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Lecture 4.PDF

The lecture covers the concepts of probability distributions and random variables, distinguishing between discrete and continuous types. It explains how to calculate the mean, variance, and standard deviation for discrete probability distributions, providing examples and solutions. Additionally, it includes assignments for further practice on these topics.

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5 views17 pages

Lecture 4.PDF

The lecture covers the concepts of probability distributions and random variables, distinguishing between discrete and continuous types. It explains how to calculate the mean, variance, and standard deviation for discrete probability distributions, providing examples and solutions. Additionally, it includes assignments for further practice on these topics.

Uploaded by

ahmedtwit45
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Applied Statistics

Lecture 4

Dr. Lamiaa Elboraey

lec 4 1
GOALS of lecture:

➢ Define the terms probability distribution and


random variable.

➢ Distinguish between discrete and continuous


probability distributions.

➢ Calculate the mean, variance, and standard


deviation of a discrete probability distribution.
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Discrete probability distributions

DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE: A random variable that can assume only


certain separated values.
What Is a Probability Distribution?
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION A listing of all the outcomes of an
experiment and the probability associated with each outcome.

Characteristics of a probability distribution


1- 0≤ 𝑷 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏 the probability of a particular outcome is between 0 ,1
2- σ 𝑷 𝒙 = 𝟏 the sum of the probabilities of all outcomes is 1.

lec 4 3
Random Variables
Random variable: a quantity resulting from an experiment
that, by chance, can assume different values.

4
Types of Random Variables
➢Discrete Random Variables can assume only certain
separated values. It is usually the result of counting something
Examples: The number of students in a class, children in a
family,…..
➢Continuous Random Variables can assume an infinite
number of values within a given range. It is usually the result
of some type of measurement
Examples: The distance to travel, time, the weight……
5
Features of a Discrete Distribution

The main features of a discrete probability distribution


are:
➢The sum of the probabilities of the various outcomes is
1.00.
➢The probability of a particular outcome is between 0
and 1.00.
➢The outcomes are mutually exclusive.

6
Example 1: Three tables listed below show "random variables" and
their "probabilities." However, only one of these is a probability
distribution.
a. Which is it?
X P(X) X P(X) X P(X)
5 0.3 5 0.1 5 0.5
10 1.2 10 0.3 10 0.3
15 0.2 15 0.2 15 -0.2
20 0.4 20 0.4 20 0.4

b.Using the correct probability distribution, find the probability that x is:
(1) Exactly 15.
(2) More than 5.
(3) More than or equal to 15.
(4) No more than 10.
(5) More than 20.
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Solution:
A- the actual probability distribution is the second
table
B-
1- p(x=15)=0.2
2- p(x<5)= 0.3+0.2+0.4=0.9
3- p(x ≥ 15) = 0.2 + 0.4 = 0.6
4- p(x≤ 10) = 0.1 + 0.3 = 0.4
5- p(x<20)= p (∅) = 0
lec 4 8
The Mean, Variance,
and Standard Deviation
of a Probability Distribution

MEAN of a probability distribution: The mean is a typical value used to represent the central
location of a probability distribution
𝝁 = σ 𝑿. 𝑷(𝑿)

VARIANCE of a probability distribution: Measures the amount of spread in a distribution

𝝈𝟐 =σ 𝑿𝟐 . 𝑷(𝑿) - 𝝁𝟐

Standard deviation of probability distribution 𝝈 = 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆


lec 4 9
Example 2: Compute the mean, variance, and standard deviation for
the distribution of number of x
x Percent
0 30
1 40
2 20
3 10
Solution :
Construct the following probability distribution table
x P(x) X P(x) 𝐗 𝟐 𝐏(𝐗)
0 0.3 0 0
1 0.4 0.4 0.4
2 0.2 0.4 0.8
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3 0.1 0.3 10 0.9
Total 1 1.1 2.1
1- Mean :

𝝁 = σ 𝑿𝑷(𝑿) =1.1

2- Variance :

𝝈𝟐 =σ 𝑿𝟐 𝑷(𝑿) - 𝝁𝟐 = 2.1-(1.1) 𝟐 = 0.89

3- Standard deviation :

𝝈= 𝟎. 𝟖𝟗 = 0.94
lec 4 11
Example 3: Suppose that the probability function of a random variable
x is :
X 0 1 2 3 ෍

P(X) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 1

Find :- a)p (x ≤ 2) b) p (x > 3)

c) p (x = 3) d) Mean and s.d


Solution :
a)P (x ≤ 2) = p (x = 2) + p ( x = 1) + p ( x = 0)
= 0.3 + 0.2 + 0.1
lec 4
= 0.6 12
b) P ( X > 3) = P (ϕ) = 0
c) P ( X = 3) = 0.4
d) Construct the following probability distribution table

1- Mean : X P(x) X P(x) 𝑿𝟐 𝑷(𝑿)


𝝁 = σ 𝑿𝑷(𝑿) = 2 0 0.1 0 0
2- Variance : 1 0.2 0.2 0.2
𝝈𝟐 =σ 𝑿𝟐 𝑷(𝑿) - 𝝁𝟐 2 0.3 0.6 1.2
= 5 -(2) 𝟐 = 1 3 0.4 1.2 3.6
3- Standard deviation : 1 2 5
෍
𝝈= 𝟏 = 1

lec 4 13
Example 4: suppose that the probability function of random
variable x is :
X 0 1 2 3
P(X) 0.1 0.2 K 0.4

find : a) K b) p (x ≤ 2)
c) p (x > 3) d) p (x = 3)
Solution:
a) Ʃ p (x) = 1
P (x = 0) + p (x = 1) + p (x = 2) + p (x = 3) = 1
0.1 + 0.2 + k + 0.4 = 1
0.7 + k = 1 K = 0.3
lec 4 14
b) P (x ≤ 2) = p (x = 2) + p ( x = 1) + p ( x = 0)
= 0.3 + 0.2 + 0.1
= 0.6
c) P ( x > 3) = p (ϕ) = 0

d) P ( x = 3) = 0.4

lec 4 15
Assignment

1- Suppose that the probability density function random variable


𝑥
x is : P (x) = ,x=1,2,3
6

Find a) Mean b) variance


2- A die is rolled once. What is the probability that
◼ a. a number less than 5 is obtained?

◼ b. a number 3 to 6 is obtained?
lec 4 16
3- suppose that the probability function of random variable x is :

X 0 1 2 3
P(X) 0.2 K 2K 0.5

find : a) k b) p (x ≤ 1)
c) p (x ≤ 3) d) p (x < 0)
e) Mean f) variance

lec 4 17

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