CHAPTER 1 THE PHILIPPINES DISASTER AND RISK PROFILE

Concept and Types of Disaster

Disaster- is a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or
society at any scale due to hazardous events interacting with conditions of
exposure, vulnerability and capacity leading to one or more of the
following: human, material, economic and environmental losses and
impacts (United International Strategy for Disaster Reduction
UNISDR,2017)
Hazard-is a potential threat to humans and their welfare.
Risk-is the actual exposure of something of human value and often
measured as the product of probability and loss.
Types of Disaster
o HEALTH DISASTER- a catastrophic event that results in casualties
that overwhelm the healthcare resources in the community, may
result in a sudden unanticipated surge of patients and a need to
allocate scarce resources.
o NATURAL DISASTER-the result of an ecological disruption or threat
that exceeds the adjustment capacity of the affected community.
1. Geophysical - result from phenomena beneath the Earth’s
surface
Ex. earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis and volcanic activity.
2. Meteorological-caused by short‐lived/small to meso scale
atmospheric processes (in the spectrum from minutes to days)
Ex. Cyclones, Storm/wave surges
3. Hydrological-caused by deviations in the normal water cycle
and/or overflow of bodies of water caused by wind set‐up
Ex. Flood, avalanches
4. Biological Disaster caused by the exposure of living organisms
to germs and toxic substances
Ex. Epidemic, Insect Infestation, Animal Stampede
5. Climatological Events caused by long‐lived/meso to macro
scale processes (in the spectrum from intra‐ seasonal to multi‐
decadal climate variability)
Ex. Extreme Temperature, Drought, Wildfire
o MAN-MADE/ANTHROPOGENIC DISASTERS-human generated
disasters
Ex. biological and biochemical terrorism, chemical spills, nuclear
events, fire, explosions, transportation accidents, armed conflicts, act of
war

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 1. Industrial (disasters caused by industrial companies, either by
accident, negligence or incompetence; Chemical and nuclear
explosion2
2. Technological-the failure or breakdown of systems, equipment and
engineering standards that harms people and the environment;
structural collapses, such as bridges, mines and buildings
3. Warfare (disasters caused by sociopolitical conflicts that escalate
into violence; war, intra society conflicts)
o SYNERGISTIC DISASTERS-Aa secondary disaster triggered by
combination of natural and human-generated disaster. Commonly
referred as NA-TECHs (natural and technological disasters)
Ex. chemical plant explosion following an earthquake
o DISASTERS WITHIN HOSPITAL AND HEALTHCARE SETTINGS
1. INTERNAL DISASTERS- hospital and healthcare facility disasters that
causes disruption of normal hospital function due to injuries or
deaths of hospital personnel or damage to the facility itself such as
fire, power failure or chemical spill.
2. EXTERNAL DISASTER-disaster that not affect the hospital
infrastructure but tax hospital resources due to number of patients
or types of injuries.

Phases of disaster
o Disaster continuum/Emergency management cycle-generally
referred to as the lifecycle of a disaster
3 Major Phases
A. Pre-Impact
B. Impact
C. Post-Impact

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 Basic Phases Disaster Management Program
1. Preparedness
 Refers to the proactive planning efforts designed to
structure the disaster response prior to its occurrence.
 Warning/Forecasting-refers to monitoring events to look
for indicators that predict the location, timing, and
magnitude of future disaster.
2. Mitigation
 Include measure taken to reduce the harmful effects of
a disaster by attempting to limit its impacts on human

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 health, community function, and economic
infrastructure.
3. Prevention
 Refers to a broad range of activities, attempts to
prevent a disaster from occurring and any actions taken
to prevent further disease, disability or loss of life
4. Response
 Is the actual implementation of the disaster plan
 Refers to as emergency management, organizing the
activities used to address the event
5. Recovery
 Actions focus on stabilizing and returning the
community to normal or its preimpact or improved
status.
6. Evaluation
 The phase of disaster planning and response that is
essential to determine

Chapter 2 ICN Framework of Disaster Nursing Competencies

A. PREVENTION/MITIGATION
1. Risk reduction, disease prevention and health promotion
 Risk assessment and management
 Adhere to infection control principles
 Provide appropriate protective materials
 Knowledge in disaster/illness and primary health care
 Practice personal hygiene
 Preparation of health staff and the public in preventing
disaster
 Provide relevant reference materials
 Work in a multidisciplinary approach to care
 Understand public health/epidemiology/vaccination
 Understand causes/mechanisms/prevention of disaster
2. Policy Development and Planning
 Development of organizational and unit guidelines/protocol
 Provide contingency planning
 Plan (with protocol) for specific incident management
 Infection control policy
 Public health policy
 Regular review of protocol
 Risk management policy
 Fire safety and evacuation plan
 Quality and safety guidelines
 Occupational health and safety
 Manpower deployment plan

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  Professional obligation to include disaster prevention,
response, plan and recovery in practice
 Follow code of conduct
 Legal liability and government overall disaster planning
 Establish, understand and reinforce laws on disaster
prevention
B. PREPAREDNESS COMPETENCIES
1. Ethical Practice, legal practice and accountability
 No discrimination based on gender, religion, nationality,
social status
 Human dignity is important
 Provide complaint system
 Practice according to professional standard
 Compliance with Privacy Ordinance
 Patient charter
 Knowledge of legal practice
 Develop communication skills
 Debriefing/incident reporting and meeting
2. Communication and Information Sharing
 -Use of various tools for communication
 -Establish fast and accurate communication of information
system among government and non-government
organizations, the community, hospitals and wards
 -Press release of information
 -Yearly review, share information with other countries
 -Use various tools for communication
 -Familiarity with the data disclosure, communication, and
information according to the guidelines
 -Provide: drill/audit/talk
 -Knowledge and skill in different disaster situations
3. Education and Preparedness
 -Leadership skills
 -Understand role in disaster assignment
 -Basic life support, CPR skills
 -Updating information about new diseases
 -Training in IT and communication skills
 -Skills in psychological intervention
 -Understanding of the nature of disasters
 -Allocation/distribution of? limited resources
 -Knowledge of prioritizing care
 -Active participation in rescuing activities
C. RESPONSE COMPETENCIES
1. Care of the Community
 -Collaboration in community resources/voluntary service
 -Reminder cards for management of specific disasters

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  -Care for the safety, security, access of food and water,
medical care, temporary shelters, etc.
 -Provide talks and a hotline in service area
 -Community services for different groups, e.g., geriatric
assessment service
 -Personal safety, escape route-Disaster preparedness plan
for self and family
 -Establish logistics for the care of victims
 -Perform holistic care
2. Care of Individuals and Families
 -Help desk for enquiries
 Establish logistics for the care of victims
 -Perform holistic care
 -Form critical incident support team
 -Perform holistic care
 -Familiar with different available resources, support
network and referral for victims and families
 -Liaison with related social support
 -Multidisciplinary approach to care
 -Psychological first aid and crisis intervention
 -Psychological assessment and counseling therapies for
stressed staff and victims (form sharing groups
3. Psychological Care
 -Knowledge and skills in psychological/social aspect
 -Adopt a multidisciplinary approach to care
 -Introduce coping skills and knowledge on disaster care
 -Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder care
 -Care of neglected groups with special needs
 -Work in a multidisciplinary approach to care (voluntary
service referral)
4. Care of Vulnerable populations
 -Understanding the needs of vulnerable populations
 -Special care and education for populations particularly
vulnerable to disasters, i.e., those with chronic illness,
pregnant women and the fragile elderly, people with
sensory disabilities
 -Ability to identify vulnerable populations
D. RECOVERY/REHABILITATION
1. . Long-Term Individual, Family and Community Recovery
 -Evaluation and planning in prevention and management
during and after a disaster
 -Restoration of normal service
 -Work and support by resources in a multidisciplinary
approach to care
 -Knowledge and skill in psychological and long-term care

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  -Participate in the development of an ordinance and
community-wide policies to speed up recovery from
disaster
 -Collaboration between community and family for post-
disaster recovery
 -Learn and share
 -Systematic long-term care for disaster recovery
 District support and resource allocation

CHAPTER 3 DISASTER MANAGEMENT

A. PRE IMPACT

1. PREVENTION/MITIGATION
 UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL STRATEGY FOR
DISASTER REDUCTION
 The UNISDR Strategic Framework is underpinned by a
theory of change in which the reduction of disaster risk
is essential to sustainable development, and where a
risk-informed development path is key to the successful
management of disaster risks.
 UNISDR's role is primarily in coordination, knowledge
and advocacy in the core area of disaster risk reduction.

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  HYOGO Framework for Action on Disaster Reduction
Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability Analysis (HRVA)
he Hyogo Framework is a global blueprint for disaster risk
reduction efforts during the next decade. Its goal is to
substantially reduce disaster losses by 2015 - in lives, and
in the social, economic, and environmental assets of
communities and countries.

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 2. PREPAREDNESS

GENERAL PREPAREDNESS

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 A. FIRE PREPAREDENESS

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 B. EARTHQUAKE PREPAREDNESS

Before an earthquake

 Create an emergency plan and decide how you will communicate

with your family during a disaster. A communication plan should
have an out-of-state contact and a plan where to meet if you get
separated from loved ones or co-workers.
 Make a supply kit that includes enough food and water for several
days, as well as a flashlight, a fire extinguisher and a whistle.
Organize disaster supplies in convenient locations.
 Minimize financial hardship by organizing important documents.
 Consider earthquake insurance policies. Standard homeowner’s
insurance doesn’t cover earthquake damage.
 Practice Drop, cover and hold on. Drop to your hands and knees.
Cover your head and neck with your arms. Crawl only as far as
needed to reach cover from falling materials. Hold on to any sturdy
furniture until the shaking stops.
 Secure your home or workspace by identifying hazards and securing
moveable items. Store heavy and breakable objects on low shelves.

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When preparing for an earthquake, hunt for the things in your house or
workplace that can fall.

During an earthquake

Your level of preparedness will make a difference in how you and others
survive and can respond to emergencies. If an earthquake happens,
protect yourself right away and do the following if you are in different
locations.

What to do during an earthquake, no matter where you are.

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After an earthquake

Your level of preparedness will determine your quality of life in the weeks
and months that follow. There can be serious hazards, such as damage to
a building, leaking gas and water lines, or downed power lines. You are
encouraged to take the following actions to recover as soon as possible:

 Be ready to drop, cover and hold on if an aftershock occurs.

 Check yourself for injury. If you need medical attention, contact your
health care provider or 911 for instructions.
 If you are in a damaged building, go outside and quickly move away
from the building. Do not enter damaged buildings.
 If you are in an area that may experience tsunamis, go inland or to
higher ground immediately after the shaking stops.
 Save phone calls for emergencies.

C. PREPAREDNESS FOR VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

1. Know your risk. Knowing if your home is in a volcano hazard zone

should be the first step in your preparedness process. You can look at
the USGS volcano map for more information on volcano risks specific
to the United States.

Also, note the indirect effects that volcanoes may pose to your
community and prepare for those. As before-mentioned, these include
lahars, earthquakes, wildfires, water contamination, and power
outages, to name a few.

2. Prepare a family disaster plan and an emergency evacuation

plan. Always include all the members of your household in this
process. For an efficient evacuation to happen, it’s important to
include the entire family, especially if you have young children,
disabled or elderly people, and pets living with you.

Your family emergency plan should include a list of “to-do’s” when you
receive an alert.

A volcano warning, on the other hand, may require you to evacuate

quickly. If your kit is ready, then you should be on your way in no time.
If you have children who attend school, determine who will pick them
up in the event of an alert.

3. Make an emergency kit. Without a doubt, emergency supplies and

additional help will be hard to come by during the first few days
following a disaster.

It’s necessary to prepare a bug-out kit for a quick and easy evacuation,

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 but more importantly for your survival during the first 72 hours.

4. Take CPR and first aid courses. When preparing for any
emergency, but more importantly a high-impact disaster like this one,
learning basic first and CPR I a must

5. Sign up for volcano alerts. Living in the 21st century has many
benefits, including the advancement of technology. With that comes
the availability of early warning systems and disaster forecasting.

6. Call your insurance company. Many homeowner’s and renter’s

insurance policies do not cover the damages caused by a volcano, nor
the damage from earthquakes, floods, or other indirect volcano effects,
as well as the cost to remove ash buildup or debris.

 VOLCANIC ERUPTION SAFETY TIPS

What to do before a volcanic eruption:

 Gather all your evacuation supplies in an easy-to-access location.

 Review your city’s evacuation routes and decide which one will be the
safest to take.
 Fill up your car with gas.
 Charge up all your devices, and keep them fully charged.
 Stay tuned to the local news (radio, TV, or social media) and NOAA/
USGS alerts. Make sure the notification settings are turned on to alert
you during nighttime as well.
 Cover ventilation openings in your home, as well as the windows and
all exterior door openings. Attach plastic sheets from the inside to
prevent ash from entering the house.
 Have the entire household remain together indoors. If you have farm
animals, keep them enclosed in a safe location. If you have outdoor
pets, bring them inside the house.

How to stay safe during a volcanic eruption:

 Determine what is safest for your situation: evacuating or sheltering in

place. If evacuation orders are in place for your community, obey those
orders promptly.
 Do not drive if there’s are heavy ash deposits on the roads— this can
ruin your vehicle.
 Stay away from exclusion zones. The immediate danger area covers at
least a 20-mile radius but it could be more depending on the type of
volcano and what it spews out (i.e. acid rain, heavy ash fall, lava flows,
molten rock, and/or volcanic rock).
 Do not go downwind of the volcano nor anywhere near dams, river
valleys, or low-lying areas. Lahars will take the path of least resistance
and these areas are particularly vulnerable to flash floods. Get to
higher ground until the threat passes.

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 Use a certified dust mask when going outdoors especially but indoors
too, if there is a lot of ash.
 If sheltering in place, do not run the air conditioner or heater to
prevent ash and volcanic gases from entering your home.

How to recover after a volcanic eruption:

 If you’re sheltered in a safe place, stay indoors until you've received

official guidance from local authorities confirming that it’s safe to go
outside.
 Assess the damage done to your home. Take photos of everything!
This may help serve as proof for insurance purposes. Contact your
insurance company to see how to make a claim.
 Remove ashes from your roof with great caution and as soon as
possible, especially if a rainstorm is predicted. Significant deposits of
ash can become very heavy and cause structural collapse, especially
when it gets wet.

VOLCANIC ERUPTION EMERGENCY KIT MUST-HAVES

If you’re evacuating, remember to include:

 Water supply: Have one gallon of water for each person in your
household for at least three days.
 Food: It might be best to pack healthy snacks and a few long-lasting
meal pouches that give you the necessary nutrients and protein while
providing a meal that doesn’t require much preparation.

 Bug-out kit: Your bug-out kit should include the minimum supplies to
remain alive for a minimum of 72 hours or until help arrives. Do not
make your bug out backpack too heavy. Remember to include a
recyclable water bottle and purification/ filtration system so you don’t
have to carry three gallons on your back.

 Vehicle kit: Think of the possibility of roadside emergencies that can

occur during a time when you and thousands of other people are
evacuating too. Stay safe on the road with a vehicle kit.

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 If

you’re sheltering in place, remember to include:

 Water supplies: Staying at home gives you the chance to add more
items to your emergency preparedness kit. For a water solution,
getting a water tank that holds at least 15 gallons. You should also
include a method of water purification because it’s likely that the water
will be contaminated post-volcanic eruption.

 Long-term food: Getting a food storage bucket with enough food to

last your family 14 days or more. These food kits have a shelf life of 20

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 years so you don’t need to rotate them very often.

 A stove and fuel kit: A cooking system will be necessary for

preparing meals and having that comforting cup of coffee or tea we all
desire at some point throughout the day. These kits are ideal for
volcano preparedness because they heat up water quickly and they
can be used indoors safely since the fuel does not burn toxic
chemicals.

 A survival kit: A home survival kit should provide you with the
supplies you need to survive 14 days or more at home without outside
assistance

 A toilet and sanitation kit: Prevent the spread of disease by keeping

your waste contained in a safe bucket. This toilet kit helps to seal and
protect you from any pathogens that are found in human waste.

For both scenarios, remember to include:

 NOAA Weather Radio: The NOAA weather radio provides up-to-date

information and emergency alerts, even if the phone lines or internet
are down. Remember to pack a few extra sets of batteries!

 Disposable breathing masks (or face towels): Inhaling even small

amounts of ash can cause irritation to your trachea, bronchial tubes,
and lungs, among other organs. We agree with the CDC that you
should protect your chest and lungs with N95 respirator masks or dust
masks.

 Pair of goggles: Your eyes too can become irritated from the ash and
toxic gases in the environment. Protect them with goggles.
 Protective clothing to cover all visible skin. Volcanic ash can cause
irritation to your skin, so protect it by wearing a long-sleeved shirt and
long pants. Use a ski mask and beanie to cover as much of your head
as possible, and wear the dust mask over it. Finally, include a sturdy
pair of shoes and an extra change of clothes in your bug out backpack/
survival kit. Protective gear is essential for your safety from airborne
ash.

 A generator and fuel: Volcanos pose the risk of long-term power

outages. Even if your home is not directly impacted by the eruption, a
disruption in the electricity can be enough to create challenges. Having
a generator can make all the difference, even if it’s small enough to
power up your refrigerator and mobile devices.
 A first aid kit: Having a first aid (and the knowledge of how to use its
contents) is essential during an emergency.
 Important documents binder and digital copies: keep them in a
sealed waterproof container. Store them in a safe location that you can

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 access quickly in the event of an evacuation. As a backup, you should
store them digitally on the Cloud.
 Personal items, including but not limited to: prescription medication,
pet supplies, diapers, and feminine hygiene supplies.Print the volcano
supplies checklist and safety tips below.

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19
 D. HURRICANE AND FLOOD PREPAREDNESS
Hurricanes can be terrifying, deadly, and catastrophically destructive. But
compared with other natural disasters, they are probably the easiest to
prepare for because typically you have several days of advanced warning
before they make landfall. The same is sometimes true for flooding,
except in the case of flash flooding.
The biggest danger in a hurricane is a storm surge, which is a rise of
water generated by the wind from the storm. Storm tide, a similar
problem, occurs when the water level rises during a storm due to the tide
and the storm surge. Both can cause tremendous flooding. Wind is
another danger, but the water is where the biggest problems lie because
it creates catastrophe long after the wind has passed.
Here are some pointers to help protect yourself from
disaster during a hurricane:
Remove all items from our yard that could blow around during the storm.
Rent a storage unit to keep things like patio furniture and outdoor toys
safe.

 Cover windows and doors from the outside using plywood or storm
shutters.
 Know how to turn off power, and do so if flooding or downed power
lines are a problem. If you have to evacuate, turn off the power to
be proactive.
 Fill several containers with clean drinking water. Fill the sink and
bathtub with water to be used for washing. This will protect you if
the power goes out or you lose water supply during the storm. Plan
for at least three days' worth of water.
 Set the freezer and fridge to the lowest possible temperature so
your food will stay protected as long as possible if the power goes
out.
 Fill your car's gas tank so you can move out of the storm’s path in
an evacuation.
 Bring vehicles into the garage or under some cover during the
storm.

Flooding is a common problem after a hurricane, but it can

happen in other situations as well. Here are some preparedness
tips for floods:

 Store items in waterproof containers

 Build a platform to get your stored items off the ground by about six
inches.
 Identify an evacuation route that is not near water.
 Practice flood evacuation if you live in a high-risk area.

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  Turn off electrical power when a flood is coming.
 Install a sump pump with a backup power source.
 Raise your electrical sockets and switches a full foot above the
projected flood level at your home.

F. TORNADO PREPAREDNESS
Tornadoes are devastating because of the sudden nature of these storms.
Weather forecasters often have little warning when one pops up and
creates devastation, because even when conditions are prime for a
tornado, they may not happen. Tornadoes can happen anywhere, but
areas with hot, humid weather and frequent thunderstorms are the most
likely to suffer from tornadoes. Here are some tornado preparation tips to
keep in mind:

 Know your local warning system, whether it has tornado sirens or a

radio-based alert, and tune in to it when conditions are prime for a
tornado. Remember that a "tornado watch" means conditions could
cause a tornado, whereas a "tornado warning" means one has been
seen.
 Know your safest location. For most homes it is a basement or an
interior bathroom away from windows. Make sure all family
members know where to go.
 Secure the home's structure prior to a tornado to make it stronger in
the intense winds that are coming.
 Do not use open flames, including candles, after a tornado until you
know there are no gas leaks. Shut off the gas if you smell gas.
 If you have time before you have to go to the basement, move
furniture so that it is away from windows, mirrors or picture frames.
 Anchor top-heavy furniture so that it does not topple in a tornado.

G. FIRE PREPAREDNESS
A fire can happen at any time and for any number of reasons. Most of the
time you won't have any warning that a fire will occur, so it's important to
be prepared. Take a look at this checklist:

 Place copies of financial and personal documents in a fire-proof safe.

Consider storing it away from home in a storage facility to ensure it
is protected.
 Install smoke alarms on every floor of the house, choosing
interconnected units. Test them monthly and replace the battery
once a year.

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  Familiarize yourself with exits, and know how to reach two ways out
of your home. Make sure children know how to get out of their
bedroom safely in a fire.
 Designate an area in your yard to meet, and ensure that all family
members know to go there, never back into the building.

COMMUNICATION PLAN

 UNIVERSAL EMERGENCY CODE SYSTEM

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  FAMILY COMMUNICATIONS PLAN

When a disaster strikes, your family might not be together, and

communication channels might be down.

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It is important to plan how you will contact one another and discuss
how you will communicate in different disaster situations. When
creating a family communications plan, keep the following tips in mind.

Before a disaster

 Have a list of emergency contacts (fire, police, ambulance, etc.)

in your cell phone and near your home phone.
 Agree on a family meeting place, both in your neighborhood and
out of town, in case you cannot get in touch or are unable to go
home.
 Program “I.C.E” (in case of emergency) numbers into your phone
and family members’ phones. If someone is injured, emergency
personnel can use these numbers to notify friends and family.
 Prepare a family contact sheet with the names, addresses and
phone numbers of important contacts. Include an out-of-town
contact for family members to get in touch with when they are
unable to contact other family members. Often, during disasters,
it’s easier to make long-distance calls than local calls.
 Create a contact card for each member of the family. Keep these
cards in a purse, wallet or child’s backpack. Include an
emergency contact name and number, an out-of-town contact
name and number, a neighborhood meeting place and any other
important information.
 Be sure every family member has emergency phone numbers and
a cell phone.
 Teach children how and when to call 911 for help.
 Make sure everyone in your family knows how to send a text
message. Texts can often get around network disruptions when
phone calls cannot.
 Subscribe to alert services. Many communities have systems that
will send out text messages and emails with the latest
information during a disaster. Visit your local emergency
management website to sign up.

During a disaster

 If you have a life-threatening emergency, call 911.

 Avoid making phone calls except in serious emergencies. If you
must make a call, keep the conversation brief.
 For non-emergency communication, use text messages, email
and social media instead of making phone calls. Too many phone
calls can cause network congestion, meaning people in real, life-
threatening emergencies can’t get help.
 Keep your out-of-town contact updated on your location and
condition.

After a disaster

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  After a disaster, register yourself and your family members as
“safe and well” on Red Cross website to let friends and family
know you are safe.
 Update any contact information as needed.

 FaEvery family and even community living in a disaster-prone area

should prepare a sound and clear emergency communications plan
The principle behind the acronym COMMUNICATE
This acronym is popular among preppers (and crafted by ready.gov) and
they use it to easily remember some of the most crucial points of an
emergency communication plan.
 Create the family plan and stick to it. Spread among all family
members emergency phone numbers, including the personal phone
numbers of each family member. Give information to meeting
locations.
 Options: you can use various items to establish communication. From
the cell phone, to stationary phones and emails as well.
 Make sure to get acquainted with your child’s school emergency plan
 Make a plan on where to meet if you can’t get to your home, in case
of a disaster/emergency
 Understand – it takes time to get through to all your family members.
It requires patience. Don’t panic.
 Needs – your pets also must be considered, including their needs.
Take a cage if you have a cat. Don’t leave them behind.
 Information – You need to stay informed at all times. Get an
emergency radio, watch the news, read online, etc. In severe cases,
only the battery-operated radio will be of help.
 Copy the plans, and keep them in a place which you can access within
seconds. This is especially important during emergencies, when you
need to leave quickly.
 Ask your children and partner how they feel, both about the situation
and the emergency plan. Discuss the plan together. Make sure the
kids understand it.
 Take your children and spouse to see the meeting locations and spots.
Go there together now and then in order to remember the directions.
They need to get through to them without much of a thought.
 Emergency – Talk about the different levels and severity of emergency
situations. Talk about the dangers of each emergency type, and how
that will affect your plan.
This was a simplified overview offered by the government so that you
remember the most important aspects of the emergency communications
plan.
https://survival-mastery.com/skills/communication/emergency-
communication-plan.html

 PERSONAL AND HOME DISASTER SURVIVALApre

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 p
pD HOME DISASTER SURVIVALP
A. Basic Disaster Supplies Kit

To assemble your kit store items in airtight plastic bags and put your
entire disaster supplies kit in one or two easy-to-carry containers such as
plastic bins or a duffel bag.

A basic emergency supply kit could include the following recommended

items:

 Water (one gallon per person per day for several days, for drinking
and sanitation)
 Food (at least a three-day supply of non-perishable food)
 Battery-powered or hand crank radio and a NOAA Weather Radio
with tone alert
 Flashlight
 First aid kit
 Extra batteries
 Whistle (to signal for help)
 Dust mask (to help filter contaminated air)
 Plastic sheeting and duct tape (to shelter in place)
 Moist towelettes, garbage bags and plastic ties (for personal
sanitation)
 Wrench or pliers (to turn off utilities)
 Manual can opener (for food)
 Local maps
 Cell phone with chargers and a backup battery

Additional Emergency Supplies

Consider adding the following items to your emergency supply kit based
on your individual needs:

 Masks (for everyone ages 2 and above), soap, hand sanitizer,

disinfecting wipes to disinfect surfaces
 Prescription medications. About half of all Americans take a
prescription medicine every day. An emergency can make it difficult
for them to refill their prescription or to find an open pharmacy.
Organize and protect your prescriptions, over-the-counter drugs,
and vitamins to prepare for an emergency.
 Non-prescription medications such as pain relievers, anti-diarrhea
medication, antacids or laxatives
 Prescription eyeglasses and contact lens solution

26
  Infant formula, bottles, diapers, wipes and diaper rash cream
 Pet food and extra water for your pet
 Cash or traveler's checks
 Important family documents such as copies of insurance policies,
identification and bank account records saved electronically or in a
waterproof, portable container
 Sleeping bag or warm blanket for each person

 Complete change of clothing appropriate for your climate and sturdy

shoes
 Fire extinguisher

 Matches in a waterproof container

 Feminine supplies and personal hygiene items
 Mess kits, paper cups, plates, paper towels and plastic utensils
 Paper and pencil
 Books, games, puzzles or other activities for children

Maintaining Your Kit

After assembling your kit remember to maintain it so it’s ready when

needed:

 Keep canned food in a cool, dry place.

 Store boxed food in tightly closed plastic or metal containers.
 Replace expired items as needed.
 Re-think your needs every year and update your kit as your family’s
needs change.

Kit Storage Locations

Since you do not know where you will be when an emergency occurs,
prepare supplies for home, work and cars.

 Home: Keep this kit in a designated place and have it ready in case
you have to leave your home quickly. Make sure all family members
know where the kit is kept.
 Work: Be prepared to shelter at work for at least 24 hours. Your
work kit should include food, water and other necessities like
medicines, as well as comfortable walking shoes, stored in a “grab
and go” case.
 Car: In case you are stranded, keep a kit of emergency s
A upplies in your car.

B. Learning preparedness skills



27
In order to capable in helping victims during disaster, the six essential
components were found to be essential .These included early
warning, first aid, disaster triage, logistics and communication, search
and rescue, and team organization.

Knowledge and skills in early warning

Early warning is important during an impending a disaster, it must be
prepared to understand about the situation and the characteristic of the
disaster events and
Knowledge and skills of Emergency Care During Disaster

 need to concern about warning, mobilization

 need to identify the available resources and equipments that can be
used for
early detection and send notification to inform the community
Knowledge and skills in disaster triage
 The definition of triage is the process of sorting and categorizing
patient based on the sickest patients as priorities.
 This classification is divided into four levels:
1) immediate medical care, 2) delayed care, 3) non-urgent or
minor and, 4) dead or near dead.
This classification refers to the Simple Triage and Rapid
Treatment (START) using a color coding system.
Knowledge and skills in first aid
 Providing life saving requirements and support to persons and
communities affected by disasters will be the latter important
action, because minor injuries can be effectively treated using
basic first-aid techniques, such as clearing an airway, performing
mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, carrying out CPR, treating shock,
controlling bleeding and
applying a splint.

Knowledge and skills in logistic and communication

 In the aftermath of natural disasters, agencies face many
logistical challenges including the destruction of the physical
infrastructure, for example roads, bridges and airports, the
remoteness of an area and a limited transport capacity and if
logisticians are not

 assist in offering essentials logistic for community needs such as

water, sanitation and hygiene for saving the victims’ lives in
emergency situations
 during a crisis, humanitarian agencies require information
related to the disaster situation.
 The communication systems must be established, for health care
providers to communicate with each other, with government
leaders, and collaborating partners such as the police, fire, and
security services, and the local hospital

28
  Finding appropriate shelter for all victims usually becomes a priority
around the 48-hour after a disaster.
Knowledge and skills of search and rescue
 The search and rescue team’s priority is to find and evacuate
victims from the impact zone and transfer them to the medical post
after assessing their status.
Knowledge and skills of Emergency Care During Disaster

 personnel have the ability to assist victims in structural

collapse and the dangers from earthquakes, hurricanes, and
other hazards (WHO, & Additionally, ambulance areas should be
within easy access of medical treatment stations.
Knowledge and skills of team organizations
 In emergency phase, effective collaboration parties including the
local population, local government authorities and humanitarian
organizations is an essential part of natural disaster management
and needed the coordinated efforts of all key stakeholders
including community leaders to provide the necessary resources for
local action
 during the emergency phase (when disaster occurs, there is a need
of many teams or organizations to help the victims, which also
involves the collaboration between other health professionals,
particularly in the emergency phase and they should commit to his
affiliation in order to enhance effective communication and
collaboration to reduce morbidity and mortality of the victims in
the emergency phase .

 PATTERNS OF SURVIVAL

A. FINDING FAST SOLUTIONS

 How to stay safe during a natural disaster

Stay informed.
Tune in to local authorities for information about
evacuations and safety tips.
Have a plan for evacuation. ...
Keep emergency kits on hand. ...
Avoid unnecessary risks. ...
Go to the safest area in your home.

B. FOOD AND WATER PROCUREMENT

 Prepare an Emergency Food Supply
A disaster can easily disrupt the food supply at any time, so plan to have
at least a 3-day supply of food on hand.

29
Keep foods that:

 Have a long storage life

 Require little or no cooking, water, or refrigeration, in case utilities are
disrupted
 Meet the needs of babies or other family members who are on special
diets
 Meet pets’ needs
 Are not very salty or spicy, as these foods increase the need for
drinking water, which may be in short supply

 How To Store Emergency Food

 Check the expiration dates on canned foods and dry mixes. Home-
canned food usually needs to be thrown out after a year.
 Use and replace food before its expiration date.

 Store foods away from ranges or refrigerator exhausts. Heat causes

many foods to spoil more quickly.
 Store food away from petroleum products, such as gasoline, oil,
paints, and solvents. Some food products absorb their smell.
 Protect food from rodents and insects. Items stored in boxes or in
paper cartons will keep longer if they are heavily wrapped or stored in
waterproof, airtight containers.

 Preparing Food

 Cooking utensils
 Knives, forks, and spoons
 Paper plates, cups, and towels
 A manual can- and bottle-opener
 Heavy-duty aluminum foil
 Propane gas or charcoal grill; camp stove
 Fuel for cooking, such as charcoal. (CAUTION: Only use charcoal grills
or camp stoves outside of your home to avoid smoke inhalation
and carbon monoxide poisoning.)
 Prepare an Emergency Water Supply

 Store at least 1 gallon of water per day for each person and each pet.
Consider storing more water than this for hot climates, for pregnant
women, and for people who are sick.
 Store at least a 3-day supply of water for each person and each pet.
Try to store a 2-week supply if possible.
 Observe the expiration date for store-bought water; replace other
stored water every 6 months.
 Store a bottle of unscented liquid household chlorine bleach to
disinfect your water and to use for general cleaning and sanitizing. Try
to store bleach in an area where the average temperature stays
around 70°F (21°C). Because the amount of active chlorine in bleach

30
 decreases over time due to normal decay, consider replacing the
bottle each year.
Note: Alcohol dehydrate the body, which increases the need for
drinking water.
.

Disaster plans 101

Using the Hierarchy of Needs to accurately anticipate, we see that are

three fundamental requirements for people to survive any disaster
situation. They include physiological needs, safety needs, and social
needs.

 Physiological needs keep a person alive; food, water, shelter, and rest.
 Safety needs include physical, environmental and emotional safety and
protection.
 Social needs include the need for love, affection, care, relationships, and
friendship.

How to meet basic survival needs

When this list is examined alongside Dr. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs,

they match very well. It provides a solid list of tasks-oriented goals by
priority to help keep you physically and mentally functional. They are:

31
 shelter from the elements, warmth and hydration, protection of health,
maintenance of physical strength, and maintenance of mental ability via
rest.

 Shelter (Protection from Weather and Elements / Exposure)

 Water & fire (Hydration and Warmth)
 Protection from minor injuries (infections, illness, animals, and insects)
 Food (Strength, stamina, and clear thought)
 Sleep (Dangers of sleep deprivation / Need for clear thought)

 PACE PLANNING

P – Primary

This refers to the plan you consider to be your best and most
efficient method for getting things done. Think of this as your “Plan
A.” An example of your primary plan could be that at the first sign
of an emergency, you get into your truck and drive out of the city to
a cabin in the woods to wait it out. Obviously you’d have a lot more
detail to your plan, but think of this as what you’d do if it’s possible.
Another example of a primary plan could be in regard to your
drinking water. The best method might be for you to utilize the
water you’ve stored in your basement. This is a simple and effective
plan that you’ve prepared for, so it’s what you would try first.

A – Alternate

It’s rare that things go according to plan, which is why you always
need your backup, or alternate plan. This is the second route you’d
take to accomplish the task or event you’re planning and prepping
for, also known as “Plan B.”
Referring back to the bug-out plan example, your primary plan
might be to escape in your truck, but your alternate plan would be
to use your motorcycle. To effectively prepare for using your
alternate plan, you’d have riding gear like gloves, a helmet, and
boots with you. Your alternate plan is meant to run alongside your
primary plan so you can switch to it in an instant.

C – Contingency
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 So what happens if your primary and alternate plans fail? While this
may seem far-fetched, it can happen. Looking at the bug-out plan
example again, what if your truck AND your motorcycle won’t run,
or you’re nowhere near them when you need to bug out? This is
where your contingency plan comes into play.
Sure, your contingency plan is probably not the quickest or easiest
method to get things done, but it’s there for you in case both your
primary and alternate plans fail. Sticking with our example, your
contingency plan for bugging out might be to hike where you need
to go. Your contingency plan should include the gear, clothing, and
route planning needed to get out on foot. You probably don’t want
to ever use your contingency plan, but if you do, you’ll be glad it’s
there.

E – Emergency

What if all your plans fail or aren’t able to be implemented? This is

definitely a long shot, but it’s possible. That’s why you prep — to be
ready for the improbable when others are not. If all else fails, the
final last-ditch effort has to be put into play, which is where
your emergency plan comes into action.
Unlike the other three plans, this one should have quite a bit of
wiggle room built into it to account for whatever happened to your
other three plans.
Your emergency plan will most likely take the longest, cost the
most, and give the lowest quality result, but it’s better than nothing
at all. Finishing up our bug-out plan example, your emergency plan
may very well be to not leave at all, but to shore up your defenses
wherever you are and ride out whatever is happening until you can
take more action.
https://preparednesshub.com/keeping-pace-with-your-
survival-plan/

33
 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/
5221A6A2E0F3E415C1256DB9002BCC6E-hcr-contingency-
may03.pdf

 Shelter in Place
Plan
Shelter in place means finding a safe location indoors and staying there
until you are given an “all clear” or told to evacuate. You may be asked to
shelter in place because of an active shooter; tornado; or chemical,
radiological, or other hazard.

Tips:

 In finding a safe location: Does the door lock? Does it open out or
in? Is there furniture nearby that you can use to barricade the door?
Can you close or block the windows?
 Think of what you might need (food, water, and medication) if the
shelter-in-place notice lasts many hours.

Evaluate
In an active shooter situation: determine whether you need to barricade
yourself. Know if the door opens outward or inward. Test the lock.

In a severe weather event: the rule of thumb is to put as many walls

between you and the outdoors as possible and head to the lowest floor
possible. The basement is an ideal location.

Respond

1. Stay calm.
2. Proceed to a location that can be secured, and lock or secure the
door. If necessary, move something in front of the door to ensure it
cannot be forced open.

34
 3. Turn off all lights, silence all phones, and wait for further
instructions. Instruction will come via e-mail or text, so keep your
silenced phone nearby.
4. Do not open the door until instructed by responding authorities.
5. Remember: contact Yale Police or 911 if you feel that your safety is
in jeopardy
6. Wait in the safest location possible until you are given the “all clear”
or told to evacuate.
7. During an active shooter situation, the University will “lock-down” all
exterior doors.

https://emergency.yale.edu/be-prepared/shelter-place
Stay Put - Learn How to Shelter in Place

Sometimes the best way to stay safe in an emergency is to get inside and
stay put inside a building or vehicle. Where you should stay can be
different for different types of emergencies.
Be informed about the different kinds of emergencies that could affect
your area and ways officials share emergency information. Ask your
local emergency management agency external icon about the best places
to take shelter during different types of emergencies.

Get Inside, Stay Inside

If local officials tell you to “stay put,” act quickly. Listen carefully to local
radio or television stations for instructions, because the exact directions
will depend on the emergency situation. In general you should:

 Get inside. Bring your loved ones, your emergency supplies, and
when possible, your pets,
 Find a safe spot in this location. The exact spot will depend on the
type of emergency,
 Stay put in this location until officials say that it is safe to leave.

Stay in Touch

Once you and your family are in place, let your emergency contact know
what’s happening, and listen carefully for new information.

35
Once you’re inside and in a safe spot, let your emergency contact know
where you are, if anyone is missing, and how everyone is doing.

 Call or text your emergency contact. Let them know where you
are, if any family members are missing, and how you are doing.
 Use your phone only as necessary. Keep the phone handy in case
you need to report a life threatening emergency. Otherwise, do not
use the phone, so that the lines will be available for emergency
responders.
 Keep listening to your radio, television, or phone for
updates. Do not leave your shelter unless authorities tell you it is
safe to do so. If they tell you to evacuate the area, follow their
instructions.

Sheltering with pets

 Prepare a spot for your pets to poop and pee while inside the shelter.
You will need plenty of plastic bags, newspapers, containers, and
cleaning supplies to deal with the pet waste.
 Do not allow pets to go outside the shelter until the danger
has passed.

Sealing a Room

 In some types of emergencies, you will need to stop outside air from
coming in. If officials tell you to “seal the room,” you need to:
 Turn off things that move air, like fans and air conditioners,
 Get yourself and your loved ones inside the room,

36
 o Bring your emergency supplies if they are clean and easy to get
to
 Block air from entering the room, and
 Listen to officials for further instructions.
Once officials say the emergency is over, turn on fans and other things
that circulate air. Everyone should go outside until the building’s air has
been exchanged with the now clean outdoor air.

Staying Put in Your Vehicle

In some emergencies it is safer to pull over and stay in your car than to
keep driving. If you are very close to home, your workplace, or a public
building, go there immediately and go inside. Follow the “shelter-in-place”
recommendations for that location. If you can’t get indoors quickly and
safely:

It may be safer to pull your car over and stay put than to keep driving.
Listen to local officials to know what to do.

 Pull over to the side of the road.

o Stop your vehicle in the safest place possible and turn off the
engine.
o If it is warm outside, it is better to stop under a bridge or in a
shady spot so you don’t get overheated.
 Stay where you are until officials say it is safe to get back on the
road.
 Listen to the radio for updates and additional instructions.
o Modern car radios do not use much battery power, so listening
to the radio for an hour or two should not cause your car battery
to die.
o Even after it is safe to get back on the road, keep listening to
the radio and follow directions of law enforcement officials.
https://emergency.cdc.gov/shelterinplace.asp

B. IMPACT RESPONSE

37
I DISASTER TRIAGE CATEGORIES
Goals of disaster triage
 “Do the greatest good for the greatest number of
casualties”
 From the French word trier “to sort”
 Attention given first to most salvageable with most
urgent conditions
START
https://slideplayer.com/slide/14307760/
https://www.slideshare.net/schultzc/disaster-triage-
start-and-save
 Simple triage and rapid treatment (START) is a triage
method used by first responders (paramedics) to quickly
classify victims during a mass casualty incident (MCI)
based on the severity of their injury.
 Rapid method to perform initial triage
 Utilizes respiratory rate,palpable pulse,and mental status
(ability to follow commands)
 GREEN-those who are able to get up and walked away
RED- Those with respiratory compromise (require airway
assistance or have a respiratory rate > 30), no palpable
pulse at wrist (but are breathing),or unable to follow
commands.
YELLOW- those who are not red but cant walk
BLACK- Dead

38
 https://slideplayer.com/slide/13719015/
https://www.slideserve.com/rudyford/disaster-triage-train-
the-trainer-start-jumpstart-powerpoint-ppt-presentation/?
utm_source=slideserve&utm_medium=website&utm_camp
aign=auto+related+load

The JumpSTART pediatric triage MCI triage tool (usually shortened to

JumpSTART) is a variation of the simple triage and rapid treatment
(START) triage system. Both systems are used to sort patients into
categories at mass casualty incidents (MCIs).
 Acknowledge that children have unique needs and may
require a referral
 Increase education and training for responders
 Group children together in the appropriate triage areas

39
  Know what organizations are available to care for
critically ill pediatric patients if needed

Exposure to disasters can effect children in three

categories: direct, interpersonal, or indirect.
• Direct
 Children who are physically present during an incident
are directly affected
• Interpersonal
 Occurs when children have loved ones that are directly
affected • Indirect
 Exposure happens through secondary consequences of a
largescale incident, such as chaos/ disruption of daily living
 Children who are a distance away from the incident may
still be affected, causing fear and distress

 JumpSTART© is a modified triage tool based on the START© triage

model, focusing on the pediatric population. • This triage tool is
designed for children 1-8 years old. Some modifications include:
 Rapid AVPU assessment for pediatric behavior instead of adult
behavior
 Babies <12 months old are marked IMMEDIATE for highest priority
of care

 All victims who are considered “walking wounded” are directed to

the minimal injuries treatment area DELAYED
 • If the victim can follow simple commands when undergoing a
mental assessment, or has bleeding that can be stopped, they are
directed to the delayed treatment area IMMEDIATE
 • If the victim cannot follow simple commands when undergoing a
mental assessment, if bleeding cannot be stopped, the respiratory
rate is under 15 or over 45, or there is no peripheral pulse
EXPECTANT

40
  • All victims struggling with injuries incompatible with life
DECEASED
 • All victims displaying no signs or symptoms of life **All patients
tagged EXPECTANT or DECEASED, unless clearly suffering from
injuries, should be reassessed once critical interventions for
IMMEDIATE and DELAYED victims are completed.

II MASS CASUALTY INCIDENT (MCI)

A mass casualty incident (MCI) is defined as “an event that
overwhelms the local healthcare system, where the number of
casualties vastly exceeds the local resources and capabilities in a
short period of time.”

Patient Identification .Identification is essential in treating, tracking,

and maintaining continuity of care and family reunification
Hospitals must have a process to identify and track patients that
works within their existing patient records system, which may or
may not include the use of triage tags • Know the system your
hospital uses

First and foremost in responding to an MCI is identifying the type of MCI

present. Categories include:
 Planned (sporting event)
 Conventional, which usually have some level of recurring frequency
(transportation incidents, burn, and severe weather events)
 Chemical, biological, radiological
 Nuclear agents from an unintentional or accidental release or act of
terrorism
 Catastrophic health events (nuclear detonation, major explosion, a
major hurricane, pandemic influenza, or others).
The keys in successfully managing the chaos of a fast-paced, moving MCI
can be delineated with the organization of the 5 “S's”: “scene safety
assessment, scene size-up, send information, scene set-up, and START.”

o ACTIVATION OF AN MCI
FUNCTIONAL AREAS
The scene should be divided into functional areas. Specific activities take
place within each area. This makes it easier to allocate and assign
resources. Below is a typical scene response with the functional areas

41
identified and defined.

Command Post: Location where Unified Command and other key staff
manage the incident. May also house communications assets.
Incident Operations Area (IOA): Vicinity where the majority of front-
line operations takes place. Does not include ancillary activities.
Security Perimeter: Established according to the type of incident. Active
shooter, hazardous materials, or explosives events may all require
different distances depending on the size of the Incident Operations Area.
Staging Area: This is where all resources not utilized in the Incident
Operations Area are housed. It is far enough away from the IOA so that
any escalation will protect assets, yet close enough for a rapid response.
Transport Corridor: In this diagram, the Transport Corridor is between
the Treatment Areas and the Staging Area. This is to enhance the rapid
loading and transport of injured victims. In other cases, the Transport
Corridor may be to the left of Staging in order to better account for
arriving resources. In either case, the Transport Corridor must be kept
clear and operating at all times.
Treatment Area: Location of victims who have been evacuated from the
IOA. There may be one single Treatment Area,as in this diagram, or
several in order to identify and divide seriously injured (Red Patients) from
lower priority victims (Yellow and Green). In this scene a Black Tag Area
has also been created. This is for Dead victims who cannot be
42
resuscitated. Refer to the MCI Triage online course for more information
on performing MCI Triage.

o COMMUNICATIONS AND INCIDENT MANAGEMENT

The ability to successfully allocate resources and organize an effective
response to an MCI is centered on flexible, integrated communication, and
information systems. A command center should be organized and
equipped with multiple radios tuned into separate frequencies that are
“uninterrupted by a priority scan frequency lock-out,” which has shown to
be effective. Each scene commander should be equipped with headsets,
microphones, and clipboards, and checklists to enable continuous
feedback to command regarding scene dynamics.
o ON SCENE CONTROL
The extent of an MCI is not solely dependent on the total number of
created potential patients, but is exacerbated by other complicating
factors coined “MCI Multipliers.” MCI Multipliers can range from limited
scene accessibility, biohazard contamination, self-deploying responders
not equipped or experienced for the current scenario, lack of on-scene or
surrounding hospital resources, etc. A.J. Heightman, Editor and Chief
of JEMS developed a table of “Multipliers that Affect MCI’s” that should be
identified and managed as early as possible in the course of an MCI, and
are listed below:
1. Physical location and access/egress complications
2. A number of access points and distance between exits on a highway
3. Location, speed, and density of traffic
4. The weather or roadway conditions
5. Time of day
6. Staffing levels
7. Massive debris field
8. Other simultaneous incidents that drain available resources.
9. Location of specialty teams and resources
10. Ambulances are unfamiliar with a district’s MCI operational
procedures
11. Ambulances from another system arriving on the scene, or
self-dispatching
12. Hospital backlogs, closures, or lack of resources or capabilities
13. Communication coverage gaps or inability to communicate
with mutual response resources

43
 14. Failure to establish incident command, divisions, or groups
early enough
15. Lack of scene vests or identification of triage, treatment, or
transportation areas
16. Late or improper access directions or staging instruction to
incoming units
17. Complicating factors, such as ongoing crashes, gunfire, or
explosions

 SCENE SIZE-UP
 Determines the scene/situation is safe
 Determines the mechanism of injury/nature of illness
 Determines the number of patients
 Requests additional help if necessary
 Considers stabilization of spine
 INITIAL ASSESSMENT/RESUSCITATION
 Verbalizes general impression of the patient
 Determines responsiveness/level of consciousness
 Determines chief complaint/apparent life-threats
 Airway
-Opens and assesses airway (1 point) -Inserts adjunct as indicated (1
point)
 Breathing
-Assess breathing
-Assures adequate ventilation
-Initiates appropriate oxygen therapy
-Manages any injury which may compromise breathing/ventilation
 Circulation
-Checks pulse
-Assess skin (either skin color, temperature or condition)
-Assesses for and controls major bleeding if present
-Initiates shock management
 Identifies priority patients/makes transport decision
 FOCUSED HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION/RAPID TRAUMA
ASSESSMENT
 Selects appropriate assessment
 Obtains, or directs assistant to obtain, baseline vital signs
 Obtains SAMPLE history
 DETAILED PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
 Head

44
 -Inspects mouth**, nose**, and assesses facial area
-Inspects and palpates scalp and ears
-Assesses eyes for PEARRL
 Neck**
-Checks position of trachea
-Checks jugular veins
-Palpates cervical spine
 Chest **
-Inspects chest
-Palpates chest
-Auscultates chest
 Abdomen/pelvis
-Inspects and palpates abdomen
-Assesses pelvis
-Verbalizes assessment of genitalia/perineum as needed
 Lower extremities **
-Inspects, palpates, and assesses motor, sensory and circulatory
functions (point/leg)
 Upper extremities
-Inspects, palpates, and assesses motor, sensory, and circulatory
functions (point/arm)
 Posterior thorax, lumbar, and buttocks**
-Inspects and palpates posterior thorax
-Inspects and palpates lumbar and buttocks area
 Manages secondary injuries and wounds appropriately (injury or
wound)
 Ongoing assessment

ACTIVATING A MASS CASUALTY RESPONSE

1. Size-Up
To solve this, an accurate size-up must be performed to determine
resources required. This size-up can begin at the dispatch center. Call-
takers and dispatchers should suspect mass casualties in these situations:

45
  Multiple calls for the same incident
 High-occupancy transportation accident (e.g. train, bus, ferry,
aircraft)
 Explosions
 Suspicious package
 Multiple alarm fires
 Structure collapse
 Hazardous materials release
 Public disorder
 Active shooter

Most MCIs will require resources from numerous agencies working

together. Whether it is through the 9-1-1 system or from on-scene units,
an agency that is aware of a developing MCI must ensure that other
agencies in the unified response plan are also alerted. Once dispatch has
performed their size-up, a scene size-up must now be performed.
2. Scene Size-Up
There are several tools for performing a scene size-up. One of the most
effective is the METHANE Scene Assessment tool.

Action Description

The incident must be formally declared. This may be

Mass Incident performed at the scene or Communications Center.
Declared Once declared, appropriate notifications and activations
can take place.

Several incidents may be involved, therefore the exact

location is important to avoid confusion. Also, in urban
Exact Location
areas there may be common locations with the same
street name.

Alerting responding units of the type of incident helps

Type of Incident them to safely access or stage if required.

The conditions present will affect the response. Are

Hazards Present roads icy? Are there downed power lines? Is a
hazardous material involved?

Assess primary and secondary routes in to the scene.

To certain response units such as ambulances, egress
Access & Egress
or routes away from the scene may need to be
identified and maintained.

Number of The number of potential casualties dictates the

Casualties & resources that will be required, but just as important is
Severity* the severity of the injuries. A small number of seriously
injured victims may require the same resources as a
large number of victims with minor injuries. Also
consider potential. For example, an aircraft declaring

46
 an emergency with 200 passengers aboard may
potentially require a mass casualty response.

Emergency Consider specialty services that may be utilized:

Services lighting plants, search and rescue teams, heating or
Required cooling stations, etc.

*The “N” in METHANE (estimating the number of injured or potentially

injured) is one of the most important pieces of information that can be
obtained. This will dictate both the resources required at the scene and
the level of activation for receiving hospitals.

 Transportation incidents: Have the advantage of known

occupancies for each vehicle. In these cases, early contact with the
operators and crew will help to get this information. On many
vehicles, whether it is bus, train, or boat, the occupancies may be
printed on entry ways.
 Structures or public venues: Typically have staff available that is
aware of the occupancies. If they are not available, break the
structure down into workable areas such as floors, levels, or seating
sections and make an estimate that way.
 Open spaces and public areas: Take advantage of natural or
existing infrastructure and divide the scene into workable grids. Light
poles, tree spacing, fence posts, can all be utilized for this purpose.
Count the number of victims in one section, then simple
multiplication will give you an estimated victim count.

Critical actions were summarized within acronym THREAT:

 T: Threat suppression
 H: Hemorrhage control
 RE: Rapid Extrication to safety
 A: Assessment by medical providers
 T: Transport to definitive care

3. PATIENT HANDLING

Triage

 The allocation of resources is based on the difficult decisions of

patient triage. The START (Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment)
adult-algorithm constitutes the basis of MCI triage.
 there are four categories in START: minor (green), delayed
(yellow), immediate (red), and expectant (black).

47
  All patients should be tracked with START Triage Tags. The color
designating the patient’s clinical condition is the color remaining
after tearing off the other colors that do not match the patient’s
condition.
 Inventory
 Inventory of resources is as paramount as resource allocation.
Inventory methods should be adaptable and scalable. Both on the
scene or in the hospital setting, inventory lists can be created on
paper or electronic spreadsheet.

RAPID EXTRICATION TECHNIQUE

 The rapid extrication technique is designed to move a patient in a
series of coordinated movements from the sitting position to the
supine position on a long backboard while always maintaining
stabilization and support for the head/neck, torso, and pelvis.
 Kendrick extrication device (KED) is a device used in extrication of
victims of traffic collisions from motor vehicles. Commonly carried
on ambulances, a KED is typically used by an emergency medical
technician, paramedic, or another first responder.
 It was originally designed for extrication of race car drivers
 Typically used in conjunction with a cervical collar, a KED is a semi-
rigid brace that secures the head, neck and torso in an anatomically
neutral position. Its use is claimed to reduce the possibility of
additional injuries to these regions during extrication, although its
value has been questioned, as there is a lack of evidence to support
its use.
 The original KED was designed by Richard Kendrick in 1978

48
  A KED is used in conjunction with a cervical collar to help immobilize
a patient's head, neck and spine in the normal anatomical position
(neutral position). This position helps prevent additional injuries to
these regions during vehicle extrication.

Indications for the use of rapid extrication:

· The scene is unsafe
· Unstable patient condition warrants immediate movement and transport
· Patient blocks you from accessing another, more serious, patient
NOTE: This procedure is only performed when a patient fits the above
criteria. If the patient does not require a rapid extrication a short
backboard device must be used.
o The Rapid Extrication technique requires a minimum of three (3)
rescuers who are trained in this procedure.
· Take appropriate body substance isolation precautions.
· Instruct the patient not to move their head and to hold still.
o Make sure you fully explain the procedure to the patient so they
understand what is about to occur.
· Manual inline stabilization
Rescuer #1
 positions themselves behind the patient, brings the patient’s head
in to a
neutral position, and maintains inline stabilization of the cervical
spine.
 Assess pulses, motor function, and sensory function in all
extremities.
· Rescuer #2
 applies the appropriately sized cervical collar
 Position equipment and prepare to move the patient
Rescuer #3

49
  places the long backboard near the door of the vehicle and then
moves into
the seat next to the patient. Rescuer #2, standing next to the
patient, supports the patient’s chest and back as rescuer #3 frees
the patient’s legs.
Rotating the patient
 At the direction of rescuer #1, who is maintaining inline
stabilization, all rescuers begin to rotate the patient in several short,
coordinated moves until the patient’s back is in the open doorway
and his/her feet are on the opposite seat. If rescuer #1 is unable to
maintain inline stabilization throughout this step (i.e. the “B” post of
the vehicle is in the way), then another available rescuer or
bystander should take over manual inline stabilization from outside
of the vehicle while rescuer #1 exits the vehicle to continue manual
inline stabilization.
·Move patient to the long backboard
 The end of the long backboard is placed on the seat next to the
patient’s buttocks while another rescuer or bystanders support the
other end of the long backboard. At the direction of the rescuer
maintaining inline stabilization, the patient is lowered onto the long
backboard in one movement. The rescuers then slide the patient, as
one unit, into position on the long backboard in short coordinated
moves.
·Secure patient to the backboard
 Secure the patient’s torso first and remember to secure the bony
portions of the body.
 Run one 9’ strap through the hole closest to the patient's underarm
and across the chest to the corresponding hole on the other side.
Bring the strap back under the patient's arms to meet the buckle,
which should be secured and positioned off the center of the chest.
Have the patient inhale deeply and hold their breath (if possible)
and then tighten the strap. This will assure that the strap does not
impede the patient’s respirations. The patient’s arms should not be
strapped in at this point.
 Now secure the pelvis by locating a hole closest to the center of the
pelvis. Run the strap through the hole, across the pelvis and to the
corresponding hole on the opposite side. Bring the strap back across
the pelvis to meet the buckle. The legs may be secured in a similar
way or you may use cravats if necessary.
 Once the torso and legs are secured, you can begin to secure the
head. Be sure that whichever head immobilization device you use
allows you to secure the patient’s head in a neutral position. Do not
remove manual in-line stabilization of the head until the head is
completely immobilized to the long backboard.

50
· After the immobilization has been completed, reassess all four
(4) extremities for distal pulse, motor function and sensory function.
· During transport continue to check the straps to assure they have not
come loose.
NOTE: This procedure cannot be completed properly unless all team
members understand their assignments and work as a team with
communication at all times.
Several variations of rapid extrication are possible, including using
assistance from
bystanders. However, whichever technique is used must be used in a way
as to not
compromise the spine.

UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS
I. Types of Protective Precautions
A. Isolation precautions
1. Developed as in-hospital isolation infection control guidelines in 1975
2. Disease specific, in-hospital precautions to prevent spread of infectious
agents from an infected patient to other persons
a. In-hospital precautions: Patient in a private room
b. Provider precautions: Protective barriers (masks, gowns,
gloves), wash hands, special disposal/handling of
contaminated articles
3. Includes Standard Precautions and Transmission-Based Precautions
B. Universal precautions (UP)
1. CDC 1987 (replaced CDC 1983 Guidelines for Isolation Precautions)
2. In-hospital practices to prevent transmission of bloodborne diseases
3. Emphasized that visible blood required barrier protection
4. Does not address disease-specific isolation precautions for non blood
borne infections in nonhospital facilities
5. Precautions: Gloves, gowns, masks, protective eyewear when contact
with blood or body secretions containing blood is anticipated (not all the
time as with BSI)

51
 a. Applies to blood, body fluids containing visible blood,
semen, vaginal
secretions
b. Applies to tissues and specific body fluids: cerebrospinal,
synovial, pleural,
peritoneal, pericardial, amniotic
c. Does not apply to feces, nasal secretions, sputum,
sweat, tears, urine,
vomitus unless they contain visible blood
d. Does not apply to saliva except when visibly
contaminated with blood or in the dental setting (blood
contamination of saliva is predictable)

C. Body Substance Isolation (BSI)

1. Developed by nurses and colleagues in large hospitals (Marguerite M.
Jackson, RN,M.S., director of the epidemiology unit, University of California
Medical Center, San Diego; Patricia Lynch, RN, B.S.N., epidemiology
department at Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, 1987)
2. Assumed all moist body substances were potentially infectious (not just
blood, as in UP); wear gloves for anticipated contact with these
substances.
3. Purpose: Reduce transmission of infectious material from any moist
body substance regardless of presumed infection status
a. Blood: HIV, HBV
b. Feces: shigella (contagious bacterial infection causing
diarrhea), salmonella (food poisoning caused by unsafe
handling of contaminated meats, poultry, fish, vegetables;
unpasteurized dairy and juice products); escherichia-coli
(ecoli) from unsanitary food handling conditions
c. Urine—e-coli
d. Sputum: tubercle bacilli (tuberculosis) or resistant
staphylococcus aureus (bacteria that causes infections)
e. Saliva (small and large airborne droplets): common cold
and flu, upper respiratory infection, meningitis, mono,
Epstein-Barr virus, cold sores, Hepatitis B, polio
f. Wound seepages/excretions
g. Other body fluids
4. Precautions
a. Gloves when anticipating contact with moist body
substances while caring for
all patients

52
 b. Immunization against infectious diseases transmitted by
airborne or droplet
1) Measles
2) Mumps
3) Rubella
4) Varicella (chickenpox)
c. Other appropriate barriers, e.g., gowns, masks, eye
protection based on typeof infection as needed
D. Standard precautions
1. CDC 1996 for in-hospital health care workers
2. Incorporated major features of both UP and BSI
a. UP: gloves, gowns, masks, protective eyewear to reduce
risk of transmission of bloodborne pathogens
b. BSI: gloves (and immunizations) to reduce risk of
pathogens from moist body substances
3. Applied to all patients regardless of diagnosis or presumed infection
status
a. Blood, all body fluids, secretions and excretions except
sweat, regardless of whether or not they contain blood
b. Nonintact skin
c. Mucous membranes
4. Precautions
a. Consider every person infectious
b. Wash hands
c. Wear gloves
d. Wear other body protection: masks, goggles, face
masks, gowns
e. Handle soiled linen with gloves; dispose of in biohazard
waste containers/bags
f. Handle patient care equipment with gloves; clean
reusable equipment
g. Routinely clean and disinfect equipment
h. Do not recap needles, remove from syringes or bending,
breaking by hand;
dispose of in sharps container
i. Use face/mouthpieces or resuscitation bags for patient
resuscitation
E. Transmission-based precautions (also include BSI precautions)
1. Airborne transmission

53
 a. Small particle evaporated droplets or dust containing
droplets that remain suspended for a long time
b. Droplets or dust containing droplets are dispersed by air
currents
c. Inhaled by or deposited on susceptible host
d. Include measles (virus), varicella (virus), Legionella
(bacteria), tuberculosis (bacteria)
e. Precautions
1) Respiratory protection: High efficiency filter mask
2) Patient transport: Place a mask on the patient.
3) Environmental control: Equipment cleaning, disinfection,
sterilization
2. Droplet transmission
a. Large droplet contact with conjunctiva or oral/nasal
mucosa
b. Droplets generated during coughing, sneezing, talking
c. Requires close contact
1) Large droplets do not stay suspended for long
2) Large droplets travel short distance (possibly to 3 feet)
d. Precautions
1) Respiratory protection: Wear a mask when within 3 feet
of patient
2) Protective eyewear especially with possibility of
splashing, talking, sneezing (within 3 feet)
3) Patient transport: Place a mask on the patient.
4) Environmental control: Equipment cleaning, disinfection,
sterilization.
3. Contact transmission
a. Direct contact: Skin-to-skin contact and physical transfer
b. Touching hands, face, other body parts
1) Provider-to-patient contact
2) Patient-to-patient or patient-to-other person contact
c. Indirect contact: Skin-to-object contact
1) Patient’s contaminated hand touches object
2) Provider touches contaminated object
d. Precautions
1) Wash hands
2) Use gloves
3) Wear a gown
4) Clean and disinfect patient care/contact items
a) After patient use/touch
b) Before using on or with another patient or use
disposable items

54
 5) Dispose of all patient contact items in appropriate
bags/containers (e.g.,red medical waste/biohazard
containers/bags, sharps containers)

FIRST RESPONDERS - SAFE LIFTING AND MOVING OF

PATIENTS
 A patient should only be moved immediately (an emergency move)
when there is an imminent life hazard to the patient or rescuer.
 Under most circumstances there is not an imminent threat, and
rescuers can pause to develop a plan for safely lifting and moving
the patient.
 Patient lifting and moving are critical skills that range from a routine
procedure to a complex operation.
 Responders must consider two primary factors when making their
plan;
1) how to move the patient while protecting the patient from
further injury, and 2) how to protect themselves.
 Have a Plan for Patient Lifts
o Routine situation lifting and moving skills can be improved through
practice. However, lifting and moving patients at other emergency
scenes require quick thinking and ingenuity. All responders must be
on the same page when moving such a patient.
Pre-lift considerations include:
 The weight of the patient, and availability and response
time of help versus the condition of the patient. Use
a rough guideline of one rescuer per 75 - 100 pounds of
patient weight (plus equipment), depending on
accessibility and handholds. Know your own ability and
limitations.
 Communicate the plan clearly and frequently with other
rescuers. One person must take the lead.
 What lifting equipment is available? Which would best
protect the patient and the rescuers?
 What is the response time for the nearest bariatric BLS
unit?
 Can the patient be lifted safely from their current
location, or should the crew slide the patient to a better
location before attempting the lift?
 Once the patient is lifted, what is the best route to the
ambulance? Is the pathway clear?
 How will rescuers move a patient sitting in a vehicle or
other difficult or limited-access position?
 What if the initial plan does not work?
Prepare for Patient Lifts

55
 o Muscular-skeletal injuries from repetitive and heavy lifting are the
most common causes of injury to EMTs, police officers, and
firefighters.
o Department heads can use the following strategies to better
prepare their personnel:
 Train and retrain on safe lifting techniques. Appropriate
training time should be committed to developing
skills and decision-making in areas where employees are
being injured.
 Require rescuers to periodically take the MSI online class,
Safe Patient Lifting for Emergency Responders.
 Train with support agencies such as law enforcement
agencies and fire departments.
 Photograph or videotape patient handling drills to study
body mechanics.
 Use situational drills and tabletop exercises to practice
decision-making for patient handling.
 Periodically evaluate lifting aids such as power stretchers,
stair chairs, mega movers, etc. New equipment
and options are introduced each year.
 Debrief every significant patient handling incident. Even
informal post-incident conversation with the crew
can have a significant impact.
Body Mechanics for Patient Lifts
o Proper body mechanics refers to the best way to use your body to
move or lift a patient. Concentrate on protecting your back by
keeping it locked in its natural S-shape and using the more powerful
muscles in your legs to do the work.
o When lifting a patient remember the following key points:
 Get a stable and wide stance. When conditions permit,
have your legs at least shoulder-width apart. Lock
your lower back in its natural S-curve. Keep your head up,
and your shoulders square.
 Check conditions for the best footing. Be alert for surface
conditions such as ice or oil, and obstacles such as
curbs, potholes, or small pets.
 If the patient is on the ground, lower your body by
bending your knees and squatting down to the patient.
 Grasp the equipment you are using with your hands,
palms facing upward.
 Keep the weight of the patient as close to your body as
possible.
 Lift with your legs, not your back.
 Minimize twisting while lifting by selecting the best
starting position.
56
Wellness
o Patient handling can be a physically taxing skill that requires a high
level of fitness.
o First responders need to follow a well-rounded program of
weight training, cardiovascular exercise and stretching to
ensure personal readiness for the demands of the job.
DRESSING AND BANDAGE
 The terms ‘dressing’ and ‘bandage’ are often used synonymously. In
fact, the term ‘dressing’ refers more correctly to the primary layer in
contact with the wound.
Bandage
 is a piece of material used either to covering wounds, to keep
dressings in place, to applying pressure controlling bleeding, to
support a medical device such as a splint, or on its own to provide
support to the body.
 It can also be used to restrict a part of the body.
Dressing
 Dressings are used to cover wounds, prevent contamination and
control bleeding.
 In providing first aid we commonly used self-adhesive dressings or
gauze dressings :
• Adhesive dressings are used mainly for small wounds.
They come in many different sizes,including specific types
for placement on fingertips.
• Gauze dressings are thick, cotton pads used to cover
larger wounds. They are held in place with tape or by
wrapping with a gauze strip (bandage).
 Dressings must be sterile and absorbent to deter the growth of
bacteria, and should be left in place until the wound heals, unless it
needs to be regularly cleaned.

57
 Bandage
o The three major types of bandages are: roller
bandages, tubular bandages and triangular
bandages.
A. Roller bandages.They are necessary for :
• covering wounds,
• applying pressure controlling bleeding, or
• supporting a strain or sprain.

B.Tubular bandages are used on fingers and toes because those areas
are difficult to bandage with gauze.
 They can also be used to keep dressings in place on
parts of the body with lots of movement,such as the
elbow or knee.

C.Triangular bandages are made of cotton or disposable paper. They

have a variety of uses:
• When opened up, they make slings to support, elevate or
immobilize upper limbs. This may be
necessary with a broken bone or a strain, or to protect a
limb after an operation.
• Folded narrowly, a triangular bandage becomes a cold
compress that can help reduce swelling.

58
  They are used also for applying pressure to a wound
to control bleeding

BASIC BANDAGING FORMS

 Each bandaging technique consists of various basic forms of
bandaging. The following five basic forms of bandaging can be used
to apply most types of bandages:
1. circular bandaging
2. spiral bandaging
3. figure-of-eight bandaging
4. recurrent bandaging
5. reverse spiral bandage
1. Circular bandaging is used to hold dressings on body parts such as
arms, legs, chest or abdomen or for starting others bandaging techniques.
 For circular bandage we used strips of cloth or gauze
roller bandage or triangular bandage folded down to
form strip of bandage (cravat).
 In the circular bandaging technique the layers of
bandage are applied over the top of each other:
 With the roll on the inner aspect, unroll the bandage
either toward you or laterally, holding the loose end
until it is secured by the first circle of the bandage.
 Two or three turns may be needed to cover an area
adequately. Hold the bandage in place with tape or a
clip.

59
  Almost all bandaging techniques start and end with a
few circular bandaging turns.

2. Spiral bandages are usually used for cylindrical parts of the

body.
 An elasticated bandage can also be used to apply spiral
bandaging to a tapered body part. Despite the increasing
diameter of the body
part, the elasticity will allow the bandage to fit closely to
the skin.
 With each spiral turn, part of the preceding turn is covered
generally by 1/3 of the width of the bandage.

 Figure-of-eight bandage involves two turns, with the strips

of bandage crossing each other at the side where the joint
flexes or extends. It is usually used to bind a flexing joint
or body part below and above the joint.
.

60
 3. Recurrent bandaging is used for blunt body parts consists
partly of recurrent turns.
 The bandage is applied repeatedly from one side across
the top to the other side of the blunt body part. To be able
to fix the recurrent turns well, not only the wound, but the
entire length of the blunt
body part should be covered.
 Recurrent bandages are fixed using circular or spiral turns.

4. Reverse spiral bandage is a spiral bandage where the

bandage is folded back on itself by 180° after/each turn.
 This V-shaped fold allows the bandage to fit to the tapered
shape
of the
body
part all
the way
along.
 This
type of

61
 bandaging is required when using non-elasticated
bandages.
*

5. Donut Bandage
 The Donut Bandage is used to put pressure around
an impaled object without putting pressure on the
object itself.
Figure 14. Donut bandage

C. POST IMPACT RECOVERY, RECONSTRUCTION,

REHABILITATION

1. CRITICAL INCIDENT STRESS DEBRIEFING

 CISD is an intervention conducted by trained mental health
professionals, in either group or individual format. CISD encourages
traumatized individuals to share their thoughts and feelings about
the critical incident, with the goal of making sense of the trauma.
 What Is Critical Incident Stress Debriefing?
Following trauma exposure, an individual experiences both physical
and psychological symptoms. CISD is a practice that allows
survivors to both process and reflect on the traumatic events
they've experienced.Ideally, stress debriefing should occur shortly
after the traumatic event to increase the method's effectiveness. It's

62
 recommended that debriefing occur within the first 24 to 72 hours
to provide the greatest support to the trauma survivor. Prompt
treatment is also considered crucial since symptoms and reactions
may take time to surface. However, there are still major benefits to
receiving treatment even if the event happened a long time ago.

 What Defines A Critical Incident?

Anyone who has experienced trauma or a catastrophic event may benefit
from CISD. Author and researcher, Joseph A. Davis, PhD, identifies the
following events and situations as "critical incidents," all of which may be
helped with this type of stress debriefing:
 Sudden death
 Incidents involving children
 Serious injury
 A threat to an individual's physical and/or psychological safety and
wellbeing
 A distressing situation or event that profoundly changes or disrupts
an individual's physical or psychological functioning

 Symptoms And Reactions That May Require Critical Incident

Stress Debriefing
According to Davis, trauma reactions are quite common among
survivors. Short-term reactions are sometimes referred to as "cataclysms
of emotion," which is a good description of the wide range of emotions an
individual may experience. Common emotional responses include:

 Shock
 Denial
 Anger
 Rage
 Anxiety
 Moodiness
 Sadness
 Sorrow
 Grief
 Depression
 Confusion
 Blame
 Shame
 Humiliation
 Guilt
 Grief
 Frustration
 Fear

63
  Terror
 Hypervigilance
 Paranoia
 Phobia
 Suicidal ideation
 Homicidal ideation
Common physical symptoms include:

 Restlessness
 Fatigue
 Sleep disturbances
 Eating disturbances
 Muscle tremors
 Nightmares
 Flashbacks
 Profuse sweating
 Heart palpitations
 Vomiting
 Diarrhea

 Absenteeism and decreased productivity are common if individuals

are not empowered with coping and management skills following
the critical incident.

The 7 Steps Of Critical Incident Stress Debriefing

o Dr. J. T. Mitchell explained the concept of CISD and its steps in a
1983 study published in the Journal of Emergency Medical Services,
titled "When Disaster Strikes: The Critical Incident Stress Debriefing
Process."
1. Assess the Impact of the Critical Incident on Support
Personnel and Survivors
 The facilitator makes his or her assessment as the participants
introduce themselves and share their initial statements, making
note of key information, such as individuals' ages and their
involvement in the incident. As the discussion continues, the
facilitator is better able to make an accurate assessment of each
participant.

2. Identify Immediate Issues Surrounding Problems

Involving Safety and Security
 Through prompts and questioning, the group's facilitator gains a
better understanding of individuals' perceived sense of safety and
security, which can vanish instantly when sudden tragedy or loss
strikes.

64
 3. Use Defusing to Allow for the Ventilation of Thoughts,
Emotions, and Experiences Associated with the
Event, and Provide Validation of Possible Reactions
 Having a safe space to talk about a critical event and its aftermath
can be incredibly therapeutic in and of itself, as it helps participants
process their emotions and come to terms with their trauma. The
facilitator should provide a safe, non-judgmental space for reflecting
and processing. During this stage, the facilitator validates each
person's unique experience and reactions, assuring participants that
their responses to the traumatic event are valid and normal.

4. Predict Future Events and Reactions in the Aftermath

of the Incident
 Participants are further supported by being made aware of possible
reactions that may surface as the days, weeks, and months
progress, including emotional reactions, physical symptoms, and
psychological changes. This knowledge empowers trauma survivors
to plan for the future.

5. Conduct a Systematic Review of the Critical Incident

and Its Emotional, Cognitive, and Physical Impact on
Survivors, and Look for Maladaptive Behaviors or
Responses to the Crisis or Trauma
 When observing participants' moods, word choices, perceptions, and
thoughts, the facilitator remains alert to any maladaptive behaviors
that might inhibit a survivor's ability to recover and cope with
physical or psychological reactions. Common maladaptive behaviors
include substance abuse, avoidance, withdrawal, and anxiety
turning to anger.

6. Bring Closure to the Incident, and Anchor or Ground

the Individual to Community Resources to Initiate the
Rebuilding Process
 As stated previously, CISD is not intended to be the survivor's main
source of treatment. Therefore, it's important that group
participants learn about other resources available to them.

7. Debriefing Assists in the Re-Entry Process into the

Community or Workplace
 After completing the CISD process, survivors may be better
equipped to regain their sense of safety, security, and wellbeing,
allowing them to return to normal life with greater equanimity and
reduced stress.

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 2. PSYCHOLOGICAL FIRST AID (PFA)
Psychological first aid (PFA) is…

 Comforting someone who in distress and helping them feel safe and
calm.
 Assessing needs and concerns.
 Protecting people from further harm.
 Providing emotional support.
 Helping to provide immediate basic needs, such as food and water,
a blanket or a temporary place to stay.

o PFA: First-Line Psychosocial Support

• PFA is important, first-line psychosocial support
for people affected by crisis events
– PFA, like medical “first aid”, is not enough on its own
• Immediately after a crisis event, those who assist
are often family members, neighbors, teachers,
community members and first responders of
various kinds (emergency medical teams, police,
firefighters)
• Term “PFA” was first coined in the 1940s but its
use has increased in modern-day crisis events

66
Major part of PFA

67
 o Help people address basic needs, access services and cope with
their
problems.
o Give them information of the crisis event, support services
o available, and how to seek help.
o Connect people with loved ones and social support. Make sure
vulnerable or marginalized people are not overlooked.
o Follow up with people if you promise to do so.
o Linking people with practical support is a major part of PFA. PFA is
o often a short time and one time intervention.

People who need special attention

1. Children, including adolescents:
o Crisis events often disrupt their familiar world (people, places and
routine) that makes them feel secure.
o They are at risk of sexual violence, abuse and exploitation (child
trafficking/recruitment into rebel armed forces
o Young children at particularly vulnerable as they cannot meet their basic
needs or protect themselves and their caregivers may be overwhelmed by
the crisis.
o How children react to the crisis depends on their age and developmental
stage. It also depends on how their caregivers cope and interact with
them.
o Children cope better when they have a stable, calm adult around them.
o Specific distress reactions:
 Young children: reoccurrences of earlier behavior
– eg. Bedwetting, cling to caregivers, or reduce
their play.
 School‐age children: may believe bad things may
happen, develop new fears, feel alone, or
preoccupied with rescuing people in crisis
 Adolescents: may feel “nothing”, isolated from
friends or risk taking behavior and negative
attitudes.
Psychological First Aid: Field workers Guide
2. People with health conditions or physical or mental disabilities:
o Basic PFA action principles applies here as well.
o Get them to a safe place, connect with basic support and health care,
and support them to take care of themselves.

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o Some health conditions needs special medical and psychological care –
high blood pressure, heart condition, asthma, anxiety and other mental
disorders.
o Pregnant women may experience severe stress from the crisis that
could affect the pregnancy.
o People with limited mobility or sight or hearing will have difficulties
finding their family members or accessing support services.
o Ensure they get their safety, basic needs and immediate health needs
are met. Stay with them and make sure they have someone with them if
you need to leave. Consider linking them with a protection agency or
relevant support to help them in the longer term. Give information on how
to access any available services.
3. People at risk of discrimination or violence:
o These include – women, people from certain ethnic or religious group,
and people with mental disabilities.
 They may be overlooked when basic needs are
provided
 They may be left out of decisions about aid,
services or where to go
 They may be targeted for violence including sexual
violence and exploitation.
o They need special care to ensure their safety. Connect
with loved ones and give information on available
services.
https://disaster-relief.org/pdf/psychological-first-aid.pdf

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 3. Policies and Procedures for Disasters and
Emergencies
o Policies and procedures provide:
• a framework for action (within your organization)
• decisions grounded in legitimate authority
• written documentation so the organization can
keep track of what’s agreed.
• a starting point for building understanding for
everyone in the organization
o In relation to disasters and emergencies every organization needs
policies that cover all the elements in the Disaster Plan:
Step 1: Leadership
• Mandate & approach
• Objectives to be achieved
• Roles: staff and volunteers
Step 2: Building Networks
• Local Emergency Management Committee & Plan
& Emergency services
• Community organizations
• Identifying vulnerable clients
Step 3: Know Your Risks
• Past and possible future disasters and
emergencies
• Risk register (resources)

Step 4: Manage Your Risks

• Prevention and Adaption
• Risk Register (your organization)
• Business Continuity Plan
• Insurance
• Preparing for community recovery
• Disaster and emergency policies and procedures
• Triggers and key messages identified and
communicated
Step 5: Preparing Others

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 • Staff and volunteer awareness and knowledge
Step 6: Learning and improving
• Testing, monitoring and reviewing
• Learning and sharing

CHAPTER 4 GUIDELINES IN DISASTER AND EMERGENCY

SITUATIONS
A. MENTAL HEALTH AND PSYCHOSOCIAL SUPPORT
 Mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) services play a
particularly important role during armed conflict and in other
situations of violence1 and emergencies
 . Violence, fear and uncertainty can create chaos and deplete
community resources. As a result, people experience psychological
distress that impairs their daily functioning and social interaction.
 The incidence of psychosocial problems also significantly increases
during armed conflict, other situations of violence and emergencies.
 Exposure to violence, the disruption of social networks, the loss of
and/or separation from relatives and friends, deteriorating living
conditions, poverty and limited access to support can have both a
shortand a long-term impact on the well-being of individuals,
families and communities.
“mental health” is used to denote psychological well-being.
 Mental health interventions aim to improve psychological well-being
by reducing levels of psychological distress, improving daily
functioning and ensuring effective coping strategies.
“psychosocial” is used to describe the interconnection between the
individual (i.e. a person’s ‘psyche’) and their environment,
interpersonal relationships, community and/or culture (i.e. their social
context).
 Psychosocial support is essential for maintaining good physical and
mental health and provides an important coping mechanism for
people during difficult times.

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  Psychosocial interventions constitute the backbone of any MHPSS
response and include a range of social activities designed to foster
psychological improvement, such as sharing experiences, fostering
social support, awareness-raising and psychoeducation.

https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/
4311_002_Technical_standards_MHPSS_web.pdf

B.DISASTER PLANNING: INFANT AND CHILD FEEDING

For Parents and Caregivers

 In the event of a natural disaster, be prepared for challenges, which

may include power outages, unhealthy living spaces, and unsafe
water. Always check with local authorities on the status of the
drinking water and follow boil water advisories. The following tips
provide specific information for how to feed your young child safely
during an emergency.

.1. Breastfeeding

 Breastfeeding remains the best infant feeding option in a natural

disaster situation. Breast milk helps protect babies from diseases
such as diarrhea and respiratory infections and provides the calories
and nutrients babies need. This protection is especially important
during natural disasters when contaminated water and unsanitary
environments can increase the risk of disease.

 Wash your hands before feeding your infant. If soap and safe water
are not available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that contains at
least 60% alcohol.
 Learn how to express breast milk by hand.n If there is a power
outage, you may not be able to use your electric breast pump.
 Continue breastfeeding in emergencies.
 During and after a disaster, stay with your child. Staying together
makes it much easier to continue breastfeeding.

2. Formula Feeding

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  Wash your hands before preparing formula and before feeding your
infant. If soap and safe water are not available for handwashing, use
an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol.
 If you formula feed your child, provide ready-to-use infant
formulan if available. If ready-to-use infant formula is not available,
it is best to use bottled water to prepare powdered formula or
concentrated formula when tap water is unsafe.
 If bottled water is not available, boil water for 1 minute and let it cool
before mixing with formula.
 If your baby is younger than 3 months old, was born prematurely, or
has a weakened immune system, consider taking extra precautions to
safely prepare powdered infant formula.

3. Breastfeeding and Formula Feeding

 If you already combine breastfeeding and formula feeding, you may

wish to breastfeed more often to increase your breast milk supply
and reduce reliance on formula.
 Always clean infant feeding items with bottled, boiled, or
treated water and soap before each use. If you cannot clean
infant feeding supplies safely, children can lap up milk from a
disposable cup, if available. Throw out bottle nipples or pacifiers that
have been in contact with floodwater.

For Emergency Relief Workers

 First responders, community health workers, and other volunteers
should consider training to understand the feeding needs of infants
and young children. If you are an emergency relief worker, consider
the following:

1. Create a Safe Space for Breastfeeding Families

 Keep families together.

 Create safe, private areas for breastfeeding women to nurse their
infants.
 Reassure mothers that they can and should continue to breastfeed
and should offer the breast as much as their infants want.
2. It’s All About Access

 Make pregnant and lactating women one priority group for access to
food and water.
 Be ready to connect mothers and caregivers to lactation support
providers if they need help.
3.Cleanliness Is Key

 Make disposable cups available, since bottles and nipples can be hard
to clean effectively when there is limited access to clean water.

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  If there is clean water, ensure access to items like a washbasin, dish
soap, cleaning brushes, and a mesh bag to hang dry infant feeding
items.
 Educate families about how to clean infant feeding items.
4.Things To Avoid

 Do not donate breast pumps. Without power, mothers cannot use an

electric breast pump or safely refrigerate their expressed milk.
Furthermore, keeping pump parts clean is an additional challenge
when the water is unsafe.
 Do not donate powdered infant formula or other breast milk
substitutes. Relief organizations should only provide ready-to-use
infant formula to infants who are already formula feeding or have
had breastfeeding interrupted in certain situations.
https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpao/features/disasters-infant-
feeding/index.html

C. PAGASA RAINFALL WARNING SYSTEM

 Rainfall Warning System
The red, orange and yellow color coding is applied to the three levels of
rainfall volume intensity and likely consequent flooding.

1. A yellow rainfall advisory is raised when the expected rainfall

amount is between 7.5 mm and 15 mm within one hour and likely to
continue. Communities given this advisory are advised to be aware of the
weather condition and warned that flooding may be possible in low-lying
areas.
2. orange rainfall advisory is raised in areas where rainfall is
between 15 mm and 30 mm within one hour. Flooding is a definite
threat in communities under the orange alert.
3. red rainfall advisory is raised when observed rainfall is more than
30 mm within one hour or if rainfall has continued for the past three
hours and is more than 65 mm.
 When PAGASA raises a Red warning, communities should be
prepared to respond. It means serious flooding is seen and that
residents should be ready to evacuate to safety.

Rainfall Warning Icons

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 Icon Description Forecast

Flooding is POSSIBLE in low-lying areas and

Advisory
near river channels.
Community
AWARENESS

Flooding is THREATHENING in low-lying

Alert
areas and near river channels.
Community
PREPAREDNESS

SEVERE Flooding is EXPECTED. Take

Emergency
necessary precautionary measures.
Community
RESPONSE

https://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/learnings/legend

D.FLOOD ADVISORY

Non-Telemetered River Basin

General Flood Advisory (GFA)
 A General Flood Advisory is simplified flood bulletin issued for non-
telemetered river basins whenever there is a significant amount of
rainfall recorded based on past/current observation and the forecast
rainfall from the numerical weather prediction models, satellite
based information and estimates from radar. It is issued to the
public on a regional basis through NDRRMC at 7:00am and 7:00pm
Telemetered River Basin
 River Basins with fully automatic data transmission equipped with a
telecommunication system.
Flood Bulletin
 Flood forecast issued by the respective river basin centers like
Pampanga, Agno, Bicol, Cagayan and Cagayan De Oro, prepared
twice daily during floodwatch. Water level is monitored based on the
assessment levels (Alert, Alarm and Critical) which means 40%, 60%
and 100% of the river is full respectively.

Flood Warning Level

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 Flood Monitoring

Flood Alert

Flood Warning

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 Severe Flooding

https://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/learnings/legend

EARTHQUAKE WARNING SYSTEM

 An earthquake warning system or earthquake early warning system
is a system of accelerometers, seismometers, communication,
computers, and alarms that is devised for notifying adjoining
regions of a substantial earthquake while it is in progress.
 This is not the same as earthquake prediction, which is currently
incapable of producing decisive event warnings.
 Earthquake early warning systems aim to protect life and property
from destructive shaking by warning people and systems to take
action in advance.

77
  Sensor and monitoring technology together with earthquake
engineering allow prediction of intense shaking, seconds before
arriving to the site.
https://matris.com/en/services/earthquake-early-
warning-system

CHAPTER 5 DISASTER MANANGEMENT AND RISK REDUCTION:

PHILIPPINE LAWS

A. PHILIPPINE DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND

MANAGEMENT ACT (RA NO. 10121)
 Republic Act No. 10121 is entitled Philippine Disaster
Risk Reduction and Management act of 2010 that was
approved by previous president Gloria Macapagal-
Arroyo.
 It was described as an act strengthening the Philippine
disaster risk reduction and management system and is
composed of 30 sections with each section pertaining to
functions, terms, and organizations that is inclined with
it.
 The purpose of RA 10121 is majorly focused on
implementing an efficient response regarding risks and
disasters.
 It aims to give justice to the people’s constitutional
rights to life and property by developing disaster risk
and management plan.
 The core values to which it adheres is good governance
such as transparency and accountability within the
context of environmental protection.
 It also provides assistance to those individuals and
families affected by the disasters in the objective of
normalizing and resumption of social and economic
activities.

78
  The law also includes the mandate of integration of
Disaster Risk Reduction Education into the school
curricula and Sangguniang Kabataan which encourages
community specifically the youth in participating into
disaster, risk and management activities.
 RA 10121 provides a comprehensive, all-hazard, multi-
sectoral, inter-agency, and community-based approach
to disaster risk management through the formulation of
the National Disaster Risk Management Framework.
 A National Disaster Risk Management Plan (NDRMP) is
being formulated, developed, and implemented as the
master plan that will provide the strategies,
organisation, tasks of concerned agencies and local
government units, and other guidelines in dealing with
disasters or emergencies.
 The law also promotes the development of capacities in
disaster management at the individual, organisational,
and institutional levels. A very important feature of this
law is its call for the mainstreaming of disaster risk
reduction in physical and land-use planning, budget,
infrastructure, education, health, environment, housing,
and other sectors.
 recognises local risk patterns and trends and
decentralisation of resources and responsibilities and
thus encourages the participation of NGOs, private
sectors, community-based organisations, and
community members in disaster management. It inhibits
the full participation of the Local Government Units
(LGUs) and communities in governance.
 Moreover, the Act mandates the establishment of a
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office
(DRRMO) in every province, city and municipality, and a
Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Committee (BDRRMC) in every barangay.
 The Strategic National Action Plan on Disaster Risk
Reduction for 2009-2019 aims to enhance the capacities
of Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Councils.
 Finally, RA10121 provides for the calamity fund to be
used in support of disaster risk reduction or mitigation,
prevention, and preparedness activities for the potential
occurrence of disasters and not just for response, relief,
and rehabilitation efforts.
\
https://climate-laws.org/geographies/philippines/laws/
philippine-disaster-reduction-and-management-act-ra-10121

79
B. REPUBLIC ACT 10344 : RISK REDUCTION AND PREPAREDNESS
EQUIPMENT PROTECTION ACT”.
 An act penalizing the unauthorized taking, stealing,
keeping or tempering of government risk reduction and
preparedness equipment, accessories and similar
facilities
 It is the policy of the State to protect the right of the
people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord
with the rhythm and harmony of nature.
 all government agencies are mandated to institute
measures to ensure the safety of its citizens and their
properties through the installation of data and
information gathering devices and the network of
national and local authorities to disseminate risk
reduction warning and advice.
 SEC. 3.List of Government Risk Reduction and
Preparedness Equipment and Other Vital Facility Items.
 The DOST shall, in coordination with PAGASA, the PHIVOLCS)
and the NDRRMC, provide a list of all government risk
reduction and preparedness equipment, accessories and other
vital facility items such as, but not limited to, radars, weather
forecasting equipment, flood monitoring instruments,
seismographs, tsunami warning systems and automated
weather systems.
 For purposes of this Act, “government risk reduction and
preparedness equipment, accessories and other vital facility
items, or parts thereof refer to pieces of equipment or
devices, or parts thereof that gather, store, archive or monitor
meteorological and seismological data and information which
are analyzed and used to warn the public about weather
conditions, earthquake, volcanic or tsunami activities and
similar natural calamities.
 SEC 4.Prohibited Acts.
(a) Steal, or take, or possess any of the equipment, or any
part
(b) Sell or buy stolen equipment or any part
(c) Tamper, dismantle, or disassemble equipment or any part
(d) Attempt to commit any of the abovementioned prohibited
acts

https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2012/12/04/republic-act-no-
10344/

80
C. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10821 CHILDREN’S EMERGENCY RELIEF AND
PROTECTION ACT

 An act mandating the provision of emergency relief and

protection for children before, during, and after
disasters and other emergency situations
 protect the fundamental rights of children before, during, and
after disasters and other emergency situations when children
are gravely threatened or endangered by circumstances that
affect their survival and normal development.
 SEC. 3. Definition of Terms. – For the purposes of this Act, the
following shall refer to:

(a) Child – refers to a person below eighteen (18) years of age

or those over but are unable to fully take care of themselves
or protect themselves from abuse, neglect, cruelty,
exploitation Or discrimination because of a physical or mental
disability or condition

(b) Child with Special Needs – refers to a child with a

developmental or physical disability

(c) Child-Friendly Spaces – refer to spaces where communities

create nurturing environments for children to engage in free
and structured play, recreation, leisure and learning activities.

(d) Civil Registry Documents – refer to all certificates,

application forms, and certified true copies of legal
instruments and court decrees concerning the acts and events
affecting the civil status of persons which are presented
before the Civil Registrar and are recorded in the Civil
Registry;

(e) Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) refer to non-state actors

whose aims are neither to generate profits nor to seek
governing power such as nongovernment organizations
(NGOs), professional associations, foundations, independent
research institutes, community-based organizations (CBOs),
faith-based organizations, people’s organizations, social
movements, and labor unions which are organized based on
ethical, cultural, scientific, religious or philanthropic
considerations;

(f) Disasters –refer to a serious disruption of the functioning of

a community or a society involving widespread human,

81
 material, economic, or environmental losses and impacts,
which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society
to cope using its own resources.

(g) Emergency – refers to unforeseen or sudden occurrence,

especially danger, demanding immediate action

(h) Family Tracing and Reunification – refers to the process

where disaster response teams reunite families separated by
natural and human catastrophes by bringing together the
child and family or previous care-provider for the purpose of
establishing or reestablishing long-term care;

(i) Hazard – refers to a dangerous phenomenon, substance,

human activity or condition that may cause loss of life, injury
or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihood
and services, social and economic disruption, or
environmental damage

(j) Orphans or Orphaned Children – refer to children who do

not have a family and relatives who can assume responsibility
for their care;

(k) Separated Children – refer to children separated from both

parents, or from their previous legal or usual primary
caregiver, but not necessarily from other relatives. As a result,
this may include children accompanied by other family
members;

(l) State of Calamity – refers to a condition involving mass

casualty and/or major damages to property, disruption of
means of livelihoods, roads, and normal way of life of people
in the affected areas as a result of occurrence of natural or
human-induced hazard

(m) Transitional Shelter – refers to structures temporarily

constructed by the government intended for families affected
by a disaster while awaiting transfer to permanent shelters

(n) Unaccompanied Children – refer to children who have been

separated from both parents and other relatives, and who are
not being cared for by an adult who, by law or custom, is
responsible for doing so.
 SEC. 4. Comprehensive Emergency Program for
Children. – The Department of Social Welfare and
Development (DSWD) shall formulate a Comprehensive

82
 Emergency Program for Children, hereinafter referred to
as the Program, taking into consideration humanitarian
standards for their protection
 The DSWD shall engage all relevant government
agencies and stakeholders for the implementation
of the Program. Local government units (LGUs)
shall integrate the same in their development and
Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
(LDRRM) plans and budget.
 The Program shall be gender-sensitive and have
the following components:
 Establishment of Evacuation Centers. – LGUs shall
establish and identify safe locations as evacuation
centers for children and families
 Establishment of Transitional Shelters for
Orphaned, Separated, and Unaccompanied Children.
 Assurance for Immediate Delivery of Basic Necessities and
Services.. The Program shall give priority to the specific health
and nutrition needs of pregnant women, lactating mothers,
newborn babies, children under five (5) years old and children
with special needs.
 Stronger Measures to Ensure the Safety and Security of
Affected Children. – Under the Program, the Philippine
National Police (PNP) shall, in coordination with the Armed
Forces of the Philippines (AFP) and the DSWD, DILG, LGUs,
Department of Education (DepED), Commission on Higher
Education (CHED) and CSOs in the community, monitor and
ensure the safety and the security of the affected children in
the areas declared under a state of calamity and shall protect
them against all forms of abuse and exploitation.
 Delivery of Health, Medical, and Nutrition Services. – Under
the Program, the DOH, in coordination with the DSWD, LGUs,
and CSOs in the community, shall provide the health, medical,
and nutritional needs of children in the areas declared under a
state of calamity, including psychosocial interventions for
children in different stages of development.
 Plan of Action for Prompt Resumption of Educational Services
for Children. – The DepED, in coordination with the DSWD,
DILG, and the concerned LGUs shall ensure the prompt
resumption of educational services for all children, including
early childhood care and development for children aged below
five
 Establishment of Child-friendly Spaces. – The concerned LGU
shall set up child-friendly spaces in every city or municipality
declared under a state of calamity, as needed

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  Promotion of Children’s Rights. – The Program shall include
activities and processes that will promote and uphold the
rights of children by:

(1) Providing child-centered training for all responders;

(2) Ensuring that children are provided with adequate access

to age-appropriate information on their roles and
responsibilities and those of government agencies before,
during, and after disasters and other emergency situations;

(3) Providing an effective mechanism for training and

meaningful participation of children in community disaster risk
reduction program; and

(4) Consulting with the affected children on their needs and

priorities for post-disaster relief and recovery.

https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2016/05/18/republic-act-no-
10821/

D. PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS

1. PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT (RA NO. 8749)

 Republic Act No. 8749, otherwise known as the

Philippine Clean Air Act, is a comprehensive air quality
management policy and program which aims to achieve
and maintain healthy air for all Filipinos.
https://doh.gov.ph/faqs/What-is-the-Clean-Air-Act

 The Act recognized the rights of the citizens to breathe

clean air and mandated DOTC to implement the
emission standards and national motor vehicle
inspection and maintenance program that will promote
efficient and safe operation of all motor vehicles to
ensure the substantial reduction of emissions from
motor vehicles and prescribed the regulation of all
motor vehicles and engines wherein any imported new
or locally-assembled new motor vehicle shall not be
registered unless it complies with the emission
standards.
 DENR was also directed to issue information on air
pollution control techniques, which shall include, among

84
 others, alternative fuels, processes, and operating
methods which will result in the elimination or
significant reduction of emissions
https://lowcarbontransport.ph/ra-8749-philippine-clean-air-
act-of-1999/

2. TOBACCO REGULATION ACT OF 2003 (RA NO 9211)

 is an omnibus law regulating smoking in public places, tobacco
advertising, promotion and sponsorship, and sales restrictions,
among other requirements.
 An act regulating the packaging, use, sale distribution and
Advertisements of tobacco products and for other Purposes.
 Sec. 3. Purpose. - It is the main thrust of this Act to:
a. Promote a healthful environment;
b. Inform the public of the health risks associated with
cigarette smoking and
tobacco use;
c. Regulate and subsequently ban all tobacco advertisements
and sponsorships;
d. Regulate the labeling of tobacco products;
e. Protect the youth from being initiated to cigarette smoking
and tobacco use
by prohibiting the sale of tobacco products to minors;
f. Assist and encourage Filipino tobacco farmers to cultivate
alternative
agricultural crops to prevent economic dislocation; and
g. Create an Inter-Agency Committee on Tobacco (IAC-
Tobacco) to oversee the
implementation of the provision of this Act.

https://www.who.int/fctc/reporting/
Philippines_annex3_packaging_and_advertising2003.pdf

3. Republic Act No. 6969 TOXIC SUBSTANCES AND THE

HAZARDOUS AN NUCLEAR WASTES CONTROL ACT OF 1990
 An act to control toxic substances and hazardous and nuclear
wastes, providing penalties for violations thereof, and for
other purposes
 This Act shall cover the importation, manufacture, processing,
handling, storage, transportation, sale, distribution, use and
disposal of all unregulated chemical substances and mixtures
in the Philippines, including the entry, even in transit, as well
as the keeping or storage and disposal of hazardous and
nuclear wastes into the country for whatever purpose.
 The objectives of this Act are:

85
 a) To keep an inventory of chemicals that are presently being
imported, manufactured, or used, indicating, among others, their
existing and possible uses, test data, names of firms manufacturing
or using them, and such other information as may be considered
relevant to the protection of health and the environment;

b) To monitor and regulate the importation, manufacture,

processing, handling, storage, transportation, sale, distribution, use
and disposal of chemical substances and mixtures that present
unreasonable risk or injury to health or to the environment in
accordance with national policies and international commitments;

c) To inform and educate the populace regarding the hazards and

risks attendant to the manufacture, handling, storage,
transportation, processing, distribution, use and disposal of toxic
chemicals and other substances and mixtures; and

d) To prevent the entry, even in transit, as well as the keeping or

storage and disposal of hazardous and nuclear wastes into the
country for whatever purpose.Prohibited Acts. — The following acts
and omissions shall be considered unlawful:

a) Knowingly use a chemical substance or mixture which is

imported, manufactured, processed or distributed in violation of this
Act or implementing rules and regulations or orders;

b) Failure or refusal to submit reports, notices or other

information, access to records as required by this Act, or permit
inspection of establishment where chemicals are manufactured,
processed, stored or otherwise held;

c) Failure or refusal to comply with the pre-manufacture and

pre-importation requirements; and

d) Cause, aid or facilitate, directly or indirectly, in the

storage, importation, or bringing into Philippine territory, including
its maritime economic zones, even in transit, either by means of
land, air or sea transportation or otherwise keeping in storage any
amount of hazardous and nuclear wastes in any part of the
Philippines.

https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1990/10/26/republic-act-
no-6969/

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4. ECOLOGICAL SOLID WATSTE MANANGEMENT ACT OF 2000 (RA
9003)
 An act providing for an ecological solid waste management
program, creating the necessary institutional mechanisms and
incentives, declaring certain acts prohibited and providing penalties,
appropriating funds therefor, and for other purposes.
 It is hereby declared the policy of the State to adopt a systematic,
comprehensive and ecological solid waste management program
which shall:

(a) Ensure the protection of public health and

environment;

(b) Utilize environmentally-sound methods that

maximize the utilization of valuable resources and encourage
resource conservation and recovery;

(c) Set guidelines and targets for solid waste

avoidance and volume reduction through source reduction
and waste minimization measures, including composting,
recycling, re-use, recovery, green charcoal process, and
others, before collection, treatment and disposal in
appropriate and environmentally sound solid waste
management facilities in accordance with ecologically
sustainable development principles;

(d) Ensure the proper segregation, collection, transport,

storage, treatment and disposal of solid waste through the
formulation and adoption of the best environmental practice
in ecological waste management excluding incineration;

(e) Promote national research and development

programs for improved solid waste management and resource
conservation techniques, more effective institutional
arrangement and indigenous and improved methods of waste
reduction, collection, separation and recovery;

(f) Encourage greater private sector participation in

solid waste management;

(g) Retain primary enforcement and responsibility of

solid waste management with local government units while
establishing a cooperative effort among the national
government, other local government units, non-government
organizations, and the private sector;

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 (h) Encourage cooperation and self-regulation among
waste generators through the application of market-based
instruments;

(i) Institutionalize public participation in the

development and implementation of national and local
integrated, comprehensive and ecological waste management
programs; and

(j) Strengthen the integration of ecological solid waste

management and resource conservation and recovery topics
into the academic curricula of formal and non-formal
education in order to promote environmental awareness and
action among the citizenry.

5. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9147 WILDLIFE RESOURCES AND

CONSERVATION AND PROTECTION ACT
 An act providing for the conservation and protection of wildlife
resources and their habitats, appropriating funds therefor and for
other purposes.
 It shall be the policy of the State to conserve the country’s wildlife
resources and their habitats for sustainability. In the pursuit of this
policy, this Act shall have the following objectives:

(a) to conserve and protect wildlife species and their habitats

to promote ecological balance and enhance biological
diversity;

(b) to regulate the collection and trade of wildlife;

(c) to pursue, with due regard to the national interest, the

Philippine commitment to international conventions,
protection of wildlife and their habitats; and

(d) to initiate or support scientific studies on the conservation

of biological diversity.
 The provisions of this Act shall be enforceable for all wildlife species
found in all areas of the country, including protected areas under
Republic Act No. 7586, otherwise known as the National Integrated
Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act, and critical habitats. This Act
shall also apply to exotic species which are subject to trade, are
cultured, maintained and/or bred in captivity or propagated in the
country.

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  The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) shall
have jurisdiction over all terrestrial plant and animal species, all
turtles and tortoises and wetland species, including but not limited
to crocodiles, waterbirds and all amphibians and dugong.
 The Department of Agriculture (DA) shall have jurisdiction over all
declared aquatic critical habitats, all aquatic resources, including
but not limited to all fishes, aquatic plants, invertebrates and all
marine mammals, except dugong.

6. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7586 NATIONAL INTEGRATED PROTECTED

AREAS

 An act providing for the establishment and management of

national integrated protected areas system, defining its scope
and coverage, and for other purposes
 declared the policy of the State to secure for the Filipino
people of present and future generations the perpetual
existence of all native plants and animals through the
establishment of a comprehensive system of integrated
protected areas within the classification of national park as
provided for in the Constitution.
 established a National Integrated Protected Areas System
(NIPAS), which shall encompass outstandingly remarkable
areas and biologically important public lands that are habitats
of rare and endangered species of plants and animals,
biogeographic zones and related ecosystems, whether
terrestrial, wetland or marine, all of which shall be designated
as “protected areas”.

SECTION 3. Categories – The following categories of protected

areas are hereby established:

a. Strict nature reserve;

b. Natural park;

c. Natural monument;

d. Wildlife sanctuary;

e. Protected landscapes and seascapes;

f. Resource reserve;

g. Natural biotic areas; and

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 h. Other categories established by law, conventions or
international agreements which the Philippine Government is a
signatory.
 Definition of Terms – For purposes of this Act, the following
terms shall be defined as follows:

1. “National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS)” is

the classification and administration of all designated protected
areas to maintain essential ecological processes and life-support
systems, to preserve genetic diversity, to ensure sustainable use of
resources found therein, and to maintain their natural conditions to
the greatest extent possible;

2. “Protected Area” refers to identified portions of land and water

set aside by reason of their unique physical and biological
significance, managed to enhance biological diversity and protected
against destructive human exploitation;

3. “Buffer zones” are identified areas outside the boundaries of

and immediately adjacent to designated protected areas pursuant
to Section 8 that need special development control in order to avoid
or minimize harm to the protected area;

4. “Indigenous cultural community” refers to a group of people

sharing common bonds of language, customs, traditions and other
distinctive cultural traits and who have since time immemorial,
occupied, possessed and utilized a territory;

5. “National park” refers to a forest reservation essentially of

natural wilderness character which has been withdrawn from
settlement, occupancy or any form of exploitation except in
conformity with approved management plan and set aside as such
exclusively to conserve the area or preserve the scenery, the
natural and historic objects, wild animals and plants therein and to
provide enjoyment of these features in such areas;

6. “Natural monuments” is a relatively small area focused on

protection of small features to protect or preserve nationally
significant natural features on account of their special interest or
unique characteristics;

7. “Natural biotic area” is an area set aside to allow the way of

life of societies living in harmony with the environment to adapt to
modern technology at their pace;

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 8. “Natural park” is a relatively large area not materially altered
by human activity where extractive resource uses are not allowed
and maintained to protect outstanding natural and scenic areas of
national or international significance for scientific, educational and
recreational use;

9. “Protected landscapes/seascapes” are areas of national

significance which are characterized by the harmonious interaction
of man and land while providing opportunities for public enjoyment
through the recreation and tourism within the normal lifestyle and
economic activity of these areas;

10. “Resource reserve” is an extensive and relatively isolated and

uninhabited area normally with difficult access designated as such
to protect natural resources of the area for future use and prevent
or contain development activities that could affect the resource
pending the establishment of objectives which are based upon
appropriate knowledge and planning;

11. “Strict nature reserve” is an area possessing some

outstanding ecosystem, features and/or species of flora and fauna of
national scientific importance maintained to protect nature and
maintain processes in an undisturbed state in order to have
ecologically representative examples of the natural environment
available for scientific study, environmental monitoring, education,
and for the maintenance of genetic resources in a dynamic and
evolutionary state;

12. “Tenured migrant communities” are communities within

protected areas which have actually and continuously occupied such
areas for five (5) years before the designation of the same as
protected areas in accordance with this Act and are solely
dependent therein for subsistence; and

13. “Wildlife sanctuary” comprises an area which assures the

natural conditions necessary to protect nationally significant
species, groups of species, biotic communities or physical features
of the environment where these may require specific human
manipulations for their perpetuation.

https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1992/06/01/republic-
act-no-7586/

CHAPTER 6 DOCUMENTATION IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT

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A. DISASTER AND RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN

 Disaster risk management is the application of disaster risk

reduction policies and strategies to prevent new disaster risk,
reduce existing disaster risk and manage residual risk, contributing
to the strengthening of resilience and reduction of disaster losses.

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 INCIDENT RESPONSE TEAM

93
 Incident Response Team Roles

Team Leader
 Drives and coordinates all incident response team activity, and
keeps the team focused on minimizing damage, and recovering
quickly.
Lead Investigator
 Collects and analyzes all evidence, determines root cause, directs
the other security analysts, and implements rapid system and
service recovery.
Communications Lead

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  Leads the effort on messaging and communications for all
audiences, inside and outside of the company
Documentation & Timeline Leader
 Documents all team activities, especially investigation, discovery
and recovery tasks, and develops reliable timeline for each stage of
the incident
HR/Legal Representation
 Since an incident may or may not develop into criminal charges, it’s
essential to have legal and HR guidance and participation.

What Does an Incident Response Team Do?

 An incident response team analyzes information, discusses

observations and activities, and shares important reports and
communications across the company. The amount of time spent on
any of one of these activities depends on one key question: Is this a
time of calm or crisis?
 The incident response team’s goal is to coordinate and align the key
resources and team members during a incident to minimize impact
and restore operations as quickly as possible. This includes the
following critical functions: investigation and analysis,
communications, training, and awareness as well as documentation
and timeline development.


B. DISASTER MANAGEMENT RESPONSE

1. VULNERABLE GROUPS

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  Poor people and socially disadvantaged groups are the most
exposed and suffer most directly from disasters. Yet the most fragile
people are often not taken sufficiently into account where
prevention strategies or operational manuals are concerned, despite
being quite clearly the most vulnerable
 people with disabilities;
 migrants, asylum seekers and refugees;
 children.
.
A. People with Disabilities
 “Measures to prevent, reduce and prepare for disasters and to
distribute relief and promote recovery, and also the enjoyment of
fundamental rights are secured and implemented without distinction
on any ground such as gender, sexual orientation, race, colour,
language, religion, political or other opinion, ethnic group, affiliation
to a national minority, socioeconomic circumstances, birth,
disability, age or other status.”
B. Migrants
 These groups are more vulnerable in case of a disaster given their
limited access to information. They may not master the language of
the State where they are displaced, not be aware of risks familiar to
locals. They may also experience increased vulnerability if their
living conditions are below average (refugee camps, marginal
settings in dangerous areas) or if, as a consequence of their
situation, they have poor health, relatively low education

C. Children
 During emergency situations children constitute another
group of vulnerable people needing special protection
because they are dependent upon adults (for food,
safety, information, care) and can often be victims of
violence, abuse or neglect..

https://www.coe.int/en/web/europarisks/vulnerable-
groups

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 CHAPTER 7 PERSONNEL ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OR DISASTER
PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE PLANS

A. INCIDENT COMAND PHYSICIAN

 The Incident Commander has overall responsibility for
managing the incident by establishing objectives, planning
strategies, and implementing tactics.
 The Incident Commander is the only position that is always
staffed in ICS applications.
 The Incident Commander is responsible for all ICS
management functions until he or she delegates those
functions.
 Incident Commander responsibilities may include:
 Activate the Emergency Response team
 Activate additional response contractors and local
resources
 Evaluate the Severity, Potential Impact, Safety
Concerns, and Response Requirements based on the
initial information provided by the First Person On-Scene

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  Confirm safety aspects at site, including need for
personal protective equipment, sources of ignition, and
potential need for evacuation
 Communicate and provide incident briefings to company
superiors, as appropriate
 Coordinate/complete additional internal and external
notifications
 Communicate with Emergency Response Team, as the
situation demands
 Direct response and cleanup operations

B. MEDICAL INCIDENT COMMANDER

 The medical incident command structure provides a clear

and concise method for how to organize resources for such an
incident.
 The purpose of the medical branch is to ensure effective triage, on-
scene treatment, and transport of MCI victims to
appropriate facilities and definitive care.
 The medical incident command framework is designed to be flexible
and scalable and can be applied to incidents with 5, 50, 500, or
more patients in need of care.

C.TRIAGE/TRIAGE OFFICER
 The triage officer is responsible for overseeing the triage of patients,
either directly or through managing the individuals who are directly
performing triage.
 The triage officer reports to the medical branch director and
communicates with both the medical branch director and the
treatment officer.
 The triage officer is responsible for communicating patient counts
and needs for supplies and personnel to the medical branch
director, and communicating patient movement to the treatment
officer.
TREATMENT/TREATMENT OFFICER
 The role of the treatment officer is managing the treatment area,
including assigned personnel, supplies if the medical supply
management role is not assigned, and coordinates with both the
triage officer for movement of patients into the treatment area and
the transport officer for the movement of patients out of the
treatment area.
TRANSPORT/TRANSPORT OFFICER

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  The role of the transport officer is arranging, tracking, and
documenting the transport of patients from the scene to an
appropriate facility.
 The transport officer communicates with the incident commander,
the treatment officer, and whoever is in the communications role.
 The communications role will contact hospitals to establish the
ability to receive patients, both the number and acuity level.
 The transport officer must match patients to a hospital-based on
hospital capacity and patient acuity, and send the patients in a way
that does not overwhelm the care capacity of the transport unit.
 The transport officer is solely responsible for ensuring that all
patients who are triaged are accounted for in transport to hospitals
or other locations for medical care.
STAGING/STAGING OFFICER
 The staging officer reports directly to and communicates with the
operations section chief or the incident commander.
 The staging officer’s responsibilities include keeping a record of
resources present in the staging area, monitoring movement of
resources, and dispatching resources to appropriate locations based
upon requests by the operations division chief or incident
commander.

MEDICAL SUPPLY OFFICER

 The role of the medical supply officer may be filled for extended or
very large incidents where the initial supplies brought to the scene
will not be sufficient.
 This role is responsible for predicting the need for, acquiring, and
maintaining the organization of all medical supplies.
MORGUE OFFICER
 The morgue officer is responsible for the management of a
collection area for deceased victims
https://www.jensenhughes.com/insights/emergency-
response-team-roles-and-responsibilities

D. THE CRUCIAL DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF A PUBLIC

INFORMATION OFFICER
 Communicating with the public and with the press is a crucial duty
of a PIO. Making sure the community has a good understanding of
what is going on – whether during a severe weather event, global
pandemic, or run-of-the-mill road closures – is key. The press also

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 needs a clear picture, as it’s important that there are no misprints or
mistakes that could cause panic or upset.

 important responsibilities as follows:

 Planning and hosting press conferences to announce major news or

address crises.
 Preparing press releases, speeches, articles, social media posts, and
other materials for public consumption.
 Developing strategies and procedures for working effectively with
the media.
 Maintaining good working relationships with media organizations.
 Collaborating with executive management and the marketing team
to ensure a cohesive public image.
 Working with various teams to organize and host public events and
promotions.
 Speaking directly to the public or media to address questions and
represent the organization.
https://www.ravemobilesafety.com/blog
/role-public-information-officer-pio/

E. NDDRMC

The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council

(NDRRMC), formerly known as the National Disaster Coordinating
Council (NDCC), is a working group of various government, non-
government, civil sector and private sector organizations of the
Government of the Republic of the Philippines established by
Republic Act 10121 of 2010
The council is responsible for ensuring the protection and welfare of
the people during disasters or emergencies.
The NDRRMC plans and leads the guiding activities in the field of
communication, warning signals, emergency, transportation,
evacuation, rescue, engineering, health and rehabilitation, public
education and auxiliary services such as fire fighting and the police
in the country.

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 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
National_Disaster_Risk_Reduction_and_Management_Council

F. NATIONAL AND LOCAL HEALTH PERSONNEL

The Department of Health (DOH; Filipino: Kagawaran ng Kalusugan)

is the executive department of the government of the Philippines
responsible for ensuring access to basic public health services by all
Filipinos through the provision of quality health care, the regulation
of all health services and products.
It is the government's over-all technical authority on health,
Attached agencies
The following agencies and councils are attached to the DOH for policy
and program coordination

 Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

 National Nutrition Council (NNC)
 Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PHIC; PhilHealth)
 Philippine Institute for Traditional and Alternative Health Care (PITAHC)
 Philippine National AIDS Council (PNAC)

G. PHILIPPINE NATONAL RED CROSS

The Philippine Red Cross (Filipino: Krus na Pula ng

Pilipinas) abbreviated as (PRC) is a member of the
International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.
It was initially involved only in the provision of blood and
short-term palliatives as well as participation in disaster-
related activities but they now focus on a wider array of
humanitarian services.
PRC provides six major services: National Blood
Services, Disaster Management Services, Safety
Services, Health Services, Welfare Services and Red
Cross Youth. All of them embody the fundamental
principles of the International Red Cross and Red
Crescent Movement – humanity, impartiality, neutrality,
independence, voluntary service, unity and universality.

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H. DSWD

The Philippines' Department of Social Welfare and Development

(Filipino: Kagawaran ng Kagalingan at Pagpapaunlad Panlipunan,
abbreviated as DSWD) is the executive department of the Philippine
Government responsible for the protection of the social welfare of
rights of Filipinos and to promote the social development.
Attached Agencies
 Council for the Welfare of Children
 Intercountry Adoption Board
 Juvenile Justice and Welfare Council
 National Council on Disability Affairs
 Supervised Agencies
 National Anti-Poverty Commission
 National Commission on Indigenous Peoples
 Presidential Commission for the Urban Poor

Programs and Services

1.The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program
The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program or "4Ps" (conditional cash
transfer) is a human development program that invests in the health and
education of poor families, primarily those with children aged 0–18.
2.Kalahi CIDSS – NCDDP
The Kapit-Bisig Laban sa Kahirapan – Comprehensive and Integrated
Delivery of Social Services – National Community-Driven Development
Program (Kalahi CIDSS–NCDDP) is the community-driven development
program of the Philippine Government implemented through the
Department of Social Welfare and Development. Supplemented by the
government of the Philippines.
3.Sustainable Livelihood Program
The Sustainable Livelihood Program (SLP) is a community-based capacity
building effort that seeks to improve the program participants’ socio-
economic status through two tracks: Micro-enterprise Development and
Employment Facilitation.
4.Listahanan

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An information management system that identifies who and where the
poor are in the country. It is being operated by the National Household
Targeting System for Poverty Reduction (NHTS-PR).
5Supplemental Feeding Program
Provision of food in addition to the regular meals, to target children as
part of the DSWD's ECCD program of the government.
6.Disaster Response Operations
Life-saving emergency relief and long-term response.
7.RRPTP
Recovery and Reintegration Program for Trafficked Persons (RRTP) is a
comprehensive package of programs and services, enhancing the
psychosocial and economic needs of the beneficiaries.
8.PAMANA
Payapa at Masaganang Pamayanan (PAMANA) aims to improve access of
poor communities to basic social services and promote responsive
governance.
9.Protective Services Program
Assistance to Individuals In Crisis Situations (AICS) and Assistance to
COmmunities in Needs (ACN) Provides a range of interventions to
individuals, families, and communities in crisis or difficult situations and
vulnerable or disaster-affected communities

10.ISWSFN
International Social Welfare Services for Filipino Nationals is a program for
migrant Filipinos and other overseas Filipino nationals who are in crisis
situation and in need of special protection are encouraged to seek
assistance in the Philippine Embassies in their countries of destination.
11.Center & Residential Care Facilities
Services rendered in facilities 24-hour that provide alternative family care
arrangement to poor, vulnerable and disadvantaged individuals or families
in crisis.
12.Adoption and Foster Care
The act of adoption, of permanently placing a minor with a parent or
parents other than the birth parents in the Philippines.
13.Gender and Development
Gender is about relations—between men and women, women and women,
also between men and men and boys and girls. The GAD as perspective
recognizes that gender concerns cut across all areas of development and
therefore gender must influence government when it plans, budget for,
implements, monitors and evaluates policies, programs and projects for
development.

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 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Department_of_Social_Welfare_and_Development

I. CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS

Civil society organisations (CSOs) can provide both immediate relief
and longer-term transformative change – by defending collective
interests and increasing accountability; providing solidarity
mechanisms and promoting participation; influencing decision
making; directly engaging in service delivery; and challenging
prejudice.
CSOs also play an important role in conducting research to raise the
profile of excluded groups.
Examples of civil society organizations include:
 Churches and other faith-based organizations.
 Online groups and social media communities.
 Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and other
nonprofits.
 Unions and other collective-bargaining groups.
 Innovators, entrepreneurs and activists.
 Cooperatives and collectives.
J. COMMUNITY VOLUNTEERS
Volunteering is a voluntary act of an individual or group freely giving
time and labour for community service.Many volunteers are
specifically trained in the areas they work, such as medicine,
education, or emergency rescue. Others serve on an as-needed
basis, such as in response to a natural disaster.
Volunteering often plays a pivotal role in the recovery effort
following natural disasters, such as tsunamis, floods, droughts,
hurricanes, and earthquakes.

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 CHAPTER 8 LEADERSHIP ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF A
NURSE IN DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL NURSES Position and Recommendations As the
global voice of nursing the ICN:Strongly believes that nurses must be
involved in the development and implementation of disaster risk
reduction, response and recovery policies at the international level.ICN
calls on individual nurses in their role as clinicians, educators,
researchers,policy influencers, or executives to:
1. Actively engage in disaster risk committees and policy-making for
disaster risk reduction,response and recovery.
2. Seek continuing professional development opportunities in disaster risk
reduction,response and recovery.
3. Be competent to provide disaster relief and meet the health needs
according to the type of disaster and the given situation.
4. Be informed of diseases, such as cholera, and changes in social
behaviours, such as theft, that may be associated with disasters and
which may be exacerbated by a deterioration in living conditions, and of
associated physical and mental health, socioeconomic, and nursing or
care needs of individuals and communities, and identify mechanisms to
deal with these situations.
5. Be familiar with and raise public awareness of those disasters that their
region and countryare most likely to experience.
6. Work closely with other healthcare and allied professionals in
establishing comprehensive and collaborative disaster risk reduction
plans.
https://www.icn.ch/sites/default/files/inline-files/ICN%20PS
%20Nurses%20and%20disaster%20risk%20reduction
%20response%20and%20recovery.pdf

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 CHAPTER 9 CAPACITY BUILDING FOR DISASTER RISK
MANAGEMENT

Capacity Development for Disaster Risk Management (DRM) and

Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR):

Capacity development – “The process through which individuals,

organizations and societies obtain, strengthen and maintain the
capabilities to set and achieve their own development objectives over
time.”
Disaster risk management (DRM) – “The systematic process of using
administrative directives, organizations, and operational skills and
capacities to implement strategies, policies and improved coping
capacities in order to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the
possibility of disaster.”
Disaster risk reduction (DRR) – “The concept and practice of reducing
disaster risks through systematic efforts to analyse and manage the
causal factors of disasters, including through reduced exposure to
hazards, lessened vulnerability of people and property, wise management
of land and the environment, and improved preparedness for adverse
events.”
building DRM capacity can be defined as “efforts to strengthen the
competencies and skills of a target organization, group or
community so that the target could drive DRR efforts, or in a
broader sense development, in a sustainable way in the future”
(Walker et al. 2011).

Five priority areas of action.

1. Ensuring that disaster risk reduction is a national and local priority
with a strong institutional basis for implementation requires building
institutional capacity through the development of policy, legislative
and institutional frameworks;
2. Identifying, assessing and monitoring disaster risks and enhancing
early warning requires developing scientific, technological and
technical capacities to observe, analyze and forecast disasters, and
institutional capacities to integrate early warning systems into local-
and national-level processes and systems;
3. Using knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of
safety and resilience at all levels requires supporting and building

106
 technical capacity to assess impact and vulnerability, improve
monitoring and evaluation, and promote community-based
education.
4. Reducing underlying risk factors requires integrating DRR planning
and capacity building into multiple sectors including the health
sector (e.g. so that health care remains functional during disasters),
and housing and construction sectors (e.g. to ensure structures are
resistant to disasters through new building codes, standards and
practices);
5. Strengthening disaster preparedness for effective response at all
levels requires equipping institutions, individuals and communities
in disaster-prone areas with the necessary knowledge, skills and
capacities to manage and reduce disaster risk.

https://preparecenter.org/topic/capacity-building-disaster-risk-
management/

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 CHAPTER 10 ENTREPRENEURIAL OPPORTUNITIES

A. GO BAG
GO BAG CHECKLIST
Having the right go bag, sling pack or a Bailout Bag isn’t enough – you
also need to pack it right. Here are the basic items to put in any go bag:

 Battery-operated or crank radio

 Cash
 Emergency blanket
 Extra batteries for radios
 Extra keys to your house and car
 Extra socks
 First-aid supplies
 Flashlight
 High-powered snacks
 Important documents in sealed plastic bags
 Knife
 Lighter and matches
 Medications
 Multi-tool
 Personal toiletry items
 Spare chargers for electronics
 Water purification tablets
 Waterproof bags
EXTRA SURVIVAL GEAR FOR YOUR GO BAG
 Can opener and utensils
 Canned food
 Chem lights
 Full shelter
 Hand sanitizer

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  LED headlamps
 MREs
 Poncho
 Survival blankets
 Tactical gloves
 Toilet paper

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B. FOOD TO GO/ON THE RUN

 all emergency food such as canned foods, noodles, coffee, rice,

crackers stockpiled by the local governments and the Department of
Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) and distributed to the
victims require water and heat which maybe unavailable.
 three stages of providing relief foods:
First stage - Immediately after disaster, power, gas, and water
are cut off. Survivors need food that can be eaten without
drinkables and without cooking.
Second stage - Upon restoring power and other utilities,
survivors can make use of emergency instant food requiring hot
water and cooking.

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 Third stage - All utilities are back on line, allowing survivors to
use cooking equipment and prepare food and ingredients as relief
from outside the disaster zone. At this stage, nutritious foods or
supplement are provided to survivors.
 a “pack of hope” which will lessen the agony of the disasters
victims by providing them a complete meal in every pack. Said
“pack of hope’ is the ready to eat (RTE) chicken arroz caldo
categorized as disaster food ready to eat without drinkables.

Category A- Food requiring no preparation and consumed without

drinkables. Chicken arroz caldo is under this categoryProducts under
this category are provided to survivors in the first stage of disaster, in
which food can satisfying hunger for two days after the disaster.

Category B- Food requiring no preparation and consumed with a

drinkable. Biscuits/crackers can be eaten with an accompanying
drinkable.

Category C- Food eaten after adding or immersing in hot water like

instant noodles or pre-gelatinized rice.

Category D- Food eaten must be cooked such as rice.

 DSWD now prefers relief foods that are convenient to pack, ready
to eat, does not require cooking, with a shelf life of at least one
year, and chicken and fish as main ingredients.”

C. PROTECTIVE WEAR

WHAT IS PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)?

 PPE means personal protective equipment or equipment you use to

guarantee your (own) safety.
 Use PPE always and anywhere where necessary. Observe the
instructions for use, maintain them well and check regularly if they
still offer sufficient protection

7 TYPES OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) TO

GUARANTEE YOUR SAFETY
1. SAFETY FOR THE HEAD

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Wearing a helmet offers protection and can prevent head injuries. Select
a sturdy helmet that is adapted to the working conditions. These days you
can find many elegant designs and you can choose extra options such as
an adjustable interior harness and comfortable sweatbands.

2. PROTECT YOUR EYES

The eyes are the most complex and fragile parts of our body. Each day,
more than 600 people worldwide sustain eye injuries during their work.
Thanks to a good pair of safety glasses, these injuries could be
prevented. Do you come into contact with bright light or infrared
radiation? Then welding goggles or a shield offer the ideal protection!

3. HEARING PROTECTION

Do you work in an environment with high sound levels? In that case it is

very important to consider hearing protection. Earplugs are very
comfortable, but earmuffs are convenient on the work floor as you can
quickly put these on or take them off.

4. MAINTAIN A GOOD RESPIRATION

Wearing a mask at work is no luxury, definitely not when coming into

contact with hazardous materials. 15% of the employees within the EU
inhale vapours, smoke, powder or dusk while performing their job. Dust
masks offer protection against fine dust and other dangerous particles. If
the materials are truly toxic, use a full-face mask. This adheres tightly to
the face, to protect the nose and mouth against harmful pollution.

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 5. PROTECT YOUR HANDS WITH THE RIGHT GLOVES

Hands and fingers are often injured, so it is vital to protect them properly.
Depending on the sector you work in, you can choose from gloves
for different applications:

 protection against vibrations

 protection against cuts by sharp materials
 protection against cold or heat
 protection against bacteriological risks
 protection against splashes from diluted chemicals.

6. PROTECTION FOR THE FEET

Even your feet need solid protection. Safety shoes (type Sb, S1, S2 or
S3) and boots (type S4 or S5) are the ideal solution to protect the feet
against heavy weights. An antiskid sole is useful when working in a
damp environment, definitely if you know that 16,2% of all industrial
accidents are caused by tripping or sliding. On slippery surfaces, such as
snow and ice, shoe claws are recommended. Special socks can provide
extra comfort.

7. WEAR THE CORRECT WORK CLOTHING

Preventing accidents is crucial in a crowded workshop. That is why a good

visibility at work is a must: a high-visibility jacket and pants made of
a strong fabric can help prevent accidents. Just like the hand protection,
there are versions for different applications.

WORST-CASE SCENARIO

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Prevention is better than cure. A smart thing is to be prepared for the
worst. A classic first-aid kit is no luxury but a first-aid kit for the
eyes can also be an essential first aid. If the employee comes into contact
with chemicals, a safety shower is mandatory, so that he can rinse the
substances off his body at any moment.

PREVENTING ACCIDENTS: PICTOGRAMS

Not only is preparing your workshop for accidents a smart thing to do, it is
even smarter to organize your workshop in such a way that no serious
accidents can take place. A simple way to make your workshop safer is to
use pictograms: indicating flammable materials, the necessary use of
hearing protection, indicating emergency exits …

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