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Summary CV #2

The cardiac cycle consists of the sequence of events between two ventricular contractions, including systole and diastole, with specific phases detailing pressure changes and valve actions. Heart sounds S1 and S2 indicate valve closures, while cardiac output is determined by stroke volume and heart rate, influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms. Coronary circulation supplies blood to the heart muscle, and myocardial cells require a constant oxygen supply for ATP production, primarily using free fatty acids.

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Daniel Dowding
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30 views2 pages

Summary CV #2

The cardiac cycle consists of the sequence of events between two ventricular contractions, including systole and diastole, with specific phases detailing pressure changes and valve actions. Heart sounds S1 and S2 indicate valve closures, while cardiac output is determined by stroke volume and heart rate, influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms. Coronary circulation supplies blood to the heart muscle, and myocardial cells require a constant oxygen supply for ATP production, primarily using free fatty acids.

Uploaded by

Daniel Dowding
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cardiac Cycle:

 The sequence of events between two successive ventricular contractions, encompassing


one complete heartbeat: systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation).
 Late Diastole:
o AV valves open; semilunar valves closed.
o Low ventricular pressure allows blood to flow from the atria, filling the ventricles
(~80-90% passively).
 Atrial Systole:
o ECG shows P wave; atrial contraction occurs, adding ~10-20% to end-diastolic
volume (EDV).
 Ventricular Systole:
o ECG shows QRS complex; ventricular pressure rises sharply, closing AV valves
(S1 sound) while semilunar valves remain closed initially.
o Isovolumetric contraction occurs until ventricular pressure exceeds
aortic/pulmonary pressure, leading to ejection.
 Late Systole:
o Ventricular pressure decreases; semilunar valves close (S2 sound).
o End-systolic volume (ESV) remains as ventricles do not empty completely.
 Early Diastole:
o Isovolumetric relaxation occurs; ventricular pressure falls below atrial pressure,
AV valves reopen, and the cycle repeats.

Heart Sounds:

 S1 ("lub"): Closure of mitral and tricuspid valves at the start of ventricular systole.
 S2 ("dub"): Closure of semilunar valves at the start of diastole.
 Murmurs: Abnormal sounds caused by turbulent blood flow, often due to valve
insufficiency or stenosis.

Cardiac Output (CO):

 The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute (CO = Stroke Volume (SV) ×
Heart Rate (HR)).
 Normal CO for dogs: 100-200 mL/kg/min; for cats: ~120 mL/kg/min.
 Intrinsic Mechanisms: Include the Frank-Starling law, which states that increased blood
volume leads to stronger contractions.
 Extrinsic Mechanisms: Involve nervous and hormonal regulation affecting heart rate
and contractility.

Coronary Circulation:

 Supplies blood to heart muscles through the right and left coronary arteries, originating
from the aorta.
 Regulated by heart rate, aortic blood pressure, and peripheral resistance, as well as
autonomic and metabolic factors.
Pulse:

 A wave generated by the forceful entry of blood from the aorta during each heartbeat, felt
in the arteries.
 Venous Pulse: Pulsations in large veins near the heart, affected by AV valve dynamics
during ventricular systole.

Myocardial Cells:

 Cardiac muscle relies on a continuous supply of oxygen, primarily using free fatty acids
for metabolism.
 ATP production occurs mainly through the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation,
essential for muscle contraction.
 Cardiac cells have numerous mitochondria to support high energy demands and maintain
ATP balance for proper function.

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