Scribd
Upload
5 views

IP_Addressing_and_Routing_Protocols (1)

The document covers IP addressing and routing protocols, detailing fixed length and variable length subnet masking techniques, as well as the differences between IPv4 and IPv6 protocols. It explains the types of routing protocols, including static, dynamic, and default routing, and categorizes them into distance vector, link state, and hybrid protocols. The document concludes with the importance of choosing the appropriate routing protocol for efficient network communication.

Uploaded by

chapterbave
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
5 views

IP_Addressing_and_Routing_Protocols (1)

The document covers IP addressing and routing protocols, detailing fixed length and variable length subnet masking techniques, as well as the differences between IPv4 and IPv6 protocols. It explains the types of routing protocols, including static, dynamic, and default routing, and categorizes them into distance vector, link state, and hybrid protocols. The document concludes with the importance of choosing the appropriate routing protocol for efficient network communication.

Uploaded by

chapterbave
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

IP Addressing and Routing Protocols

---

### Question 1: Fixed Length and Variable Length Subnet Masking (10 Marks)

#### 1. Fixed Length Subnet Masking (FLSM)

Definition:
FLSM is a subnetting technique where all subnets are of equal size. Each subnet has the same number o

Key Features:
- Simple and uniform
- Easy to implement and manage
- May lead to wastage of IP addresses

Example:
Class C Network: 192.168.1.0/24
Requirement: 4 equal subnets

- Bits borrowed: 2 (2^2 = 4)


- New subnet mask: /26 = 255.255.255.192

| Subnet | Network Address | Host Range | Broadcast Address |


|--------|---------------------|------------------------|-------------------|
|1 | 192.168.1.0/26 | 192.168.1.1 - 62 | 192.168.1.63 |
|2 | 192.168.1.64/26 | 192.168.1.65 - 126 | 192.168.1.127 |
|3 | 192.168.1.128/26 | 192.168.1.129 - 190 | 192.168.1.191 |
|4 | 192.168.1.192/26 | 192.168.1.193 - 254 | 192.168.1.255 |

Diagram:
192.168.1.0/24
■■■ Subnet 1: 192.168.1.0/26
■■■ Subnet 2: 192.168.1.64/26
■■■ Subnet 3: 192.168.1.128/26
■■■ Subnet 4: 192.168.1.192/26

#### 2. Variable Length Subnet Masking (VLSM)

Definition:
VLSM allows subnetting a network into subnets of different sizes based on host requirements.

Key Features:
- Efficient IP address utilization
- Complex to design and manage

Example:
Network: 192.168.1.0/24
Requirements:
- Subnet A: 100 hosts
- Subnet B: 50 hosts
- Subnet C: 25 hosts
- Subnet D: 10 hosts
| Subnet | Network Address | Host Range | Broadcast Address |
|--------|---------------------|------------------------|-------------------|
|A | 192.168.1.0/25 | 192.168.1.1 - 126 | 192.168.1.127 |
|B | 192.168.1.128/26 | 192.168.1.129 - 190 | 192.168.1.191 |
|C | 192.168.1.192/27 | 192.168.1.193 - 222 | 192.168.1.223 |
|D | 192.168.1.224/28 | 192.168.1.225 - 238 | 192.168.1.239 |

Diagram:
192.168.1.0/24
■■■ Subnet A: 192.168.1.0/25 (100 hosts)
■■■ Subnet B: 192.168.1.128/26 (50 hosts)
■■■ Subnet C: 192.168.1.192/27 (25 hosts)
■■■ Subnet D: 192.168.1.224/28 (10 hosts)

---

### Question 2: IPv4 and IPv6 Protocols (20 Marks)

#### 1. Introduction to Network Layer


The Network Layer (Layer 3 of the OSI model) handles logical addressing, routing, and forwarding of pac

#### 2. IPv4 Protocol

Key Features:
- 32-bit address
- ~4.3 billion unique addresses
- Dotted decimal notation (e.g., 192.168.1.1)
- Uses ARP and broadcasting
- Header size: 20–60 bytes

IPv4 Header Diagram:


+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Version| IHL |Type of | Length |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Identification | Flags | Offset |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| TTL | Protocol | Header Checksum |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Source IP Address |
| Destination IP Address |
+----------------------------------+

#### 3. IPv6 Protocol

Key Features:
- 128-bit address
- ~3.4 x 10^38 addresses
- Hexadecimal format (e.g., 2001:db8::1)
- No broadcasting; uses multicast
- Header size: Fixed 40 bytes
- IPSec support mandatory
IPv6 Header Diagram:
+----------------------------------------+
| Version | Traffic Class | Flow Label |
+----------------------------------------+
| Payload Length | Next Header | Hop Limit|
+----------------------------------------+
| Source IP Address (128 bits) |
+----------------------------------------+
| Destination IP Address (128 bits) |
+----------------------------------------+

#### 4. Differences Between IPv4 and IPv6

| Feature | IPv4 | IPv6 |


|--------------------|------------------------------|-------------------------------|
| Address Length | 32 bits | 128 bits |
| Address Format | Decimal | Hexadecimal |
| NAT | Required | Not required |
| Broadcast Support | Yes | No (uses multicast) |
| Header Size | 20-60 bytes (variable) | 40 bytes (fixed) |
| Configuration | Manual or DHCP | Auto-configuration supported |
| Security | Optional | Built-in (IPSec mandatory) |

#### 5. Address Example

IPv4: 192.168.1.1

IPv6: 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:ff00:0042:8329 or compressed: 2001:db8::ff00:42:8329

#### 6. Summary
IPv6 was introduced to overcome IPv4 limitations. It enables scalability, better routing efficiency, and inte

---

### Question 3: Routing Protocols (15 Marks)

#### 1. Introduction to Routing Protocols


Routing protocols determine the best path for forwarding packets across interconnected networks.

#### 2. Types of Routing


- Static Routing: Manually set by admin
- Dynamic Routing: Automatically adapts using routing protocols
- Default Routing: Routes packets to a default gateway when no specific path is known

#### 3. Types of Routing Protocols

| Category | Protocols |
|-----------------------|-----------------------------|
| Distance Vector | RIP, IGRP |
| Link State | OSPF, IS-IS |
| Hybrid | EIGRP |
| Exterior Gateway | BGP |
#### 4. Distance Vector Protocols
- Share routing tables with neighbors
- Use hop count as a metric
- Example: RIP (max hop count = 15)

Diagram:
R1 ----- R2 ----- R3
| | |
A B C

Each router only knows the distance (hop count) to destinations.

#### 5. Link State Protocols


- Each router has a full map of the network
- Uses Dijkstra’s Algorithm to find best paths
- Example: OSPF

Diagram:
R2
/ \
R1 R3
\ /
R4

Routers share Link State Advertisements (LSAs) with all others.

#### 6. Hybrid Protocols


- Combine features of both distance vector and link state
- Example: EIGRP (Cisco proprietary)

#### 7. Interior vs Exterior Gateway Protocols

| Type | Use Case | Example |


|---------|-------------------------------|----------------|
| IGP | Within an AS (organization) | RIP, OSPF |
| EGP | Between AS (ISPs) | BGP |

BGP Diagram:
[AS1] ---- BGP ---- [AS2]
| |
[Router A] [Router B]

#### 8. Conclusion
Routing protocols ensure reliable and efficient path selection. Proper protocol choice depends on network

---

End of Document

You might also like