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 Contents
Preface

1. A Grand Tour of the Heavens

2. Light, Matter, and Energy: Powering the Universe

3. Light and Telescopes: Extending Our Senses

4. Observing the Stars and Planets: Clockwork of the Universe

5. Gravitation and Motion: The Early History of Astronomy

6. The Terrestrial Planets: Earth, Moon, and Their Relatives

7. The Jovian Planets: Windswept Giants

8. Pluto, Comets, Asteroids, and Beyond

9. Our Solar System and Others

10. Our Star: The Sun

11. Stars: Distant Suns

12. How the Stars Shine: Cosmic Furnaces

13. The Death of Stars: Recycling

14. Black Holes: The End of Space and Time

15. The Milky Way: Our Home in the Universe

8
16. A Universe of Galaxies

17. Quasars and Active Galaxies

18. Cosmology: The Birth and Life of the Cosmos

19. In the Beginning

20. Life in the Universe

Epilogue

Appendix 1/2. Measurement Systems/Basic Constants

Appendix 3. Planets and Dwarf Planets
Appendix 4. The Brightest Stars
Appendix 5. The Nearest Stars
Appendix 6. The Messier Catalogue
Appendix 7. The Constellations
Appendix 8. Star Names
Selected reading
Glossary
Index

9
 Detailed Contents
Preface

1. A Grand Tour of the Heavens

1.1 Peering Through the Universe: A Time Machine
1.2 How Do We Study Things We Can’t Touch?
Figure It Out 1.1 Keeping Track of Space and Time

Figure It Out 1.2 Scientific Notation

1.3 Finding Constellations in the Sky
1.3a The Autumn Sky
Star Party 1.1 Using the Sky Maps
1.3b The Winter Sky
1.3c The Spring Sky
1.3d The Summer Sky
1.4 How Do You Take a Tape Measure to the Stars?
A Closer Look 1.1 A Sense of Scale: Measuring Distances
1.5 The Value of Astronomy
1.5a The Grandest Laboratory of All
1.5b Origins
1.6 What Is Science?
1.7 Why Is Science Far Better Than Pseudoscience?

2. Light, Matter, and Energy: Powering the Universe

2.1 Studying a Star Is Like Looking at a Rainbow
Figure It Out 2.1 The Nature of Light
2.2 “Blackbodies” and Their Radiation

10
 Figure It Out 2.2 Blackbody Radiation and Wien’s Law

Figure It Out 2.3 Blackbody Radiation and the

Stefan–Boltzmann Law
2.3 What Are Those Missing Colors and Where Are They?
2.4 The Story Behind the Bohr Atom
2.5 The Doppler Effect and Motion
Figure It Out 2.4 Temperature Conversions

3. Light and Telescopes: Extending Our Senses

3.1 The First Telescopes for Astronomy
3.2 How Do Telescopes Work?
3.3 Modern Telescopes
3.3a Current Large Telescopes Around the World
Figure It Out 3.1 Light-Gathering Power of a Telescope

Figure It Out 3.2 Changing Units

3.3b The Next Generation of Optical and Infrared Ground-
Based Telescopes
3.4 The Big Picture: Mapping the Sky

11
 Asteroid trails, curved because of parallax across an image of a
cluster of galaxies in Hubble Frontier Field Abell 370.

3.5 Amateurs Are Participating

3.6 Glorious Hubble After Initial Trouble
3.7 You Can’t Look at the Sun at Night
3.8 How Can You See the Invisible?
3.8a X-ray and Gamma-ray Telescopes
3.8b Telescopes for Ultraviolet Wavelengths
3.8c Infrared Telescopes
3.8d Radio Telescopes
Figure It Out 3.3 Angular Resolution of a Telescope

A Closer Look 3.1 A Night at Maunakea

3.8e The Major New Radio Projects

4. Observing the Stars and Planets: Clockwork of the Universe

4.1 The Phases of the Moon and Planets
4.2 Celestial Spectacles: Eclipses
Star Party 4.1 Observing Total Solar Eclipses

The James Webb Space Telescope being tested.

12
 4.2a Eerie Lunar Eclipses
4.2b Glorious Solar Eclipses
A Closer Look 4.1 Colors in the Sky
4.3 Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star …
4.4 The Concept of Apparent Magnitude
Figure It Out 4.1 Using the Magnitude Scale
4.5 Rising and Setting Stars
A Closer Look 4.2 Photographing the Stars

Figure It Out 4.2 Sidereal Time

4.6 Celestial Coordinates to Label the Sky
4.7 The Reason for the Seasons
Star Party 4.2 The Paths of the Moon and Planets
4.8 Time and the International Date Line
4.9 Calendars
4.10 Keeping Time

5. Gravitation and Motion: The Early History of Astronomy

5.1 A Brief Survey of the Solar System
Star Party 5.1 Prograde and Retrograde Motions
5.2 The Earth-Centered Astronomy of Ancient Greece
A Closer Look 5.1 Ptolemaic Terms

A Closer Look 5.2 The Antikythera Mechanism

5.3 A Heretical Idea: The Sun-Centered Universe
Lives in Science 5.1 Copernicus
5.4 The Keen Eyes of Tycho Brahe
5.5 Johannes Kepler and His Laws of Orbits

13
 5.5a Kepler’s First Law
5.5b Kepler’s Second Law
Lives in Science 5.2 Tycho Brahe

A Closer Look 5.3 Kepler’s Laws

Lives in Science 5.3 Johannes Kepler

A double page from Galileo’s Sidereus Nuncius (1610)

showing his engravings of the face of the Moon as seen
through his newfangled telescope.

5.5c Kepler’s Third Law

5.6 The Demise of the Ptolemaic Model: Galileo Galilei
5.7 On the Shoulders of Giants: Isaac Newton
5.8 Clues to the Formation of Our Solar System

Figure It Out 5.1 Kepler’s Third Law

Lives in Science 5.4 Galileo Galilei

Star Party 5.2 Galileo’s Observations

A Closer Look 5.4 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation

Figure It Out 5.2 Newton’s Version of Kepler’s Third Law

14
 Lives in Science 5.5 Isaac Newton

Figure It Out 5.3 Orbital Speed of Planets

6. The Terrestrial Planets: Earth, Moon, and Their Relatives

6.1 Earth: There’s No Place Like Home
A Closer Look 6.1 Comparative Data for the Terrestrial
Planets and Their Moons
6.1a Earth’s Interior
A Closer Look 6.2 Density
6.1b Continental Drift
6.1c Tides
6.1d Earth’s Atmosphere
6.1e The Van Allen Belts
6.2 The Moon
6.2a The Moon’s Appearance

15
 Mae Jemison and Sally Ride, NASA astronauts, in a 2017
LEGO™ set, in front of a Space Shuttle.

NASA’s Cassini mission farewell image of Saturn and its

rings. The image is the last full mosaic taken two days before
the spacecraft plunged into Saturn.

A Closer Look 6.3 The First People on the Moon

6.2b The Lunar Surface
6.2c The Lunar Interior
6.2d The Origin of the Moon
6.2e Rocks from the Moon
6.3 Mercury
6.3a The Rotation of Mercury
6.3b Mercury’s History
6.3c Mercury Observed from Earth
A Closer Look 6.4 Naming the Features of Mercury
6.3d Spacecraft Views of Mercury
6.3e Mercury Research Rejuvenated
6.3f Mercury from MESSENGER
6.3g Continuing Exploration of Mercury
6.4 Venus
6.4a Transits of Venus
6.4b The Atmosphere of Venus
6.4c The Rotation of Venus

16
 6.4d Why Is Venus So Incredibly Hot?
6.4e Spacecraft Observations of Venus’s Atmosphere
6.4f Radar Observations of Venus’s Surface
6.4g Venus Exploration in the Twenty-First Century
6.5 Mars
6.5a Characteristics of Mars
6.5b Mars’s Surface
6.5c Mars’s Atmosphere

Terrain on Pluto, a close-up from NASA’s New Horizons.

6.5d Mars’s Satellites

A Closer Look 6.5 Mars Exploration Rovers, Mars Phoenix,
and Mars Science Lab with Curiosity
6.5e The Search for Life on Mars
6.5f Crewed Missions to Mars

7. The Jovian Planets: Windswept Giants

7.1 Jupiter
A Closer Look 7.1 Comparative Data for the Major Worlds

Star Party 7.1 Observing the Giant Planets

7.1a Spacecraft to Jupiter
Figure It Out 7.1 The Size of Jupiter
7.1b The Great Red Spot

17
 7.1c Jupiter’s Atmosphere
7.1d Jupiter’s Interior
7.1e Jupiter’s Magnetic Field
7.1f Jupiter’s Ring
7.1g Jupiter’s Amazing Satellites
A Closer Look 7.2 Jupiter and Its Satellites in Mythology
7.1h JUICE at Jupiter
7.2 Saturn
7.2a Saturn’s Rings
7.2b Saturn’s Atmosphere
7.2c Saturn’s Interior and Magnetic Field
7.2d Saturn’s Moon Titan
A Closer Look 7.3 Saturn’s Satellites in Mythology
7.2e Saturn’s Other Satellites
A Closer Look 7.4 Saturn’s Rings and Moons from
Cassini
7.3 Uranus
A Closer Look 7.5 Uranus and Neptune in Mythology
7.3a Uranus’s Atmosphere
7.3b Uranus’s Rings
7.3c Uranus’s Interior and Magnetic Field
7.4 Neptune
7.4a Neptune’s Atmosphere
7.4b Neptune’s Interior and Magnetic Field
7.4c Neptune’s Rings
A Closer Look 7.6 Naming the Rings of Neptune
7.4d Neptune’s Moon Triton
7.5 The Formation of the Giant Planets

18
8. Pluto, Comets, Asteroids, and Beyond
8.1 Pluto
8.1a Pluto’s Mass and Size
8.1b Pluto’s Atmosphere
8.1c What Is Pluto?
A Closer Look 8.1 Dwarf Planets
8.1d The Pluto System from New Horizons
8.1e Beyond Pluto
8.2 Kuiper-Belt Objects and Dwarf Planets
8.3 Comets
8.3a The Composition of Comets
8.3b The Origin and Evolution of Comets
8.3c Halley’s Comet
8.3d Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9
8.3e Some Bright Comets

Asteroid and dwarf planet 1 Ceres, imaged from NASA’s

Dawn spacecraft that is orbiting it.

19
 A white-dwarf star, Stein 2051 B, only 17 light-years from
Earth, seen with the Hubble Space Telescope, with a more
distant star appearing below it. The white dwarf passed in
front of the other star, providing a successful test of
Einstein’s general theory of relativity.

8.3f Spacecraft to Comets

8.3g Rosetta Orbits Its Comet
8.4 Meteoroids
8.4a Types and Sizes of Meteorites
8.4b Meteor Showers
A Closer Look 8.2 Meteor Showers

Star Party 8.1 Observing a Meteor Shower

8.5 Asteroids
8.5a General Properties of Asteroids
A Closer Look 8.3 The Extinction of the Dinosaurs
8.5b Asteroids Viewed Close-Up
8.5c Near-Earth Objects
8.5d Interstellar Visitor
8.5e Future Asteroid Missions

9. Our Solar System and Others

9.1 The Formation of the Solar System

20
 9.1a Collapse of a Cloud
9.1b Models of Planet Formation
9.2 Extrasolar Planets (Exoplanets)
9.2a Astrometric Method
9.2b Timing of Radio Pulsars
9.2c Periodic Doppler Shifts: The Doppler-Wobble Method
9.2d Transiting Planets: The Blink Method
9.2e Direct Imaging of Exoplanets
9.2f Gravitational Microlensing
9.2g Future Observing Plans and Projects
9.3 The Nature of Exoplanet Systems
A Closer Look 9.1 Naming Stars, Exoplanets, and Kuiper-
Belt-Objects
9.4 Goldilocks Planets
9.5 Brown Dwarfs
9.6 Planetary Systems in Formation

10. Our Star: The Sun

10.1 What Is the Sun’s Basic Structure?
10.1a The Photosphere
A Closer Look 10.1 The Most Common Elements in the
Sun’s Photosphere
10.1b The Chromosphere
10.1c The Corona
10.1d The Scientific Value of Eclipses
10.2 Sunspots and Other Solar Activity
10.2a What Are Those Blemishes on the Sun?
Star Party 10.1 Observing Sunspots
10.2b The Solar-Activity Cycle

21
 10.2c Fireworks on the Sun, and Space Weather
10.2d Filaments and Prominences
10.2e Decades Ahead of Solar Monitoring
10.3 The Sun and the Theory of Relativity
Lives in Science 10.1 Albert Einstein

A multiwavelength view of Supernova 1987A, with green

showing Hubble views of how the expanding shock wave
from the star that exploded is colliding with material ejected
previously, and the red showing dust imaged with the ALMA
millimeter/submillimeter array. Blue is hot gas imaged with
the Chandra X-ray Observatory.

22
 Star cluster R136 in the Tarantula Nebula in the Large
Magellanic Cloud, imaged with Hubble.

11. Stars: Distant Suns

11.1 Colors, Temperatures, and Spectra of Stars
11.1a Taking a Star’s Temperature
11.1b How Do We Classify Stars?
11.1c The Coolest Stars
11.2 How Distant Are the Stars?
Figure It Out 11.1 Stellar Triangulation
11.3 How Powerful Are the Stars?
A Closer Look 11.1 Using Absolute Magnitudes
11.4 Temperature–Luminosity Diagrams
Figure It Out 11.2 The Inverse-Square Law
11.5 How Do Stars Move?
11.5a Proper Motions of Stars
Figure It Out 11.3 A Star’s Luminosity
11.5b Radial Velocities of Stars
A Closer Look 11.2 Proxima Centauri: The Nearest
Star Beyond the Sun
11.6 “Social Stars”: Binaries
Figure It Out 11.4 Doppler Shifts
11.6a Pairs of Stars and Their Uses
Figure It Out 11.5 Binary Stars
11.6b How Do We Weigh Stars?
11.6c The Mass–Luminosity Relation
A Closer Look 11.3 A Sense of Mass: Weighing Stars

23
 Figure It Out 11.6 The Mass–Luminosity Relation
11.7 Stars That Don’t Shine Steadily
11.8 Clusters of Stars
11.8a Open and Globular Star Clusters
A Closer Look 11.4 Star Clusters in Our Galaxy
11.8b How Old Are Star Clusters?
11.8c Gaia’s Hertzsprung–Russell Diagram
A Closer Look 11.5 How We Measure Basic Stellar
Parameters

12. How the Stars Shine: Cosmic Furnaces

12.1 Star Birth
12.1a Collapse of a Cloud
12.1b The Birth Cries of Stars
12.2 Where Stars Get Their Energy
12.3 Atoms and Nuclei
12.3a Subatomic Particles
12.3b Isotopes
Figure It Out 12.1 Energy Generation in the Sun
12.3c Radioactivity and Neutrinos
12.4 Stars Shining Brightly
12.5 Why Stars Shine
12.6 Brown Dwarfs
12.7 The Solar Neutrino Experiment
12.7a Initial Measurements
12.7b Further Solar Neutrino Experiments
12.7c Beyond Solar Neutrinos
12.8 The End States of Stars

24
 The Bubble Nebula, NGC 7635, gas expanding around a
massive star. The object is 7 light-years across, and is imaged
here with Hubble.

A pair of spiral galaxies, NGC 4302 and 4298, both about 55

million light-years away and imaged with the Hubble Space
Telescope.

13. The Death of Stars: Recycling

13.1 The Death of the Sun

25
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
 It often happens that the time of a reader is so constantly
occupied by work that it is only by tireless energy that the reading
can be done. In a cheery Ohio letter we have found a specimen of
determination in the face of such difficulties, which makes us friends
at once with the writer. “I have heartily enjoyed the studies, and am
only sorry that I have not been more successful in my efforts to get
others interested. I have no intention of severing my connection with
the Circle, but shall read on until every vacant space on my diploma
has its appropriate seal. Like many others, I pursue my studies
under difficulties. Having no one to look to for support I am obliged
by my own labor, not only to maintain myself, but assist in taking
care of my widowed mother. All day, and during the busy season
until late in the evening, I am confined to my place at the cashier’s
desk in a large retail dry goods store. No chance to read, and not
much to think of anything except my work. I go home at night too
weary in body and brain to do anything but rest up for next day’s
work. Then again, during dull seasons there are times when I can
have a book or paper at the store, and occasionally read a few
pages, consequently my progress is rather irregular.”
The cheerless, dreary distance that separates some of our friends
from all the conveniences which railroads, telegraph and telephone
offer, brings its peculiar trials. From the Great North Woods of
Michigan a letter tells how The Chautauquan finds its way to the
writer by being carried from a postoffice by a “tote” team for twenty-
four miles; how it often comes wet, torn and crumpled by the
carelessness of a careless teamster, but it always gets there, and is
received eagerly. It is the only magazine which goes into those
parts, and is looked upon by the ignorant woodsmen as something
almost beyond their conception, as a majority of them can not read
or write, and many can not spell their own names. The writer adds:
“In a few weeks I shall leave the forest, as lumbering has
commenced to wane for this year, but when I shall think of my life in
the wilderness among bears, deer and wolves, I shall be reminded of
the C. L. S. C. as the oasis in the path of my living in the woods.”
 A similar case is that of a lady who writes from Norway House,
Winnipeg, Manitoba: “You know in our isolated home we are
almost shut out from the outside world, and have but little
communication with it. We receive and send letters between three or
four times during the year. Our last packet came in in September,
and now we hope in a few days to receive our winter packet.” And
from Rosser, Manitoba, a letter comes from the prairie home of a
brother and sister who are reading alone because, as they say: “It is
impossible for us to form a local circle here, as we are comparatively
alone. We are not at all discouraged, though without lectures or
inspiration of any kind, excepting such as we receive from the
perusal of The Chautauquan. But sometimes we feel a little isolated, as
regards our connection with the C. L. S. C., away out here in the
Northwest, and would like to draw a little nearer the Circle.”
It may seem to some that true intellectual culture is not within
the reach of persons so hampered by circumstances. There is a true
and strong paragraph in Hamerton’s “Intellectual Life” which may be
a help to the discouraged: “Intellectual life is really within the reach
of every one who earnestly desires it.… The essence of intellectual
living does not reside in extent of science or in perfection of
expression, but in a constant preference for higher thoughts over
lower thoughts, and this preference may be the habit of a mind
which has not any very considerable amount of information.…
Intellectual living is not so much an accomplishment as a state or
condition of the mind in which it seeks earnestly for the highest and
purest truth. It is the continual exercise of a firmly noble choice
between the larger truth and the lesser, between that which is
perfectly just and that which falls a little short of justice.” Such life is
within the reach of us all, and that it is within our reach, whatever
be our discouragements, it is the aim of our Circle to prove.
The day of February in the C. L. S. C. calendar was, of course,
Longfellow’s Day. It is long over now, but if we read our letters
aright, the mirth and pleasure of the time will gladly be recalled.
There are so many reports that we can only glance at them, though
the ring of each one is so genuine an expression of a royal good
time that we would like to give them in toto. Rutland, Vt., has
three Chautauqua literary circles in successful operation, the eldest
having already completed a two years’ course. At the invitation of
Alpha chapter, the three circles met for the observance of the poet
Longfellow’s birthday. The entertainment was a great success. The
Hockawanna, Conn., circle gave a pleasant entertainment to their
friends on the occasion; this circle is very prosperous, their excellent
“order of exercises” for their weekly meetings has one item which
each circle should adopt—the “social” which follows the literary
work. At Havana, N. Y., the circle is not, they say, as strong
numerically as some of their neighbors, but in enthusiasm it is a
giant. The Longfellow Memorial Day was observed by the circle with
exercises whose sentiments, they write us, “Varied from the most
classical passage of the ‘Morituri Salutamus’ to ‘Mr. Finney had a
turnip, and it grew, and it grew,’” etc. A pretty device of the supper
with which they closed their evening is new to us: Within each
napkin was found a souvenir card, adorned with sentiments from
Longfellow, which were read aloud, amid much mirth as well as
pleasure. Excellent programs have been forwarded us of the
exercises held by the circles of Granville, N. Y., Angelica, N. Y.,
and Henrietta, N. Y. The local paper of Phillipsburg, N. J.,
contains an interesting account of the memorial evening there, and
speaks some kindly words about the influence the reading is
exerting. The “Frances E. Willard Circle,” of Philadelphia, enjoyed,
as they write, an evening which was a thorough success. Dainty
cards, bearing their well arranged program, and an invitation to be
present, reached us. If they were samples of the management of the
“Memorial,” it must have been a fine success. The Elizabeth, Pa.,
local circle was honored with a full account of their Longfellow
evening in a local paper. This class numbers over a score of deeply
interested members; of it the paper sent us says: “This society’s
aims and advantages are not properly appreciated in the community,
or it would be besieged with applications for membership.” In
Charleston, West Va., a delightful two hours were spent over
music, essays and recitations. One of the pleasantest features was
an article by Lyman Whiting, D.D., now of Cambridge, Mass.,
formerly an honored member of their circle, giving an account of a
visit just made to Longfellow’s home, and accompanied by an
autograph of the poet, and a leaf from his favorite olive tree. Our
thanks are due to the Alpha circle of Atlanta, Ga., and the
Philomathean, of Sabina, O., for programs of their evenings with
the poet, and our hearty congratulations to the members of the
circle at Belding, Mich., who are so elated, as no doubt they have
reason to be, over the success of their first public entertainment. A
very interesting feature of the memorial at Plymouth, Indiana,
was the music. The song, “The Light of Stars,” and the translation
“Beware,” were set to music by one of the members, Mr. G. O. Work,
a blind gentleman, a graduate of the asylum for the blind, at
Indianapolis. The circle at Roscoe, Ill., gave a public entertainment
in honor of the day, which was largely attended. This circle has
made admirable progress this year, increasing from twelve to
twenty-six. Among their number is a lady nearly eighty-nine years
old, who does all the reading, and enjoys it.
At Waupun, Wis., the C. L. S. C. is now in its fifth year. The
interest is increasing, the circle numbering fourteen members, all
ladies, four of whom have graduated in the Chautauqua course, but
still continue to meet with the circle, encouraging it by their
presence and interest in the Chautauqua work. They held a social
and literary entertainment on February 26, which was very
enjoyable.
Where there are two or more circles in a town, of course the best
and most social way is to unite. At La Crosse, Wis., the Alpha and
Athene had a union meeting of this kind on Longfellow’s Day, and at
Des Moines, Iowa, the six Chautauqua circles of the city, with their
friends, spent the afternoon of the 27th together, and carried out a
fine program. This city has a population of 35,000. It has two
German clubs, a large and flourishing French club, several Shakspere
clubs and many musical societies. With all these it has six
Chautauqua classes, the Alpha, the branch Alpha, the Sycamore
Street, the Rebecca, the Methodist Episcopal, the North Hill; all
organized in October, 1882; the Vincent, organized October, 1883. Is
there anywhere an equal to this?
Burlington, Iowa, prepared a special program for the evening
of their Longfellow memorial, and write us that it was the most
enjoyable occasion of the winter. The prosperous class of twenty-two
at Wyandotte, Kansas, and the one at Hiawatha, also
remembered the day. This latter circle divides itself into two divisions
for ordinary occasions, each having its president; for all special
services they join their forces. The first and only Longfellow debate
that we met with in examining the reports was in the program which
we received of the union meeting of the Omaha and Council
Bluffs circles. It was no doubt the spice so needful in any literary
program, and, perhaps, took the place of “Mr. Finney and his turnip.”
The subject was: “Resolved, That the Excelsior Youth was a Crank.”
The last item comes from the Pacific coast, from the Daily Democrat,
of Santa Rosa, Cal.: “The Chautauqua Literary and Social Club has
had an existence in this city for over three years, and now numbers
over twenty members, who determined to observe Longfellow’s
anniversary in a becoming manner. About one hundred invitations
were issued, and we guess all were accepted. The hall never
presented a prettier appearance than on that night, and we believe
that no audience was ever better pleased or more agreeably
entertained than those who were fortunate enough to receive
invitations to be present on that occasion.”
Two villages on the shores of the beautiful Casco Bay, Me., have
united for work, and send us cheering words of their prosperity.
They have followed the invaluable plan of supplementing certain
branches in the course by additional readings; adopting United
States History as their “special,” they have devoted three months to
“Barnes’ History of the United States,” a text book used in their
public schools. In connection with this study they have had readings
each evening from “Bryant’s Popular History of the United States,” on
the most interesting topics. We have seen this idea carried out most
successfully in a little circle of fifteen in Meadville, Pa., the home of
The Chautauquan. The class decided to spend their time on Art,
following as an outline the art readings in the course, Lübke, the
Britannica, and the new series of English “Handbooks of Art” have
become their right-hand men, while books of travels, stray waifs of
description in novels, old newspaper pictures, Soule’s photographs,
anything and everything obtainable are used to strengthen their
impression and help them to get clear ideas of temples, statues and
pictures. Of course all the readings have been done, but nothing has
been taken up in the circle except art. This “Casco Bay Circle” has a
method of “keeping up the interest,” which has never failed to be
attractive since the time of our great-grandfathers’ spelling schools.
They divided their circle into two sides. The same sides are kept
each evening, and at the end of the year the defeated side, the one
that has failed to answer the most questions, is to furnish a treat to
the victorious one. The secretary adds: “We find that this plan adds
very much to the interest of the circle, and that the lessons are more
carefully prepared. By request of the president, no text book is taken
to any regular meeting of the circle. The teacher being the only one
that has a text book, the attention of the class is secured, and more
benefit is derived from the meetings in every way.”
From Vermont two circles report, one from Burlington, with a
membership of fifteen, and another from Cambridge.
From Windsor, Ct., they write us: “We have a circle here
numbering about fifteen, and composed of the best talent our town
can boast of.” And from Deep River, of the same state, the “Ivy
Branch” of the C. L. S. C. is reported, “loyal and hopeful, with
growing enthusiasm, attachments and interest.”
One of the most thorough and practical methods of extending the
influence of the C. L. S. C. is to bring it before the young people of
high schools, who are just forming reading habits, and are
particularly in need of being directed to the best books. The Pallas
Circle, of Wareham, Mass., have hit upon a splendid idea. Upon
Longfellow’s Day they sent the following invitation to their exercises:
“Compliments of the Pallas Circle, C. L. S. C., for Wednesday
evening, February 27, to meet the graduating class of the Wareham
High School.” Such an invitation would commend itself at once to the
young people, and undoubtedly increase the circle.
Two new circles, each of eighteen members, have reported from
Massachusetts this month; one from Jamaica Plains, and another
from Haverhill. Also from Providence, R. I., the Whittier Circle
has come to join the ranks. The wonderful growth of the class of ’87
in New England, is no doubt largely due to the energetic work of the
organization which was made at Framingham last summer. The
president of this New England branch of class ’87 informs us that he
has ready for mailing a circular of suggestions, according to a vote
taken at Framingham last summer. Any New England member of
class ’87 who has not received a copy of the same, may apply to
Rev. George Benedict, Hanson, Plymouth Co., Mass.
From New York City we hear of a circle with a membership of
fourteen young ladies, which has been in existence since October,
1882. It is known as the “Alden” local circle, and has as an emblem
“the Pansy.”
The C. L. S. C. Alumni, of Pittsburgh, Pa., by its constitution,
provides for three entertainments each year, viz.: A banquet for its
members, a lecture, and a public meeting, the speakers being
members of the Alumni. The first year’s course was a success in
every particular, notably the lecture by Bishop Henry W. Warren, D.
D., which was delivered to a very large and highly appreciative
audience. Of this year the secretary writes: “So far we have been
grandly successful, in spite of wind and storm. Such was the
miserable weather of January that we were filled with fears for the
success of Dr. Vincent’s lecture on the 4th of February. As the day
drew near, the weather became worse and worse. Pittsburgh, you
know, has the reputation of getting up the most miserable weather
on the continent, but this winter she has quite outdone her former
self. The fourth could not have been more unpromising for an
audience, the rivers being at flood height, and still raining and
pouring. What was our surprise when we drove to the church to find
an audience of five hundred or more, waiting for the distinguished
lecturer. Such a surprise was magical in its effect upon the Doctor,
for he lectured as he never lectured before—at least so thought his
delighted audience. His theme was ‘Among the Heights.’ The lecture
was not only a success, but a triumph, placing the lecturer in the
front ranks of the giant minds now upon the platform the lecture
field. Neither rain or howling storm can keep a Pittsburgh audience
at home, when Rev. J. H. Vincent, D. D., is the lecturer.”
On Sabbath, February 10, Dr. Vincent was in Washington, where
the Chautauqua Vesper Services were held at his suggestion. They
write us that as usual “he made many converts.”
One of the members of the Wheeling, W. Va., circle
enthusiastically writes: “Our circle here has never been so large as it
is this winter. We were so pleased with the work of last winter that
we kept up our meetings all summer, studying American Literature.
In this way we gained many new members.”
Perhaps there is nowhere a circle more to be congratulated on its
leader than the one at Akron, O. That the members heartily
appreciate this, too, we can plainly tell from the report which we
have lately received. The writer asks: “Have you heard with what
success our circle in Akron is being conducted? Were we to tell you
the name of our president, that would suffice any Chautauquan mind
why we succeed. The president of Chautauqua, Lewis Miller, is our
president. What do we do at our meetings? There is no routine, but
everything for variety and interest. One evening Dr. Vincent was with
us and gave his grand lecture, ‘Parlor Talk.’ Mrs. Clement Smith, on
‘Literature and Reformation,’ occupied one evening. Two evenings
were spent with stereopticon views (furnished by our president), the
descriptions being given, and points of interest pointed out, and
historical accounts given by a citizen who has traveled in Europe
extensively. One evening was devoted entirely to Italy’s capital, St.
Peter’s Church being described. Then one of our resident architects
talked to us on ‘Architecture,’ with illustrations. Several evenings
were given to literature. Our president is soon to give us a paper on
‘Political Economy.’”
In a letter from an Illinois lady we find a most enthusiastic notice
of the circle at McLeansboro, Ill. She says: “There may be larger
and more intelligent circles, but I am sure none more enthusiastic.”
In the City of Eau Claire, Wisconsin, there is a housekeepers’
circle, which has been named the “Alpha,” as three or four other
classes have been organized in the city. It is composed entirely of
busy housekeepers, who of all people, perhaps, find it the hardest
work to control their time, but they write that for the sake of the
inspiration and encouragement which they find their studies give to
their daily duties, they are willing to make any sacrifice of pleasure
or convenience.
Strawberry Point, Iowa, has a circle of six members, which
reports a growing appreciation of the course, and at Humboldt,
Iowa, there is a circle which, though small, can claim a distinction
which is certainly very rare: among its members are a little boy of
ten years, and his grandmother, aged eighty.
Jefferson, Texas, formed a C. L. S. C. class in 1880. An active
membership of twenty is now in existence there, and the work is
zealously done.
It is impossible for us to insert all the reports which have reached
us at this writing, but in order of date they will be used. We
sometimes receive letters complaining that reports have been sent
but not used. Every report sent to The Chautauquan will be used, but,
of course, the first coming must be first served.
The following circles were noticed in The Chautauquan for 1882-3,
but not reported to the Plainfield office. No names being given, we
have no means of reaching these circles, and will be very glad if any
one will send the names of the officers for 1882-3 or 1883-4 to the
office of the C. L. S. C., Plainfield, New Jersey: Clancey, Montana
Territory; Flint, Michigan; Friendship, New York: Gloucester, Mass.;
Ketchum, Idaho Territory; Little Prairie Ronde, Mich.; Muskegon,
Mich.; Magnolia, Mass.; McKeesport, Pa.; Manston, Wis.; New
Alexandria, Pa.; North Leeds, Wis.; Picton, Ont., Canada; Pana, Ill.;
Portland, Conn.; Phillipsburg, Pa.; Portland, Oregon; Rockbottom,
Mass.; Stroudsburg, Pa.; South Marshfield, Mass.; Springville, N. Y.;
West Haverhill, Mass.; Westfield, Mass.
The following have been reported to The Chautauquan this year,
1883-4, but not to the Plainfield office: Baltimore, Md., “Eutaw
Circle;”* Brazil, Ind., “Philomathean;” Elkhorn, Wis., “Mutual
Improvement Society;”* Gillmor, Pa.; Greenville, S. C.; Imlay City,
Mich.; La Crosse, Wis.; Milwaukee, Wis., “Bay View;”* Metropolis,
Ill.; Memphis, Tenn., “The Southern Circle;”* Mattoon, Ill.; New
Bedford, Mass., “Philomaths;”* Picton, Ont., Canada; Osceola, Iowa,
two circles; Ravenna, Ohio, “Royal;”* St. Charles, Iowa; Troy, N. Y.,
“Beman Park Circle;”* Vallejo, Cal.; West Brattleboro, Vermont,
“Pansy;”* West Haverhill, Mass.; West Brattleboro, Vermont,
“Vincent Circle;”* Wareham, Mass., “The Pallas Circle.”
Circles from the places marked (*) have been reported, but not
under the names given above, and as in some cases there are
several circles in the same town we do not know to which the names
belong.
 THE C. L. S. C. IN CANADA.

We were much pleased to receive a full account of the C. L. S. C.

work in Canada, from Mr. Lewis C. Peake, the secretary of the
famous Toronto Central Circle. We feel quite sure that everyone will
be glad to find full reports from Canada in this number. In no former
year has so much interest been displayed in the work of the Circle
north of the lakes as in the present, although so little has appeared
in the columns of The Chautauquan. The Canadian edition of the
Popular Education Circular was distributed lavishly in every province
of the Dominion, and in Newfoundland and Bermuda, resulting in the
enrollment of about five hundred members into the class of 1887.
We have good reason also to know that there has been a
corresponding development of interest on the part of members of
the earlier classes. Without doubt the year 1883-4 may be regarded
as one of healthy progress. This will, I think, be more apparent if the
work done at a few points should be considered separately.
At Toronto the Circle has acquired a firm footing. It has come to
stay. The missionary work of last year has borne fruit in the
formation of four new circles, three of them by distinct request, and
as a result of meetings then held.
The campaign for this season opened in September, when the
writer delivered an address to the members of the Y. M. C. A.,
following it up by forming a circle there and then, composed of
young men of the association. This circle has met regularly twice a
month during the winter, and is doing its part in developing the
literary side of the character of the members. Another circle has
been formed at the West End Branch Y. M. C. A., which has
displayed a large amount of zeal in the study. The other two circles
were formed—one by Mr. J. L. Hughes, and the other without any
outside help. There are two other circles, the Metropolitan, which
retains its character of the banner circle, of whose members I hope
to see a goodly number in the graduating class at Chautauqua next
August, and the Erskine Church Circle, which has lately lost its
beautiful home by fire. The Central Circle meetings have been
regularly held each month under the presidency of Mr. E. Gurney, Jr.,
to whose efforts much of the success in Toronto is due, and both
attendance and interest are on the increase, the numbers generally
ranging from 150 to 200 members and friends.
The October meeting was a popular one, with addresses upon the
general work by the Revs. G. M. Milligan, B.A., and B. D. Thomas,
D.D., with the president. In November and December Mr. W.
Houston, M.A., Librarian of the Provincial Legislature, treated the
subject of Greek History in a most familiar and attractive manner. In
our January meeting we had the rare treat of a lecture by Prof.
Ramsey Wright, of Toronto University, on “Moulds and their allies,” a
branch of vegetable biology which he illustrated by a series of fine
diagrams. In February the circle was favored with one of the most
useful and practical lectures of the entire series on “The growth of
the New Testament,” by the Rev. G. Cochran, D. D., in which he
traced the successive stages by which the books of the New
Testament gradually grew into their present harmonious whole. Our
March meeting was addressed by Mr. J. L. Hughes, public school
inspector, upon the topic, “Physical Manhood,” on which subject the
lecturer is exceptionally well qualified to discourse at any time. In
addition to these special lectures, a Round-Table conference is held
each evening, when subjects of practical importance are discussed
and reports received from the several local circles. We find no
difficulty now in securing the assistance of the very best men,
specialists in their several departments. The age of suspicion has
passed, and now the best people of all classes recognize the
invaluable work of the Circle, and are ready to help it forward. Picton
has one of the model circles, containing about thirty members,
comprising some of the most intelligent and best educated persons
in the town. The circle has grown gradually since 1880, and has
been already represented at Chautauqua two seasons. One of the
members, Miss Bristol, is the Canadian secretary of the Class of
1887.
Dundas.—This circle is the result of a visit to Chautauqua last
year by Rev. R. W. Woodsworth, the president, and is composed
entirely of members of the Class of 1887, of whom I have bright
hopes.
London.—A large circle has been formed here in connection with
the Y. M. C. A., with a membership of about forty of both sexes,
nearly all of whom are members of the class of 1887. Thorold had
the honor of furnishing two members of the graduating class of
1882. Until this year, however, no circle organization was effected,
and even at the organization few fully grasped the real advantage to
the town of this method of encouraging study. This ignorance is
being gradually overcome with the expected results. Careful
observation, with hints from The Chautauquan, are enabling the
members to excite interest among those who yet remain outside.
Milton and Longfellow days were successfully celebrated. This circle
numbers thirty-five members, regular and local. The president
expects that most of the cadets will next October be enrolled as full
members. At the Provincial Sunday-school Convention, held last
October in Cobourg, Mr. Hughes and the writer took the opportunity
to bring the plan of the C. L. S. C. before the delegates, and many
became interested in it, some of whom have since become
members; among those was Dr. C. V. Emory, of Galt, who upon his
return home, immediately set to work and organized a circle, which
numbers sixteen full members, and gives promise that the number
will soon be doubled. Brantford has a goodly number of members
of the several classes. A circle of eleven members of the class of
1887 has been formed in connection with the Congregational
Church, the pastor of which is president. The circle meets fortnightly
at the residences of the members.
Montreal.—Here, at last, the C. L. S. C. has taken root, and a
live circle of fifty members has been formed, chiefly through the
efforts of the Rev. Dr. Potts, who is its president. The course is much
admired, and as the working of the circle is being better understood,
and its objects grasped, many, at first only slightly interested, are
becoming enthusiastic admirers of the scheme. In no place has the
Circle obtained a more representative membership than here.
Halifax, N. S.—A very promising circle has been formed in
connection with the Grafton Street Methodist Church. Mr. C. H.
Longard (1884), the president, says: “We are starting under very
favorable auspices, and I feel sure it will prove to be a great success,
both educational and social.” Fredericton, N. B.—Two circles meet
here. Fredericton Circle No. 1, comprising sixteen members, meets
weekly at the homes of the members, all of whom are very much
interested in the work. Another circle composed wholly of new
members has been formed, and arrangements are being made for
monthly union meetings.
Carbonear, Newfoundland.—Down here by the sea we have
one member who remained for two years the solitary representative
of the C. L. S. C. A circle has however been formed this year,
consisting of eight full members, with a few local ones, and we
confidently expect the circle to extend to other parts of the island,
indeed the extension has already commenced.
Other circles are in successful operation in Orillia, Wyoming,
Brampton, St. Thomas, Paisley, Lindray, Peterboro,
Kemptville, Bedford, Lacolle, St. John, N. B., Charlottetown,
and many other points, of which neither my time nor your space will
permit me now to write. The few reports given above may be taken
as representing the whole. Our Canadian people are not usually
hasty in adopting new ideas, but when they have found a good thing
they know how to appreciate it.
 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.

ONE HUNDRED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON PICTURES FROM

ENGLISH HISTORY—FROM COMMENCEMENT OF BOOK TO
PAGE 145.

By A. M. MARTIN, General Secretary C. L. S. C.

1. Q. When and under whom was the first invasion of Great

Britain made by the Romans? A. In 55 B. C., under Julius Cæsar.
2. Q. How long afterward was Great Britain finally abandoned by
the Romans? A. About five hundred years afterward.
3. Q. Before this period what people from the east of the
Mediterranean had traded with the islanders? A. The Phœnicians.
4. Q. What was the character of the islanders when first known to
the Phœnicians and Romans? A. They were savages, going almost
naked, or only dressed in the rough skins of beasts, and staining
their bodies with colored earths and the juices of plants.
5. Q. Into how many tribes were the ancient Britons divided? A.
Into thirty or forty tribes, each commanded by its own king, and
were constantly fighting with one another.
6. Q. What was the strange and terrible religion of the Britons
called? A. The religion of the Druids.
7. Q. What sacrifice is it certain that the Druidical ceremonies
included? A. The sacrifice of human beings.
 8. Q. What did the Druids build? A. Great temples and altars open
to the sky, fragments of some of which are yet remaining.
9. Q. Which is the most extraordinary of these erections? A.
Stonehenge, on Salisbury Plain, in Wiltshire.
10. Q. What are the names of six prominent Romans that came to
Britain during the Roman occupancy? A. Aulus Plautus, Suetonius,
Agricola, Hadrian, Severus and Caracalla.
11. Q. What are the names of three leaders of the Britons who
opposed the efforts of the Romans in their efforts to subdue the
islanders? A. Cassivellaunus, Caractacus, and Boadicea.
12. Q. By whom was a wall built across the north of Britain, and
for what purpose? A. First by the Emperor Hadrian, of earth, and
afterward rebuilt of stone by the Emperor Severus, to protect Britain
from the Picts and Scots.
13. Q. After the departure of the Romans, from whom did the
Britons ask help to repel the invasions of the Picts and Scots? A. The
Angles and Saxons from North Germany.
14. Q. After defeating the Picts and Scots what conquest did the
Angles and Saxons then attempt? A. That of Britain itself.
15. Q. What two brother chieftains were leaders of the early
invasions of the Saxons? A. Hengist and Horsa.
16. Q. What name is especially famous among those who resisted
the Saxons? A. That of King Arthur.
17. Q. What was the religion of the Saxon conquerors of Britain?
A. Paganism.
18. Q. About the year 600 A. D. who were sent by Pope Gregory
to England as missionaries? A. St. Augustine and forty monks.
19. Q. What Pagan king became a convert to the Christian faith,
through the labors of these missionaries? A. Ethelbert, the king of
Kent.
20. Q. On the Christmas after the baptism of the king, how many
of the people, is it related, followed his example? A. Ten thousand.
21. Q. Who first united the seven Saxon kingdoms called the
Heptarchy into one kingdom called England? A. Egbert of Essex, in
827.
22. Q. How long did the Saxon line, beginning with Egbert,
govern England? A. For 190 years.
23. Q. Who was the most eminent among the kings of this line?
A. Alfred the Great.
24. Q. What enemy of England did King Alfred finally subdue? A.
The Danes.
25. Q. How did King Alfred attempt to improve the condition of
the people? A. By wise laws, schools, and books, which he either
translated, or caused to be translated, from Greek and Latin.
26. Q. During the reign of Athelstane, grandson of Alfred the
Great, what abbot obtained prominence, and was really the ruler of
England during the continuance of the greater part of the Saxon
line? A. Dunstan.
27. Q. What line of kings succeeded the Saxon? A. The Danish
line.
28. Q. How long did the Danish line hold control? A. Twenty-four
years.
29. Q. What three kings reigned during the continuance of the
Danish line? A. Canute, and his two sons, Harold Harefoot and
Hardicanute.
30. Q. After the death of Hardicanute, for how long a time Was
the Saxon line restored? A. Twenty-five years.
 31. Q. What conquest of England was made in 1066? A. The
Norman conquest, by William the Conqueror.
32. Q. By what great battle was the contest between the
Normans and the Saxons for the possession of England decided? A.
The battle of Hastings, October 14, 1066.
33. Q. What does Lord Macaulay say in regard to this Norman
conquest? A. The subjugation of a nation by a nation has seldom,
even in Asia, been more complete.
34. Q. How did William divide the land of conquered England? A.
In fiefs among his barons, and gave all chief places in church and
government to foreigners.
35. Q. Who succeeded William the Conqueror to the throne of
England? A. His second son, William Rufus.
36. Q. What was the most remarkable event during his reign? A.
The first Crusade.
37. Q. What zealous missionary went through Italy and France
preaching the Crusade? A. Peter the Hermit.
38. Q. What action did Pope Urban II. take in regard to the
Crusade? A. From a lofty scaffold in the market place of Clermont he
preached the Crusade to assembled thousands.
39. Q. Under what leaders, and to what number, did the first body
of Crusaders set out for the Holy Land? A. One hundred thousand
under the leadership of Peter the Hermit and Walter the Penniless.
40. Q. What became of the remnant of this number that reached
the Asiatic side of the Bosphorus? A. They were finally routed and
cut to pieces by the Turks.
41. Q. Under what commander did the regular army of the
Crusaders at length approach Asia? A. Godfrey of Bouillon, Hugh of
Vermandois, Robert of Normandy, Robert of Flanders, Stephen of
Chartres, Raymond of Toulouse, Bohemond, and Tancred.
42. Q. How long was it after Pope Urban had preached the
Crusade at Clermont that Jerusalem fell, the Holy Sepulcher was
free? A. More than three years.
43. Q. What does Charles Knight say was the tendency of the
Crusades? A. To elevate the character of European life, and to
prepare the way for the ultimate triumph of mental freedom and
equal government.
44. Q. Who ascended the throne as successor of William Rufus in
the year 1100? A. His brother, Henry I.
45. Q. To whom did Henry will the crown? A. His daughter,
Matilda.
46. Q. Upon the death of Henry who attempted to seize upon the
throne? A. Stephen, a grandson of William the Conqueror.
47. Q. To what did this lead? A. To civil wars between the
adherents of Matilda and Stephen.
48. Q. After ten years of civil warfare what was the result of the
contest? A. Matilda fled to the continent and Stephen was
acknowledged king.
49. Q. With the death of Stephen what line ceased to hold the
crown? A. The Norman line.
50. Q. Who was the successor of Stephen? A. Henry II., the son
of Matilda.
51. Q. Of what line was he the first sovereign? A. The Plantagenet
line.
52. Q. How long did the Plantagenet line continue to hold the
crown? A. Two hundred and forty-five years.
 53. Q. Whom did Henry make Archbishop of Canterbury? A.
Thomas à Becket.
54. Q. Concerning what did the king and Archbishop Becket have
a prolonged contention? A. Concerning church and state authority.
55. Q. How was this contention ended? A. By the assassination of
Becket at the altar of his own cathedral.
56. Q. What did Henry do to divert public attention from himself
as instigator of the assassination of Becket? A. He underwent
penance and was scourged at the tomb of Becket.
57. Q. Who was the successor of Henry II.? A. Richard I., called
Richard Cœur de Lion.
58. Q. Soon after his accession to the throne in what enterprise
did Richard take part? A. The Crusades.
59. Q. With what other prominent leaders was Richard
accompanied on the third Crusade? A. Philip of France, and the Duke
of Austria.
60. Q. What mediæval institution was at its height during the
reign of Richard? A. Chivalry.
61. Q. Who succeeded Richard to the throne? A. His brother John.
62. Q. What two men were at this time prominent in their efforts
to establish the fact that a king should rule in England by law
instead of by force, or rule not at all? A. Stephen Langton, the
Archbishop, and William, Earl of Pembroke.
63. Q. What great document regarded as the foundation of
English liberty did the barons force John to sign? A. Magna Charta.
64. Q. When and where was Magna Charta signed? A. At
Runnymede in 1215.
 65. Q. What was the result of John’s contentions with the Pope?
A. His kingdom was laid under an interdict, and John himself was
excommunicated.
66. Q. What invasion of England was attempted during the reign
of John? A. A French invasion, at the instance of the Pope, to
dethrone John the king.
67. Q. What put an end to the French invasion? A. The sudden
death of John.
68. Q. Who succeeded him on the throne? A. His son, Henry III.
69. Q. Who was the great leader of the barons during the reign of
Henry III.? A. Earl Simon de Montfort.
70. Q. What was the result of an encounter between the king’s
forces and the barons at Lewes? A. The barons were victorious, and
the king, and his son Prince Edward, were taken prisoners.
71. Q. For what was the parliament summoned by Earl Simon
noted? A. As being the first one in which the citizens had part as
well as the nobles and bishops.
72. Q. In what battle were the forces of Montfort signally
defeated and the Earl slain? A. The battle of Evesham.
73. Q. Who succeeded Henry III. to the crown? A. His son,
Edward I.
74. Q. What part was conquered and annexed to England during
his reign? A. Wales.
75. Q. What title was given to the oldest son of king Edward
which has since been retained by the oldest son of the reigning
sovereign? A. The Prince of Wales.
76. Q. In the midst of what attempted conquest did king Edward
die? A. The attempted conquest of Scotland.
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