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TP-CLASS-12

The document discusses the Navier-Stokes equation, which describes momentum transfer in incompressible fluids, and outlines the Couette flow scenario where a viscous fluid flows between two moving surfaces. It also explains the formation of a boundary layer when fluid flows along a solid surface, detailing the velocity profile changes and the governing equations for heat and mass transfer in boundary layer analysis. The document concludes with the need to solve multiple differential equations simultaneously to account for heat, mass, and momentum transfer in laminar flow scenarios.

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5 views36 pages

TP-CLASS-12

The document discusses the Navier-Stokes equation, which describes momentum transfer in incompressible fluids, and outlines the Couette flow scenario where a viscous fluid flows between two moving surfaces. It also explains the formation of a boundary layer when fluid flows along a solid surface, detailing the velocity profile changes and the governing equations for heat and mass transfer in boundary layer analysis. The document concludes with the need to solve multiple differential equations simultaneously to account for heat, mass, and momentum transfer in laminar flow scenarios.

Uploaded by

Coc Lover
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THE NAVIER – STOKES EQUATION

The general property balance equation is –

-(1)
Acc conv gen mol conv

By continuity equation for constant density

-(2)
Equation (1) for incompressible fluid is –

-(3)
For momentum transfer
= ρU
̇G = ṀG
= ν = μ/ρ
So, equation (3) for momentum transfer in
incompressible fluid is
If viscosity is assumed constant

-(4)

For momentum generation


-(5)
Substituting equation (5) in (4) we get,
-(6)

Equation (6) is called the Navier Stokes Equation. It


represents three equations in the three directions.
(Table 5.7, Page 147, Brodkey and Hershey)
The Couette Flow

In fluid dynamics, Couette flow is the flow of a


viscous fluid in the space between two surfaces,
one of which is moving tangentially relative to
the other. The relative motion of the surfaces
imposes a shear stress on the fluid and induces
flow.
A simple shear flow is the steady flow between
two parallel plates moving at different velocities
and called a Couette flow.

The Couette flow is characterized by a constant


shear stress distribution. In
laminar flow regime, the velocity profile is
linear.
Flow between concentric cylinders (Couette
flow). This geometry is often used for viscosity
measurements. The fluid is placed in the gap
between the outer and inner cylinders. The
outer cylinder is rotated at constant speed ω,
which is low enough that the flow is laminar.
The torque is measured in the inner cylinder by
means of a calibrated spring.
Problem

Determine the velocity and shear stress


distribution for the tangential laminar flow of an
incompressible fluid between two vertical co-
axial cylinders, the outer one rotating at an
angular velocity ω. End effects neglected.
ω Inner circle

Outer circle

ri r0
Here the flow is in the θ direction only, so that

Ur = UZ = 0, and all the derivatives of Ur & UZ are


zero. The choice of co-ordinates is cylindrical.
Angular velocity is carefully controlled so that
steady state prevails.

Therefore,

Long co-axial cylinder, so end effects are


negligible and thus,

The flow would be symmetrical as the two


cylinders are co-axial and concentric,
Since it is vertical only gz is effective. Now from
the Navier Stokes equation of cylindrical co-
ordinates. Refer Table 5.7, page 147.

From equation (D), r – component.

-(6)
From equation E, the θ component

-(7)
From equation F, the z component

-(8)
From equation (8), the vertical pressure drop to
only to gravity acting on the fluid mass. i.e

-(9)

The equation for velocity in θ direction


(equation 7), the partial derivatives becomes
total since all variations in single direction, we
get
-(10)
Integrating we get

-(11)

Integrating again
-(12)

Boundary condition
At, r = ri ; Uθ = 0 -(13)
At, r = r0 ; Uθ = ωr0
Substituting these in equation (12) we get

0 = C1 ri2/2 + C2 -(14)
ω r02 = C1 r02/2 + C2
Now, C2 = - C1 ri2/2
Therefore,
2ω r02 = C1 r02 - C1 ri2 = C1 (r02 - ri2 )
Or,

-(15a)
Now,

-(15b)

Substituting values of C1 and C2 in equation


(12), we get,
Therefore,

-(16)

-(17)
Now, the radial pressure drop can be obtained
from equation (6)

-(18)

From Table 5.2, Equation (J) is the equation for


shear stress, τrθ

-(19)
Here, so, we get

-(20)

Combining equation (16) and (20) at r = ri

-(21)
The Boundary Layer
Whenever a fluid is forced to flow along a solid
surface (boundary), a boundary layer is formed as
a result of the fluid velocity being zero at the
surface. In the fluid mechanics literature, the
boundary layer is defined as that portion of fluid
whose velocity profile is appreciably affected (say,
by greater than one percent) by the presence of a
solid surface.
Figure 5.6 illustrates this definition.
The velocity of the fluid at some distance from the plate is
called the free stream velocity Uα; the fluid with velocity
Uα is not in the boundary layer. Fluid with velocity Ux,
where Ux is less than 99 percent of Uα, is in the boundary
layer.

As the fluid passes along the flat plate, the influence of


viscosity between molecules at rest at the solid boundary
surface and molecules in the bulk flow causes the velocity
to decrease in the neighborhood of the boundary.
Example 5.8. An incompressible fluid flows in
laminar flow past a flat plate. Assume that the
plate is able to transfer heat and mass as well as
momentum to the fluid. Find the non-zero terms
in the appropriate balance equations. Figure 5.6
shows the geometry of system.
Answer. The flat plate experiment is perhaps the
simplest explanation of boundary layer flows
because there is only one surface under
consideration. The fluid approaches the plate at
uniform velocity Uα, temperature Tα, and
concentration CA,α.

Flow is in the x direction. There are no changes of


any kind taking place in z direction.
When the fluid reaches the front or leading edge of
the plate (X = 0), the velocity profile must change
because of the boundary condition of no slip:

Ux = Uy = 0 (Y =O) (1)

The velocity must be zero at any solid surface as Eq.


(1) states. As x increases, the boundary layer
thickness δ increases.
The fluid whose velocity has decreased must go
somewhere. It moves outward and gives rise to a
small but finite velocity Uy. Inside the boundary
layer, therefore, the local velocity is a function of
both x and y. Outside the boundary layer, the
velocity is constant and equal to the free stream
velocity Uα.
Clearly, both the x and y directions must be
considered, but the z direction can be ignored.
Thus,

Uz= 0 ∂Ux /∂z = ∂Uy /∂z = 0 (2)

However, the remaining four partial derivatives


of Ux and Uy are non-zero (∂Ux /∂x , ∂Ux /∂y, ∂Uy
/∂x and ∂Uy /∂y ).
Equations (A) and (B) from Table 5.7 for steady-
state apply, and by using Eq. (2) they reduce to

x- component , equation (A)


It has also been assumed that both dpldx and
dp/dy are small and therefore negligible. The
additional boundary condition at the outer edge
of the boundary layer is
Ux (y = α) = Uα (5)
From Eq. (D) in Table 5.3, the overall continuity
equation reduces to
(D)

(6)
It will be assumed that δ (and consequently y) are
small, so that

(7)

In the literature, Eq. (7) is called the boundary


layer assumption. These approximations are valid
only for fairly high velocities in laminar flow.
After invoking the boundary layer assumption, Eqs. (3) and
(4) reduce to

These equations, plus the continuity equation, are the


starting point for the boundary layer analysis. However, Eq.
(9) need not be used since Eq. (8) and the continuity
equation (6) are enough to define the system and allow a
solution for Ux and Uy.
If the flat plate is maintained at a uniform temperature T0
which is different from the free stream temperature Tα,
then another equation must be added to those above.
The energy equation (A) from Table 5.6 for steady-state,
no generation, and constant properties reduces to

(10)
where dissipation has been neglected. The boundary layer
approximation for heat transfer is ∂2T/∂x2 << ∂2T/∂y2.
Equation (10) then simplifies to

(11)

In order to solve the heat and momentum transfer problems


together, Eqs. (6), (8), and (11) must be solved simultaneously
for Ux, Uy, and T as a function of x and y for given values of the
momentum and thermal diffusivities and the given boundary
conditions.
Mass transfer may also be present in the problem. For
example, if the plate were porous, or perhaps soluble in
the fluid passing over it, so that a constant concentration
CA,0 could be maintained at the surface, then there would
be a mass boundary layer formed on the plate as a result
of mass transfer to or from the plate. The mass transfer
case is analogous to the heat transfer case, which
resulted in Eq. (11). The final equation is

(12)
This equation can also be obtained from Eq. (A) in Table
5.4. The boundary layer approximation for the mass
transfer problem is

(13)

Thus (14)
For the problem of a laminar boundary layer over a flat

plate with no heat or mass transfer, both Eqs. (6) and (8)

must be solved simultaneously. If either heat transfer or

mass transfer occurs in addition, then three differential

equations [Eqs. (6), (8), and either (11) or (14)] must be

solved simultaneously. If all possibilities (heat, mass, and

momentum) occur, then all four equations [(6), (8), ( 11 ) ,

and (14)] must solved simultaneously.

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