Microwave Devices and System (EEEg-4301)
Chapter Three
Analysis of Microwave Networks and Circuits
Outline
▪ Two-port networks
▪ The Impedance, Admittance, Hybrid and ABCD parameters
▪ The Scattering parameters
▪ Microwave transmitters and receivers
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Two-port Networks
▪ From the network theory a two port network can be described by a number
of parameters such as H, Y, Z, ABCD parameters.
3
Two-port Network Models…
4
Two-port Network Models…
5
Two-port Network Models …
6
Scattering Parameters
▪ At microwave frequencies these parameters cannot be used due to
the following reasons.
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Scattering Parameters
The figure below shows the S parameters of two port network.
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Scattering Parameters
Consider a circuit or device inserted into a T-Line
as shown in the Figure. We can refer to this
circuit or device as a two-port network.
The behavior of the network can be completely
characterized by its scattering parameters (S-
parameters), or its scattering matrix, [S].
Scattering matrices are frequently used to
characterize multiport networks, especially at high
frequencies. They are used to represent
microwave devices, such as amplifiers and Scattering matrix
circulators, and are easily related to concepts of
gain, loss and reflection. S11 S12
S =
S 21 S 22
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Scattering Parameters (S-Parameters)
The scattering parameters represent ratios of
voltage waves entering and leaving the ports
(If the same characteristic impedance, Zo, at
all ports in the network are the same).
V1− = S11V1+ + S12V2+ .
V2− = S21V1+ + S22V2+ .
In matrix form this is written
V1− S11 S12 V1+
=
− S + , V −
= S V +
.
V2 21 22 V2
S
V1−
S11 =
V1+ +
V2 = 0 V1−
S12 =
V2+ +
V1 = 0
V2−
S21 = V2−
V1+ S22 =
V2+
+
V2 = 0
+
V1 = 0
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Scattering Parameters
Properties:
1) Reciprocity
The two-port network is reciprocal if the
transmission characteristics are the same in
both directions (i.e. S21 = S12).
It is a property of passive circuits (circuits with
no active devices or ferrites) that they form
reciprocal networks.
A network is reciprocal if it is equal to its
transpose. Stated mathematically, for a
reciprocal network
S = S t ,
t
S11 S12 S11 S21
S =
S22 S12 . Condition for Reciprocity: S12= S21
21 S22
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Scattering Parameters
2) Lossless Networks
A lossless network does not contain any resistive
elements and there is no attenuation of the signal.
No real power is delivered to the network.
Consequently, for any passive lossless network,
what goes in must come out!
In terms of scattering parameters, a network is
lossless if
S t S * = U , 1 0
where [U] is the unitary matrix [U ] = .
0 1
For a 2-port network, the product of the transpose matrix and the complex conjugate
matrix yields
(
S11 2 + S 21 2 ) (S S *
+ S S *
) 1 0
S t S * =
11 12 21 22
=
0 1
( S12 S11* + S22 S21* ) (S12
2
+ S 22
2
)
If the network is reciprocal and lossless S11 + S 21 = 1
2 2
S11S12* + S21S22* = 0
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Scattering Parameters (S-Parameters)
Return Loss and Insertion Loss
Two port networks are commonly described by their
return loss and insertion loss.
The return loss, RL, at the ith port of a network is
defined as
Vi −
RLi = −20 log +
= −20 log i .
Vi
The insertion loss, IL, defines how much of a signal is lost as it goes from a jth port to an ith
port. In other words, it is a measure of the attenuation resulting from insertion of a network
between a source and a load.
Vi −
ILij = −20 log .
V j+
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Scattering Parameters (S-Parameters)
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Scattering Parameters (S-Parameters)
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Microwave Integrated Circuits
Microwave Integrated Circuits (MIC):
•Traces: transmission lines,
•Passive components: resistors, capacitors, and inductors
•Active devices: diodes and transistors.
Substrate Teflon fiber, alumina, quartz etc.
Metal Copper, Gold etc.
Process Conventional printed circuit
(Photolithography and etching)
Components Soldering and wire bonding
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Power Divider
PD 1.1 Lossless T-junction Power Divider
T-junction (Lossless divider)
AInputT-junction
Matching Condition
power divider consists of
Ingoring the junction
reactance
one input
Y = jB + +
in
1 1port
=
1 and B =two
0 output
1
+
1 ports.
=
1
Z1 Z2 Z0 Z1 Z2 Z0
Input Power Output Power
2 2 2
1 Vo 1 Vo 1 Vo
Pin = P1 = P2 =
2 Zo 2 Z1 2 Z2
Example7.1
DesignEXAMPLE
1
P1 = Pin Z1 = 3Z o = 150
1 : 2 Power Divider 3
Z o = 50 2 3
P2 = Pin Z2 = Z o = 75
3 2
Input Impedance
Input Port Output Port 1 Output Port 2
Z in = Z1 || Z 2 = 50 Z in1 = Z o || Z 2 = 30 Z in 2 = Z o || Z 1 = 37.5
Z in − Z o Z in1 − Z1 Z in 2 − Z 2
Reflection
= =0 1 = = −0.666 2 = = −0.333
Coefficient Z in + Z o Z in1 + Z1 Z in 2 + Z 2
Input Port is matched Output Ports are not matched 17
COUPLERS
A reciprocal, lossless, matched four-port network
behaves as a directional coupler
0 S12 S13 S14
S 24
S = S12 0 S 23
S13 S 23 0 S 34
S14 S 24 S 34 0
Symmetric Coupler Antisymmetric Coupler
0 j 0 0 0
0 0 j 0 0 −
S = S =
j 0 0 0 0
0 j 0 0 − 0
A coupler will transmit half or more of its
For a lossless network: 2 + 2 = 1 power from its input (port 1) to its through
IL = −20 log ( S21 ) .
port (port 2).
Insertion Loss:
Coupling coefficient: C = −20log ( S31 ) .
A portion of the power will be drawn off to
the coupled port (port 3), and ideally none
Isolation: I = −20log ( S41 ) ,
will go to the isolated port (port 4).
S
Directivity: D = 20 log 31 , If the isolated port is internally terminated
S41
in a matched load, the coupler is most
D = I − C (dB) often referred to as a directional coupler.
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COUPLERS
Design Example
Suppose an antisymmetrical coupler has the following characteristics: Compute
the S-parameters
Given
C = 10.0 dB
D = 15.0 dB
IL = 2.00 dB
VSWR = 1.30
VSWR − 1
S11 = = 0.130.
VSWR = 1.30 VSWR + 1
S21 = 10−2 / 20 = 0.794.
Insertion Loss: IL = −20 log ( S21 ) .
Coupling coefficient: C = −20log ( S31 ) . S31 = 10−10 / 20 = 0.316.
S41 = 10−25/ 20 = 0.056.
I = D + C = 25dB,
0.130 0.794 0.316 0.056
0.794 0.130 0.056 −0.316
S =
0.316 0.056 0.130 0.794
0.056 −0.316
0.794 0.130
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COUPLERS
Quadrature hybrid Coupler Ring hybrid (or rat-race) coupler
0 j 1 0
−1 j 0 0 1
S = , 0 1 1 0
2 1 0 0 j
0 1 j 0 −j 1 0 0 −1
S = .
2 1 0 0 1
0 −1
1 0
The quadrature hybrid (or branch-line hybrid) is A microwave signal fed at port 1 will split evenly
a 3 dB coupler. The quadrature term comes in both directions, giving identical signals out of
from the 90 deg phase difference between the ports 2 and 3. But the split signals are 180 deg
outputs at ports 2 and 3. out of phase at port 4, the isolated port, so they
The coupling and insertion loss are both equal cancel and no power exits port 4.
to 3 dB. The insertion loss and coupling are both equal to
3 dB. Not only can the ring hybrid split power to
two ports, but it can add and subtract a pair of 20
signals.
Filters
Filters are two-port networks used to attenuate undesirable frequencies.
Microwave filters are commonly used in transceiver circuits.
The four basic filter types are low-pass, high-pass, bandpass and bandstop.
Low-pass High-pass
Bandpass Bandstop
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Filters
Low-pass Filters
A low-pass filter is characterized by the insertion loss
versus frequency plot in Figure.
Notice that there may be ripple in the pass band (the
frequency range desired to pass through the filter), and a
roll off in transmission above the cutoff or corner frequency,
fc.
Simple filters (like series inductors or shunt capacitors)
feature 20 dB/decade roll off. Sharper roll off is available
using active filters or multi section filters.
Active filters employ operational amplifiers that are limited
by performance to the lower RF frequencies. Multi section
filters use passive components (inductors and capacitors),
to achieve filtering.
The two primary types are the Butterworth and the
Chebyshev. A Butterworth filter has no ripple in the
passband, while the Chebyshev filter features sharper roll
off.
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Lumped Element Filters
Some simple lumped element filter circuits are shown below.
Low-pass Filters
High-pass Filters Band-pass Filters
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Lumped Element Filters
Low-pass Filter Example
Power delivered to the load
vl2 Ro
PL = , vl = vs .
Ro 2 Ro + j L
Maximum available Power:
( )
2
vs
vl2 2 vs2
PA = = = .
Ro Ro 4 Ro
Insertion Loss
PL
IL = 10 log
PA
j L
IL = 20 log 1 + .
2 Ro
The 3 dB cutoff frequency, also termed the corner frequency, occurs where
insertion loss reaches 3 dB.
j L j L 3
L Ro
20 log 1 + =3 1+ = 10 20 = 2 = 1, fc = .
2 Ro 2 Ro 2 Ro L 24
Lumped Element Filters
Low-pass Filter Example
Example - Let us design a low-pass filter for a 50.0 system using a series
inductor. The 3 dB cutoff frequency is specified as 1.00 GHz.
The 3 dB cutoff frequency is given by
Ro
fc = .
L
Therefore, the required inductance value is
Ro 50 H = 15.9 nH .
L= =
f (1x109 1 s ) s
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Filters
Band-pass Filters
The insertion loss for a bandpass filter is shown in
Figure. Here the passband ripple is desired small.
The sharpness of the filter response is given by the
shape factor, SF, related to the filter bandwidth at 3dB
and 60dB by
BW60 dB
SF = .
BW3dB
A filter’s insertion loss relates the power delivered to
the load without the filter in place (PL) to the power
delivered with the filter in place (PLf):
PL
IL = 10 log .
Lf
P
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Amplifier Design
• Microwave amplifiers are a common and crucial component of wireless
transceivers. They are constructed around a microwave transistor from the
field effect transistor (FET) or bipolar junction transistor (BJT) families.
• A general microwave amplifier can be represented by the 2-port S-matrix
network between a pair of impedance-matching networks as shown in the
Figure below.
• The matching networks are necessary to minimize reflections seen by the
source and to maximize power to the output.
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Example : Output Matching Network
1
L 2 3 4
Step 1: Plot the reflection coefficient 3
L = 0.87661
Shunt Stub Problem:
Admittance Calculation
4’ 4
Step 2: Find the Admittance yL
Step 3:Intersection points on 1+jb Circle 3’
Step 4:Open-Circuited Stub Length 2
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Example : Input Matching Network
4 3 2
X
Ignore 1
Treat as a load S
Step 1: Plot the reflection coefficient 3
s = 0.872123
Shunt Stub Problem:
Admittance Calculation 4
Step 2: Find the Admittance ys
Step 3:Intersection points on 1+jb Circle
y1 = 1 + j3.5
d1 = 0.120 2
Step 4:Open-Circuited Stub Length
1 = 0.206
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References :
1. Microwave Engineering, third Edition ; David M. Pozar, Wiley Publications
2. Course Notes – from Various University Courses
Thank You…☺
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