EECS 348

Software Engineering I
David O. Johnson
Spring 2025

C++ Basics David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 1

 Reminders
• Assignment 4 due (today): 11:59 PM, Thursday, March 13
• Assignment 5 due: 11:59 PM, Thursday, March 27

C++ Basics David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 2

 Any Questions?

C++ Basics David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 3

 In-Class Problem Solution
• 14-(3-11) In-Class Problem Solution.pptx

C++ Basics David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 4

 Any Questions?

C++ Basics David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 5

 C++
• For the next few lectures, we are going to learn about programming
in C++.
• C++ is one of today’s most popular software development
languages.
• C++ is another compiled language closely related to C.
• C++ and C share a common syntax.
• C++ evolved from C, which was developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell
Laboratories
• C++, an extension of C, was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1979
at Bell Laboratories as part of his PhD work.
• C++ provides several features that “spruce up” the C language
• The main difference between C++ and C is that you can do object-
oriented programming in C++.
• However, C++ has other additional functionality, not available in C.

C++ Basics David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 6

 History of C++

C++ Basics David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 7

 TIOBE Index (January 2025)
Programming
2025 2020 2015 2010 2005 2000 1995 1990
Language
Python 1 3 7 7 7 25 23 -
C++ 2 4 4 3 3 2 1 2
C 3 2 1 2 1 1 2 1
Java 4 1 2 1 2 3 - -
C# 5 5 5 6 9 9 - -
JavaScript 6 7 8 9 10 7 - -
Go 7 17 37 184 - - - -
Visual Basic 8 19 234 - - - - -
SQL 9 9 - - 100 - - -
Fortran 10 29 31 25 15 18 5 9

C++ Basics David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 8

 TIOBE Index
• The TIOBE Programming Community index is an
indicator of the popularity of programming languages.
• The index is updated once a month.
• The ratings are based on the number of skilled
engineers world-wide, courses, and third-party
vendors.
• Popular web sites Google, Amazon, Wikipedia, Bing and
more than 20 others are used to calculate the ratings.
• It is important to note that the TIOBE index is not about
the best programming language or the language in
which most lines of code have been written.
C++ Basics David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 9
 C++ Standard Library
• C++ Standard Library
– C++ programs consist of classes and functions.
– Most C++ programmers take advantage of the rich
collections of classes and functions in the C++ Standard
Library.
• Two parts to learning the C++ world
– The C++ language itself.
– How to use the classes and functions in the C++ Standard
Library
• Many special-purpose class libraries are supplied by
independent software vendors

C++ Basics David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 10

 Any Questions?

C++ Basics David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 11

 Writing a C++ Program – Hello, World!

Step 1:
• Write the code for a program (source code) using an editor such
as vi or nano (language sensitive), save as file hello.cpp

#include <iostream>

int main ( ) {
std::cout << "Hello, world!\n";
return 0
}

C++ Basics David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 12

Compiling a C++ Program – Hello, World!

Step 2:
• Compile the program to convert from the source code to an
“executable” or “binary” (or object code):

$ g++ hello.cpp -o hello

Step 3:
• If the compiler produces any errors, fix them and recompile

C++ Basics David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 13

Executing a C++ Program – Hello, World!

Step 4:
• Once there are no programming errors and you have
executable code, run it:

$ hello.exe

Hello, world!

C++ Basics David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 14

 Any Questions?

C++ Basics David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 15

 Welcome to C++! Program
• // indicates a comment; extends to the end of the line
• Can still use /* …. */ combination
• A # directive is a message to the C++ compiler preprocessor
• #include <iostream> is library for I/O
• Like C, white spaces are ignored
• main() function is part of every C++ program
• Like C, C++ programs begin executing at function main()
• The rest of the program consists of classes and functions

C++ Basics David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 16

 C and C++ and UNIX Input/Output
• UNIX executable files (e.g., program.exe) create three data streams (stdin, stdout,
and stderr) that can be used to transfer data to and from a program.

• stdin is the input stream (std::cin for C++)

• stdout is the output stream (std::cout for C++)
• stderr is the error stream (std::cerr for C++)

• Redirection allows you to redirect the output or errors to different destinations,

such as files or pipes (more about this later).

program.exe

C++ Basics David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 17

 Welcome to C++! Program
• Typically, output and input in C++ are accomplished with streams of characters.
• When a cout statement executes, it sends a stream of characters to the standard
output stream object std::cout which is normally connected to the screen.
• The notation std::cout specifies that we are using a name, in this case cout, that
belongs to namespace std.
• The names cin (the standard input stream) and cerr (the standard error stream)
also belong to namespace std.

C++ Basics David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 18

 Welcome to C++! Program
Printing a line of text
std::cout << “Welcome to C++\n”;
• The << operator is referred to as the stream insertion operator.
• The value to the operator’s right is inserted in the output stream.
• The escape sequence \n means newline (i.e., move cursor to the beginning of the
next line on the screen).
• Using multiple stream insertion operators (<<) in a single statement is referred to
as concatenating, chaining or cascading stream insertion operations

C++ Basics David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 19

 Other Escape Sequences

C++ Basics David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 20

 Welcome to C++! Program
Printing a line of text
• The welcome message can be printed in other ways:
std::cout << “Welcome ”;
std::cout << “to C++\n”;

C++ Basics David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 21

 Welcome to C++! Program
The return statement
• When the return statement is used at the end of main the value 0 indicates that
the program has terminated successfully.
• According to the C++ standard, if program execution reaches the end of main
without encountering a return statement, it’s also assumed that the program
terminated successfully.

C++ Basics David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 22

 #using Directive
• using directives eliminate the need to repeat the std:: prefix as we
did in the earlier program.

• Once we insert these using declarations:

using std::cout;
using std::cin;
using std::endl;

• We can write:
cout instead of std::cout
cin instead of std::cin
endl instead of std::endl

• endl is the end-of-the-line character (a better alternative for \n)

C++ Basics David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 23
 Any Questions?

C++ Basics David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 24

 C++ Variable Types (Same as C)

• The most common types are: char, int, float, and double
• Strings are arrays of characters
• Declare a variable before you use it

/* declares an integer called x. Its value is not assigned.*/

int x;

/* declares two floating point numbers; set z equal to pi */

float y, z = 3.14159;
z = 4; /* now z is equal to 4 */

myVal = 2; /* An error because myVal is not declared. */

C++ Basics David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 25

 Basic C++
Variable Types
(Same as C)

C++ Basics David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 26

 Legal C++ Variable & Function Names
(Same as C)
A legal C++ variable or function name contains:
• Letters (a-z, A-Z)
• Digits (0-9)
• Underscores (_)

• Must always start with a letter or an underscore

• It cannot start with a number, contain spaces, or use reserved
keywords like "int" or "float" in the name.

Valid examples: age, total_count, myVar, _temp, x, y

Invalid examples: 2count, my variable, int, !value, my-var

C++ Basics David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 27
 C++ Arithmetic Operators (Same as C)
+ plus or addition
- minus or subtraction
* multiplication
/ division
% modulo

No exponent operator!!

Beware of division:
• If second argument is an integer, the result will
be an integer (floor – rounded toward zero):
9 / 10 = 0 whereas 9 / 10.0 = 0.9
• Division by 0 will cause a run-time error

C++ Basics David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 28

 C++ Logical Operators (Same as C)

== equal to
< less than
& bitwise AND
<= less than or equal
| bitwise OR
> greater than
^ bitwise XOR
>= greater than or equal
~ bitwise NOT
!= not equal
<< bitwise shift left
&& logical AND
>> bitwise shift right
|| logical OR
! logical NOT

C++ Basics David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 29

 C++ Bitwise Operators (Same as C)
Decimal Binary Hexadecimal
0 0000 0
1 0001 1
2 0010 2
3 0011 3
& bitwise AND  0000 & 0001 = 0000 4 0100 4
5 0101 5
| bitwise OR  0000 | 0001 = 0001
6 0110 6
^ bitwise XOR  0011 ^ 0001 = 0010
7 0111 7
~ bitwise NOT  ~0011 = 1100
8 1000 8
<< bitwise shift left  0011 << 2 = 1100 9 1001 9
>> bitwise shift right  0011 >> 1 = 0001 10 1010 A
11 1011 B
12 1100 C
13 1101 D
14 1110 E
15 1111 F
C++ Basics David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 30
 C++ Post- and Pre- Operators
(Same as C)
Operator Called Explanation
Increment x by 1,
x++ Post-increment
then use the new value x in the expression in which x resides
Use the current value of x in the expression in which x resides,
++x Pre-increment
then increment x by 1.
Decrement x by 1,
x-- Post-decrement
then use the new value x in the expression in which x resides
Use the current value of x in the expression in which x resides,
--x Post-decrement
then decrement x by 1.

int x=5; int y; int x=5; int y;

y = ++x; y = x++;
/* x == 6, y == 6 */ /* x == 6, y == 5 */

C++ Basics David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 31

 C++ Operator Precedence
(Same as C)
• Operator precedence means that some operations are done before others when
evaluating an expression.
• Operators with higher precedence are evaluated before those with lower
precedence.
• This concept is similar to the rules of arithmetic, where multiplication and division
take precedence over addition and subtraction.
• Here's the order of operator precedence in C++, from highest to lowest:
Parentheses: ()
Postfix operators: ++, --
Unary operators: +, -, !, ~, ++, --, (type)
Multiplicative operators: *, /, %
Additive operators: +, -
Relational operators: <, >, <=, >=
Equality operators: ==, !=
Logical AND operator: &&
Logical OR operator: ||
Assignment operators: =, +=, -= ... and so on
C++ Basics David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 32
 C++ Operator Associativity
(Same as C)
When an expression contains operators of the same precedence level, associativity
determines their evaluation order.

Left-Associative:
• Operators are evaluated from left to right.
• For instance, in a + b - c, addition and subtraction, being left-associative, will first
evaluate a + b, and then subtract c from the result.

Right-Associative:
• Although less common in C++, some operators are right-associative, meaning they
are evaluated from right to left.
• An example is the assignment operator =.
• In a = b = c, c is assigned to b, and then the resulting value of b is assigned to a.

C++ Basics David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 33

 Operator Precedence Example

C++ Basics David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 34

 C and C++ Keywords

C++ Basics David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 35

 Any Questions?

C++ Basics David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 36

 C++ Input/Output with Files
C++ provides the following classes to perform output and input of
characters to/from files:

ofstream: Stream class to write on files

ifstream: Stream class to read from files
fstream: Stream class to both read and write from/to files.

C++ Basics David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 37

 C++ Writing to Text Files
Writing to a text file is performed in the same way we operated with cout:
// writing to a text file
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;

int main () {
ofstream myfile ("example.txt"); File example.txt:
if (myfile.is_open())
{ This is a line.
myfile << "This is a line.\n"; This is another line.
myfile << "This is another line.\n";
myfile.close();
}
else cout << "Unable to open file";
return 0;
}

C++ Basics David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 38

 C++ Reading from Text Files
Reading from a text file is performed with the getline function from <string>.
// reading a text file
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string> File example.txt:
using namespace std;
int main () { This is a line.
string line; This is another line.
ifstream myfile ("example.txt");
if (myfile.is_open())
{
while ( getline (myfile,line) )
{ stdout:
cout << line << '\n';
}
myfile.close(); This is a line.
} This is another line.
else cout << "Unable to open file";
return 0;
}
C++ Basics David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 39
 Any Questions?

C++ Basics David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 40

 In-Class Problem Rubric

Grading Level
Exceeds
Question Points Meets Expectations Unsatisfactory
Expectations
(80-89%) (0-79%)
(90-100%)
The bit value is
The bit value is
incorrect, but the
1a, b, c, d, e, f 14 correct and the Otherwise
work shows it is a
work is shown.
minor error
Code is basically
2 16 Code is correct correct, but contains Otherwise
a minor syntax error

C++ Basics David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 41

 In-Class Problem
1. Give the bit value of x in these C++ statements (assume 8 bits). Show your
work by giving the binary value before and after the operation (e.g., for x =
~5, show 0000 0101  1111 1010)
a) x = 0 & 1;
b) x = 0 | 1;
c) x = 3 ^ 1;
d) x = ~3;
e) x = 3 << 2;
f) x = 3 >> 1;
2. Rewrite the Python program below in C++ (Don’t forget the comment).

#Python function example

def add_one(num):
ans = num + 1
return ans
C++ Basics David O. Johnson EECS 348 (Spring 2025) 42