Unit 2 - Data Literacy

2.1.1 Introduction to Data Literacy

Data literacy means knowing how to understand, work with, and talks about data. It's about being able
to collect, analyze, and show data in ways that make sense.

Data Pyramid is made of different stages of working with data

Let us understand different parts of Data pyramid

Moving up from the bottom

● Data is available in a raw form. Data in this form is not very useful.
● Data is processed to give us information about the world.
● Information about the world leads to knowledge of how things are happening.
● Wisdom allows us to understand why things are happening in a particular way.
Let’s understand Data Pyramid with a simple Traffic Light example:

2.1.2 Impact of Data Literacy

Improved Decision-Making
● Enables individuals and organizations to make data-driven, evidence-based decisions.
Enhanced Problem-Solving Skills
● Helps identify trends, patterns, and root causes using data analysis.
Increased Efficiency
● Reduces guesswork and streamlines processes by using relevant data insights.
Better Communication of Insights
● Equips people with the ability to interpret and explain data clearly to others.
Competitive Advantage
● Organizations with data-literate teams can outperform competitors in strategy and innovation.
Greater Accountability
● Promotes transparency and data-backed justifications for actions or policies.
Empowered Workforce
● Employees feel more confident and capable when they can work with data effectively.
Reduction of Misinformation
● Data literacy helps people critically assess information and avoid falling for misleading statistics.
Support for Digital Transformation
● Forms a foundation for adopting advanced technologies like AI, big data, and analytics.
Stronger Customer Understanding
● Allows better tracking of customer behavior and preferences to improve service and products.

2.1.3 How to become Data Literate?

Every data tells a story, but we must be careful before believing the story. Data Literate is a person who
can interact with data to understand the world around them.
Let’s understand it with following example:

Scenario: Buying a Video game online

Data literacy helps people research about products while shopping over the
internet
How do you decide the following things when we are shopping online?
● Which is the cheapest product available?
● Which product is liked by the users the most?
● Does a particular product meet all the requirements?

A data literate person can –

● Filter the category as per the requirement – If the budget is low, select the price filter as low to high
● Check the user ratings of the products
● Check for specific requirements in the product

Data Literacy Process Framework

The data literacy framework provides guidance on using data efficiently and with all levels of
awareness. Data literacy framework is an iterative process.
2.1.4 What are Data Security and Privacy? How are they related
to AI?
Data Privacy and Data Security are often used interchangeably but they are different from each other.

What is Data Privacy?

Data privacy referred to as information privacy is concerned with the proper handling of sensitive data
including personal data and other confidential data, such as certain financial data and intellectual
property data, to meet regulatory requirements as well as protecting the confidentiality and
immutability of the data.

Here are examples of two things which may compromise our data privacy

Why is it important?
The following best practices can help you ensure data privacy:
● Understanding what data, you have collected, how it is handled, and where it is stored.
● Necessary data required for a project should only be collected.
● User consent while data collection must be of utmost importance.

What is Data Security?

Data security is the practice of protecting digital information from
unauthorized access, corruption, or theft throughout its entire lifecycle.

Why is it important?

Due to the rising amount of data in the cloud there is an increased risk of
cyber threats. The most appropriate step for such an amount of traffic being generated is how we
control and protect the transfer of sensitive or personal information at every known place.
The most possible reasons why data security is more important now are:
• Cyber-attacks affect all the people
• The fast-technological changes will boom cyber attacks

2.1.5 Best Practices for Cyber Security

Cyber security involves protecting computers, servers, mobile devices,
electronic systems, networks, and data from harmful attacks.

Reference Links:
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aO858HyFbKI

CBSE Manual on Cyber Security:

https://www.cbse.gov.in/cbsenew/documents/Cyber
%20Safety.pdf

Do’s

• Use strong, unique passwords with a mix of characters for each account.
• Activate Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) for added security.
• Download software from trusted sources and scan files before opening.
• Prioritize websites with "https://" for secure logins.
• Keep your browser, OS, and antivirus updated regularly.
• Adjust social media privacy settings for limited visibility to close contacts.
• Always lock your screen when away.
• Connect only with trusted individuals online.
• Use secure Wi-Fi networks.
• Report online bullying to a trusted adult immediately.
 Don’t ‘s

• Avoid sharing personal info like real name or phone number.

• Don't send pictures to strangers or post them on social media.
• Don't open emails or attachments from unknown sources.
• Ignore suspicious requests for personal info like bank account details.
• Keep passwords and security questions private.
• Don't copy copyrighted software without permission.
• Avoid cyberbullying or using offensive language online.

Revision Time:
1. Cultivating Data Literacy means:
a) Utilize vocabulary and analytical skills
b) Acquire, develop, and improve data literacy skills
c) Develop skills in statistical methodologies
d) Develop skills in Math

2. Data Privacy and Data Security are often used interchangeably but they are different from each other
a) True
b) False

3. The provides guidance on using data efficiently and with all levels of awareness.
a) data security framework
b) data literacy framework
c) data privacy framework
d) data acquisition framework

4. allows us to understand why things are happening in a particular way

a) data
b) information
c) knowledge
d) wisdom

5. is the practice of protecting digital information from unauthorized access, corruption, or

theft throughout its entire lifecycle.
a) data security
b) data literacy
c) data privacy
d) data acquisition
 2.2 Acquiring Data, Processing, and Interpreting Data

Lesson Title: Acquiring Data, Processing, and Interpreting Data Approach: Session + Activity
Summary: You will get an understanding of data processing, data interpretation and keywords related
to data.
Learning Objectives
● Familiarizing youth with different data terminologies like data acquisition, processing, analysis,
presentation, and interpretation
● Discussing different methods of data interpretation like qualitative and quantitative.
● Understanding the methods and different collection techniques
● Critically think about their advantages and disadvantages
● Identifying various data presentation methods with examples and interpreting them
● Gain awareness about the advantages and impact of Data interpretation on business growth
Learning Outcomes
● Determine the best methods to acquire data.
● Classify different types of data and enlist different methodologies to acquire it.
● Define and describe data interpretation.
● Enlist and explain the different methods of data interpretation.
● Recognize the types of data interpretation.
● Realize the importance of data interpretation
● Pre-requisites: Acquaintance with data and its different types.
Key-concepts
● Familiarizing with different data terminologies like data processing, analysis, presentation, and
interpretation
● Quantitative and Qualitative Data Interpretation
● Types of Data Interpretation – Textual, Tabular and Graphical with examples.

Activity
Session Preparation Logistics: For a class of 40 Students [Pair Activity]
Materials Required:
ITEM QUANTITY
Online Data Sources Clues NA
Computers 20

Purpose:
The purpose of this activity is to engage participants in acquiring data from online sources. The ability
to locate and access relevant data sources is crucial for AI Projects.
Brief: [Pair Activity] Participants will be locating an online dataset suitable for training an AI model.
They will conduct a search for weather forecast related datasets on various online platforms and then
paste images or screenshots of the datasets found.
2.2.1. Types of data
Artificial Intelligence is crucial, with data serving as its foundation. We come across different types of
information every day. Some common types of data include:

Textual Data (Qualitative Data) Numeric Data (Quantitative Data)

● It is made up of words and phrases ● It is made up of numbers

● It is used for Natural Language Processing (NLP) ● It is used for Statistical Data
● Search queries on the internet are an ● Any measurements, readings, or values
example of textual data would count as numeric data
● Example: “Which is a good park nearby?” ● Example: Cricket Score, Restaurant Bill

Numeric Data is further classified as:

● Continuous data is numeric data that is continuous. E.g., height, weight, temperature, voltage
● Discrete data is numeric data that contains only whole numbers and cannot be fractional
E.g. the number of students in the class – it can only be a whole number, not in decimals
Types of Data used in three domains of AI:

2.2.2 Data Acquisition/Acquiring Data

Data Acquisition, also known as acquiring data, refers to the procedure of gathering data. This involves
searching for datasets suitable for training AI models. The process typically comprises three key steps:
Acquiring Data – Sample Data Discovery

Let’s say we want to collect data for making a CV model

for a self-driving car

● We will require pictures of roads and the objects

on roads
● We can search and download this data from
the internet
● This process is called data discovery

Acquiring Data – Sample Data Augmentation

● Data augmentation means increasing the amount of

data by adding copies of existing data with small
changes
● The image given here does not change, but we get data
on the image by changing different parameters like
color and brightness
● New data is added by slightly changing the existing data

Acquiring Data – Sample Data Generation

● Data generation refers to generating

or recording data using sensors
● Recording temperature readings of a
building is an example of data generation
● Recorded data is stored in a computer in
a suitable form

Sources of Data
Various Sources for Acquiring Data:
● Primary Data Sources — Some of the sources for primary data include surveys,
interviews, experiments, etc. The data generated from the experiment is an example of
primary data.
Here is an excel sheet showing the data collected for students of a class.
● Secondary Data Sources—Secondary data collection obtains information from external
sources, rather than generating it personally. Some sources for secondary data collection
include:

2.2.3 Best Practices for Acquiring Data

Checklist of factors that make data good or

bad

Data acquisition from websites

Ethical concerns in data acquisition
While gathering data and choosing datasets, certain ethical issues can be addressed before they occur

2.2.4 Features of Data and Data Preprocessing

Usability of Data
There are three primary factors determining the usability of data:
1. Structure- Defines how data is stored.

2. Cleanliness- Clean data is free from duplicates, missing values, outliers, and other anomalies that
may affect its reliability and usefulness for analysis. In this particular example, duplicate values
are removed after cleaning the data.
3. Accuracy- Accuracy indicates how well the data matches real-world values, ensuring reliability.
Accurate data closely reflects actual values without errors, enhancing the quality and
trustworthiness of the dataset.
In this particular example, we are comparing data gathered from measuring the length of a small
box in centimeters.

Kaggle assigns a usability score to the data sets that are present on the website based on scores
given by the users of that data.

What kind of data is more usable, according to you?

If we have a lot of data which is not clean, is it good for AI?

Features of Data
Data features are the characteristics or properties of the data. They describe each piece of information
in a dataset. For example, in a table of student records, features could include things like the student's
name, age, or grade. In a photo dataset, features might be the colors present in each image. These
features help us understand and analyze the data.

In AI models, we need two types of features: independent and dependent.

Independent features are the input to the model—they're the information we provide to make
predictions.

Dependent features, on the other hand, are the outputs or results of the model—they're what we're
trying to predict.
2.2.5 Data Processing and Data Interpretation
Data processing and interpretation have become very important in today’s world
Can you answer this?
▪ Niki has 7 candies, and Ruchi has 4 candies

▪ How many candies do Niki and Ruchi have in total?

▪ We can answer this question using data processing

▪ Who should get more candies so that both Niki and

Ruchi have an equal number of candies?
▪ How many candies should they get?

▪ We can answer this question using data interpretation

Data Processing
▪ Data processing helps computers understand raw data.

▪ Use of computers to perform different operations on data

is included under data processing.

Data Interpretation
▪ It is the process of making sense out of data that has
been processed.
▪ The interpretation of data helps us answer critical
questions using data.
 Understanding some keywords related to Data
Acquire Data- Acquiring data is to collect data from various data sources.

Data Processing- After raw data is collected, data is processed to derive meaningful
information from it.

Data Analysis – Data analysis is to examine each component of the data in

order to draw conclusions.

Data Interpretation – It is to be able to explain what these

findings/conclusions mean in a given context.

Data Presentation- In this step, you select, organize, and group ideas and evidence
in a logical way.

Methods of Data Interpretation

How to interpret Data?

Based on the two types of data, there are two ways to interpret data-
● Quantitative Data Interpretation
● Qualitative Data Interpretation
Qualitative Data Interpretation
● Qualitative data tells us about the
emotions and feelings of people
● Qualitative data interpretation is focused
on insights and motivations of people

Data Collection Methods – Qualitative Data Interpretation

Record keeping: This method uses existing reliable documents and other similar sources of
information as the data source. It is similar to going to a library.
Observation: In this method, the participant – their behavior and emotions – are observed carefully
Case Studies: In this method, data is collected from case studies.
Focus groups: In this method, data is collected from a group discussion on relevant topic.
Longitudinal Studies: This data collection method is performed on the same data source repeatedly
over an extended period.
One-to-One Interviews: In this method, data is collected using a one-to-one interview.

Activity – Trend Analysis

Purpose:
This activity will engage youth with longitudinal studies – a study conducted over a considerable
amount of time to identify trends and patterns
The ability to identify trends and patterns in datasets allows us to make informed decisions about
future outcomes, predict potential challenges, and develop effective strategies for addressing issues
based on evidence and historical data.
Activity Guidelines
Let’s do a small activity based on Identifying trends.
● Visit the link: https://trends.google.com/trends/?geo=IN (Google Trends)
● Explore the website
● Check what is trending in the year 2022 – Global
▪ Make a list of trending sports (top 5)
▪ Make a list of trending movies (top 5)
● Check what is trending globally in the year 2022

5 Steps to Qualitative Data Analysis

1. Collect Data
2. Organize
3. Set a code to the Data Collected
4. Analyze your data
5. Reporting

Quantitative Data Interpretation

▪ Quantitative data interpretation is made on numerical data

▪ It helps us answer questions like “when,” “how many,” and “how often”
▪ For example – (how many) numbers of likes on the Instagram post
 Data Collection Methods -Quantitative Data Interpretation
Interviews: Quantitative interviews play a key role in collecting information.
Polls: A poll is a type of survey that asks simple questions to respondents. Polls are usually limited to one question.
Observations: Quantitative data can be collected through observations in a particular time period
Longitudinal Studies: A type of study conducted over a long time
Survey: Surveys can be conducted for a large number of people to collect quantitative data.

4 Steps to Quantitative Data Analysis

1. Relate measurement scales with variables
2. Connect descriptive statistics with data
3. Decide a measurement scale
4. Represent data in an appropriate format

Let’s summarize Qualitative and Quantitative data interpretation

Qualitative & Quantitative Data Interpretation

Qualitative Data Interpretation Quantitative Data Interpretation

Categorical Numerical
Provides insights into feelings and emotions Provides insights into quantity
Answers how and why Answers when, how many or how often
Methods – Interviews, Focus Groups Methods – Assessment, Tests, Polls, Surveys
Example question – Why do students like Example question – How many students
attending online classes? like attending online classes?

Types of Data Interpretation

There are three ways in which data can be presented:

Textual DI
▪ The data is mentioned in the text form, usually in a paragraph.

▪ Used when the data is not large and can be easily comprehended by reading.

▪ Textual presentation is not suitable for large data.

▪ Example:
 Tabular DI
▪ Data is represented systematically in the form of rows and columns.
▪ Title of the Table (Item of Expenditure) contains the description of the table content.
▪ Column Headings (Year; Salary; Fuel and Transport; Bonus; Interest on Loans; Taxes) contains
the description of information contained in columns.

Graphical DI
Bar Graphs
In a Bar Graph, data is represented using vertical and horizontal bars.

Pie Charts
▪ Pie Charts have the shape of a pie and each slice of the pie represents the portion of the
entire pie allocated to each category
▪ It is a circular chart divided into various sections (think of a cake cut into slices)
▪ Each section of the pie chart is proportional to the corresponding value
 Line Graphs
▪ A line graph is created by connecting various data points.
▪ It shows the change in quantity over time.

Activity: Visualize and Interpret Data

Duration: 40
Minutes Purpose

This activity will engage youth with data visualization and interpretation

visualization makes it easier for us to extract useful information contained in the dataset

Activity Guidelines
● The table shows the details of a class consisting of 50 students and their scores ranging in the
listed categories for 5 subjects: Math, Physics, Chemistry, Social Science, and Biology

Student Performance
Marks Range Math Physics Chemistry Social Science Biology
Less than 20 6 3 1 0 0
Between 20-29 14 11 9 15 8
Between 30-40 17 20 21 22 19
Between 41-44 8 10 14 10 16
45 and Above 5 6 5 3 7
Total Students 50 50 50 50 50

● Copy the table in an Excel sheet and create the following visualizations for the given data:

▪ Make a bar graph showing the marks distribution for all 5 subjects
▪ Make a pie chart showing the marks distribution for Physics
▪ Make a line chart displaying the marks distribution for Chemistry
 Importance of Data Interpretation

Quiz Time: AI Quiz

Session
Preparation
Logistics: For a class of 40 Students [Pair Activity] Materials
Required:
ITEMS QUANTITY
COMPUTERS 20

Brief:
The following are questions for the quiz. You can either go for a Pen/Paper Quiz or you can visit any
open-sourced, free, online portal; one of which is Kahoot, and create your quiz there. For Kahoot: Go
to https://kahoot.com/ and create your login ID on it. Then, add your own kahoot in it simply by
adding all the given questions into it. Once created, you can initiate the quiz from your ID and students
can participate in it by putting in the Game pin.

Quiz Questions
1. What are the basic building blocks of qualitative data?
a. Individuals
b. Units
c. Categories
d. Measurements
 2. Which among these is not a type of data interpretation?
a. Textual
b. Tabular
c. Graphical
d. Raw data
3. Quantitative data is numerical in nature.
a. True
b. False
4. A Bar Graph is an example of?
a. Textual
b. Tabular
c. Graphical
d. None of the above
5. relates to the manipulation of data to produce meaningful insights.
a. Data Processing
b. Data Interpretation
c. Data Analysis
d. Data Presentation

2.3 Project Interactive Data Dashboard & Presentation

Lesson Title: Project Interactive Data Dashboard and Approach: Session + Activity
Presentation
Summary: In this module, you will reflect on your learnings from the previous units till learnt.
You will further engage in an activity on data collection and data visualization using the visual
data analytics platform, Tableau.
Learning Objectives
● Demonstrating comprehension and retention of learnings from previous units
● Apply acquired knowledge to select and employ appropriate data visualization methods
Learning Outcomes
● Summarize the topics learned previously
● Recognize the importance of data visualization
● Discover different methods of data visualization
Pre-requisites:
● Meet the learning outcomes of units till learnt
● Basic computer skills.
Key-concepts
● Mapping AI Project Cycle.
● Data Literacy.
● Sources of data.
● Data acquisition.
● Usability of data.
● Data processing and interpretation.
● Data visualization using Tableau.
Icebreaker Activity

Tic-Tac-Toe

Purpose:

To initiate the concept of data collection

Material

required: Paper,

Pen, A partner!

Instructions

▪ Partner with a person to play the game.

▪ There will be three rounds of tic-tac-toe. Take a piece of paper and draw three tic-tac-toe tables.
▪ Play three rounds of tic-tac-toe.
▪ After 3 rounds, answer the questions given on the next slide.
Now answer the following questions

▪ Who won round one?

▪ Who won round two?
▪ Who won round three?
▪ How many X’s were used in each round?
▪ How many O’s were used in each round?

If you answered any of the above questions, you collected data!

Activity
Data Visualization Using Tableau
Your favorite songs
● Think about songs! Which songs do you listen to? Which songs do you sing?
● Do you have a favorite song, artist, album, or playlist?
● Let's start thinking about the different aspects of a song, like instruments and lyrics.
● Do your favorite songs have anything in common?
 ▪ Maybe your favorite music falls within the same genre.
▪ A genre refers to the different styles of music.
▪ Common genres include hip-hop, pop, alternative, and rock.
▪ Classifying songs by genre, and other traits allows us to see trends in our favorite music.
▪ All of this information is valuable data that we can count, summarize, and present!
Instructions
● Draw a grid with 6 columns as shown.
● Title the first column Song Name, then write down the names of 5-10 of your favorite songs
● For this activity, we're going to collect data about the Album, Artist, Genre, Year, and Song Length.
● Add those headings to your table.
● Fill out the table by looking up each song on Google, Spotify, or Apple Music.

Let’s visualize

● Count the number of songs that fall into each genre.

● Make a bar chart to visualize the number of songs within each genre using your counting. Color
each bar a different color.
● You will get a graph as shown in the image.
● Looking at the data visualization, can you tell which genre has the most songs?

Let’s see how Tableau makes it faster and easier for us to present data

Instructions

▪ Download Tableau public with the help of an adult using this link -
https://public.tableau.com/en-us/s/download
▪ Install the package via the install wizard.

▪ Once installed, double click the program to open the Tableau Public Desktop application.

▪ Once open, this is what you should see.

▪ Now we are ready to pull in our data!

▪ If you haven't already, make sure to enter all of your song data into the "Song Data" Excel
template provided.
▪ To pull in the data, click on Microsoft Excel in the top left corner.

▪ Now drag the sheet with your data to Drag tables here section.

▪ First, let's recreate the bar chart we made to visualize the number of songs per genre!
▪ Click Sheet1 in the bottom left corner of the screen
▪ Hover over the word “Genre”. You will notice a blue oval appear behind it.

▪ Click and drag “Genre” up and to the right, releasing it next to the word Columns when a
little orange arrow appears.

▪ Hover over the word “Genre”. You will notice a blue oval appear behind it.

▪ Click and drag “Genre” up and to the right, releasing it next to the word Columns when a little
orange arrow appears.

▪ Now drag “Sample (Count)” to Rows, following the same steps as above.

▪ “Sample (Count)” represents the total number of songs in your table.

 ▪ Tableau made us a bar graph!

▪ What if you want to make each bar a different color?

▪ Simply click and drag “Genre” out to where it says Color.

▪ Tableau colored our genres for us!

Let’s explore another way of visualization

▪ First, we'll start by duplicating our current bar chart sheet. This will create an exact copy in a
new sheet.
▪ You'll do this by right clicking "Sheet 1" and selecting "Duplicate".

▪ In the upper right corner, click "Show Me”.

▪ will see all of the different types of visualizations that Tableau can create using Genre and
Sheet Count 1. Select “Packed Bubbles”.

▪ Tableau quickly transformed our bar chart to a chart of bubbles.

▪ Pop genre is the most popular because it is the biggest circle.

▪ We can make the text a little more fun and easier to read.
▪ To do that, click the label square.

▪ This opens up a box that allows us to change the font and text size.
▪ Let's change the font size to 12 and the font to "Chalkboard".
 ▪ We have our complete bubble chart now!

Useful Videos to watch

▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLCzpPRCc7U
▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_M8BnosAD78

Note: You may also use Ms Excel or Datawrapper (https://www.datawrapper.de/) for the data
visualization instead of Tableau.

Revision Time:

1. At which stage of the AI project cycle does Tableau software prove useful?
2. Name any five graphs that can be made using Tableau software
3. In the below excel sheet-

▪ Is the Year qualitative or quantitative?

▪ Is Song Length discrete or continuous?

▪ Is the Genre discrete or continuous?

4. What is the importance of data visualization?