ABU

Asia-Pacific Robot Contest 2025

Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

“ROBOT BASKETBALL”

December 2024
ABU Asia-Pacific Robot Contest 2025 Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Organizing Committee
http://aburobocon2025.mnb.mn
Robot Basketball - Team Effort, Ultimate Success ABU ROBOCON 2025 Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

THE FAQs

# Update date Detail Approved by

1 2024/12/20 Initial release Organizing Committee
- Thickness of the foam rubber protective bar is corrected.
2 2025/02/25 - The question collum of F.7 is corrected. Organizing Committee
- “Update Feb 25, 2025” is released.
3 2025/03/14 - Revisions to D69 and J4 are released. Organizing Committee

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Categories of FAQs

Category Description Note

A Terms and definitions Update Dec 20, 2024 Update Feb 25, 2025

B Game field and equipment Update Dec 20, 2024 Update Feb 25, 2025

C Setting of the game Update Dec 20, 2024 Update Feb 25, 2025

Update Dec 20, 2024 Update Feb 25, 2025

D Offensive team
Revision Mar 14, 2025

E Possession change Update Dec 20, 2024 Update Feb 25, 2025

F Defensive team Update Dec 20, 2024 Update Feb 25, 2025

G Fouls Update Dec 20, 2024 Update Feb 25, 2025

H Reconfiguration Update Dec 20, 2024 Update Feb 25, 2025

I Violations Update Dec 20, 2024 Update Feb 25, 2025

J Robots Update Feb 25, 2025 Revision Mar 14, 2025

K Others Update Feb 25, 2025

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A. Terms and definitions

Update Dec 20, 2024

# Question Answer

"The base perimeter is a cylindrical frame equipped with a foam

rubber protective bar. It has a height of 300 mm and an outside
A.1. Yes, the base perimeter must be cylindrical.
diameter of 800 mm, surrounding the base of the robot" does it mean
that the base frame of the robot must be cylindrical?
In Rulebook (20240814 version), 1.2 states that "the base perimeter
must be positioned no more than 50mm above the game field surface". 1. The base perimeter of robots must meet
We have 2 questions about this rule: the 50 mm height requirement throughout
1. Do robots need to meet this requirement throughout the game, or the game, except jumping.
A.2.
only when robots are set in "setting time" and "possession change"? 2. Yes, your assumption is correct. The 50
2. If the answer to 1 is "robots have to meet this requirement mm rule does not apply when the robot is
jumping.
throughout the game", we assume that a robot is exempt from this
rule when the robot jumps. Is our assumption correct?
First, robots are not allowed to lift their
We have a question about one robot lifting the teammate robot. In
teammate robots. Therefore, yes, your
Rulebook (20240814 version), 1.2 states that "The base perimeter must
assumption is correct. If a robot is lifted by its
be positioned vertical to and no more than 50 mm above the game field
A.3. teammate, the base perimeter of the lifted
surface." We assumed that this means a robot cannot be lifted by the
robot would exceed the 50 mm height limit
teammate robot, as this would cause the base perimeter of the lifted
above the game field, which both will be a
robot to go above 50 mm. Is our assumption correct?
violation of this rule.
Yes, during dunking or jumping, the 50 mm
While dunking, can the clearance for the perimeter be greater than 50
A.4. clearance rule does not apply if the robot is
mm with reference to the surface?
temporarily airborne, as stated in FAQ A.2.

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answer that jumping actions are exempt from

this requirement.
In Rulebook (20240814 version), 1.2 states that "the base perimeter is a
cylindrical frame". We assumed that the outside of the base perimeter
needs to be a single, continuous curved surface that runs all the way
Yes, your assumption is correct. The cylindrical
around the base circle of the cylinder. In other words, on the curved
A.5. frame must have a continuous curved surface
surface of the base perimeter, there should not be any gaps or holes,
without holes or gaps.
such as those for sensors or for exhausting heat. Is our assumption
correct? If this assumption is wrong and there could be gaps or holes, I
would like you to specify the number/size of the gaps/holes.
The color of the base perimeter should refer to
About a base perimeter, is there any specific color that the base the color code of the Operating areas for the
A.6.
perimeter should have? specific colors.
[Refer the Rulebook (RB)-1.2, update #2].
Yes, robots can have a base perimeter with a
smaller diameter than the specified 800 mm.
According to the base perimeter, it has a diameter of 800 mm. If the However, all other dimensions and
A.7.
team's robot is small, can this diameter be less than 800 mm? requirements of the base perimeter and
compliance with the rulebook and FAQs, must
be strictly followed.
1. No, partial base perimeters are not allowed.
A base perimeter that is cut out to form a
Are partial base perimeters allowed?
C-shape (or any shape with a gap or
1. The base perimeter has a portion which was cut out, so it forms a C-
missing portion) would not comply with the
A.8. shaped perimeter instead of a circular perimeter
requirement for a continuous curved
2. The base perimeter consists of 2 or more separate parts, but the
surface. The perimeter must be complete,
perimeter as a whole still follows the dimensions set by the game
with no gaps or cuts.
rules.
2. A base perimeter consisting of two or more
separate parts is allowed if these parts

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together form a unified cylindrical frame

that meets the required specifications.
No, in the international ABU Robocon 2025
Are we allowed to put text/symbols/logos on the outside of the base
A.9. contest, putting text, symbols, or logos on the
perimeter?
outside of the base perimeter is prohibited.
According to the rule book, the definition of base perimeter: "The base
While the thickness of the cylindrical frame’s
perimeter is a cylindrical frame equipped with a foam rubber protective
material itself isn’t explicitly mentioned, the
A.10. bar. It has a height of 300 mm and an outside diameter of 800 mm,
foam rubber protective bar that wraps around
surrounding the base of the robot." What is the thickness of the base
it must meet the minimum thickness of 25 mm.
perimeter?
"A robot to control the ball for the team in possession must be
positioned immediately behind the designated baseline for ball loading." 1. In the ABU Robocon 2025 rulebook,
What does "behind the designated baseline" mean? Also, does the “behind the designated baseline” refers to a
robot need to climb over the fence? position within the Playing area where the
robot must be placed to control the ball for
1. As shown in the ABU ROBOCON 2025 introduction video
the team in possession.
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FTopsDAp2-o), "behind the
A.11. 2. Since this position is within the Playing
designated baseline" means the Playing area, and the robot starts
area, the robot does not need to climb over
from the "Playing area." In this case, the robot does not need to
the fence. The robot is simply positioned
climb over the fence.
behind the baseline in the Playing area,
2. "Behind the designated baseline" refers to the area outside the
ready to perform its tasks without needing
Playing area, meaning the Operating area. In this case, the robot
to cross any barriers.
starts from the Operating area and needs to climb over the fence to
enter the Playing area.
Yes, it is possible for all robots to roll the ball
on the field and manipulate the ball using its
Is it possible for the offensive team's robot to roll the ball on the field
A.12. mechanism, but actions like rolling or other
and dribble it like in soccer using its mechanism?
non-bouncing forms of dribbling or passing will
not qualify the specification of the dribbling or

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passing. Dribbling requires bouncing the ball,

and passing must involve throwing the ball.
No, the robot is not considered to be in
control of the ball while it is rolling on the
Would the robot rolling the basketball on the ground still count as being
A.13. ground. However, the team is still regarded as
in control of the ball?
being in possession and the shot clock
continues.
If the attacking team violates any rule, the
Rule 12.13 stated that if the attack team violated any rule, the
possession will be transferred instantly to the
possession will be transferred to the defense team, will it take effect
defending team. The game will not be reset,
instantly? Or the game will be reset?
A.14. but the shot clock will be reset for the new
After the possession, will the order of alternated possession be
possession.
changed? E.g. Team A scores, Team B violated and passed possession
Yes, the order of possession will be changed
to Team A, Team A scores again, Team B scores. Is this correct?
after a rule violation and possession transfer.
A robot in control of the ball is considered to
have returned to the defensive zone if:
1. Any part of the base frame of the robot
crosses the center line and enters the
In the Rulebook 12.6, what is the definition of “returns to their defensive side.
A.15.
defensive zone”? Please include pictures to illustrate different cases. 2. Any part of the robot or the ball touches
the defensive side.
The center line does not belong to either the
offensive or defensive side.

Is it counted as a successful dribble if the robot fails to pick up the ball Yes, it is considered a successful dribble if the
A.16. after it drops the ball at the first bounce and pick it up at the second or dropping and pickup satisfy the dribbling rules.
third bounce? In addition, for the dribble to be valid, the ball

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must be picked up by the same robot that

dropped it.
Yes, the ball can bounce on the game field
When passing, can the ball bounce on the game field before being
A.17. before being received by the teammate robot
received by the other robot?
during a pass.
1. Jumping is defined as the robot using
pushing force to release itself from the
ground. This could be through mechanical
means like actuators or motors that push
against the ground to create an upward
motion.
1. How is "jump" defined? 2. No, robots do not have to stay grounded in
2. Do the robots have to ground in certain area for certain time? a specific area for a certain amount of time.
A.18.
3. Is flying included in "jumping"? Is flying robot considered it is 3. Flying or using propellers, drones,
jumping? If a drone shoot, is it considered as a dunk shot? compressed air, or any other form of force
that relies on open air to lift or maneuver
the robot is not allowed. These actions are
considered violations of the game rules,
both for robots and for maneuvering the
ball.

In ABU Robocon 2025, a dunk shot requires the

"...directly placing the ball through the basket while in the air." Does this robot to jump and release the ball in a specific
mean that the ball have to pass through the basket in a downwards manner. Here are the clarified points:
direction? Based on Cambridge Dictionary, Dunk Shoot means "in
A.19. 1. Where to Release the Ball: The ball
basketball, a shot in which a player jumps up and pushes the ball down
through the net in order to score:" So does this apply to ABU Robocon must be released above the paint zone.
2025 too? 2. Ball Trajectory: The trajectory of the
ball should be below horizontal when
released (this implies the ball must be

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thrown downwards towards the

basket).
3. Directly through the Basket: The ball
must go directly through the basket
without bouncing off the rim or
backboard.

If the offensive team’s robot has successfully

Does the offensive team's robot need to dribble again in the offensive advanced the ball to the offensive side by
A.20.
area after dribbling in the defensive area? dribbling, the robot does not need to dribble
again once it is in the offensive area.

"In the definition of Dunk shooting, "6.6.2.3 The ball must follow the
direction of its fall after being released by the robot." Which of the
following is the meaning of "The ball must follow the direction of its fall?"
The correct interpretation of “The ball must
1. Satisfied if the angle of the ball trajectory is below the horizontal follow the direction of its fall” is:
A.21.
direction
1. Satisfied if the angle of the ball trajectory is
2. Satisfied if the ball trajectory is perpendicular to the ground, i.e.,
below the horizontal direction.
the ball must fall straight down vertically
3. Satisfied if the ball trajectory is consistent with the direction of
the robot's movement.

The centerline is not part of either the offensive

or defensive side.
Is the centerline part of the offensive side or the defensive side or none?
How to determine if the robot is in the offensive zone or the defensive The robot’s base perimeter must be fully within
A.22.
zone? What if half of the robot is in the offensive zone while the other the offensive zone for it to be considered in the
half is in defensive zone? offensive zone.

If a part of the robot’s base perimeter crosses

the centerline into the defensive zone or any

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part of the robot touches the defensive side, it

is considered to be in the defensive zone.

Refer to 9.2, how to define “a robot pushes the opposing team’s robots”?
The decision on whether this action is
A.23. If my robot just touches the opposing team’s robots and the opposing
considered a foul will be made by the referee.
team’s robots move back, is it count as my robot push it away?

The term 2 talks about the base perimeter. Whether it counts as a Yes, the base perimeter is considered a
A.24.
component of the robot? component of the robot.

While the rules do not explicitly define what

Under what circumstances could the spare mechanism of the robot be
constitutes a “special task,” the team is
A.25. replaced? It is defined as a component designed for specialized tasks. But
responsible for specifying the purpose of the
none of all rules states this special task.
spare mechanism.

The color of the base perimeter must be

The outside color of the base perimeter must be red or blue, depending changed physically before each match. Teams
on the team's assigned side of play. Teams must change the color of the can either replace the base frame itself or use a
base perimeter accordingly before each game. fabric cover to cover the surface of the base
A.26. perimeter (Refer the rulebook update).
How is the color of the Base Perimeter changed before the match, should
it be changed physically or can we use LEDs to show the color of the The use of LEDs to show the color is not
base perimeter? permitted. The color change must be done with
matte material.

If your robot is in the defensive playing area and

If possession of my robot is defensive and if my robot takes a basketball takes the basketball from the opposing team’s
from an opponent team’s robot (i.e. offensive team robot) does my robot robot, it is allowed to shoot from the location
A.27.
is allowed to shoot from the site where it takes ball from opponent’s where it took the ball. However, while the shot
robot while my robots are in my defensive playing area?
will not be considered a foul or a violation,
points will not be counted for a shot taken from
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the defensive side. Instead, the action can be

considered a pass, if the action satisfies the
passing rule. The shot clock will continue until
the opposing team gains possession.

Momentary contact between robots from the

A.28. Can robots of one team reach (touch) each other? same team is permitted, but constant contact is
not allowed.

In Rule 6.6.1, the “it” refers to the robot. The

Rule 6.6.1 has "without changing its location", does the "it" refers to the robot’s base (the part of the robot in contact
A.29.
ball or the robot? with the floor), including the base perimeter,
should not move, rotate, or jump.

In this context, the robot controlling the ball

must be positioned in the playing area, not the
Rulebook 4.3 states that “A robot to control the ball for the team in operating area. The phrase “immediately behind
possession must be positioned immediately behind the designated the designated baseline for ball loading” means
A.30.
baseline for ball loading”. Does this mean that the robot controlling the that the robot must be placed directly behind
ball should be in the operating area or inside the grey playing area? the baseline, within the playing area, from the
perspective of the team member loading the
ball.

There is no condition that requires a robot to

Is there condition for dribbling ball after a particular time if ball is with a dribble the ball again after a specific time if the
A.31.
same robot after a single dribbling in offensive playing area? ball is still with the same robot in the offensive
playing area.

There is no specific condition for dribbling

A.32. What is the dribbling frequency for ball, just like human games have 3
frequency, nor is it necessary to dribble the
sec holding time or is it necessary to dribble the ball for passing it to
ball before passing it to the teammate robot.
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another robot. Can we pass the ball between both robots for multiple Robots can pass the ball between each other
times? multiple times without any limitation.

No, robots are not allowed to use any kind of

A.33. Can robots use a propeller to increase their time in the air? open-air propulsion, such as blowing by
propellers or compressed air.

For details on the base perimeter, please refer

What are the exact dimensions (thickness not given), weight, material,
to the FAQs. Please note that the base
A.34. color of the base perimeter? When will the official purchase link of base
perimeter itself won't be sold, so please make it
perimeter be released?
yourself.

Update Feb 25, 2025

# Question Answer

In the definition of dunk shooting, which is when a robot propels the

ball into the basket by “jumping”, how is the “jumping” defined? Is the
robot considered as jumping as long as the bottom of the robot leaves
A.35. the ground? Please, refer to RB-6.6.2.2
If the robot performs the “dunk shoot” out of the paint zone, is it
considered a valid scoring, and is the score based on the place where
the robot performs its jumping?
A robot can dribble the ball using two different
If the ball drops from a robot's gripper and bounce back to different
A.36. mechanisms, as long as the dribbling procedure
catching mechanism, does it consider dribbling?
complies with the rulebook.

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The terms offensive team and defensive team

refer to the roles that teams take based on
What do you mean by Offensive team, offensive side, defensive team,
A.37. possession of the ball. These roles alternate
defensive side? Or it may change during game itself.
with possession, but the sides do not change
during the game.

Please, refer to RB-1.2. In addition, it is

important to note that the base perimeter, along
A.38. What is material type of base perimeter? with its foam rubber protective bar, is designed
for safety, protecting both the robots and team
members.

A jump and shoot are not considered a dunk

A.39. If my robot jumps and shoot, does it consider a dunk shot? shot unless it meets the specific procedures
outlined in the dunk shooting rules.

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B. Game field and equipment

Update Dec 20, 2024

# Question Answer

The specification for the backboard has been

updated in the rulebook. For additional details,
What is the material of the Backboard? FIBA uses different types of
please refer to FIBA’s 2024 official rules,
B.1. backboard materials for different levels of matches, which backboard
articles 1.1–1.3. You can access the document
material be used for Robocon 2025?
through this link: FIBA 2024 Official Basketball
Rules and Basketball Equipment.

Yes, you are correct. The organizer will provide

the measurements for the ball rack that will be
In the Term 8, it says " the rack’s shape and size free". Since it was
B.2. used in the international contest. For domestic
provided by the organizer, there must be a map, right?
contests, local organizers will specify the
measurements.

In operating area (1.6), could we put cameras or marks? We aim to use No, teams are prohibited from using any
cameras to recognize our robots and the opposing team's robots for external sensors, landmarks, or computational
B.3.
our robots to use that information. We aim to use marks for our robots equipment outside of the playing area, except
to recognize the marks and use them to estimate self-position. for the robot controller for team members.

For the ball pressure specification, you can refer

to FIBA’s 2024 official rules, article 2.4. You can
B.4. What is the pressure inside a ball? find the details in the official document at this
link: FIBA 2024 Official Basketball Rules and
Basketball Equipment.

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In contrast, when the ball is dropped onto floor

from a height of 1800 mm measured from the
underside of the ball, it shall rebound to a height
of between 1035 mm and 1085 mm, measured
to the underside of the ball.

The ball does not have to be loaded to the robot

from a single designated point. It can be given
When game is start for attacking team can ball be given to robots from
from any point within the area immediately
B.5. a single designated point or it can be given from any point in our own
behind the baseline in the playing area.
defensive side from operating area?
However, team members must remain within
the operating area while performing this action.

Reserve balls will be replenished in the ball rack

For each team, the ball rack can only hold five balls at once, will the
B.6. during the game whenever it is possible to
balls be replenished? If so, when will the balls be replenished?
replace them.

Update Feb 25, 2025

# Question Answer

In the ABU Robocon 2025 international

1. What is the color of the basketballs?
B.7. 2. Is there any official purchase link for basketballs and basket? contest, the Molten BG3800 basketball will be
used (refer to the following figure).

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Recommended distributors for each country

and region are listed on the ABU Robocon 2025
website.

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C. Setting of the game

Update Dec 20, 2024

# Question Answer

1. During the game, only one ball is allowed in

1. Can team load multiple balls or just one ball to the robot? the playing area at a time.
C.1. 2. Can team member load the ball manually to the robot or the robot 2. Team members can manually load the ball
load the ball itself from ball rack?" onto their robot, but they must remain in
the operating area while doing so.

C.2. If the setup time expires and our team wishes to continue, how can we Please refer to RB- 4.4 and 4.5 for specific
proceed after the allotted time has ended? guidelines and procedures regarding setup.

In the event of a robot malfunctioning in the middle of the match, what

C.3. can be done by the operators to handle this situation? For example, Please refer to RB-1.7 and 11 for the
operators were able to ask for "Retry" in the previous years. Is there a procedures in such situations.
system similar to this that does not involve reconfiguration?

If the red team is the first possessing team in a game. At the end of the
one-minute setup time, the blue team has not completed the setup and
the game begins. At this point, according to Rule 4.5, the blue team can According to RB-4.4 and Rule 4.5, the blue
C.4. reconfigure its robots. However, Rule 11.1 states that " Teams can team must wait until the next possession
bring their robots to their own operating area for reconfiguration only change to perform any reconfiguration of their
during possession changes." But this is the start of the game, not a robots.
possession change. In other words, the blue team can’ reset. What to
do?

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Even if the setup is not completed within the

one-minute setup time, the match will still
What if one robot of the offensive team who first controls the ball does
C.5. start. However, if the team does not advance
not complete the setting within one-minute setting time? And, what if
to the offensive side within 8 seconds of the
neither of its two robots haven’t finished setting?
start of the match, it will be considered a
violation as per RB-12.1.

Update Feb 25, 2025

# Question Answer

If a team fails to set up a robot within the allotted setting time, what
C.6. Please, refer RB-4.5 and RB-11.
consequences will the team face?

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D. Offensive team

Update Dec 20, 2024

# Question Answer

Does the shot clock duration continue if no teams have control of the
Yes, the shot clock will continue counting
D.1. ball? For example, if the offensive team fails to shoot and the ball
down until it expires or the defensive team
drops on the game field, does the shot clock stills continue counting
gains possession.
down?

According to the RB-6.7.2 and 6.7.4, if the

D.2. What if the shot clock is over but the ball already shot out from our shot is already in progress (i.e., the ball has left
robot and goes in the basket, does it count the score? the robot) before the shot clock expires, and it
goes into the basket, the score will count.

There is no restriction on the robot moving

Once the offensive team is on the other side, can the robot "travel."
D.3. with the ball within their offensive side.
For example, if the robot with the possession of the ball and it is on
However, when shooting the ball to score, the
the offensive side, can it move with the ball?
robot must follow RB-6.6.

The offensive team’s robot is allowed to move

freely while holding the ball, with no specific
D.4. To what extent is the offensive team's robot allowed to move while
limitations on its movement. However, when
holding the ball?
advancing to the offensive side, the robot must
follow RB-6.2.

No, it is not allowed for the offensive team’s

D.5. Is it possible for the offensive team's robot to use its arm to enclose
robot to use its arm to enclose and roll the ball
and roll the ball that is in contact with the field while moving?
that is in contact with the field while moving.

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Since the dribbling satisfies the dribbling rule,

D.6. Is free fall considered as dribbling? Or pushing the ball against the
pushing the ball against the ground is not
ground is a valid dribble?
mandatory.

"The definition of a dribble is to bounce the ball, not to catch what is

bounced or to keep it bouncing?
D.7. Please refer to RB- 6.4.
If the robot is dribbling, is it allowed to surround or cover the ball until
the robot starts dribbling or only while dribbling? How far is it allowed
to enclose or cover the ball?"

D.8. Do we have to have to continuously dribble the ball? Or is a single Robots do not need to continuously dribble
dribble valid? the ball. Please refer to RB-6.2.1 and 6.6.1.

D.9. When a robot passes from one to another, does the ball needs to No, the ball does not need to bounce first,
bounce first? however, bouncing pass is allowed.

"We would like to ask a question about passing. In Rulebook

(20240814 version),
1. 1. 5 states that "Passing is the act of a robot transferring control of
the ball to a teammate robot."
2. 6.5.1 states that "To be valid, the ball must be thrown to the
teammate robot from a distance of at least 1000 mm, ..."
D.10. 3. 12.5 states that it is a violation "If an offensive team’s robot
Yes, your interpretation is correct.
dribbles or passes without adhering to the rules for dribbling or
passing, respectively."
From these rules, we assumed that ""even after the offensive team
have successfully advanced to their offensive side through either
dribbling or passing, a robot transferring control of the ball to its
teammate robot from a distance of less than 1000 mm is considered a
violation". Is our interpretation correct?"

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D.11. Can we shoot from our side of the game field? If yes, what will our
Please, refer to RB-6.7.3.
score be?

D.12. What does our robot accidentally touch the opponent robot frame
Please, refer to RB-9.6.
after performing a dunk shot, does it count as violation?

D.13. Can the offensive team's robot start dribbling again after dribbling
Yes, it can.
once and then bringing the ball inside its body?

“If the offensive team opts to dribble, a robot that controls the ball
D.14. must dribble the ball at least once on the offensive side", does it mean
Yes, it does.
that we can dribble only 1 on the offensive side and then robot can
move freely with the ball (without dribbling)?"

D.15. Can an offensive robot stay on the defensive side and shoot the ball
Yes, it can. However, no score will be counted.
into the basket without moving into the offensive side?

D.16. Should the dribble be done while the robot is moving or only done
Robots can dribble while moving or stopping.
when the robot stops?

If the dribbling ball is released from the

offensive team’s robot and its reflection
If there is a condition where the ball is released from the offensive doesn’t reach 70cm, the robot can attempt to
D.17. team's robot so that the ball's reflection doesn't reach 70 cm anymore, pick up the ball and dribble again. If the robot
what should we do, do we still take it, or the referee takes the ball, cannot pick up the ball, a teammate robot that
and the defensive position changes to offensive. satisfies the passing rule (RB-6.5.1) can pick up
the ball. If the dribble is not successful, the
game continues.

D.18. Can a dribbling hand be combined with other functions such as

Yes, it can.
passing?

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"In Rulebook (20240814 version), 6.4.2 states that ""dribbling robots

must not cover or surround the ball except for dribbling hand above
700mm"". Which of the following does this mean:
D.19. 1. Dribbling robots must not cover or surround the ball except for Meaning 1 is correct.
'dribbling hand above 700mm'.
2. Dribbling robots must not ‘cover or surround the ball above
700mm’ except for dribbling hand. In this case, below 700 mm, it
is OK to cover or surround the ball.”

According to 6.6.1, "Shooting robot must perform at least one dribble

at any point but before a shot for each instance of gaining control of
the ball." Assume robot is already in offensive side, below which
D.20. situation that robot is allowed to perform ball shooting action? Both situations are allowed to perform
shooting.
1. The robot moves to 3-point zone >> dribbling ball >> ball shooting
2. The robot moves to 3-point zone >> dribbling ball >> move to
another place in 3-point zone >> ball shooting"

No, a robot that advances to the offensive side

D.21. Does the robot that dribbles when entering the offensive side, still by dribbling does not need to dribble again
need to dribble once more before shooting? before shooting, as long as the ball’s control
has not been transferred.

1. If the robot’s wheels and base perimeter do

In Rulebook (20240814 version), 6.6.1 states that "a robot may shoot not move, it is allowed for the other
without dribbling if it shoots immediately upon gaining control of the mechanism to change direction before
ball without changing its location or while in the air". We assumed that shooting.
D.22. following situations would be allowed:
2. It is not allowed for the robot to rotate on
1. After a robot gains control of the ball, mechanism of the robot the spot using its moving mechanism.
other than tires moves. For example, mechanism for shooting
3. It is not allowed for the robot to move
changes its direction before shooting.
vertically (e.g., jumping) before shooting.

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2. After a robot gains control of the ball, the robot doesn't change its
location, but the robot uses tires to rotate on the spot before
shooting.
3. After a robot gains control of the ball, the robot moves vertically
before shooting. For example, the robot jumps in the place the
robot gains control of the ball.
Is our assumption correct?"

No, the robot does not need to dribble the ball

When the robot receives a pass, the robot must dribble the ball at while rotating. Dribbling is only necessary
D.23. least once so it can move from its position. Does the robot also have when the robot is advancing to the offensive
to dribble the ball when the robot rotates? side or before shooting. Rotation alone does
not require dribbling.

No, a pass that aims to enter the offensive side

is not considered a dribble. However,
D.24. Does a pass that aims to enter the offensive side count as a dribble according to Rulebook section 6.6.1, the
and the robot is allowed to shoot directly? receiving robot can shoot the ball immediately,
as long as it does not change its location or is
in the air.

There is no time limit for “shoots immediately”

"However, a robot may shoot without dribbling if it shoots
as long as the robot does not change its
D.25. immediately upon gaining control of the ball without changing its
location. “While in the air” refers to action of
location or while in the air." By the term "shoots immediately" is there
jumping, catching the ball and shooting it while
a time limit to it?"
in the air.

Yes, rotating by moving the mechanism or

D.26. If the robot rotates on the spot or jumped from where it received the
base perimeter, or jumping, will be considered
ball from passing, does it still count as not changing its location?
as changing the robot’s location.

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When doing a dunk shoot, assuming the robot successfully jumps and No, it does not. If the ball does not go into the
D.27. shoots, but the ball doesn't go into the basket, does that mean 7 basket during a dunk shoot, 7 points will not
points are still awarded? be awarded.

No, it cannot. Once a robot receives a pass in

the offensive area, it must dribble at least once
D.28. Once a robot receives a pass in the offensive area, can it move and
before attempting a dunk, unless it shoots
then dunk without dribbling?
immediately without changing its location or
while in the air, as per the rules.

In terms of dunk shooting, is it permissible for the robot not to have to

D.29. No, for a dunk shot, the robot must jump to
jump but there is a robot mechanism that can touch the basket, does
perform the action.
this include a dunk shoot?

There are no specific regulations regarding

jump height, airtime, or falling speed. However,
Are there any limitations on how high the robot can jump, how long it the safety of the robot and its surroundings
D.30. can stay in air, and how fast it must fall after the jump? For example, is must always be guaranteed. For the example,
it considered violation if a parachute or propeller mechanism (within no, the use of any kind of open-air force, such
the size limit) is used to slow down the fall before or after the shot? as blowing by a propeller, compressed air,
parachutes, or similar mechanisms, is
prohibited.

Yes, it is allowed for an offensive robot to

Is it allowed for an offensive robot to jump first, then receive the ball
jump first, then receive the ball from a pass,
D.31. from a pass, and then dunk it? In this case, is there any limitation
and then dunk it. There are no limitations on
about where the robot must jump from and how long it can stay in
where the robot must jump from or how long
air?
it can stay in the air.

We would like to ask about dunk shooting. In Rulebook (20240814

D.32. Yes, your interpretation is correct. A robot
version), 6.6.2.1 states that "a robot must jump 'independently' when
must jump independently when performing a
performing a dunk shooting". We interpreted this to mean that "when

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a robot jumps, it cannot be touching the teammate robot". Is our dunk shot, meaning it cannot be touching or
interpretation correct? If this interpretation is wrong, is a dunk relying on the teammate robot to jump.
shooting robot allowed to climb onto and jump off the teammate
robot?

No, during the dunk shooting attempt, the

Does an offensive robot need to be completely within the paint zone
offensive robot does not need to be within the
D.33. before jumping? Because if the defense robot stands directly under
paint zone before jumping. However, the ball
the basket, there is not enough space to move the entire offensive
must be released from within the paint zone as
robot within the paint zone.
per FAQ-A.19.

The angle of the ball’s trajectory must be

What does “direction of its fall after released by the robot.” mean? Is it below the horizontal direction after release by
permissible to shoot the ball by pushing it sideways or downward? the robot. The falling direction does not need
D.34. to be parabolic or a free fall. If the entire ball
For 6.6.2.3, does this refer to free fall? Does a free fall count as a shot passes through the basket from below, it will
if thrown against the ring from directly below? be considered a violation (as per FIBA rule
16.2.4).

When performing the "dropping" action described in rule 6.4.1, is it

permissible to apply lateral force to the ball or change the ball's falling
It is not prohibited to apply lateral force or roll
D.35. direction by rolling it on the robot (without applying force) under the
the ball on the robot during the “dropping”
definitions of dribbling or dunking in rules 6.4.1 and 6.6.2.3? If not,
action
how is this distinguished from the inertia that occurs when the robot
is dribbling while in motion?

Yes, it is a violation if a robot damages the

D.36. Is it a violation if a robot damages the backboard or basket while backboard or basket while performing a dunk
performing a dunk shot? shot. Depending on the severity of the damage
and the situation, the team can be disqualified.

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Refer to 6.3, can we intentionally lose control of the basketball and

D.37. If the passing action satisfies the rulebook
keep it rolling on the ground in order to pass it to the other robot
section 6.5.1, any form of passing is allowed.
from our team?

D.38. At the start of a game, is the offensive team allowed to make a pass It is not prohibited for the offensive team to
on their defensive side of the field? make a pass on their defensive side

According to 6.5, to be valid, the ball must be thrown to the teammate

robot from a distance of at least 1000 mm, measured from the
D.39. Yes, the passing and dribbling rules must be
nearest points of the robots." Is this rule still valid after both robots
always satisfied.
from offensive team enter the offensive side? For example, passing
the basketball below 1 m when both robots are in 3-point zone.

No, it is not allowed to use another robot to

D.40. protect the dribbling robot. Two robots of the
Is it possible to utilize another robot to protect our dribbling?
same team must maintain a distance of at least
1 m while dribbling.

During the competition, referees will visually

D.41. Rules 6.4.1 and 6.5.1 both refer to "measure distance". I like to know
check and judge the distance to ensure
how to measure and judge during the competition?
compliance with the rules.

D.42. What happens if the robot accidentally takes the ball out of the
Please, refer the RB-12.7.
playing field?

Can the offensive team’s robot pick up or rebound the ball in its
D.43. offensive zone? If it can't, why? If it can, does it have to still change Please, refer the RB-6.3.
possession if it gets the rebound ball after an unsuccessful shooting?

D.44. Rulebook states that “6.4.2 Dribbling robots must not cover or
Yes, it can.
surround the ball except for dribbling hand above 700 mm.”

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Can the ball be covered by the dribbling mechanism during initiating

or completing the dribble (mechanism is situated above 700mm and
inside the area of base perimeter)."

D.45. When an offensive team’s robot is dunking, can the defensive team’s
Yes, it can.
robots be in the paint zone?

Rule 6.3 says that the offensive team’s robot can pick up ball to
remain possession, and 8.2 says that the defensive team’s robot can
also pick up ball to gain possession. If so, can they pick up the ball
D.46. from the ground inside the game field? If it is true, after the offensive Please, refer the RB-12.1 and 12.2.
robot has dropped the ball on the ground, at what time can the
referee decide that it is unable to pick up the ball, i.e. loses the control
to the ball, and needs to send signal of possession change?

Advancing to the offensive side refers that the

There is nothing in Rule 6 that says the offensive team must enter its
offensive team to bring the ball into the
D.47. own offensive side within 8 seconds. Why does Rule 12.1 limit the
offensive side. Therefore, only the robot with
time within 8 seconds? Also, does the offensive team mentioned in
the control of the ball needs to be on the
12.1 refer to its one robot or all two robots?
offensive side within the given time interval.

Can ball be passed from one robot to another robot after ball is
D.48. dribbled on ground once? Can I pass the ball to second robot while Yes, both situations are allowed.
first robot is in moving condition?

When dribbling, the ball falls to the ground from a component of the When dribbling, the ball can bounce off the
D.49. robot. Does the ball bounce from the ground and have to return to ground and does not need to return to the
the same component? Or is it only needed to go back onto the robot? same component of the robot.

Rulebook states that “6.4.2 Dribbling robots must not cover or Yes, the dribbling mechanism can be placed
D.50.
surround the ball except for dribbling hand above 700 mm.” inside the area of the robot’s base perimeter.
However, if the ball bounces inside the robot’s

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Can the dribbling mechanism be situated at the height of more than base perimeter, it will be considered as being
700mm and inside the area of the base perimeter?" covered or surrounded, which is not allowed.
1. Ball goes out of the game field and is not
received by the own partner: Violation by
the offensive team. The offensive team
loses possession.
2. Ball is hit out of the game field by the
If the offensive team’s robot passes a ball to another robot, but: opponent’s robot on the way: Violation by
1. The ball goes out of the game field and is not received by the the offensive team. The offensive team
own partner. loses possession, but if the hitting robot of
2. The ball is hit out of the game field by the opponent's robot on the defensive team is in their offensive
D.51.
the way. side, it will be a violation by the defensive
3. The ball rebounds out of the game field after hitting the robot according to RB-12.8.
opponent's robot on the way. 3. Ball rebounds out of the game field after
hitting the opponent’s robot on the way:
How are these three situations made decision by referee?
Violation by the offensive team. The
offensive team loses possession, but if the
hitting robot of the defensive team is in
their offensive side, it will be a violation by
the defensive robot according to RB-12.8.

If the offensive team’s robot A passes the ball to own team’s another
D.52. Yes, if a robot does not control the ball (i.e.,
robot B, which is already in the offensive side, without dribbling in
after passing it), it can move freely.
own defensive side, can robot A still enter its offensive side?

After a dunk shot, team members are allowed

For Rule 6.6.2.4, how does a robot that grabs the basket ring after a to bring the hanging robot back to the playing
D.53. dunk shooting return to the ground again? If it jumps down, and falls area. If the dunking robot lands onto any other
or hits the opponent’s robot when it lands, who is responsible? robot, each team is responsible for their own
robot’s safety.

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1. When performing dunk shot, does the robot need to physically

hold and place the ball into basket or just shoot the ball into basket
while jumping in air? 1. Both are allowed.
2. What is the minimum jump height of dunk shot? and how does the 2. There is no minimum height requirement
D.54. referee discern the dunk shot jump is valid or not? for a dunk shot.
3. When the ball fall into the basket partially (not all portion of the 3. Yes, it counts as a score.
ball travel through basket) and get bounced out by the defensive
mechanism of defensive team does it count points for the
offensive team?

Update Feb 25, 2025

# Question Answer

Regarding 6.4.2, which states that the ball must not be covered or
surrounded except by a dribbling hand at a height of 700 mm or more,
D.55. does this apply only during dribbling? For example, when a player
The RB-6.4.2 applies only during dribbling.
receives a pass from a teammate's machine and loads the ball into the
mechanism that ejects it, is he considered to be covering or enclosing
the ball?

D.56. No, it is not compulsory to stay airborne until a

Is it compulsory to stay airborne until a dunk shot is scored?
dunk shot is scored.

When using a robotic arm to drop a ball from a height of 700mm, and No, during dribbling, the robot must not touch
D.57. the ball bounces, can we catch the ball immediately as it bounces or cover the ball until it reaches a height of
(robot touches the ball)? 700mm after bouncing.

Yes, a robot can move without dribbling after

D.58. Can a robot, upon gaining control of the ball, refrain from shooting,
gaining control of the ball and pass it to
move without dribbling, and then pass the ball to another robot?
another robot.

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No, it is not considered a dunk shot if the

D.59. If the robot jumps and catches the rim of the basket and then puts the
dunking robot holds any part of the basket
ball into the basket, will it be considered as a "Dunk Shot"?
before releasing the ball.

Robots can make contact using their base

While we are in offensive time and trying to shoot or dunk, to what
D.60. perimeter. However, if the tackle causes the
extent the defensive team can tackle our bots which are shooting? As
offensive robot to fall or be pushed, it will be
this is concerning!
considered a foul.

A momentary contact alone is not considered

Regarding 6.3, it says “pick up” the ball, but does “pick up” mean
D.61. picking up the ball. The referee will determine
“touch the ball” or “touch the ball with an arm, etc., so that the ball is
what constitutes control of the ball based on
fixed in the air (held in the air without moving the ball with the arm)”?
the game situation.

Referring to 6.6.1, does it mean that Robot A dribble and pass to

D.62. Robot B, if Robot B was standing still on ground and the base of Yes, your understanding is correct. Also, refer
Robot B didn't move any distance, then Robot B can shoot the ball to FAQ-A29.
into the net without dribbling right?

D.63. Referring to 6.4.1, when I am dribbling, the ball must drop from 700
Yes, your understanding is correct.
mm, and it also must bounce at least 700 mm. Is it correct?

According to section 6.6.1 in rulebook, is the robot allowed to dribble

D.64. once when passing through the offensive field and standing still in In this situation, the second dribble is
that position and throwing the ball all the time. Or you have to dribble unnecessary.
the ball a second time before being throw?

A shot counts as a success only if the entire

How is a basket considered valid for scoring (in any scoring scenario)?
D.65. ball passes through the basket downwards. If
For example, if only half of the ball passes through the ring and then
the ball passes halfway through the basket and
bounces out, does it count as a score?
then bounces out, it does not count as a goal.

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If we have possession of the ball can our robot 2 directly goes to

Yes, it is valid as long as the play meets the
D.66. offensive side which not have control of the ball and then our robot 1
requirements for passing and shooting outlined
passes the ball to robot 2 and then shoot is performed by robot 2
in the RB and FAQ.
(consider shoot is done in 3-point zone) is it valid?

If we lose to dribble the ball and the ball rolls on the ground does our
D.67. Yes, it will be considered a pass. Also, refer to
Robot1 which was dribbling the ball moves aside from the ball of 1 m
FAQ-A12.
and our robot2 picks up the ball, will it be considered as passing?

Momentary contact with the basket before

D.68. Can the robot jump and grip the hoop before releasing the ball? The
releasing the ball is permitted, but grabbing the
robot is technically "in the air"
basket is not allowed.
Revision Mar 14, 2025
Is it considered a foul if an offensive robot touches the defensive
robot’s base perimeter or inside base perimeter with: 1. Inside base perimeter:
1.1. If the defensive robot moves into
1. With the ball?
contact, it is not a foul, regardless of
whether the contact is made by the
ball or ball-handling arm.
1.2. If the offensive robot enters and makes
D.69. contact, it is an offensive team’s foul,
regardless of whether the contact is
made by the ball or ball-handling arm.
2. With the ball-handling arm?
2. Base perimeter:
Contact with the base perimeter is not
considered a foul, regardless of whether
the contact is made by the ball or ball-
handling arm, and regardless of which
robot initiates the contact.

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E. Possession change

Update Dec 20, 2024

# Question Answer

If a basketball stays or rolls on the ground, the offensive and

E.1. defensive teams’ robots fight and scramble for the ball, and the ball is Please, refer the RB-12.7.
forced out of the game field. How to deal with it?

Update Feb 25, 2025

# Question Answer

The rule states that "all robots must come to a complete stop at their
current positions" during a possession change. Does this apply to Robots that are airborne at the time of a
E.2. robots that might be in the air at the time of the possession change possession change must land promptly and
signal, such as during a jump or dunk attempt? If so, how should they come to a stop.
comply with this rule?

When the defensive team steals the ball and

If we intercept the ball and take possession, but choose to continue
E.3. chooses to continue the game without a
the game without a shot clock reset, and the shot clock runs out, does
change of possession procedure, the shot
possession go to the opponent, or do we retain possession?
clock will automatically reset.

After performing a dunk shoot and hanging onto the basket, can the Team members are allowed to manually take
E.4. robot be taken by the team manually? Or the robot must the robot and place it back on the game field
do it by itself? after performing a dunk shot.

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F. Defensive team

Update Dec 20, 2024

# Question Answer

If the robot shoots outside the game field, what will the consequence If a robot shoots from outside the playing area,
F.1.
be? and what will happen after that? it is considered a violation.

1. Defensive robots are allowed to protect

the basket nearby; however, no robot,
whether defensive or offensive, is
permitted to touch or hold the backboard,
basket, or net, except for an offensive
In defensive terms, is it permissible for the robot mechanism to close robot performing a dunk shot, which is
the basket (this closing condition means the robot mechanism is around allowed to touch the basket during the
F.2.
the basket), if it is permissible, is it permissible for the defensive team dunking action.
robot to touch the basket or accidentally touch the basket or ball? 2. If a defensive robot touches the ball while
it is on its way down toward the basket, on
its way up toward the basket after touching
the backboard, or in the cylinder above the
basket, it is considered goaltending, and the
shot will be counted as a score.

The defensive team is only allowed to take

Can the defensive team go and attack, steal ball, or defend on the side defensive actions, such as stealing the ball, or
F.3.
of the game field? defending, within their defensive side of the
game field.

Defensive action is defined as any action that

F.4. What is the definition of “defensive action”?
disrupts the motion or strategy of the offensive
robots, as specified in Rulebook section 8,

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except for actions restricted by the rules and

clarifications provided in the FAQ.

When the defense team rebounds or gets the ball from the offense
F.5. team and wants to immediately make a possession change without a Yes, the shot clock will be reset.
signal from the referee, is the shot clock reset?

What is the procedure if a defensive robot is damaged during the

F.6. Please, refer the RB-11.
passing of the ball as a result of its defensive actions?

Yes, it is considered a defensive action if the

ball touches defensive team robots inside the
defensive team’s offensive zone, whether
Refer to 12.8, is it a defensive action if the ball accidentally touches intentional or not. Defensive actions refer to
F.7. defensive team robots inside the defensive team’s offensive zone? any actions by the defensive team that
Please specify defensive actions. disrupts the offensive team’s play, including
blocking, intercepting, or deflecting the ball, or
causing the ball to change direction or location,
regardless of intent.

Rulebook states that “8.4 If the defensive team fails to transition to their
Referring to Rule 8.4, the restriction applies
defensive side within a time frame that is given by the referee, they are
only to the defensive robot that is still on the
prohibited from taking any defensive actions until they complete the
offensive side. Once that robot transitions to
F.8. transition.” the defensive side, the defensive team can
Can the defending team resume defending when only one robot has resume defending, even if the other robot has
not yet completed the transition.
completed the transition to the defensive side?

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Update Feb 25, 2025

# Question Answer

F.9. Is the defensive team’s robot allowed to jump and block a shooting ball? Yes, it is allowed.

Yes, a defending robot is allowed to stand in the

1. Can the defending robot stand in the paint zone when the
paint zone. However, if the robot’s actions are
attacking robot dunks?
deemed to significantly interfere with gameplay,
F.10. 2. Is a robot allowed to stand under the basketball net for 20
such as by initiating collisions or obstructing
seconds on the defensive side to prevent offensive robots
play in an unsportsmanlike manner, it may result
from dunking?
in a foul or disqualification.

In situations other than a referee-controlled

possession change, if the defensive team gains
control of the ball, they immediately become
In 8.2.1, it's mentioned that the robot starts their attack without waiting
the offensive team and can start their offense
for a referee's signal, but in 8.2.2, they may request the referee to
F.11. without waiting for a referee's signal, as the
initiate the possession change. Could you clarify under what situations
game is not stopped. Alternatively, the team can
one would start with or without the referee’s signal?
request the referee to pause the game and
initiate the possession change process before
starting their offense.

Is it considered a foul if a defensive robot touches an offensive robot's:

1. Extended arm holding the ball but outside the base perimeter? 1. No, it is not.
F.12. 2. No, it is not.
3. Yes, it is.

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2. Ball held outside the base perimeter?

3. Ball held inside the base perimeter?

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G. Fouls

Update Dec 20, 2024

# Question Answer

In Rulebook (20240814 version), 9.1 states that "if a robot enters the
opposing robot's base perimeter and touches anything other than the
base perimeter, it will be considered a foul". If we intentionally use the
parts of our robot that are inside our base perimeter to hit the parts of
the opposing robot that are outside of their base perimeter, is this In this situation, please refer to the BR-13. The
G.1. considered as a foul for the opposing team? situation will be judged by the referee.
We assume that this would not be a foul for the opposing team, as
this could be used strategically to force the opposing team to get a
foul. This seems to go against fair play. Also, if this action was allowed,
robots would get easily damaged, which goes against safety.

If both robots are moving and come into

contact, the determining factor for a foul is
whether one robot is pushing the other. If one
In rule book 9.2, how to determine if a robot is pushing another
robot causes the other to move in the
G.2. robot? For example, when both robots are simultaneously moving and
direction of the push or causes it to fall, the
bump into each other, which team commits a foul?
robot initiating the push will be considered to
have committed a foul. The referee will make
the final judgment in such cases.

In Rule Book 9.2.3.3, how to determine if a robot is performing a dunk

G.3. Please, refer to the RB-6.6.2.2.
shot?

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In RB-9.4.5, “its position” refers to the robot’s

In Rule Book 9.4.5, “its position” refers to the robot’s standing or
G.4. standing or operational position at the time it
operational position at the time it fell.
fell.

In this situation, the game can resume by one of

two options:

The situation described in Rule 9.4.5 is that the offensive team’s robot 1. The team member can load the ball onto
is knocked down after the defensive team’s robot fouls, and within 10 the fouled robot within the given time
G.5. seconds it is returned to its position and the referee resumes the game. frame, allowing the robot to resume play
However, if the offensive robot does not have ae ball at this time, how with control of the ball.
can the game be resumed? 2. Alternatively, once the game resumes, the
robot can pick up the ball from the playing
area, as long as it is in compliance with the
rules for possession and movement.
1. A foul is a breach of the rules involving
physical contact. It is committed by a robot
against an opponent.
A violation occurs when a robot breaks a
In Sections 9 and 12 of the Rulebook for ABU Robocon 2025, "Foul" rule mostly without involving physical
and "Violation" are stated respectively. This has never been the case in contact. This could involve actions like
the past twenty-three years of ABU Robocon. (1) What’s the difference moving the ball out of bounds, not following
G.6.
between these two terms? Can you give an exact definition for them? the required time limits, or failing to execute
(2) In Section 9, Rules 9.1 and 9.2 describe two behaviors that are specific tasks correctly, without direct
"Foul". Are there any other congeneric behaviors? interference with an opponent.

2. Other potential fouls can include actions

like holding, lifting, or blocking the
opponent’s robot in an illegal manner, or
actions that physically disrupt the

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opponent’s robot in ways not permitted by

the rules.

In accordance with Rule 9.2, if after a robot Ra contact with the

opponent’s robot Rb and then pushes Rb, Ra's action will be considered
The pushing action will be determined by the
as foul. How to decide if Rb is pushed by Ra? If Rb has the function of
G.7. referee based on the observed interaction
automatically backing away after being touched, the referee saw was
between the robots.
that Ra made contact with Rb and Rb stepped back some distance. So,
could the referee determine Ra makes foul?

Update Feb 25, 2025

# Question Answer

Regarding 9.1, does “entering the base perimeter” mean crossing into
“Inside the base perimeter” is defined as the
the area inside the foam rubber protective bars, or does it mean that
G.8. space formed by the vertical extension of a
the orthographic projections of my robot and the opposing robot’s
cylinder inscribed in the base perimeter.
base perimeter overlap?

What happens if another part of the robot besides its base

G.9. It is considered a foul.
circumference touches the opponent's base circumference?

It is not considered a foul during the landing

Is it considered a foul if the robot enters and touches the opponent’s process, but it is not permitted after the robot
G.10.
base perimeter when it lands after jumping? has landed. Each circumstance will be judged
by the referee.

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Regarding 9.1, it says that touching a robot outside the base perimeter
Robots making contact with parts of opposing
while entering the base perimeter is considered a foul, but is it a foul if
G.11. teams’ robots that are outside of the base
the robot touches a part that has expanded outside the base
perimeter’s cylinder is not considered a foul.
perimeter?

1. In Rule Book 9.4.5, what is the criteria for determining if a robot 1. The referee will decide if the robot has
has fallen? fallen.
G.12. 2. The robot should be returned to the
2. In Rule Book 9.4.5, what does “its position” refer to? Where should
the robot be returned to? position just before it was fouled.
1. Disturbing the movement is allowed but
1. Since it is allowed to touch the base perimeter of an opposing refer to Rule 9.2. Judgment will be made by
robot, does this include using said base perimeter to disrupt/block referees.
its movement? 2. A ball held inside the base perimeter is
G.13. 2. Rule 9.1 states that entering the opponent’s base perimeter and considered part of the robot. A ball held
touching “anything” other than the base perimeter is a foul. Does outside the base perimeter is not
“anything” include the ball? If so, would touching the ball within the considered part of the robot (but note that
opponent’s base perimeter be considered a foul? for height measurement, the ball is
considered part of the robot).

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H. Reconfiguration

Update Dec 20, 2024

# Question Answer

We have a question about placing a robot back in the playing area after
reconfiguration. In Rulebook (20240814 version), 11.5 states that
"Team members are allowed to enter the playing area to bring their
robots but are prohibited from entering the playing area to place their
robots back." When placing the robots back, which of the following
does “prohibited from entering” mean:

H.1. 1. Team members cannot step into the playing area, but a part of a Meaning 1 is correct.
team member's body entering the space above the playing area is
OK. In other words, team members can manually place the robot
back into the playing area.
2. No part of a team member's body can enter the playing area,
including the space above. In other words, the robot in the
operating area must autonomously enter the playing area by
stepping over the fence.

Rulebook 11.4 states that “If teams place robots back into the playing
area while the game is in progress, the robot must enter from the Robots may return to the playing area
defensive side of the offensive team when remaining robots of the regardless of the positions of other robots;
H.2. offensive team are on the offensive team’s offensive side.” however, they must re-enter from the offensive
team’s defensive side and be placed in a manner
What happens if one of the offensive teams' robots is on the defensive that does not disrupt the flow of the game.
side?

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Update Feb 25, 2025

# Question Answer

Yes, but this power source can only be used for

H.3. Can we use air tanks as spare mechanisms?
the spare mechanism.

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I. Violations

Update Dec 20, 2024

# Question Answer

The offensive robot passing the ball to another offensive's robot and
the defensive's robot willing to steal or block the ball that cause
I.1. No, it does not.
defensive's robot damage in some part. Does offensive's team consider
as violation?

In Rule 12.1, what is the definition of advance to their offensive side?

I.2. All contact area being on the offensive side? Area projected by the Please, refer the RB-6.2.
robot fully inside the offensive side.

Update Feb 25, 2025

# Question Answer

Yes, teams have the right to appeal a referee’s

If on the competition day, during a match, the referee believes we have decision if they believe a violation has been
committed a violation that is not mentioned in the latest official judged unfairly and is not mentioned in the
I.3.
rulebook or FAQ, do we have the right to appeal the referee's decision? latest official rulebook or FAQ. The specific
And in such a case, how can we protect our rights appeal process and guidelines will be provided
later by the organizers.

Under what conditions is a robot considered to have left the playing If any part of the robot touches outside the
I.4. area? Is it allowed to pass through the airspace above the top of the playing area, it will be considered as having left
fence? the playing area. Additionally, no part of the

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robot should extend into the space above the

fence.

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Robot Basketball - Team Effort, Ultimate Success ABU ROBOCON 2025 Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

J. Robots

Update Feb 25, 2025

# Question Answer

Is it permissible to use radio control like the one on remote drones?

J.1. to control the robot? but the communication still follows the applicable Please, refer RB-14
frequency standards.
We have a question about initial and extend limits of dimensions of the
robots. Rulebook (20240814 version) states that "15.1.1 Each robot
must fit within a cylinder with dimensions of 800 mm (diameter) x 1500
mm (height) before a game starts." and "15.1.3 During the game, robots
can extend up to diameter of 1200 mm above their base perimeter, Yes, your assumption is correct. The cylinders
with a maximum height of 2.4 meters." Regarding the 800 mm circle at representing the base perimeter and the
J.2.
the base of the initial cylinder and the 1200 mm circle at the base of extended body during gameplay do not need to
the extension cylinder, we assumed that these two circles do not need be concentric.
to be concentric. Is our assumption correct? We assumed this because
if the two circles need to be concentric, the diameter of dribbling hand
would have to be less than 200 mm. This would seem to make it too
difficult for the robots to dribble.
The rule 15.1.3 says "During the game, robots can extend up to 1. Yes, the word “above” in Rule 15.1.3 means
diameter of 1200 mm above their base perimeter". that the 1200 mm extension limit applies
only to the area directly above the base
J.3. Does the word "above" here mean that the 1200 mm extension limit perimeter.
only applies to anything that is on top of the base perimeter? Meaning 2. Robots’ extension mechanisms can be front
we cannot have anything in front of the base perimeter? of its base perimeter.
Can the robot extend from above the base perimeter horizontally within Revision Mar 14, 2025
J.4.
the limit and then extend vertically downwards until it is just above the

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bottom surface of the base perimeter or even below the base Yes, it can.
perimeter?
The height of the robots is measured between
Regarding the extended dimensions of the robots, does the height the highest and lowest points of the robot. If
J.5. measurement from the base perimeter begin from the top surface or the robot has a control of the ball, the ball will
bottom surface of the perimeter or from the playing area? be considered as a part of the robot for height
measurement.
The horizontal expansion of the robot is
Would the horizontal expansion of the robot be allowed above the top
J.6. permitted only above the top surface of the
surface or bottom surface of the base perimeter?
base perimeter, not below the base perimeter.
Rule 15.1.3 states: "During the game, robots can extend up to diameter
of 1200 mm above their base perimeter." Regarding this "extension,"
which of the following interpretations is correct?
1. The robot can extend up to a diameter of 1200 mm within a
cylinder that is concentric with the base perimeter, and only
above the base perimeter. This means the extended parts must
share the same center as the base perimeter, and the extension The correct interpretation is:
can only occur above it; no extensions can occur to the sides or 3. The robot can extend up to a diameter of
J.7. below the base perimeter. 1200 mm within a cylinder that is not
2. The robot can extend up to a diameter of 1200 mm within a concentric with the base perimeter, but
cylinder that is concentric with the base perimeter, both above only above the base perimeter.
and alongside the base perimeter. Here, the extended parts must
share the same center as the base perimeter, and the extension
can occur both above and alongside it, as long as it stays within a
cylinder of diameter 1200 mm.
3. The robot can extend up to a diameter of 1200 mm within a
cylinder that is not concentric with the base perimeter, but only

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above the base perimeter. In this case, the extended parts do not
need to share the same center as the base perimeter, but the
extension can only occur above it; no extensions can occur to the
sides or below the base perimeter.
4. The robot can extend up to a diameter of 1200 mm within a
cylinder that is not concentric with the base perimeter, both
above and alongside the base perimeter. This means the
extended parts do not need to share the same center as the base
perimeter, and the extension can occur both above and alongside
it, as long as it stays within a cylinder of diameter 1200 mm.
No, any kind of open-air mechanism, such as
Can we use vacuum - based mechanisms, such that relative pressure
J.8. blowing or suction using propellers or
between vacuum and atmosphere does not increase beyond 600kPa?
compressed air, is prohibited.
Can the robot temporarily shrink, extend or bend its base perimeter Yes, the robot can temporarily shrink, extend, or
J.9. such that it still follows all rules mentioned in Sec 15 and Sec 1 - Term bend its base perimeter, as long as it complies
2? with all the rules regarding the base perimeter.
Are we able to bring different spare parts for each game, as long as the
Yes, teams can use different spare parts in
total weight for two robots (including spare parts, robots, base
J.10. different games if the requirement of the total
perimeter and anything mentioned in rule book) are within the weight
weight is satisfied.
limit?
Is 50kg the max weight of both robots combined or up to 50kg per
J.11. Please, refer RB-15.2.
robot?
Will there be any speed limit of the ball shot out by a robot? Will there
J.12. There is no speed limitation for robots.
be any limitations of the speed of the robot?
In the Rule 15.2.1, the weight of the robot includes the weight of its
Yes, it does. When robots are weighed, the
spare mechanism. Does this mean that the original mechanism and the
J.13. original mechanism and the spare mechanism
spare mechanism of the robot should be weighed together when the
should be weighed together.
robot is weighed?

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Rule 14.2 only allows RF communication between the remote

Yes, robots can communicate with each other,
controller and the robot. Can a team's two robots communicate with
J.14. as long as the communication complies with the
each other using radio frequency? If they can’t, how do two
rulebook.
autonomous robots cooperate closely to play basketball?
We use double battery which is 20V for each one. Can we use both in
J.15. Please, refer RB-15.3.3.
series. It still under 42V in law.
Yes, it can. Both robots can be equipped with a
shooting mechanism, or only one robot can
J.16. Can shooting mechanism be only on one robot?
have the mechanism, depending on the team’s
design.
No, the robot cannot catch the ball and dunk
without dribbling. However, a robot can
J.17. Can the robot catch the ball and dunk without dribbling?
perform an alley-oop dunk without dribbling
(refer RB-6.6.1).
Yes, it is possible to use a mobile, tablet, or
laptop for remote control of the robot, as long
J.18. Can we use a mobile/tablet/laptop for a remote control of the robot?
as it complies with the requirements specified
in RB-14.
No, you can only use the communication
mentioned in the Rulebook. The Robocon
Organizing Committee restricts RF
1. Does ESP-NOW allowable? Because ESP-NOW operates on the
communication to standardized protocols such
J.19. same 2.4 GHz frequency as Wi-Fi and uses raw 802.11 packets.
as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and Zigbee to ensure
2. Can robots use radio like "NRF24l01"?
security, safety, and ease of regulation during
the competition. These protocols comply with
internationally recognized standards, allowing

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teams to prevent interference and maintain

consistent communication.
No, suction mechanisms are not allowed inside
J.20. Can we use suction for certain mechanism inside robot?
the robot.
FPV goggles are not allowed. However, a
Can we use camera on the robot and FPV goggles or computer screen
screen can be used as part of the controlling
J.21. to control the robot? FPV goggles and computer screen should
device to monitor the camera feed from the
probably be considered as part of the controlling device.
robot.
If the ball is not supposed to have open volume around it while
Yes, the ball must be dribbled outside of the
J.22. dribbling, does it mean we have to dribble it outside the base perimeter
base perimeter.
only?
Are we allowed to use dummy basketball hoops as a hand to trick the No, teams are not allowed to use dummy
opponent into locking onto our dummy basketball hoop instead of the basketball hoops or similar deceptive
J.23.
actual basketball hoop, which will be useful for defending against mechanisms, as this goes against the principle
automated robots. of fair play.
No, it is not mandatory for the robot to jump,
J.24. Does it mandatory for robot to jump rather only for the dunk shooting?
except when performing a dunk shot.
Is it mandatory that we have to make a spare mechanism for special No, it is not mandatory to have a spare
J.25.
task? mechanism for a special task.
Please, refer to the RB-15.1. Spare parts can be
used as long as they comply with the extended
Can Spare part be used such that with the spare part it will exceed initial
J.26. dimension limits specified in the rules.
dimension but be within extended limit?
However, the robot’s initial dimensions must
still adhere to the rule before the game starts.
No, robots are not allowed to hold the
Are we allowed to hold onto the basketball hoop rim, then transport
J.27. basketball hoop (rim, hoop, or net) before
the ball up the hand into the basketball hoop while dunking?
releasing the ball during a dunk.

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J.28. Can 3 team members control 2 robots at the same time? Yes, they can.

For the robot’s visual appearance beyond the

base perimeter, ABU Robocon 2025’s
organizing committee allows the use of
numbers for team identification. However,
The rule specifies the color of the base perimeter. We would like to markings or colors that resemble sponsor logos,
confirm if there are any regulations regarding the visual appearance of images of basketballs, or commercial proposals
J.29. the robot beyond the base perimeter. Specifically, are there any are not permitted. The primary concern is to
restrictions on using markings or colors on other parts of the robot for ensure that such markings do not interfere with
AI visual purposes during the game? fair play or the aesthetic standards of the
competition. Therefore, using numbers for
identification is acceptable, but other types of
visual elements must adhere to these
restrictions.
No, vacuum systems for jumping are not
J.30. Is vacuum allowed for jumping?
allowed. Please, refer FAQ-J8.
In the Rulebook 15.1.2 states that " Each robot's base perimeter must
not exceed the diameter of 800 mm at all times." "So, if another part of No, it does not violate the rule. Also, refer to
J.31.
the robot on the base perimeter is lowered to pick up the ball, does it FAQ-J3.
violate this rule?
The primary purpose of using foam rubber is to
absorb potential shocks and ensure the safety
Is it necessary to design the chassis specifically to accommodate the of both the robots and team members.
J.32.
foam rubber, or are there alternative solutions? Therefore, teams may use alternative materials,
provided they fulfill the same function of shock
absorption and safety.

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K. Others

Update Feb 25, 2025

# Question Answer

We could not find any statement about use of wind in the Rulebook
(20240814 version). We assumed it is not allowed to use wind
K.1. (generated by a mechanism like an air blower) to change a trajectory of Yes, your assumption is correct.
a ball, since it seems to go against the theme of 'basketball'. Is our
assumption correct?
We could not find any statement about the surface of base perimeter
in the rulebook (20240814 version). We assumed it is not allowed to
give the surface of the base perimeter a mirror finish, since this may Yes, your assumption is correct. The surface of
K.2.
cause sensors to malfunction. This may, for example, disturb the the base perimeter must have a matte finish.
recognition of the opponent team's robots and lead robots to crash into
each other, which is unsafe.
There is no specific speed limit mentioned for
the ball in the rulebook. However, safety is the
Is there ball speed limit? As it is quite dangerous to shoot basketball in top priority, so it’s important that teams
K.3.
high speed. consider the potential risks associated with
high-speed shots and ensure their designs are
safe for all participants.
In the ABU Robocon 2025 international
What color is the basketball used in the game? Would it be OK if a team
K.4. contest, the Molten BG3800 basketball will be
painted its robot the same color as a basketball?
used (refer the following figure).

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As for painting a robot the same color as the

basketball, it is not prohibited.
No, it is not allowed at any time for a robot to
K.5. Can our robot someway hold backboard before dunk shot?
hold the backboard
Can we use VR headset which receives a video feed from the camera
K.6. No, using a VR headset is not allowed.
on the robot?
Please contact your domestic Robocon contest
1. How do I participate in your competition? organizer. If you don’t have a domestic contest
K.7.
2. When will registration starts for Robocon 2025? organizer, please contact us via the following
email address: [email protected].
If deemed dangerous by the referee, the game
What happens if a small component such as a bolt, nut, or screw comes will be stopped immediately, and the parts will
K.8.
off the robot during the game? be removed. Otherwise, the dropped parts will
be collected during the possession change.
The rule is designed to encourage teams to
Section 10.3.1 states that in a tie situation, the team with fewer attempt more challenging shots, such as dunk
K.9. successful shots wins the game. Could you clarify how this rule is shots. For example, if Teams A and B are tied at
justified? 7:7 at the end of the game, but Team A
achieved a single dunk shot worth 7 points,

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while Team B scored two 2-point shots and one

3-point shot, Team A would be declared the
winner.

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