gravitational force
and escape.
3.3 Satelit Buatan Manusia 1 GMm
Man-made Satellites (b) (i) mv2 + – =0
2 r
GM 2GM
1 v= v2 =
R+h r
GM 2GM
2 (a) v = (ii) v =
R+h r

(6.67 × 106)(5.97 ×1024)

=
(6.63 × 106) + (2.02 × 107)
= 3.87 × 103 m s–1

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 2GM (b) Haba dipindahkan daripada air panas di dalam
(c) v = bikar ke air paip dengan kadar tinggi. Haba
r
dipindahkan daripada air paip ke air panas di
2 (6.67 × 10–11)(5.97 × 1024) dalam bikar dengan kadar rendah.
= Heat is transferred from hot water in the beaker to the
(6.37 ×106) tap water with high rate. Heat is transferred from the
v = 1.12 × 104 m s–1 tap water to the hot water in the beaker with low rate.
6 Pelancaran roket memerlukan kuantiti bahan api yang (c) Haba dipindahkan pada kadar yang sama antara
besar. Pembakaran bahan api perlu menghasilkan kuasa air panas dan air paip.
rejang yang tinggi bagi membolehkan roket mencapai Heat is transferred at the same rate between the hot
halaju lepas dari Bumi dan menghantar kapal angkasa water and the tap water.
ke angkasa lepas. (d) Keseimbangan terma
The launching of rockets requires large quantities of fuel to Thermal equilibrium
produce high thrust that enables the rocket to achieve escape 2 Tiada pemindahan haba bersih antara dua objek//
velocity of the Earth. Hence, it can send the spacecraft into Pemindahan bersih haba sifar
outer space. There is no net flow of heat between two objects// The net flow
of heat is zero
3 (a) Pada awalnya, suhu tuala basah lebih rendah
Praktis Sumatif
daripada suhu badan seseorang. Haba dipindahkan
KERTAS 1 daripada dahi ke tuala sehingga capai keseimbangan
terma. Maka, tenaga haba seseorang dikurangkan.
1 C 2 C 3 A 4 D 5 B Suhu badan akan turut berkurang.
6 C 7 D 8 B Initially the temperature of the wet towel is lower than
KERTAS 2 the body temperature of the person. Heat energy is
transferred from the forehead to the towel until thermal
Bahagian A equilibrium is reached. Then, the heat energy of the
GM person will reduce. The body temperature also will
1 (a) (i) g = reduce.
r2
(6.67 × 10–11)(7.35 × 1022) (b) Haba dari air panas dipindahkan ke ais kiub yang
= sejuk sehingga capai keseimbangan terma antara
(1.75 × 106)2 ais dan air minuman. Kiub ais cair. Suhu air
= 1.60 N minuman berkurang dan minuman menjadi sejuk.
2GM Heat from the hot drink is transferred to the colder
(ii) v= ice until thermal equilibrium between the ice and water
r
is reached. Ice cubes melt. The temperature of the drink
2(6.67 × 10–11)(7.35 × 1022) decreases and the drink cools.
= (c) Apabila makanan disimpan di dalam peti sejuk,
1.75 ×106
haba dari makanan mengalir ke udara di dalam
= 2.37 × 10 N 3
peti sejuk sehingga keseimbangan terma berlaku.
(b) (i) Tenaga solar/ Solar energy Suhu makanan menurun dan makanan kekal segar
Sebab: Tenaga boleh diperbaharui untuk tempoh yang lama.
Reason: Renewable energy
When food is kept in the refrigerator, heat from the food
(ii) Gelombang mikro/ Microwave flows to the air in the refrigerator until thermal
Sebab: Frekuensi tinggi// Kuasa penembusan equilibrium occurs. Temperature of the food drops and
tinggi the food stays fresh for a longer period.
Reason: High frequency// High penetration energy 4 (a) (i) Takat lebur ais
(c) Satelit R/ Satellite R Melting point of ice
(ii) Takat didih air
BAB Boiling point of water
Haba
4 Heat (b) proses penskalaan pada termometer untuk
membuat pengukuran suhu.
4.1 Keseimbangan Terma a process of making a scale of reading on a
Thermal Equilibrium thermometer.
1 (a) Apabila air panas dan air paip bersentuhan secara 5 L0 = 3.6 cm; L100 = 13.6 cm; LT = 9.3 cm
terma, suhu air panas akan menurun, manakala Lθ – L0
suhu air sejuk akan meningkat sehingga suhu θT = × 100
kedua-dua air menjadi sama. L –L
100 0

When the tap water and the hot water are in thermal 9.3 – 3.6
= × 100
contact, the temperature of the hot water decreases 13.6 – 3.6
while the temperature of tap water increases until the = 57°C
temperature of both water become the same.

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 4.2 Muatan Haba Tentu Keputusan/ Result:
Specific Heat Capacity [Jawapan murid / Student’s answer]
1(a) kuantiti haba yang diperlukan untuk menaikkan Contoh / Example:
suhunya sebanyak 1°C. P = 36 W
the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of m = 0.42 kg
the object by 1°C. t = 5 × 60 = 300 s
Q θ = 33°C – 27°C = 6°C
C = Q = Pt = 36 × 300 = 10 800 J
Δθ
2 (a) Cerek Q/ Kettle Q Q = mcθ = 10 800 J
Pt
(b) Cerek Q/ Kettle Q Pt = mcθ → c = mθ
(c) Semakin besar jisim bahan, semakin besar muatan 10 800
haba bahan itu. = (0.42)(6)
The greater the mass of a substance, the greater the heat
= 4 286 J kg–1 °C–1
capacity of the substance.
(d) Peningkatan suhu/ Rise of temperature Perbincangan/ Discussion:
3 (a) Bahagian logam pada kereta mempunyai muatan (i) Mengurangkan kehilangan haba ke persekitaran.
haba yang lebih kecil berbanding kusyen farik. To reduce heat lost to the surrounding.
Penyerapan haba daripada sinaran Matahari (ii) Memastikan keseimbangan terma antara air dan
menyebabkan logam mengalami peningkatan suhu pemanas dicapai.
yang lebih tinggi berbanding kusyen fabrik. To ensure thermal equilibrium is achieved between the water
The metal parts of a car has a lower heat capacity and the heater.
compared to the cushion. Absorption of heat energy from
the Sun causes the metal to get hot faster compared to
EKSPERIMEN 4.2
the fabric cushion.
(b) Pasir mempunyai muatan haba yang rendah dan Tujuan: Menentukan muatan haba tentu aluminium
cepat menjadi panas manakala air laut mempunyai Aim: To determine the specific heat capacity of aluminium
muatan haba yang tinggi dan lambat menjadi Radas: Bekalan kuasa, pemanas rendam, jam randik,
panas. termometer, 1 kg bongkah aluminium, sedikit
Sand has low heat capacity and heats up faster. Water minyak masak dan kain felt
has high heat capacity and heats up slowly. Apparatus: Power supply, immersion heater, stopwatch,
4 haba yang diperlukan bagi 1 kg bahan untuk thermometer, 1 kg of aluminum block, a little cooking
menaikkan suhu sebanyak 1°C. oil and felt cloth
the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg
mass of the substance by 1°C. Keputusan/ Result:
Q [Jawapan murid / Student’s answer]
c= Contoh / Example:
mΔθ
5 m = 2 kg; Δθ = 70 –30 = 40°C; c = 500 J kg–1 °C–1 P = 50 W
Q = mcΔθ m = 1 kg
= 2(500)(40) t = 5 × 60 = 300 s
= 40 000 J θ = 42°C – 27°C = 15°C
6 m =100 g = 0.1 kg; Δθ = 100 – 20 = 80°C; c = 129 J kg–1 °C–1 Q = Pt = 50 × 300 = 15 000 J
Q = mcΔθ Q = mcθ = 15 000 J
Pt
= 0.1(129)(80) Pt = mcθ → c = mθ
= 1 032 J
15 000
= (1)(15)
EKSPERIMEN 4.1 = 1 000 J kg–1 °C–1
Tujuan: Menentukan muatan haba tentu air Perbincangan/ Discussion:
Aim: To determine the specific heat capacity of water
(i) Letakkan sedikit minyak masak ke dalam lubang.
Radas: Bekalan kuasa, pemanas rendam, bikar, jam randik, Put a small amount of oil in the hole.
termometer, kaki retort, neraca elektronik, air dan (ii) Nilai muatan haba tentu daripada eksperimen lebih
kertas tisu besar daripada nilai sebenar. Hal ini kerana terdapat
Apparatus: Power supply, immersion heater, beaker, stopwatch, kehilangan haba.
thermometer, retort stand, electronic beam, water and The value of specific heat capacity is larger than the actual
tissue paper value. This is due to the loss of heat.

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 7 (a) (c)
Muatan Bayu laut Bayu darat
Bahan haba tentu Alasan Sea breeze Land breeze
Material Specific heat Reason
capacity
Udara panas di Udara panas di laut naik
daratan naik ke ke atas.
Cepat panas atas. Hot air above the sea rises
(i) Kuprum Rendah Hot air on land rises up. up.
Heats up very
Copper Low
quickly
Udara sejuk dari Udara sejuk dari daratan
laut bergerak ke bergerak ke laut.
(ii) Cepat panas daratan. Cold air moves toward
Aluminium Rendah
Heats up very Cold air moves toward the sea.
Aluminium Low
quickly the land.

8 (a) Q = Pt = 1 000 × 5 × 60
Konduktor = 300 000 J
(iii) Plastik Tinggi haba lemah (b) Q = mcθ
Plastic High Poor heat 300 000 = (0.75)(4 200)θ
conductor
θ = 95.24°C
(b)
Alasan 4.3 Haba Pendam Tentu
Reason Specific Latent Heat
1 Haba yang diserap atau dibebaskan semasa perubahan
fasa tanpa perubahan suhu.
(i) Tidak mudah menjadi gas Heat that is absorbed during melting and boiling without
Not change to gas easily change in temperature.
2
Haba pendam diserap
(ii) Latent heat is absorbed
Menyerap lebih banyak haba
Absorb more heat

Peleburan Pendidihan
(iii) Murah dan jimat Melting Boiling
Cheap and cost saving
Solid Cecair Gas
Solid Liquid Gas
(c)
Bayu laut Bayu darat
Sea breeze Land breeze Pembekuan Kondensasi
Freezing Condendation

Muatan haba tentu Muatan haba tentu laut

laut tinggi. rendah.
Sea has high specific Sea has low specific of heat
of heat capacity. capacity.
Haba pendam dibebaskan
Latent heat is released

3 haba diserap atau dibebaskan oleh 1 kg bahan untuk

Muatan haba tentu Muatan haba tentu darat berubah fasa tanpa perubahan suhu .
darat rendah. tinggi. heat absorbed or released for 1 kg substance to change phase
Land has low specific Land has high specific of without change in temperature.
of heat capacity. heat capacity. 4 haba diserap bagi 1 kg bahan untuk berubah dari
pepejal ke cecair tanpa perubahan suhu
heat absorbed for 1 kg substance to change from solid to
Daratan lebih panas Laut lebih panas liquid without change in temperature.
daripada laut. daripada daratan. 5 haba diserap oleh 1 kg bahan untuk berubah dari cecair
Land is warmer than Sea is warmer than land ke gas tanpa perubahan suhu.
sea. heat absorbed for 1 kg substance to change from liquid to gas
wout change in temperature.

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 6
Fasa Haba Suhu Tenaga kinetik molekul Keadaan
Phase Heat Temperature Kinetic energy of molecule State

Diserap Malar Malar Pepejal dan cecair

MN
Absorbed Constant Constant Solid and liquid

Diserap Bertambah Bertambah Cecair

NO
Absorbed Increases Increases Liquid

Diserap Malar Malar Cecair dan gas

OP
Absorbed Constant Constant Liquid and gas

Diserap Bertambah Bertambah Gas

PQ
Absorbed Increases Increases Gas

7
Fasa Haba Suhu Tenaga kinetik molekul Keadaan
Phase Heat Temperature Kinetic energy of molecule State

Dibebaskan Malar Malar Gas dan cecair

ST
Released Constant Constant Gas and liquid

Dibebaskan Berkurang Berkurang Cecair

TU
Released Decreases Decreases Liquid

Dibebaskan Malar Malar Cecair dan pepejal

UV
Released Constant Constant Liquid and solid

Dibebaskan Berkurang Berkurang Pepejal

VW
Released Decreases Decreases Solid

EKSPERIMEN 4.3 m4 – m2 = 78 – 52
Tujuan: Menentukan haba pendam tentu pelakuran ais = 26 g
Aim: To determine the specific latent heat of vaporisation of ice
m = 158 – 26 = 32 g = 0.032 kg
Radas: Pemanas rendam (12 V, 50 W), dua bikar, kaki
retort dan pengapit, bekalan kuasa, dua corong
turas, ais dan neraca elektronik. Pt 10 800
lf = = = 3 371 500 J kg–1
Apparatus: Immersion heater (12 V, 50 W), two beakers, retort m 0.032
stand and clamps, power supply, two filter funnels, ice
and electronic balance. Perbincangan/ Discussion:
(i) Untuk memastikan ais cair hanya disebabkan oleh haba
Keputusan/ Result:
dari pemanas sahaja.
[Jawapan murid / Student’s answer]
To ensure that the ice melts due to the heat from the heater
Contoh / Example: only.
(ii) Nilai sebenar ialah 3.34 × 105 J kg–1. Nilai daripada
m1 = 50 g
eksperimen lebih tinggi. Ais juga menyerap haba dari
sekeliling, jadi lebih banyak ais cair.
m2 = 52 g The exact value is 3.34 × 105 J kg–1. The value from the
experiment is higher. The ice also absorbs heat from the
surrounding, so more ice will melt.
m3 = 108 g
Tujuan: Menentukan haba pendam tentu pengewapan air
Aim: To determine the specific latent heat of vaporisation of water
m4 = 78 g Keputusan/ Result:
[Jawapan murid / Student’s answer]
Q = Pt = 36 × 5 × 60 Contoh / Example:
= 10 800 J
m1 = 685 g
m3 – m1 = 108 – 50
= 58 g m2 = 565 g

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 (b) Air (30 °C) Air (100 °C) Stim (100 °C)
t = 5 × 60 = 300 s Water Q1 Water Q2 Steam
Q1 = mcθ
P = 1 000 W = 0.5 × 4 200 × 70
= 147 000 J
m = m1 – m2 = 685 – 565 Q2 = mlv
= 120 g = 0.5 × 2.26 × 106
= 0.12 kg = 1 130 000 J
Pt Q = Q1 + Q2
1 000 × 300
lv = = = 2 500 000 J kg–1 = 147 000 + 1 130 000
m 0.12 = 1 277 000 J

Perbincangan/ Discussion: 4.2 Hukum Gas

Nilai eksperimen lebih besar kerana air juga menyerap haba dari Gas Laws
persekitaran yang menyumbang lebih banyak stim dilepaskan. 1
The experiment value is bigger because the water also absorbs heat Unit S.I Simbol unit S.I Unit lain
from surroundings which contributes more steam to be released. S.I unit Symbol of S.I unit Others unit

(a) Pascal Pa cm Hg
8 (a) Penyejukan minuman oleh ketulan ais
Cooling drinks with ice cubes
(b) Kelvin K °C, °F
(b) Sistem penyejukan pendingin udara
Cooling system of air conditioner (c) (meter)3 m3 mm3, cm3
(c) Penyejukan oleh nitrogen cecair
Cooling by liquid nitrogen
(d) Proses mengukus makanan EKSPERIMEN 4.4
Process of steaming food
9 (a) Memampatkan agen penyejuk (gas) untuk Inferens: Isi padu gas mempengaruhi tekanan gas
menambah tekanan dan suhunya. Inference: Volume of gas influences pressure of gas
Compresses cooling agent (gas) to increase pressure Hipotesis: Semakin berkurang isi padu gas, semakin
and temperature. bertambah tekanan gas
(b) Agen penyejuk (gas) membebaskan haba pendam Hypothesis: The lower the volume of gas, the higher the pressure
semasa proses kondensasi. of gas
Cooling agent (gas) releases latent heat during
condensation. Tujuan: Mengkaji hubungan antara isi padu gas dengan
(c) Agen penyejuk (cecair) mengalir melalui injap tekanan gas pada suhu malar
pengembang. Injap ini mempunyai satu lubang Aim: To study the relationship between volume and pressure of gas
kecil yang membenarkan cecair pada tekanan at constant temperature
tinggi disembur ke dalam tiub penyejat yang Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasi: Isi padu gas
bertekanan rendah. Cecair berubah menjadi gas. Manipulated variable: Volume of gas
Cooling agent (liquid) flows through expansion valve.
This valve has tiny hole which allows liquid at high Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas: Tekanan gas
pressure is ejected into the evaporator tube which is at Responding variable: Pressure of gas
lower pressure. Liquid changes to gas.
Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan: Suhu
(d) Dalam penyejat, agen penyejuk (cecair) menyejat Constant variable: Temperature
dan menyerap haba pendam daripada udara di
dalam peti sejuk. Bahagian pembeku akan Keputusan/ Result:
menjadi dingin. [Jawapan murid / Student’s answer]
In the evaporator, cooling agent (liquid) evaporates Contoh / Example:
and absorbs latent heat from inside the refrigerator. (i)
1 Tekanan, P/ kPa
(e) Agen penyejuk (gas) mengalir keluar daripada V/ ml / ml–1
V Pressure
penyejat ke pemampat.
Cooling agent in gas flows out from evaporator to the 10 0.100 1.35
compressor.
10 (a) Pt = mlv 20 0.050 0.65
mlv
t= 30 0.033 0.50
P
(0.07)(2.26 ×106) 40 0.025 0.30
=
500 50 0.020 0.15
= 316.4 s

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 (ii) P (i) Suhu, θ / °C Panjang turus udara, L / cm
Temperature Length of air column
30 6.9
40 7.1

V
50 7.4
P 60 7.6
70 7.8

(ii) V/cm3

1
V
Kesimpulan: Isi padu berkadar songsang dengan tekanan
Conclusion: Volume is inversely proportional to pressure

2 (a) isi padu gas berkadar songsang dengan tekanan

bagi suatu gas tetap pada suhu malar.
Boyle’s law states that the volume of the gas is inversely
proportional to gas pressure if its mass and temperature 0 θ/K
are constant.
(iii) sifar mutlak/ absolute zero
(b) P1V1 = P2V2
3 (a) isi padu berkadar terus dengan suhu mutlak bagi
(c) Mengikut Hukum Boyle/ According to Boyle’s law:
suatu gas berjisim tetap pada tekanan dimalarkan.
P1V1 = P2V2
Charles’ law states that the volume is directly
1 × 30 = P2 × 120 proportional to its absolute temperature for a fixed mass
P2 = 0.25 atm of gas at constant pressure.
V1 V2
EKSPERIMEN 4.5 (b) =
T1 T2
Inferens: Suhu gas mempengaruhi isi padu gas
(c) T1 = 27 + 273 = 300 K; T2 = 30 + 273 = 303 K
Inference: Temperature of gas influences volume of gas
Mengikut hukum Charles/ According to Charles’
Hipotesis: Semakin tinggi suhu gas, semakin besar isi padu law: V1 V2
gas =
Hypothesis: The higher the temperature of gas, the higher the T1 T2
volume of gas 200 V2
=
Tujuan: Mengkaji hubungan antara suhu gas dengan isi 300 303
padu gas pada tekanan malar V2 = 202 cm3
Aim: To study the relationship between temperature of gas and
volume of gas at constant pressure
EKSPERIMEN 4.6
Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasi: Suhu gas
Inferens: Suhu gas mempengaruhi tekanan gas
Manipulated variable: Temperature of gas
Inference: Temperature of gas infl uences pressure of gas
Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas: Isi padu gas// Panjang
Hipotesis: Semakin tinggi suhu gas, semakin bertambah
turus udara di dalam tiub
tekanan gas
kapilari Hypothesis: The higher the temperature of gas, the higher the
Responding variable: Volume of gas// Length of air column in
pressure of gas
capillary tube
Tujuan: Mengkaji hubungan antara suhu gas dengan
Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan: Tekanan
tekanan gas pada isi padu malar
Constant variable: Pressure
Aim: To study the relationship between temperature and pressure of
Keputusan/ Result: gas at constant volume
[Jawapan murid / Student’s answer] Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasi: Suhu gas
Contoh / Example: Manipulated variable: Temperature of gas
(i) Suhu, θ / °C Panjang turus udara, L / cm
Temperature Length of air column
Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas: Tekanan gas
Responding variable: Pressure of gas
20 6.6

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 Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan: Isi padu gas KERTAS 2
Constant variable: Volume of gas
Bahagian A
Keputusan/ Result: 1 (a) Satu bentuk tenaga/ A form of energy
[Jawapan murid / Student’s answer] 2 (b) (i) Panjang turus udara terperangkap di dalam
Contoh / Example: tiub kapilari dalam Rajah 1.2 lebih panjang
(i) daripada Rajah 1.1.
Suhu, θ / °C Tekanan gas, P / kPa
Temperature Gas pressure The length of air trapped in the capillary tube in

Diagram 1.2 is longer than in Diagram 1.1.
20 109.0 (ii) Suhu udara terperangkap di dalam tiub kapilari
30 112.5 dalam Rajah 1.2 lebih tinggi daripada Rajah 1.1
The temperature of air trapped in the capillary tube
40 116.0 in Diagram 1.2 is higher than Diagram 1.1.
50 119.5 (iii) Isi padu/ Volume
(iv) Berkadar terus/ Directly proportional
60 122.5
(c) Hukum Charles/ Charles’ law
70 126.5 (d) (i) Sifar mutlak/ Absolute zero
(ii) Molekul gas pegun/ Gas molecules stationary
(ii) P/kPa
Bahagian B
2 (a) (i) Dua jasad dikatakan dalam keseimbangan
terma apabila tiada pemindahan haba bersih
antara dua jasad dan kedua-dua jasad
mempunyai suhu yang sama.
Two bodies are said to be in thermal equilibrium
when the net heat flow between the two bodies is
zero and both bodies are at the same temperature.
(ii) Haba mengalir daripada air panas ke termometer.
0 θ/K
Heat flow from hot water to thermometer.
Kesimpulan: Tekanan gas berkadar terus dengan suhu Sehingga ia mencapai keseimbangan terma.
mutlak Until it reaches thermal equilibrium.
Conclusion: Gas pressure is directly proportional to absolute Suhu air sama dengan suhu yang
temperature ditunjukkan oleh termometer.
The temperature of water is the same as
4 (a) tekanan berkadar terus dengan suhu mutlak bagi
temperature shown by thermometer.
suatu gas berjisim tetap pada isi padu dimalarkan. Tiada haba bersih mengalir.

the pressure is directly proportional to its absolute
No net heat flows.
temperature for a fixed mass of gas at constant volume. (b) (i) Haba dibebaskan oleh M
P1 P2 = Haba diserap oleh air
(b) = Heat released by M
T1 T2
= Heat absorbed by water
(c) T1 = 27 + 273 = 300 K m1c1θ1 = m2c2θ2
Mengikut hukum Gay-Lussac/ According to Gay- (0.5) (800) (100 – T) = (0.2) (4 200) (T – 30)

Lussac’s law: T = 52.58
P1 P2 (ii) Tiada haba hilang ke persekitaran
= No heat released to surrounding


T1 T2
(c) Aspek Alasan
3.2 2.8
= Aspect Reason

300 T2
Penutup plastik Boleh perangkap udara//
T2 = 262.5 K
berongga Konduktor haba lemah
= 262.5 – 273 Hollow plastic stopper Can trapped air// Weak
= –10.5°C heat conductor
Ruang P: Vakum Elak haba hilang
Praktis Sumatif Space P: Vacuum Prevent heat lost
KERTAS 1 Tiub dinding dibuat Muatan haba tentu
daripada gelas besar// Lambat panas
1 C 2 B 3 B 4 B 5 C Double walled tube High specific heat
6 C 7 A 8 B 9 D 10 D made of glass capacity// Heat slowly
11 A

© Penerbit Mahir Sdn. Bhd. (183897-P) J16

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 SUPERB SBP FIZIK TINGKATAN 4 BATCH 3 ARTWORK
SUPERB SBP FIZIK BY FREELANCER
TINGKATAN 4 BATCH 3 M.ZAIDEE

(c) (ii)
Aspek Alasan
Aspect Reason C R C R C R
Tiub dinding disalut Pantul haba daripada
oleh cat berkilat dinding termos λ
Double walled tube Reflect heat from the wall
SB 26
coated
SB 26by shiny paint of the thermos

(iii) selari/ parallel
Kelalang termos W kerana penutup plastik
(iv) Gelombang bunyi/ Sound SB 27wave
berongga, ruang P adalah vakum, tiub dinding (e) (i) gelombang melintang/ transverse wave
kaca dan disalut cat berkilat. (ii) Arah getaran zarah
Direction of particles vibration
Thermos flask W because of hollow plastic stopper,
space P is vacuum, the glass walled tube and coated
by shiny paint.

λ Arah perambatan
Direction of propagation
BAB
Gelombang (iii) serenjang/ perpendicular
5 Waves (iv) Gelombang cahaya/
SB 28 Light wave
5.1 Asas Gelombang 4(a) (i) Sesaran maksimum sesuatu objek dari
FundamentalSB 28
of Waves kedudukan keseimbanganSB 29
1(a) Satu proses memindahkan tenaga daripada satu The maximum displacement of the object from its
tempat ke tempat lain yang dihasilkan oleh sistem
equilibrium position
bergetar atau berayun. (ii) Masa bagi satu ayunan// getaran lengkap
A process of transferring energy from one location to The time taken for one complete oscillation//
another which is produced by an oscillating of vibrating vibration
system. (iii) Bilangan ayunan lengkap dalam masa satu saat
2 (a) Getaran spring slinki Number of complete oscillation per second

SB 30
(iv) Jarak di antara dua titik sefasa yang berturutan
Vibration of the slinky spring
(b) Dari kiri ke kanan// Dari A ke B The distance between two consecutive points in phase
From left to right// From A to B (v) Jarak yang dilalui oleh gelombang per unit masa
SB 30 The distance travelled by a wave per unit of time
(b) (i) 0.5 cm
(ii) 0.4 s SB 31
B (iii) 2.5 Hz
A
Arah pemindahan tenaga
(iv) 2.0 cm
Direction of energy transfer (c) v = f λ
(c) Reben cuma bergetar ke atas dan ke bawah di
SBP FIZIK TINGKATANkedudukan
4 BATCH 3SB 26
tetap. 5.2 Pelembapan dan Resonans
ARTWORK BY FREELANCER M.ZAIDEE
The ribbon only vibrates up and down at a fixed position. Damping and Resonance
3(a) Rupa bentuk spring slinki semasa gelombang 1 Pengurangan amplitud suatu sistem ayunan akibat
merambat melaluinya. kehilangan tenaga.
SB 32
The shape of the slinky spring as waves propagate The reduction in amplitude in an oscillating system due to loss
through it. of energy.
(b) (i) Gelombang melintang 2 (a) Sistem ayunan kehilangan tenaga bagi

SB 33
mengatasi daya geseran atau rintangan udara
Transverse wave
Oscillating system loses energy to overcome friction or
SB 32(ii) Gelombang membujur

air resistance
Longitudinal wave
(b) Sistem ayunan kehilangan tenaga kerana
(c) (i) Memerlukan medium untuk memindahkan
SB 26 tenaga dari satu titik ke titik yang lain renggangan dan mampatan zarah-zarah yang
Requires a medium to transfer energy from one
SB 27
bergetar dalam sistem tersebut
Oscillating system loses energy because of the stretching
point to another
SB 28
(ii) Terdiri daripada ayunan medan elektrik dan
and compression of the vibrating particles in the system
3 Sesaran
medan magnet yang berserenjang antara satu Displacement
sama lain
Made up of oscillating electric and magnetic fields Masa
perpendicular to one another Time
(ii) Gelombang air dan gelombang bunyi SB 34
Water waves and sound waves
(d) (i) gelombang membujur/ longitudinal wave

J17 © Penerbit Mahir Sdn. Bhd. (183897-P)

SB 28 SB 34 SB 29
SB 35

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 4 (a) Amplitud ayunan buaian semakin berkurang dan (c) Pemancar mengeluarkan gelombang ultrasonik ke
berhenti. dasar laut. Gelombang itu dipantulkan oleh dasar
Amplitude of oscillation of the cradle decreases and laut dan dikesan oleh penerima. Sela masa, t bagi
stops. gelombang bergerak pergi dan balik dasar laut
(b) Pelembapan/ Damping vt
diukur. Kedalaman laut, s diukur dengan s =
(c) Mengenakan daya luar pada buaian. Daya luar 2
yang dikenakan itu membekalkan tenaga di mana v ialah halaju gelombang ultrasonik
tambahan ke atas ayunan buaian untuk dalam air.
menggantikan tenaga yang hilang disebabkan A transmitter emits ultrasonic wave to the seabed. The
daya geseran. ultrasonic wave is reflected by the transmitter and
detected by a receiver. Time interval, t, for the ultrasonic
Apply external force to the cradle. The external force
wave to propagate back and forth from the seabed is
gives extra energy to the oscillating cradle as to
measured. The depth of the seabed, s is measured by
compensate for the energy dissipated by frictional force. vt
5 ayunan paksa/ forced oscillation s = where v is the speed of ultrasonic wave in water.
2
6 frekuensi asli/ natural frequency vt
7 Resonans/ Resonance 4 (a) s =
2
8 frekuensi asli; amplitud maksimum/ natural frequency;
maximum amplitude 340 × 1.2
=
9 (a) C dan D/ C and D 2
(b) Bandul-bandul yang lain turut berayun kerana = 204 m
tenaga dipindahkan melalui tali. vt
(b) s=
The other pendulums start to oscillate because energy is 2
transferred through the rope. 3 × 108 × 4 × 10–3
=
(c) D 2
(d) Bandul C dan D. Bandul C menyebabkan bandul = 600 000 m
D berayun dengan frekuensi aslinya. Bandul D = 600 km
menerima tenaga yang lebih besar dan berayun
dengan amplitud yang maksimun. Resonans 5.4 Pembiasan Gelombang
berlaku. Refraction of Waves
Pendulums C and D. Pendulum C causes pendulum D 1 Perubahan arah perambatan gelombang yang disebabkan
to oscillate at its natural frequency. Pendulum D oleh perubahan halaju gelombang apabila gelombang itu
receives a bigger amount of energy and oscillate with merambat dari satu medium ke medium yang lain.
the maximum amplitude. Resonance occurs. The change in direction of propagation waves caused by the
change in the velocity of waves when the waves propagate
5.3 Pantulan Gelombang from one medium to another.
Reflection of Waves 2 (a) Sama kerana menggunakan motor penggetar satah
1 Garisan yang menyambungkan titik-titik pada fasa yang sama.
yang sama. Same because using the same plane vibration motor.
Lines joining all points of the same phase. (b) Laju gelombang air di kawasan dalam lebih tinggi
2 (a) daripada di kawasan cetek.
The speed of water wave in deep region is higher than in
λ1
shallow region.
(c) Panjang gelombang di kawasan dalam lebih
Pemantul satah panjang daripada di kawasan cetek.
Plane reflector The wavelength in deep region is longer than in shallow
region.
(d) Berkadar terus/ Directly proportional
3 (a) i>r
Gelombang pantulan
Reflection waves (b) i<r
(c) Berkurang/ Decreases
(d) Bertambah/ Increases
(e) Berkurang/ Decreases
(b) i = r
(f) Bertambah/ Increases
(c) (i) Kekal/ Unchanged

SB 32
(ii) Kekal/ Unchanged
(g) Kekal/ Unchanged
(h) Kekal/ Unchanged
(iii) Kekal/ Unchanged
(i) Dibias mendekati garis normal
(iv) Berubah/ Change Refract towards normal line
3 (a) Pantulan/ Reflection (j) Dibias menjauhi garis normal
(b) Tenaga tinggi dan boleh bergerak jauh/ High energy Refract away from normal line
and can move further

© Penerbit Mahir Sdn. Bhd. (183897-P) J18

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 4 (a) Dalam Cetek Dalam v1 v2
Deep Shallow Deep 6 (a) =
λ1 λ2
(b) v1 = 5 cm s–1; λ1 = 3.0 cm; λ2 = 1.5 cm
v1 v2
=
λ1 λ2
5 v2
=
3.0 1.5
v2 = 2.5 cm s–1
(b) Dalam Cetek Dalam
Deep Shallow Deep 5.5 Pembelauan Gelombang
Diffraction of Waves
1 Fenomena gelombang tersebar atau bengkok apabila
merambat melalui suatu celah.
A phenomenon in which waves spread out or bend as they
pass through a gap.
2 (a)

5 (a) Lapisan udara berhampiran permukaan Bumi

lebih panas. Bunyi bergerak daripada udara
panas ke udara sejuk. Laju bunyi berkurang.
Bunyi dibias mendekati garis normal. Bunyi (b)
semakin menjauhi Bumi dan tidak dapat didengar
dengan jelas.
The air layer near the surface to be warmer. Sound
travels from hot to cold air. The speed of sound
decreases.
Sound is refracted towards normal line. Sound refracted
away from the Earth and cannot be heard clearly.
(b) Lapisan udara berhampiran Bumi lebih sejuk.
Bunyi bergerak daripada udara sejuk ke udara
panas. Laju bunyi bertambah. Bunyi dibias 3 (a) Sama/ Equal
menjauhi garis normal. Bunyi semakin menghampiri (b) Sama/ Equal
Bumi dan dapat didengar dengan jelas. (c) Sama/ Equal
The air layer near the ground colder. Sound travels from
(d) Disebarkan/ Spread out
cold to hot air. The speed of sound increases. Sound
refracted away from the normal line. Sound waves
(e) Berkurang/ Decrease
moving towards the Earth and can be heard clearly.
4
Panjang gelombang Pendek Panjang
Wavelength Short Long

3.0 cm 6.0 cm

Corak gelombang
Pattern of waves a a

Pembelauan Kurang ketara Lebih ketara

Diffraction Less significant More significant

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 SB 36

5 Saiz celah yang kecil/ Small size of gap (c) memusnah; puncak; lembangan
Panjang gelombang yang panjang/ Longer wavelength Destructive; crests; troughs
SB 39
6 (a) (i) Amplitud gelombang selepas melalui bukaan 4 (a) Titik A: Interferens
SB 38 membina
benteng lebih kecil daripada amplitud Point A: Constructive interference
sebelumnya. Titik B: Interferens membina
The amplitude after passing through the opening Point B: Constructive interference

barrier smaller than the amplitude before. Titik C: Interferens memusnah
(ii) Membina benteng dengan celah kecil Point C: Destructive interference
supaya pembelauan berlaku. Tenaga (b)
gelombang disebarkan ke kawasan yang luas
selepas melalui celah dan akan berkurang. A
Hal ini akan mengurangkan amplitud
C
gelombang.
Build barriers with small gap so that diffraction B
can occur. Energy of the waves is spread out to
larger area after passing the gap and will be
reduced. Thus, the amplitude of the waves will be S1 S2
decreased. SB 41
Garis antinod
(b) (i) Tidak dapat melihat radio kerana gelombang
Antinodal lines
cahaya tidak dibelaukan. Garis nod

Cannot see the radio because light waves cannot be Nodal lines
diffracted.
(c) a: Jarak di antara dua sumber koheren
(ii) Boleh mendengar radio kerana bunyi boleh
Distance between two coherent sources
dibelaukan.
x: Jarak di antara dua garis antinod// nod
Can hear the sound because sound waves can be
diffracted. berturutan
Distance between two consecutive antinodal lines//
(iii) Bunyi mudah dibelaukan kerana panjang
nodal lines
gelombang bunyi lebih panjang daripada SB 43
D: Jarak di antara dua sumber koheren dengan
panjang gelombang cahaya.
tempat di mana x diukur
Sound waves are more easily diffracted because its
Distance between two coherent sources and point x
wavelength is longer than the wavelength of light wave.
is measured
(b) (i) Pembelauan/ Diffraction
5 (a) Cahaya dengan satu warna atau panjang
(ii)
gelombang.
Light with one colour or wavelength.
(b) Pinggir cerah dan gelap berselang-seli dan
seragam.
Bright and dark fringes alternately and uniformly.
(iii) Panjang gelombang cahaya lebih pendek
ax SB 45
daripada gelombang bunyi. Cahaya sukar (c) λ =
untuk dibelaukan. D
(0.5 × 10–3) × (1.8 × 10–3)
Wavelength of light waves is smaller than sound =

waves. Light is difficult to diffract. 2
= 0.45 × 10–6 m
5.6 Interferens Gelombang (d) (i) Berkurang/ Decreases
Interference of Waves (ii) Berkurang/ Decreases
1 Apabila dua gelombang merambat serentak dan (iii) Berkurang/ Decreases
bertindih pada satu titik, hasil tambah sesaran pada 6 (a) Kedua-dua pembesar suara disambung ke penjana
titik itu adalah sama dengan hasil tambah sesaran audio yang sama.
gelombang itu secara individu. Both loudspeakers are connected to the same audio
When two waves interfered, the resulting displacement generator.
of the medium at any location is the algebraic sum of the (b) Menghasilkan bunyi kuat dan bunyi lemah secara
displacements of the individual waves. berselang-seli.
2 Superposisi dua gelombang yang berpunca daripada Produce loud sound and soft sound alternately.
dua sumber koheren. (c) Bunyi kuat terhasil di kawasan interferens
The superposition of two waves originating from two coherent membina manakalan bunyi lemah terhasil di
sources. kawasan interferens memusnah.
3 (a) membina; puncak Loud sound produced at constructive interference region
Constructive; crests while soft sound produced at destructive interference
(b) membina; lembangan region.
Constructive; troughs

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 (d) Mengelakkan pantulan bunyi Alat kawalan jauh untuk televisyen dan pemain
To avoid the reflection of sound DVD
ax Remote control device for television and DVD player
7 (a) λ =
D (f) Komunikasi antara alat elektronik (wifi, bluetooth,
(2.0) × (1.0) zigbee)
= Communication between electronic devices
3.0
= 0.67 m (wifi, bluetooth, zigbee)
ax Pengesanan radar pesawat dan pemerangkap laju
(b) λ = Detection of plane radar and speed trap
D
(g) Komunikasi radio jarak jauh
(5.0) × (16.0)
= Long distance radio communication
50.0 Mesin gelombang millimeter untuk mengimbas
= 1.6 cm badan penumpang di lapangan terbang
ax Millimeter-wave machine to scan body of passengers at
(c) λ = airport
D

x= a
λD
SB 51 Praktis Sumatif
S
(7.0 × 10–7) × (4.0)
= KERTAS 1
0.5 × 10–3
= 0.0056 m 1 B 2 D 3 A 4 A 5 A
= 5.6 mm 6 B 7 C 8 C 9 C 10 C
11 C 12 A 13 D
5.7 Gelombang Elektromagnet KERTAS 2
Electromagnetic Waves
Bahagian A
1(a) Gelombang radio/ Radio waves
(b) Sinar gama/ Gamma rays 1(a) Penyebaran gelombang apabila gelombang itu
(c) Sinar gama, sinar-X, sinar ultraungu, cahaya merambat melalui satu celah atau tepi suatu
nampak, sinar inframerah, gelombang mikro dan penghalang.
gelombang radio The spreading of waves when the waves propagate
through a slit or side of a barrier.
Gamma ray, X-ray, ultraviolet ray, visible light, infrared
ray, microwave and radio wave (b) Bunyi berfrekuensi rendah
2(a) Medan elektrik dan medan magnet Sound of low frequency
Electric field and magnetic field
(b) Berserenjang/ Perpendicular λ
(c) Gelombang melintang
Transverse waves
3 (a) Membunuh sel kanser dalam radioterapi
Kills cancer cells in radiotherapy
Digunakan dalam industri pemprosesan makanan
supaya makanan tahan lebih lama
Used in food processing industry so that food can last
longer (c) (i) Panjang gelombang dalam Rajah 1.2 lebih
(b) Mengesan retakan atau patah pada tulang dan panjang daripada dalam Rajah 1.3.
pemeriksaan organ dalaman The wavelength in Diagram 1.2 is longer than in
Detects fractures or broken and examines internal
organs
Diagram 1.3.
(ii) Bentuk pembelauan gelombang bunyi dalam SB 54
Pengimbas bagasi di lapangan terbang Rajah 1.2 lebih membulat daripada dalam
Baggage scanning at airport Rajah 1.3.
(c) Mengeraskan bahan tampalan gigi The pattern of the diffraction of sound wave in
Hardens tooth filling material Diagram 1.2 is more circular than in Diagram 1.3.
Menentukan kesahihan wang kertas (d) Berkurang/ Decreases
Determines authenticity of currency notes 2(a) Tenaga telah berkurang kerana disebarkan ke
(d) Membolehkan benda hidup untuk melihat kawasan lebih luas selepas melalui celah.
Enables living things to see Energy decreases. It spreads out to larger area after
Fotografi passing through the gap.
Photography (b) Semakin panjang panjang gelombang, semakin
(e) Untuk memasak (ketuhar, pemanggang dan rendah amplitud gelombang.
pembakar) The longer the wavelength, the smaller the amplitude of
For cooking (oven, grill and toaster) the wave.

J21 © Penerbit Mahir Sdn. Bhd. (183897-P)

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 Bahagian B 2 (a) Sinar tuju Garis normal
2 (a) Panjang gelombang ialah jarak antara dua Incident Normal line
puncak atau lembangan berturutan ray i Udara
Wavelength is the distance between two successive Air
crests or troughs Kaca
(b) Panjang gelombang cahaya merah lebih besar r Glass
daripada cahaya hijau.
The wavelength of red light is larger than green light.
Jarak di antara dua pinggir berturutan yang terbentuk
adalah sama bagi pinggir merah dan hijau. (b)
Sinar tuju Garis normal
The distance between two consecutive fringes formed is Incident Normal line
the same for red and green fringes. ray Kaca
i
Jarak di antara dua pinggir berturutan merah lebih Glass
besar daripada dua pinggir berturutan hijau.
Udara
The distance between two consecutive red fringes larger r Air
than the two consecutive green fringes.
Jarak di antara dua pinggir berturutan berkadar 3 Rajah (a): Berkurang
terus dengan panjang gelombang cahaya. Diagram (a): Decreases
The distance between two fringes increases with the Rajah (b): Bertambah
wavelength. Diagram (b): Increases
Interferens/ Interference 4 Nisbah laju cahaya di dalam vakum kepada laju cahaya
(c) di dalam medium.
Aspek Alasan The ratio of speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in
Aspect Reason medium.
5 n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2
Bentuk piring:
Haba akan
Pemantul cekung
ditumpukan n1 indeks biasan dalam medium 1/ refractive
Shape of the dish:
Heat will be focused index in medium 1
Parabolic reflector

Permukaan piring Pantulan lebih n2 indeks biasan dalam medium 2/

berkilat// licin berkesan refractive index in medium 2
Shiny// Smooth surface of Reflection will be
the dish effective
θ1 sudut tuju dalam medium 1/ angle of
incidence in medium 1
Saiz piring: Diameter Lebih banyak haba
besar akan dikumpulkan
Size of the dish: Large More heat will be θ2 sudut biasan dalam medium 2/ angle of
diameter collected refraction in medium 2

Kedudukan cerek pada Haba ditumpukan ke

EKSPERIMEN 6.1
titik fokus cerek
The kettle at the focal point Heat converge to the kettle Inferens: Suhu gas mempengaruhi tekanan gas
Inference: Temperature of gas influences pressure of gas
Orientasi piring: Lebih banyak tenaga Inferens: Sudut biasan, r bergantung kepada sudut tuju, i.
Menghadap Matahari suria dikumpulkan Inference: Angle of refraction, r depends on angle of incidence, i.
Orientation of the dish: More solar energy will
Facing the Sun be collected Hipotesis: Semakin bertambah sudut tuju, semakin
bertambah sudut biasan.
Hypothesis: The larger the angle of incidence, the larger the angle
BAB of refraction.
Cahaya dan Optik
6 Light and Optics
Tujuan: Mengkaji hubungan antara sudut tuju dengan sudut
6.1 Pembiasan Cahaya biasan dan menentukan indeks biasan bagi blok kaca.
Refraction of Light Aim: To investigate the relationship between angle of incidence and
1 Fenomena di mana arah cahaya berubah apabila bergerak angle of refraction and to determine the refractive index of
melalui dua bahan berlainan ketumpatan optik. glass block.
Phenomenon where the direction of light changes when it Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasi: Sudut tuju, i
travels through two materials of different optical densities.
Manipulated variable: Angle of incidence, i

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 Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas: Sudut biasan, r Tujuan: Mengkaji hubungan antara dalam nyata, H dengan
Responding variable: Angle of refraction, r dalam ketara, h.
Aim: To investigate the relationship between real depth, H and
Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan: Ketumpatan kaca apparent depth, h.
Constant variable: Density of glass
Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasi: Dalam nyata, H
Radas: Kotak sinar dengan plat celah tunggal, jangka sudut Manipulated variable: Real depth, H
dan pembaris, blok kaca, kertas putih dan pensel.
Apparatus: Ray box with single slit, protractor, ruler, glass block, Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas: Dalam ketara, h
white paper and pencil. Responding variable: Apparent depth, h

Perbincangan/ Discussion: Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan: Ketumpatan cecair

(i) Bertambah/ Increases Constant variable: Density of liquid
0.91 – 0 Radas: Bikar 1 000 ml, pembaris, kaki retort dan dua
(ii) m = = 1.52
0.60 – 0 pengapit, gabus, dua batang pin, pita selofan dan air.
sin i Apparatus: 1 000 ml beaker, ruler, retort stand with two clamps,
cork, two pins, cellophane tape and water.
1.0
Keputusan/ Result:
0.9 [Jawapan murid/ Student’s answer]
(i) Contoh/ Example:
0.8
H / cm y / cm h / cm
0.7

6.0 1.6 4.4

0.6

0.5
7.0 1.5 5.5

0.4 8.0 2.0 6.0

0.3 9.0 2.0 7.0

0.2 10.0 2.6 7.4
0.1
(ii) H/ cm

sin r
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 10
(iii) n = m = 1.52
9
6 (a) dan (b) Pemerhati
Observer
8

Dalam ketara, h 6
Apparent depth, h
Imej Dalam nyata, H 5
Image Real depth, H
4

O 3

Objek 2
Object
H 1
(c) n =
h
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 h/ cm

EKSPERIMEN 6.2 Kesimpulan/ Conclusion:

Dalam nyata, H berkadar terus dengan dalam ketara, h.
Inferens: Kedudukan imej mempengaruhi kedudukan The real depth, H is directly proportional to the apparent depth, h.
objek// Dalam nyata mempengaruhi dalam ketara.
Inference: Position of an image is influenced by position of object// Perbincangan/ Discussion:
Real depth influences the apparent depth. 9.3 – 0
(i) m = = 1.34
Hipotesis: Semakin bertambah dalam nyata, H, semakin 7.0 – 0
bertambah dalam ketara, h. H
(ii) n =
Hypothesis: The greater the real depth, H, the greater the apparent h
depth, h. (iii) n = m = 1.34

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 sin θ (b) (i) Prisma kaca
7 (a) (i) n = = 1.54
sin 33° Glass prism
sin θ = 1.54 × sin 33°
= 0.838 Sinar cahaya
θ = 57° Light ray 30°
3 × 108
(ii) n = = 1.54
v 3 × 108 sin r
v= (ii) n=
= 1.50
1.54 sin 30°
= 1.94 × 108 m s–1 sin r = 1.50 × sin 30°
= 0.75
r = 48.6°
6.2 Pantulan Dalam Penuh
Total Internal Reflection
1 (a) Sinar cahaya selari dengan garis normal/ Light ray parallel to normal line
(b) Sudut tuju, i dan
sudut genting, c i <c i=c i>c
Incident angle, i
and critical angle, c
N N N

Lintasan sinar
cahaya i i i
Path of light ray

Dibias di sepanjang sempadan

Dibias menjauhi garis Pantulan dalam penuh
Penjelasan kaca-udara
normal berlaku
Explanation Refracted ray is at the boundary
Refracted away from normal Total internal reflection occured
of glass-air

sin r sin 90° (v) Sudut tuju lebih besar daripada sudut genting
2 (a) n = sin i = sin c // i > c
1 Incident angle larger than critical angle
n = sin c (vi) Lebih nipis dan ringan
(b) n berkadar songsang dengan sin c Thinner and lighter
n inversely proportional to sin c Lebih banyak maklumat boleh dihantar pada
3 (a) (i) lebih sejuk/ colder satu masa
(ii) menjauhi/ refracted away A large number of signals can be sent at one time
(iii) besar; pantulan dalam penuh (vii) Periskop prisma
large; total internal reflection Prism periscope
(b) (i) Komunikasi dan perubatan Pemantul mata kucing
Communication and medical Cat’s eye reflector
(ii) Kaca/ Glass
(iii) P 6.2 Pembentukan Imej oleh Kanta
Image Formation by Lenses
1 (a)

Sinar cahaya Paksi utama F

Light ray Q
Principal axis O
(iv) Ketumpatan: Q lebih tumpat daripada P
Density: Q denser than P

Indeks biasan: Q lebih besar daripada P
Refractive index: Q larger than P
f

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 Convex lens: The parallel light rays is diverged as they
come from a point F in front of the lens.
2 (a) Titik di mana semua sinar cahaya selari
ditumpukan selepas dibiaskan.
A point where all parallel light rays are converged after
O Paksi utama refraction.
F Principal axis (b) Jarak di antara pusat kanta, O dengan titik fokus,
F.
Distance between the optical centre, O with focal point,
F.
(c) Jarak di antara pusat kanta, O dengan objek.
f
Distance between the optical centre, O with object.
(b) Kanta cembung: Sinar cahaya selari ditumpukan (d) Jarak di antara pusat kanta, O dengan imej.
Distance between the optical centre, O with image.
ke titik fokus.
Convex lens: The parallel light rays is converged to a (e) Titik di pusat kanta. Sinar cahaya yang melalui
focal point. pusat optik tidak dibiaskan.
Kanta cembung: Sinar cahaya selari dicapahkan Point at the centre of the lens. Light rays passing
through it are not refracted.
seperti datang dari titik fokus.
3 (a)
Rajah sinar Ciri-ciri imej
u
Ray diagram Characteristics of image

I
• Maya/ Virtual
o F • Tegak/ Upright
u<f
F • Diperbesar/ Magnified
• Imej di/ Image at: v > u

o F 2F
• Maya/ Virtual
• Tegak/ Upright
u=f
2F F • Diperbesar/ Magnified
• Imej di infiniti/ Image at infinity

o • Nyata/ Real
F 2F • Songsang/ Inverted
2f > u > f
2F F • Diperbesar/ Magnified
• Imej di/ Image at: v > 2f
I

O • Nyata/ Real
F 2F • Songsang/ Inverted
u = 2f 2F F • Sama saiz/ Same size
I • Imej di/ Image at: v = 2f

o • Nyata/ Real
F 2F • Songsang/ Inverted
u > 2f
2F F I
• Diperkecil/ Diminished
• Imej di/ Image at: f < v < 2f

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 3 (a)
Rajah sinar Ciri-ciri imej
u
Ray diagram Characteristics of image

• Nyata/ Real
F F • Songsang/ Inverted
u=∞
• Diperkecil/ Diminished
I • Imej di F/ Image at F

(b)
Rajah sinar Ciri-ciri imej
u
Ray diagram Characteristics of image

O • Maya/ Virtual
• Tegak/ Upright
u < 2f
2F F I • Diperkecil/ Diminished
• Imej di/ Image at: v < f

O • Maya/ Virtual
I • Tegak/ Upright
u > 2f
2F F • Diperkecil/ Diminished
• Imej di/ Image at: v < f

4 hi: ketinggian imej/ height of image Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas: Jarak imej, v
ho: ketinggian objek/ height of object Responding variable: Image distance, v
v: jarak imej/ image distance
Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan: Panjang fokus, f
u: jarak objek/ object distance Constant variable: Focal length, f

6.4 Pembentukan Imej oleh Kanta Radas: Kanta cembung (f = 10.0 cm), pemegang kanta,
Image Formation by Lenses mentol, kertas lutsinar dengan lubang segi tiga
1 1 1 1 skrin putih, dan pembaris meter
+ = Apparatus: Convex lens (f = 10.0 cm), lens holder, bulb,
u v f transparent paper with arrow shaped hole, white
screen, and metre rule
u: jarak objek/ object distance
v: jarak imej/ image distance Keputusan/ Result:
f: panjang fokus/ focal length (i)
2 (a) Positif/ Positive 1 1
(b) Negatif/ Negative v /cm /cm–1 /cm–1
u v

EKSPERIMEN 6.3 13.3 0.025 0.075

Inferens: Jarak objek, u mempengaruhi jarak imej, v
Inference: Image distance, u is influenced by object distance, v 14.0 0.029 0.071
Hipotesis: Semakin bertambah jarak objek, semakin
berkurang jarak imej.
15.0 0.033 0.067
Hypothesis: When the object distance increases, the image distance
decreases.
16.7 0.040 0.060
Tujuan: Mengkaji hubungan antara jarak objek, u dengan
jarak imej, v bagi kanta cembung.
Aim: To investigate the relationship between object distance, u and 20.0 0.050 0.050
image distance, v for a convex lens.

Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasi: Jarak objek, u 30.0 0.067 0.033

Manipulated variable: Object distance, u

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 (ii) 1 1 1
v
/ cm–1
(ii) c = 0.10 cm–1 = =
10 f
0.10 1 1 1
(iii) y = mx + c → = (–1) +
v u f
0.09
1 1 1
= +
0.08 f u v
0.07 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 (a) (i) = + → = +
f u v 20 30 v
0.06
v = 60 cm
0.05 v 60
(ii) m = → m =
0.04
u 30
= 20 cm
0.03 (iii) Nyata, songsang, diperbesar
Real, inverted, magnified
0.02
1 1 1 1 1 1
(b) (i) = + →- = +
0.01 f u v 20 30 v
v = –12 cm
1
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 / cm–1 v 12
u
(ii) m = → m =
u 30
Kesimpulan/ Conclusion: = 0.4 cm
Jarak objek, u berkadar songsang dengan jarak imej, v. (iii) Maya, tegak, diperkecil
Object distance, u is inversely proportional to image distance, v. Virtual, upright and diminished

Perbincangan/ Discussion:
0.10 – 0.045
(i) m = =1
0 – 0.055

6.5 Peralatan Optik

Optical Instruments

1
Kegunaan Membesarkan imej
Application Enlarge the image

Ia mempunyai 1 kanta cembung

It consists of 1 convex lens

Jarak objek
u<f
Object distance

Ciri-ciri imej Maya, tegak, diperbesar

Characteristics of image Virtual, upright, magnified

Rajah sinar o
Ray diagram
F F

2
Kegunaan Melihat objek seni
Application To see small object

Ia mempunyai 2 kanta cembung

It consists of 2 convex lenses

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 Banding fo dan fe
fo < fe
Compare fo and fe

Jarak objek
fo < u < 2fo
Object distance

Ciri-ciri imej melalui kanta

objek Nyata, songsang, diperbesar
Characteristics of image through Real, inverted, magnified
objective lens

Kedudukan kanta mata

u < fe
Position of eyepiece lens

Ciri-ciri imej akhir Maya, tegak, diperbesar

Characteristics of final image Virtual, upright, magnified

Kanta mata
Eyepiece lens
Kanta objektif
Objek Imej
Objective lens
Object Image
F1 F2 (I1) F2
Rajah sinar
Ray diagram F1
Imej akhir Pemerhati
Final Observer
image
(I2)

3
Kegunaan Melihat objek jauh
Application To see distant object

Ia mempunyai 2 kanta cembung

It consists of 2 convex lenses

Banding fO dan fe
fo > fe
Compare fo and fe

Jarak objek Infiniti// Jauh

Object distance Infinity// Distant

Bagaimana sinar cahaya melalui

kanta objek? Sinar selari
How light rays passes through Parallel rays
objective lens?

Kedudukan imej melalui kanta

objek Pada titik fokus, fo
Position of image through objective At focus point, fo
lens

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 Ciri-ciri imej melalui kanta
objek Nyata, songsang, diperkecil
Characteristics of image through Real, inverted, diminished
objective lens

Kedudukan kanta mata

u = fe
Position of eyepiece lens

Ciri-ciri imej akhir Maya, songsang, diperbesar

Characteristics of final image Virtual, inverted, magnified

Pelarasan normal: Jarak di

antara fo dan fe
fo + fe
Normal adjustment: The distance
between fo and fe

Pembesaran linear fo
Linear magnification fe

Kanta objek
Objective lens Kanta mata
Eyepiece lens

fo fe

Rajah sinar Fo Fe Fe
Ray diagram Pemerhati
Observer
Imej/ Image
(I1)
Imej akhir
Final image
(I2)

6.6 Pembentukan Imej oleh Cermin Sfera 3 (a) Garis lurus menerusi pusat kelengkungan, C dan
Image Formation by Spherical Mirrors kutub cermin, P.
1 (a) ke dalam/ inwards traight line passing through the centre of curvature, C
(b) ke luar/ outwards and pole of the mirror, P.
2 (a) (b) Titik di mana semua sinar selari menumpu selepas
dipantulkan.
A point where all parallel lights converge after reflection.
Paksi utama
(c) Jarak di antara titik fokus, F dengan kutub cermin,
P P.
Principal axis C F
Distance between focal point, F and the pole of the
mirror, P.
f (d) Jarak dari objek ke kutub cermin.
r Distance between object and the pole of the mirror.

(e) Jarak dari imej ke kutub cermin.
(b) Distance between image and the pole of the mirror.
(f) Pusat sfera yang menghasilkan cermin cekung
atau cermin cembung.
Centre of sphere which produces a concave or convex
Paksi utama mirror.
Principal axis P F C (g) Jarak di antara kutub cermin, P dengan pusat
kelengkungan, C.
Distance between the pole of the mirror, P and the
f
centre of curvature, C.
r

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 4
Rajah sinar Ciri-ciri imej
u
Ray diagram Characteristics of image

I
O • Maya/ Virtual
u<f • Tegak/ Upright
P • Diperbesar/ Magnified
C F
• Imej di/ Image at: v > u
I

O • Maya/ Virtual
C • Tegak/ Upright
u=f
P • Diperbesar/ Magnified
F
• Imej di infiniti/ Image at infinity

O • Nyata/ Real
C • Songsang/ Inverted
2f > u > f
F P • Diperbesar/ Magnified
• Imej di/ Image at: v > 2f
I

O • Nyata/ Real
P • Songsang/ Inverted
u = 2f
C F • Sama saiz/ Same size
I • Imej di/ Image at: v = 2f

O • Nyata/ Real
F • Songsang/ Inverted
u > 2f P
• Diperkecil/ Diminished
C
I • Imej di/ Image at:
f < v < 2f

• Nyata/ Real
C F P • Songsang/ Inverted
u=∞
• Diperkecil/Diminished
I • Imej di F/ Image at F

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 5
Rajah sinar Ciri-ciri imej
u
Ray diagram Characteristics of image

I • Maya/ Virtual
O • Tegak/ Upright
u<f
F’ P F C • Diperkecil/ Diminished
• Imej di/ Image at: v < f

O • Maya/ Virtual
I
• Tegak/ Upright
u>f
F’ P F C • Diperkecil/ Diminished
• Imej di/ Image at: v < f

6 (a) A: Cermin cekung (b)

Concave mirror Prisma kaca
B: Cermin cembung Glass prism
Convex mirror
Sinar cahaya O
(b) Cahaya dari pemandu kereta hadapan dipantulkan
melalui cermin ke mata pemerhati. Imej yang Light ray
dihasilkan adalah maya, tegak dan kecil.
The light from the incoming car will be ref ected by 45°
the convex mirror to the eye’s of the observer in the car.
The image is seen by the observer as virtual, upright
and diminished.
(c) Pantulan dalam penuh
Total internal reflection
(d)
Praktis Sumatif

KERTAS 1
1 C 2 B 3 C 4 C 5 D
6 D 7 A 8 C
Pemerhati
KERTAS 2
Observer
Bahagian A
1 (a) Cermin cembung
Convex mirror
(e) (i) Panjang fokus yang panjang
(b) Sudut penglihatan lebih besar dan imej tegak Longer focal length
Larger view of angle and upright image Sebab: Pembesaran linear yang tinggi
(c) (i) Reason: Higher linear magnification
(ii) Diameter kanta: Diameter yang besar
Imej Diameter of lens: Bigger diameter
Objek
Object Image Sebab: Lebih banyak cahaya dibiaskan
Reason: More light to be refracted
C F F C (f) R

PENILAIAN AKHIR TAHUN

(ii) Maya, tegak dan diperkecil
Virtual, upright and diminished
KERTAS 1
1 1 1 A 2 B 3 D 4 D 5 C
2 (a) n = → 1.5 = 6 B 7 D 8 C 9 A 10 A
sin c sin c
1 11 B 12 D 13 B 14 D 15 C
sin c = 16 D 17 A 18 B 19 D 20 B
1.5
c = 41.81° 21 C 22 C 23 C 24 D 25 C
26 C 27 B 28 C 29 C 30 D

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 31 C 32 D 33 B 34 D 35 A (ii) Momentum bertambah/ The momentum
36 B 37F3-13
B 38 C 39 C 40 D
increases
F3-14 F3-15
Inersia bertambah/ The inertia increases
KERTAS 2 (d) Keadaan kereta dalam Rajah 4.2 adalah lebih
Bahagian A berbahaya kerana daya yang lebih besar
1 (a) Arah getaran zarah berserenjang dengan arah diperlukan untuk memberhentikan kereta itu.
perambatan gelombang Jika daya membrek adalah sama, kereta itu akan
Direction of vibration of particles is perpendicular to the bergerak lebih jauh sebelum ia berhenti.
direction of propagation of wave The car situation in Diagram 4.2 is more dangerous
(b) because a greater force is needed to stop the car. If the
Sesaran, s/ m car braking force is the same, the car will move further
Displacement, s/ m before it comes to stop.
16 m 5 (a) Satu titik pada paksi utama iaitu semua cahaya
selari tertumpu selepas dipantulkan oleh cermin
A A point at principal axis where all the parallel light are
Jarak, d/ m focused//converged after reflected by a mirror
Distance, d/ m
(b) (i) Jarak objek dalam Rajah 5.1 lebih pendek
daripada dalam Rajah 5.2
Object distance in Diagram 5.1 is shorter


than in Diagram 5.2
(c) λ = 8 m (ii) Jarak imej dalam Rajah 5.1 lebih jauh
v= fλ F3-16 daripada dalam Rajah 5.2
=5×8 Image distance in Diagram 5.1 is further than in
= 40 m s-1 Diagram 5.2
2 (a) (i) Cermin cekung/ Concave mirror (iii) Semakin pendek jarak objek, semakin
F3-17
jauh jarak imej// Berkadar songsang
(ii) Cermin cembung/ Convex mirror
(b) (i) • Saiz imej dalam Rajah 2.1 lebih besar The shorter the object distance, the further the
daripada dalam Rajah 2.2 image distance// Inversely proportional
Size of image in Diagram 2.1 is larger than in (iv) Berkadar songsang/ Inversely proportional
Diagram 2.2 (v) Pantulan/ Reflection
Imej

• Luas medan penglihatan dalam Rajah 2.2 (c) Objek Image
Object
lebih luas daripada dalam Rajah 2.1
Field of view in Diagram 2.2 is wider than in
Diagram 2.1 2F F F 2F
(ii) Cermin pandang belakang// Cermin kawalan
Rear view mirror// Surveillance mirror
3(a) Tenaga haba yang diperlukan untuk menaikkan 6 (a) Zarah-zarah medium bergetar pada arah yang
suhu 1 kg bahan itu sebanyak 1°C berserenjang dengan arah perambatan gelombang
Particles of the medium vibrate in the direction
The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of
perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the
1 kg of substance by 1°C
wave
(b) Bacaan termometer dalam Rajah 3.1 lebih kecil
(b) (i) Kedalaman air di kawasan A lebih dalam
berbanding dalam Rajah 3.2
berbanding di kawasan B
Thermometer reading in Diagram 3.1 is lower than in The depth of water in region A is deeper than in

Diagram 3.2
region B
(c) Muatan haba tentu air adalah besar. Maka, kadar (ii) Panjang gelombang bagi gelombang di
kenaikan suhu adalah perlahan. kawasan A lebih besar berbanding di kawasan
The specific heat capacity of water is greater.
B
Hence, the rate of temperature rise is slower.
The wavelength of the wave in region A is bigger
(d) Q = mcq

than in region B
= 1 × 4200 × 10
(iii) Apabila kedalaman air bertambah, panjang
= 42 000 J
gelombang turut bertambah
4 (a) Hasil darab jisim dan halaju
When the depth of water increases, the wavelength
Product of mass and velocity

of the wave also increases
(b) p = mv
(c) (i) Laju gelombang
= 1500 × 20
Speed of wave
= 3.0 × 104 kg m s–1
(ii) • Kedalaman berkurang, laju gelombang
(c) (i) p = mv
bertambah
= 2000 × 20 As the depth decreases, the speed of wave
= 4.0 × 104 kg m s-1 decreases

© Penerbit Mahir Sdn. Bhd. (183897-P) J32

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 • Daripada v = f λ, kedalaman berkurang,
• Kadar kehilangan haba dalam Rajah 9.1 adalah
panjang gelombang berkurang lebih rendah daripada dalam Rajah 9.2
According to v = f λ, the depth decreases, the The rate of heat loss in Diagram 9.1 is lower than in
wavelength decreases Diagram 9.2
(d) Bertambah/ Increases • Semakin besar muatan haba tentu bekas,
(e) Berkadar songsang/ Inversely proportional semakin rendah kadar kehilangan haba
7 (a) (i) Tembaga/ Copper The larger the specific heat capacity of container, the
(ii) Jisim rendah/ Small mass lower the rate of heat loss
(b) (i) mcq (c) • Pada permulaan, lebih banyak haba mengalir
t = dari air ke bekas berbanding dari bekas ke air
P
Initially, more heat flow from water to the container
2.2 × 387 × 50
= rather than from container to the water
500
• Aliran haba bersih adalah dari air ke bekas
= 85.14 s
The net heat flow is from water to the container
t = mcq
(ii) • Apabila keseimbangan terma dicapai, aliran
P haba bersih adalah sifar
2.5 × 500 × 50 When thermal equilibrium is reached, the net heat
=
500 flow is zero
= 125 s • Suhu air adalah sama dengan suhu bekas
(ii) mcq The temperature of water is same as the temperature of
t = container
P
(d)
2.9 × 900 × 50 Ciri-ciri Huraian
=
500 Characteristics Explanation
= 261 s
(c) Kuali tembaga/ Copper pan Kepingan X ialah Penebat haba yang baik
8 (a) (i) Daya graviti asbestos Good heat insulator
Gravitational force
Plate X is asbestos
(ii) Gerakan jatuh bebas
Free fall motion Cecair Y ialah Sentuhan haba yang baik
(b) (i) Rendah/ Lower minyak antara termometer dan
Sebab: Menghindari kanak-kanak daripada Liquid Y is oil bongkah aluminium// Untuk
jatuh dari tempat yang tinggi memastikan keseimbangan
Reason: To avoid children falls from a high place
terma antara termometer
(ii) Diperbuat daripada getah/ Made up from rubber dan bongkah aluminium

Sebab: Memanjangkan masa kesan Good heat contact between
hentaman// Mengurangkan daya impuls thermometer and the

Reason: To lengthen the time of impact// To aluminium block// To ensure
reduce the impulsive force thermal equilibrium between
(iii) Diperbuat daripada plastik thermometer and aluminium
Made up from plastic
block

Sebab: Memanjangkan masa kesan
hentaman// Mengurangkan daya impuls Bahan Z ialah Mengurangkan//
Reason: To lengthen the time of impact// To Menghalang kehilangan
kertas tisu
reduce the impulsive force
Material Z is tissue haba ke persekitaran
(d) Reka bentuk R/ Design R Reduce// Prevent heat lost to
the surrounding
Bahagian B
9 (a) Keseimbangan terma/Thermal equilibrium
Kuasa pemanas Boleh meningkatkan suhu
(b) • Jumlah haba awal air dalam kedua-dua rajah
rendam yang tinggi dengan cepat// Cepat panas//
adalah sama
Power of immersion Bekalkan lebih banyak
The amount of initial heat of water for both diagrams
heater is high tenaga haba
are same
• Muatan haba tentu bekas dalam Rajah 9.1 lebih Can increase the temperature
faster// Fast to heat// Supply
besar daripada dalam Rajah 9.2
more heat energy
The specific heat capacity of container in Diagram
9.1 is larger than in Diagram 9.2
Set radas yang paling sesuai digunakan ialah set
• Suhu air selepas 10 minit dalam Rajah 9.1 lebih
radas S kerana kepingan X ialah asbestos, cecair Y
tinggi daripada dalam Rajah 9.2
The temperature of water after 10 minutes in ialah minyak, bahan Z ialah kertas tisu dan kuasa
Diagram 9.1 is higher than in Diagram 9.2 pemanas rendam yang tinggi.

J33 © Penerbit Mahir Sdn. Bhd. (183897-P)

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 The most suitable set of apparatus used is set S because The most suitable optical fibre used is optical fibre T
plate X is asbestos, liquid Y is oil, material Z is tissue because the characteristic of optical fibre is bundle
and power of immersion heater is high. of fine parallel optical fibres, high flexibility, thin and
10 (a) (i) Pantulan dalam penuh/ Total internal reflection comparison between refractive index of the inner layer, ni
(ii) • Lapisan udara di permukaan jalan raya and the outer layer, no is ni > no.
lebih panas daripada lapisan udara di atas
The layer of air above the road surface is hotter
(c) (i)
Bagi kaca/ For glass: c = sin–1 (1.51 )
than the upper layer of air = 41.8o

• Lapisan udara panas mempunyai
ketumpatan optik yang lebih kecil daripada
Bagi berlian/ For diamond: c = sin–1 (2.421 )
udara sejuk = 24.4o
The layer of hot air has smaller optical density (ii)
than cold air

• Cahaya yang merambat dari lapisan atas ke Kaca
lapisan bawah akan dibias secara beransur- Glass
ansur menjauhi garis normal
Light which travels from the upper layer to the
lower layer are gradually refracted away from
the normal

• Apabila sudut tuju lebih besar daripada
sudut genting udara, pantulan dalam penuh
akan berlaku
When the angle of incidence is greater than the Berlian
critical angle of air, total internal reflection Diamond
occurs
(b)
Ciri-ciri Huraian
Characteristics Explanation

Sifat gentian optik Lebih banyak [Lebih daripada satu pantulan dalam penuh
ialah berkas gentian maklumat// signal bagi berlian]
optik halus yang selari More information data//
[More than one total internal reflection for diamond]
Characteristic of optical signals
fibre is bundle of fine Bahagian C
parallel optical fibres 11 (a) (i) Pantulan dalam penuh
Total internal reflection
Kelenturan yang tinggi Boleh dibengkokkan (ii) • Ketumpatan P lebih kecil daripada Q
High flexibility Can be bend The density of P is smaller than Q

• Apabila sinar cahaya merambat dari
Gentian optik nipis Ringan// Boleh medium yang lebih tumpat ke medium yang
Thin optical fibre digunakan di kawasan kurang tumpat, ia terbias menjauhi normal
yang kecil When light ray travels from a denser medium to a
Lighter// Can be used in less dense medium, it bends away from the normal
small area • Apabila sudut tuju lebih besar daripada sudut
genting bahan, pantulan dalam penuh berlaku
When the angle of incidence is greater than
Perbandingan antara Berlaku pantulan dalam
the critical angle of the material, total internal
indeks biasan lapisan penuh reflection occurs
dalam, ni dan lapisan Total internal reflection
• Sudut tuju sama dengan sudut pantulan
luar, no ialah ni > no occurs
The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of
Comparison between reflection
refractive index of the (b) • Ketumpatan kaca lebih besar daripada udara
inner layer, ni and the The density of glass is greater than air
outer layer, no is ni > no
• Saiz sudut q1 lebih kecil daripada sudut q2
The size of angle q1 is smaller than angle q2
Gentian optik yang paling sesuai untuk digunakan • Sudut tuju q1 lebih kecil daripada sudut
ialah gentian optik T kerana sifat gentian optik ialah genting, c
berkas gentian optik halus yang selari, kelenturan The angle q1 is smaller than critical angle, c
yang tinggi, nipis dan perbandingan antara indeks • Sudut tuju q2 lebih besar daripada sudut
biasan lapisan dalam, ni dan lapisan luar, no ialah genting, c
ni > no. The angle q2 is larger than critical angle, c

© Penerbit Mahir Sdn. Bhd. (183897-P) J34

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 • Pantulan dalam penuh berlaku apabila sudut KERTAS 3
tuju lebih besar berbanding sudut genting
Total internal reflection takes places when the angle 1 (a) (i) Jisim plastisin/ Mass of plasticine
of incident is greater than the critical angle (ii) Tempoh ayunan/ Period of oscillation
(c) (b)
m (g) t (s) T (s) T2 (s2)
Kanta objek
Objective lens
20 3.7 0.37 0.14

45° 45° Prisma

Prism 30 4.6 0.46 0.21
45° 45°
40 5.0 0.50 0.25

Kanta mata
Prisma Eyepiece lens 50 5.8 0.58 0.33
Prism

Rajah dilukis berdasarkan: 60 6.4 0.64 0.41

Diagram is drawn based on:
(c)
• Prisma dilabel 90° Tempoh ayunan, T 2 (s2)
Labeled 90° prism Period od oscillation T 2 (s2)

• Susun atur prisma menghadap satu sama lain

Arrangement of prism is facing each other
• Kedudukan kanta objek
Location of objective lens
0.4
• Kedudukan kanta mata
Location of eyepiece lens
• Sinar cahaya dengan dua pantulan dalam
penuh pada prisma pertama 0.3
Light ray with two total internal reflections at the
first prism
• Sinar cahaya dengan dua pantulan dalam penuh pada
prisma kedua
0.2
Light ray with two total internal reflections at the
second prism

Ciri-ciri Huraian
Characteristics Explanation 0.1

Diameter kanta Lebih banyak cahaya

objek yang besar melalui kanta
Objective lens with More light passes
Jisim, m (g)
larger diameter through the lens 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Mass, m (g)

Kanta mata dengan Panjang fokus yang

kuasa tinggi// pendek// Kuasa tinggi// (d) T2 berkadar terus dengan m
Panjang fokus yang Sebagai kanta T2 is directly proportional to m
pendek pembesar yang lebih 0.41 – 0
Eyepiece lens with kuat (e) k =
60 – 0
higher power// Shorter focal length//
Shorter focal length
= 6.8 × 103 s2 g–1
Higher power// As strong
magnifying glass
(f) Bertambah/ Increases

J35 © Penerbit Mahir Sdn. Bhd. (183897-P)

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 CATATAN

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