Eng.

Rasha Eltarabolsi Math Tutoring

Transformation of graphs and Functions

1) Translation caused by adding things :

for any function 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙)

if :
a) 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒂

This means that each y coordinate is translated a units in y direction

If a is negative so all the graph will be shifted down a units
If a is positive the all the graph will be shifted up a units

So always

𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒅
Shift down if ( - a)

𝒚𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒔𝒉𝒊𝒇𝒕 (𝒂) 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔

Shift up if +a

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 Eng. Rasha Eltarabolsi Math Tutoring

Ex :
For y = f(x) shown in the diagram , Draw on the same diagram y = f(x) +2

Y = f(x) Y = f(x) +2

A (-5 , 0) (-5 , 2)

B (0,0) (0,2)

C ( -2.5 , -6.25) ( -2.5 , -4.25)

All the graph has been translated

by 2 units up in y direction
𝟎
Translation vector ( )
𝟐

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 Eng. Rasha Eltarabolsi Math Tutoring

b) 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝒂)

This means that each x coordinate is translated a units in x direction

If a is negative the graph will be shifted a units to the right
If a is positive the graph will be shifted a units to the left

So always

𝒚𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒅

Shift to the right a units if its (- a)

𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒔𝒉𝒊𝒇𝒕 𝒂 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
Shift to the left a units if its + a

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 Eng. Rasha Eltarabolsi Math Tutoring

Ex :
For y = f(x) shown in the diagram , Draw on the same diagram y = f(x + 2)

Y = f(x) Y = f(x + 2)

A (-5 , 0) (-7 ,0 )

B (0,0) (-2 ,0 )

C ( -2.5 , -6.25) ( -4.5 , -6.25)

All the graph has been translated by 2

units to the left in x direction
−𝟐
Translation vector ( )
𝟎

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 Eng. Rasha Eltarabolsi Math Tutoring

2) Stretches & Reflections caused by multiplying things

for any function 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙)

if :
a) 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒇(𝒙)

This means that it’s a stretch in y direction by stretch factor (a)

So each y coordinate will be multiplied by (a)

Always

𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒅

If 3 F(x) each y coordinates X 3

𝒚𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒅 × 𝒂 𝟏 𝟏
If 𝑭(𝒙) each y coordinate X
𝟑 𝟑

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Ex :
For y = f(x) shown in the diagram , Draw on the same diagram y = 2 f(x)

Y = f(x) Y = 2 F(x)

A (-5 , 0) (-5 ,0 )

B (0,0) (0 ,0 )

C ( -2.5 , -6.25) ( -2.5 , -12.5)

All the graph has been stretched by

stretch factor 2 in y direction
Stretch factor = 2

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 Eng. Rasha Eltarabolsi Math Tutoring

b) 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒂𝒙)

1
This means that it’s a stretch in X direction by stretch factor
𝑎
1
So each X coordinate will be multiplied by the reciprocal of a which is
𝑎

Always

𝒚𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒅

1
𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒅 X
𝑎

𝟏
𝒚 = 𝒇( 𝒙) 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 × 𝟐
𝟐

𝒚 = 𝒇(𝟐𝒙) 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 ÷ 𝟐 or ( X ½)

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Ex :
𝟏
For y = f(x) shown in the diagram , Draw on the same diagram y = f ( 𝒙)
𝟐

1
Y = f(x) Y = F( x)
2
A (-5 , 0)
(-10 ,0 )
B (0,0)
(0 ,0 )
C ( -2.5 , -6.25)
( -5 , -6.25)

All the graph has been stretched by

stretch factor 2 in X direction
Stretch factor = 2

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 Eng. Rasha Eltarabolsi Math Tutoring

3)Special Cases
Reflections
a) if 𝒚 = −𝒇(𝒙)
𝒚𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 × −𝟏
𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒏 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔
Ex :
For y = f(x) shown in the diagram , Draw on the same diagram y = - f(x)

Y = f(x) Y = - F(x)

A (-5 , 0) (-5 ,0 )

B (0,0) (0 ,0 )

C ( -2.5 , -6.25) ( -2.5 , 6.25)

The graph is reflected on x axis

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 Eng. Rasha Eltarabolsi Math Tutoring

b) if 𝒚 = 𝒇(−𝒙)
𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 ÷ −𝟏
𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒏 𝒚 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔
Ex :
For y = f(x) shown in the diagram , Draw on the same diagram y = f(-x)

Y = f(x) Y = - F(x)

A (-5 , 0) (5 ,0 )

B (0,0) (0 ,0 )

C ( -2.5 , -6.25) ( 2.5 , -6.25)

The graph is reflected on y axis

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Eng. Rasha Eltarabolsi Math Tutoring

4) Combined transformations:
Ex:
The diagram shows the graph 𝑦 = 𝑥 2
Draw the graph 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 4 )2 − 3

Answer

1) 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 4 )2 is a translation
4 units left from 𝑦 = 𝑥 2

2) 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 4 )2 − 3 is a
translation
3 units down from 𝑦 =
(𝑥 + 4 )2

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Eng. Rasha Eltarabolsi Math Tutoring

5)Transformation in trigonometric graphs

1)
𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒙) −𝟏≤𝒚≤𝟏
−𝟑𝟔𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑𝟔𝟎

𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒙) = 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟏𝟖𝟎 − 𝒙)

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 Eng. Rasha Eltarabolsi Math Tutoring

Ex 1:
The diagram shows the graph of
𝑦 = sin(𝑥 − 45)
For −180 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 180

Draw the graph

a) 𝑦 = sin(−𝑥 − 45)
b) 𝑦 = −sin(𝑥 − 45)

Answer :

𝑎) 𝑦 = sin(−𝑥 − 45)
Is a reflection in the y- axis

b) 𝑦 = −sin(𝑥 − 45)
Is a reflection on the x- axis

Ex 2:

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 Eng. Rasha Eltarabolsi Math Tutoring

The diagram shows the graph of 𝑦 = sin(𝑥)

For −180 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 180
Draw the graph
a) 𝑦 = 2sin(𝑥)
b) 𝑦 = sin(2𝑥)
Answer:

a) 𝑦 = 2sin(𝑥)
Is a stretch in y direction
( Parallel to the y-axis)
with scale factor 2

b) 𝑦 = sin(2𝑥)
Is a stretch in x direction
(Parallel to x axis ) with scale
factor 1/2

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 Eng. Rasha Eltarabolsi Math Tutoring

Extra examples on transformation of sin graphs

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Eng. Rasha Eltarabolsi Math Tutoring

2)
𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒙) −𝟏≤𝒚≤𝟏
−𝟑𝟔𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑𝟔𝟎

𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟑𝟔𝟎 − 𝒙)

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Examples:

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3)
𝒚 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝒙)

𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝒙) = 𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝟏𝟖𝟎 + 𝒙)

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 Eng. Rasha Eltarabolsi Math Tutoring

Examples:

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Eng. Rasha Eltarabolsi Math Tutoring

( 2021 – 2022)