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Unit1

The document provides an overview of matter, including its definition, characteristics, and classification into states (solid, liquid, gas) and types (pure and impure substances). It explains physical and chemical changes, with examples for each, and details the distinction between elements and compounds in pure substances, as well as homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures in impure substances. The content serves as a foundational introduction to the study of chemistry.

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9 views6 pages

Unit1

The document provides an overview of matter, including its definition, characteristics, and classification into states (solid, liquid, gas) and types (pure and impure substances). It explains physical and chemical changes, with examples for each, and details the distinction between elements and compounds in pure substances, as well as homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures in impure substances. The content serves as a foundational introduction to the study of chemistry.

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infrared spec
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Unit-1 : MATTER

Contents Covered:
1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF MATTER

1.3 STATES OF MATTER (physical classification of matter)

1.4 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGE

1.5 CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER


1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION:

CHEMISTRY

Study of Matter (it’s composition, structure and properties)

MATTER EG: Air, Water, Wood etc.

Anything which occupies space and has mass.

* Can be realized by the sense organs.

1.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF MATTER:

 Made up of very small particles- beyond our imagination.


 These particles have space between them.
 Contineously moving- possess Kinetic Energy. Temperature increase, speed increase, KE increases.

 Particles of matter attract each other.


 Strength of this force varies- depends upon the kind of matter.
1.3 STATES OF MATTER: Matter can be categorized into three states as mentioned below:

1) Solid state: Rigidity is


related to
 Definite shape and volume. shape

 Particles are closely packed.


 Space between the particles is smaller.
 Forces holding the particles together are stronger.
 As particles are tightly packed, a lot of force is required to change their shape and are thus rigid.
 Thus defined by the property of rigidity and incompressibility.

2) Liquid state:

 No definite shape but it has definite volume. They take up the shape of the container in which
they are kept.
 Particles are less tightly held.
 Space between the particles in comparison to solids is large.
 Forces between the particles are weaker in comparison to solids.
 Have no rigidity as they change their shape.

3) Gaseous state:

 Neither definite shape nor definite volume.


 Particles are far apart and therefore have greater freedom of movement.
 Forces between the particles are negligible in comparison to solids and liquids.
 They are highly compressible.
1.4a PHYSICAL CHANGE: The change in which no new substance is formed is called a physical change.
During a physical change, only physical properties ( like shape, size, state or color) do change.

Examples:

 Melting of water into ice.


 Boiling of water into steam.
 Breaking of glass.
 Dissolving of sugar into water.

1.4b CHEMICAL CHANGE: The change in which a new substance is formed is called a chemical change.
During a chemical change chemical properties (like composition) change.

Examples:

 Change of water into hydrogen peroxide


 Rusting of iron
 Burning of wood
 Cooking food
 Digestion of food
 Baking a cake.
1.5 CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER: on the basis of chemical composition, matter can be c
classified as: Pure substances and Impure substances.

1) Pure substances: Pure substances are of two types- Elements and Compounds.

1a: ELEMENT: An element is a pure substance which is made up of only one kind of particles which
can be atoms or molecules such as hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, etc. and thus cannot be broken down.

Elements can be normally divided into Metals, Non-metals and Metalloids.

1b: COMPOUNDS: A compound is a pure substance which is made up of two or more than two
elements by chemical combination. Eg: water, carbon dioxide, hydrochloric acid etc. A compound
does not contain the properties of its constituent elements and show quite different characteristics.

2) Impure substances: All mixtures are considered as impure substances. Substances which are
made up of two or more materials and which can be separated by physical methods (filtration,
magnetic separation etc.) are known as mixtures, such as mixture of salt and water, mixture of
different gases etc. In a mixture components do not lose their identity.
Mixtures are further classified as Homogeneous and Heterogeneous mixtures on
the basis of their composition.
2a: HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE:
Mixtures which have uniform composition throughout are called as Homogeneous Mixture. Eg:
Mixture of salt and water, air etc.
Mixture of salt in water. In this mixture, the boundry of salt and water is not visible. When a ray
of light is passed through this mixture, the path of light is not seen.

2b: HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE:


Mixture which donot have uniform composition throughout are called Heterogeneous Mixture.
Eg: mixture of oil and water in which a distinct boundry is visible, mixture of soil and sand etc.

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