National Institute of Technology,Silchar

Project Report 2022

B.tech Project 7th semester
 A REPORT ON

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF G+4

RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Technology in
Civil Engineering A REPORT ON

Submitted by

Bikram Saikia(1911090)
Sahil Mahala(1911100)
Harshit Kumar(1911102)
Bhishma Patle(1911138)

7th semester
Batch of 2019-2023 UG
Under the supervision and guidance of
Prof. P.S. Choudhary
Department of Civil Engineering
National Institute of Technology, Silchar
DECLARATION
Project Title: ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF A G+4 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING Degree for which
the project is submitted for: Bachelor of Technology
I declare that the presented project represents largely my own ideas and work in my own words.
Where others ideas or words have been included,
I have adequately cited and listed in the reference materials. The Project has been prepared without
restoring to plagiarism. I have adhered to all the principles of academic honesty and integrity. No
falsified or fabricated data have been presented in the project. I understand that my violation of the
above will cause for disciplinary action by the institute, including revoking the conferred degree, if
conferred, and can also evoke penal action from the sources which have not been properly cited or
from whom permission has not been taken.
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project work entitled "Analysis and Design of G+4
Residential Building" submitted for partial fulfillment of the award of the degree
of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering under the Department of Civil
Engineering, NIT Silchar, has been carried out by the undersigned students of
7th Semester B.Tech, under the supervision and guidance of Prof P.S
Choudhary.

Bikram Saikia(1911090)
Sahil Mahala(1911100)
Harshit Kumar(1911102)
Bhishma Patle(1911138)

Signature of supervisior
Prof P.S Choudhary
Department of Civil Engineering
NIT SILCHAR
Abstract
The design and analysis are the two most important factors considered in
creation of any building, whether residential or non-residential. Building
design and analysis is a complex task and requires in-depth knowledge of Civil
Engineering. It is thus very important for a Civil Engineer to understand the
complexities and maximize the possibilities on site, in order to build any
structure which is structurally safe and at the same time meet the economic
demands.

The main objective of this project work is to analyze and design a G+4
Residential Building.

Following procedure is adopted to attain the objective:

A proposed architectural plan is made, meeting the requirements of the building laws
using AutoCAD.

Grid plan ( column-beam layout is done ).

Elevation view is prepared using AutoCAD software.Necessary assumptions are made

according to IS codes. Dead load (DL) and live load (LL) are calculated as per load
dispersion criteria from the slab.

Frames are analyzed using Moment Distribution Method.

Design of slab is done.

Frame Analysis under DL, LL, wind load (WL) and earthquake load (EL) is done.

Design of slab and staircase is done.

The results and data obtained after the analysis can be taken into the consideration for the
actual and practical design of any similar structur
 Acknowledgement
On the very outset of this report, we would like to extend our sincere and
heartful obligations towards all the personages who have helped us in
this endeavor. Without their active guidance and support, cooperation
and encouragement, we would have not made head away in this project.
First and foremost, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to all
the faculty members of Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Silchar for
not only providing us with such a learning opportunity but also for
imparting the core and in-depth knowledge of Building Design.

We owe a special debt of gratitude to our faculty advisor Prof PS

Choudhary sir for his guidance and support throughout the project.
Their sustained interest was a source of inspiration for us and this
paved us to accomplish our goal enthusiastically. We would further like
to express our indebt regards to Dr, Arjun Sil, Head of the Department
of Civil Engineering, NIT Silchar for incorporating such projects in our
academic curriculum and encouraging us to pursue it.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.no. Topic Page No.

1 Introduction

2 Problem statement and design data

3 Design plan

4 Elevation

5 Grid plan

6 Design Philosophy

7 Description Of IS code

8 Building bye laws

9 Role of Autocad

10 Design of floor slab

11 Design of Roof slab

12 Design of Stair case

13 Frame Analysis

14 Wind load

15 Design of beam
16 Design of Column

17 Design of footing

18 Conclusion
 INTRODUCTION
Now a days, most of the structures are constructed using reinforced cement concrete. Due to
the increasing population and scarcity of land resources, it has become utmost important for
both residential as well as office purposes to opt for the construction of multi storied
buildings. For multi storied buildings, the framed is used which consists of a network of
beams and columns built rigidly at their joints replacing the conventional load bearing
structures as it is uneconomical and require larger sections. Because of this rigidity at the
joints, there will be reduction in moments and also the structure tends to distribute the loads
more uniformly and eliminate the excessive effects of localized loads, Due to that, there is a
reduction in sections of the members. As the walls don't take any load, they are also of thinner
dimensions, This also results in a cheaper foundation. In addition to the above-mentioned
advantages the framed structure is more effective is resisting wind loads and earthquake
loads.

India is divided into 5 seismic zones(viz. zone I to zone V). We have selected the location as
Guwahati city which belongs to zone V. Moreover for residential building the permissible
number of storeys is ranged from 4 to 8 based on the soil condition. Thus we have selected a
G+4 residential building meeting ductile detailing meeting ductile detailing requirements.

A plot has been selected for the construction of a multi stored residential building. In the
building the functions will be different and it plays a major role because of different slabs.
The frame analysis and design is done as per guidelines of code IS 456:2000, SP 16:1980. IS
13920:1993, IS 1893:2002 and IS 875(Part3) 1987.
 PROBLEM STATEMENT AND

DESIGN DATA
Design and draw the complete structural details of a multistoryed
reinforced concrete framed residential building as per following data:

Type : Residential
Plot size: 21m x 30 m

No.of storey: G+4

Location: Seismic zone V
Minimum depth of foundation below ground level =

1800mm

Plinth level above Ground level = 400 mm ( 0.4 m )

Floor to floor height = 3.2 m

Height of stair hall room floor above general roof = 2.2 m

Height of machine room for lift = 2.9 m

Material Grade : Concrete M25, Steel Fe500

Mandatory requirement : Provision of staircase and a lift Dead Load: As

calculated based on IS 875:1987 Part 1 Live load:

1. On floors, roof and on staircase as per IS 875: 1987 Part 2

2.On machine room floor = 10 KN/m2
3.On machine room roof = 1 KN/m2

Wind load: As calculated based on IS 875: 1987 Part 3

Seismic load: As calculated based on IS 875:1983
Specification : Design and detailing should confirm to latest IS codes as applicable.
DESIGN PLAN
Elevation
Grid plan
1.1 Design Philosophies

A reinforced concrete structure should be designed such that it fulfill its intended lifetime with:

Working Stress Method

Ultimate Load Method
Limit State Method

In the working stress method it is seen that the permissible stresses for concrete and steel are not
exceeded anywhere in the structure when it is subjected to the worst combination of working loads.
A linear variation of stress from zero at neutral axis to the maximum stress at the extreme fiber is
assumed.

Practically the stress strain curve for concrete is not linear as it was assumed in working stress
method. So, in ultimate load design an idealized form of actual stress strain diagram is used and the
working loads are increased by multiplying them with the load factors.

The basis of limit state method is a structure with appropriate degrees of reliability should be able
to withstand safely all loads that are liable to act on it throughout its life and it should also satisfy
the serviceability requirements such as limitations on deflection and cracking.

Limit state method is the most rational method of all the three methods. It considers the actual
behavior of the materials at failure and also it takes serviceability also into consideration.

Therefore limit state method has been employed in this work.

1.2 Description of IS codes used in the project
IS 456: 2000 - Plain and Reinforced Concrete Code of practice is an Indian Standard code of
practice for general structural use of plain and reinforced concrete. The latest revision of this
standard was done in the year 2000, reaffirmed 2005. This code uses the limit state design approach
as well working stress design approach. It is written for use in India. It gives extensive information
on the various aspects of concrete.

It contains five sections and eight annexures:

Section 1: General
Section 2: Materials, workmanship, Inspection and testing

Section 3: General Design Considerations

Section 4: Special Design Requirements for Structural

Members and systems
Section 5: Structural Design (Limit State Method)

IS 875 (Part 1): 1987 - This Indian standard code covers unit weight/mass of the materials,
and the parts or components in a building that apply to the determination of dead loads in the
design of buildings. The unit weight/mass of the materials that are likely to be stored in a
building are also specified for the purpose of load calculations along with the angles of
internal friction as appropriate.

IS 875 (Part 2): 1987 - This Indian standard code covers imposed loads to be assumed in the
design of buildings. The imposed loads, specific herein, are the minimum loads which should
be taken into consideration for the purpose of structural safety of buildings. This code does
not cover detailed provisions for loads incidental to construction and special cases of
vibration, such as moving machinery, heavy acceleration from cranes. Such loads shall be
dealt with individually in each case.

IS 875 (Part 3): 1987 - This Indian standard code covers the wind forces and their effects (static
and dynamic) that should be taken into account when designing buildings, structures and
components thereof. It is believed that ultimately wind load estimation will be made by taking into
account the random variation of wind speed with time but available theoretical methods have not
matured sufficiently at present for use in the code. For this reason, static wind method of load
estimation which implies a steady wind speed, which has proven to be satisfactory for normal, short
and heavy structures, is given in 5 and 6. However, a beginning has been made to take account of
the random nature of the wind speed by requiring that the along-wind or drag load on structures
which are prone to wind induced oscillations, be also determined by the gust factor method and the
more severe of two estimates be taken for design.
 SP 16: 1980 - Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS 4561978 is a structural practice
handbook that has charts and tables that helps structural engineers to rapidly design simple
sections.

IS 1893 (Part 1): 1987 - This Indian standard code deals with assessment of seismic loads
on various structures and earthquake resistant design of buildings. Its basic provisions are
applicable to buildings, elevated structures, industrial and stack like structures, bridges,
concrete masonry and earth dams,

IS 13920: 2016 - The standard code which covers the requirements for the designing and
detailing of monolithic reinforced concrete buildings so as to give them toughness and
ductility to resist severe earthquake shocks without collapse.

1.3 Building bye laws

Structure:

Requires buildings to be designed, constructed or altered so as to structurally safe and robust, and
so as not to impair the structural stability of other buildings. It stipulates design standards for use
on all buildings and give simple design rules for most masonry and timber elements for traditional
domestic buildings. It includes diagrams of structures such as roof frames and brick walls, and
tables of material strengths.

Ventilation:

It includes standards for ventilation and air quality for all buildings. It also covers requirements for
the prevention of condensation.

Natural Lighting:

The building should be designed in such a way that each and every room should receive natural
lighting from sunlight in that sunlight in the daytime to reduce electricity expenses.

Brick Wall:

No external brick wall should be less than 125mm thick.

Minimum size of rooms:

No room in a residential building which is to be used as an inhabitated rooms shall have floor area of less
than 9 sq.m

Regulations for apartment buildings:

According to Building bye laws by Guwahati Metropolitan Development authority,

Government of Assam. If the apartments are above 12m height, then Minimum front set
back provided is 6m.

Minimum rear set back provided is 3.6m.

And minimum side set back provided is 2.4m.

Hence

By considering all the set backs, we provided a plot size of (16.2*21,2)m instead of given plot size
of (21*30)m.

Floor area ratio is 200 and a coverage of 40%.

STAIRCASE:

Maximum rise in case of residential building is 175mm, so we have provided 160mm.

Every stair case shall be suitably lighted and properly ventilated.

1.4 Role of Autocad
AutoCAD is a commercial software application for 2D and 3D computer aided design and drafting
for various fields in engineering. It was launched in 1982 by Autodesk, Inc.

AutoCAD architecture allows designers to draw 3D objects such as walls, doors and windows, with
more intelligent data associated with them rather than simple objects. The data can be programmed
to represent products sold in the industry, or it can be extracted into a file for pricing material
estimation etc.

AutoCAD is a very helpful tool in drafting and designing any structure. AutoCAD uses a graphical
design interface for the purpose of drafting and designing any structure. The software has various
inbuilt tools for complex drafting. Also AutoCAD can be used for 2D and 3D design and also for
perspective design.

With the help of AutoCAD all the drafting for the project has been done. It has made the life of a
drafter quite easy than the conventional drafter using pencil and paper. It has made possible to make
easy changes in the drawing as and when required. Also various commands such as COPY,
OFFSET, ROTATE, MOVE have made the tedious process of redundant work quite easy and faster.

Also one of the important features of AutoCAD is the import and export feature which allows users
to move their plans and drawn using AutoCAD to other software such as STAAD Pro and ETABS
with the help of DXF file format which has in turn reduced load on the designer. Also, structural
designs made on STAAD and ETABS are also exportable to AutoCAD for minute detailing
required.
 Design of Floor slab

Assume overall depth of slab as 150 mm and diameter of bars in both directions as 10 mm.
Assume a clear cover of 20mm
Effective depths dx = 150-20-5 = 125 mm
dy = 150-20-10-5 = 115 mm
Support width = 250 mm

Load Calculations:

a) Self weight = 25 x 0.150 = 3.75 KN/m2

 b) Floor finishes = 24*0.025 = 0.6 KN/m2
c) Plastering = 24*0.006 = 0.144 KN/m2
Total dead load = 4.494 KN/m2
Live Load as per IS 875 Part-II = 3 KN/m2
Factored load = 1.5*(LL+DL) = 11.92 KN/m2

Slab S1 at floor:

Length of longer span Ly = 3900 mm

Length of shorter span Lx = 3430 mm
Ly /Lx = 1.13 < 2
Therefore, the slab is two way.
Effective spans:

Clear span/ 12 = 3430/12 = 285.83mm > 250 mm

As per Clause (22.2 (b)) of IS-456:2000
Effective span = Clear span between supports
Therefore,
Effective length lx = 3430 mm
ly = 3900 mm
ly/lx = 1.13
Moment Calculations:
As per Clause (D-1.1 and Table 26) of IS-456:2000 Slab with two adjacent edges discontinuous
Shorter span
-ve moment at continuous edge = 𝛼− = 0.055
𝑥
+ve moment at mid span = 𝛼+ = 0.046
𝑥
 : Longer span:

-ve moment at continuous edge = 𝛼− = 0.047

𝑦
+ve moment at mid span = 𝛼+ = 0.035
Moments: 𝑀− = 𝛼− × 𝑤 × 𝑙𝑦2 =0.055*11.92*3.4302 = 7.71KN-m
𝑢𝑥 𝑥 𝑢 𝑥
𝑀 = 𝛼 × 𝑤 × 𝑙 =0.046*11.92*3.4302 = 6.45 KN-m
+ + 2

𝑢𝑥 𝑥 𝑢 𝑥
𝑀− = 𝛼− × 𝑤 × 𝑙2 =0.047*11.92*3.4302 = 6.59 KN-m
𝑢𝑦 𝑦 𝑢 𝑥
𝑀+ = 𝛼+ × 𝑤 × 𝑙2 =0.035*11.92*3.4302 = 4.90 KN-m
𝑢𝑦 𝑦 𝑢 𝑥

Check for depth:

Mmax = 0.133*𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏 𝑑2 = 7.71KN-m

By calculation d = 53.83 mm < 125 mm
Hence assumed depth is ok.

Reinforcement along X-direction:

Minimum area of steel,

Ast,min = 0.12%bD = 0.12×1000×150/100 = 180 mm2

Moment 𝑀− = 7.71 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑢𝑥
d = 125 mm

0.5𝑓𝑐𝑘 4.6𝑀𝑢
Ast,x = 𝑓𝑦
(1 − √1 − 𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑏𝑑2 ) 𝑏𝑑 =

0.5 ∗ 20 4.6 ∗ 7.71 ∗ 10^6

( 1 − √1 − ∗
500 20 ∗ 1000 ∗ 125²) 1000 125

Ast,x = 146.14mm²
For 10 mm bar ast = 78.54 mm2
Spacing = 1000/no. of bars = 1000*ast/Ast =463.33mm
Check for spacing:
As per Clause (26.3.3 (b)) of IS-456:2000
 Spacing should be not more than the least of the following:
1) 3 d = 3*125=375 mm
2) 300 mm
3) 463.33mm
Hence provide 10mm diameter bars @ 300 mm c/c.
Ast provided = 1000*78.54/300 = 261.8 mm2

Reinforcement along Y-direction:

Moment 𝑀− = 6.59 𝐾𝑁 – 𝑚
𝑢𝑦
0.5𝑓𝑐𝑘 4.6𝑀𝑢
Ast,y = 𝑓𝑦
(1 − √1 − 𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑏 𝑑2 ) 𝑏𝑑

= 124.47mm²

For 10 mm bar ast = 78.54 mm2

Spacing =1000*ast/Ast =463.33 mm
Check for spacing:
As per Clause (26.3.3 (b)) of IS-456:2000
Spacing should be not more than the least of the following:
1) 3 d = 3*115= 345 mm
2) 300 mm
3) 463.33mm
Hence provide 10mm diameter bars @ 300 mm c/c.
Ast provided = 1000*78.54/300 = 261.8mm2

Check for deflection: From Fig.4 of IS-456:2000

Basic (L/d) ratio = 26
 Main steel provided = 261.8 mm2
Therefore, fs= 0.58 x (fy) (Ast reqd/Ast provided) = 0.58*500*180/261.8 = 199.38N/mm2
Pt = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 × 100 = 261.8*100/(1000*125) = 0.209
𝑏𝑑

Therefore, modification factor, F = 2

Hence, (L/d) allowed = 2 x (26) = 52
(L/d) provided = 3430/125 = 27.44

(L/d) provided < (L/d) allowed

Hence design is safe.

Reinforcement in edge strip:

Minimum Ast = 180 mm2
Provide 10 mm bars
Torsion reinforcement:

Should be provided on discontinuous edges both on top and bottom.

Lx/5 = 3430/5= 686 mm
Steel in each layer = 3/4 * Ast max of mid span = 3/4 * 261.8 = 196.35 mm2
Provide 10 mm dia bars
Spacing = 1000*ast/Ast = 400 mm
Provide 10 mm bars @ 400 c/c upto length of 686 mm.

Slab S2 at floor:

Length of longer span Ly = 4000 mm

Length of shorter span Lx = 3430 mm
Ly /Lx = 1.17 < 2
Therefore, the slab is two way.
Effective spans:

Clear span/ 12 = 3430/12 = 285.83 mm > 250 mm

As per Clause (22.2 (b)) of IS-456:2000
Effective span = Clear span between supports
Therefore,
Effective length lx = 3430 mm
ly = 4000 mm
ly /lx = 1.17
Moment Calculations:

As per Clause (D-1.1 and Table 26) of IS-456:2000

Slab with one long edge discontinuous

Shorter span
-ve moment at continuous edge = 𝛼− = 0.0495
𝑥
+ve moment at mid span = 𝛼+ = 0.0372
𝑥
Longer span
-ve moment at continuous edge = 𝛼− = 0.037
𝑦
+ve moment at mid span = 𝛼+ = 0.028
Moments: 𝑀− = 𝛼− × 𝑤 × 𝑙𝑦2 =0.0495*11.92*3.432 = 6.94 KN-m
𝑢𝑥 𝑥 𝑢 𝑥

𝑀+ = 𝛼+ × 𝑤 × 𝑙2 =0.0372*11.92*3.432 = 5.21 KN-m

𝑢𝑥 𝑥 𝑢 𝑥
𝑀− = 𝛼− × 𝑤 × 𝑙2 =0.037*11.92*3.432 = 5.18KN-m
 𝑢𝑦 𝑦 𝑢 𝑥
𝑀 = 𝛼 × 𝑤 × 𝑙 =0.028*11.92*3.432 = 3.92KN-m
+ + 2

𝑢𝑦 𝑦 𝑢 𝑥

Check for depth:

Mmax = 0.133*𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏 𝑑2 = 6.94 KN-m

By calculation d = 51.07mm < 125 mm
Hence assumed depth is ok.
Reinforcement along X-direction:

Moment 𝑀− = 6.94 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑢𝑥
d = 125 mm
0.5𝑓𝑐𝑘 4.6𝑀𝑢
Ast,x = 𝑓𝑦
(1 − √1 − 𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑏𝑑2 ) 𝑏𝑑

=132.24mm²

For 10 mm bar ast = 78.54 mm2

Spacing = 1000*ast/Ast = 436.33mm
Check for spacing:
As per Clause (26.3.3 (b)) of IS-456:2000

Spacing should be not more than the least of the following:

1) 3 d = 3*125=375 mm
2) 300 mm
3) 436.33mm
Hence provide 10mm diameter bars @ 300 mm c/c.
Ast provided = 1000*78.54/300 = 261.8 mm2

Reinforcement along Y-direction:

−
𝑢𝑦 = 5.18 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
Moment 𝑀

0.5𝑓𝑐𝑘 4.6𝑀𝑢
Ast,y = 𝑓𝑦
(1 − √1 − 𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑏𝑑2 ) 𝑏𝑑

= 97.26mm²

For 10 mm bar ast = 78.54 mm2

 Spacing =1000*ast/Ast =436.33 mm
Check for spacing:
As per Clause (26.3.3 (b)) of IS-456:2000
Spacing should be not more than the least of the following:
1) 3 d = 3*125= 375 mm
2) 300 mm
3) 436.33 mm
Hence provide 10mm diameter bars @ 300 mm c/c.
Ast provided = 1000*78.54/300 = 261.8mm2

Check for deflection: From Fig.4 of IS-456:2000

Basic (L/d) ratio = 26
Main steel provided = 261.8 mm2
Therefore, fs= 0.58 x (fy) Ast reqd/Ast provided = 0.58*500*180/261.8 = 199.38 N/mm2
Pt = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 × 100 = 261.8*100/(1000*125) = 0.209
𝑏𝑑

Therefore, modification factor, F = 2

Hence, (L/d) allowed = 2 x (26) = 52
(L/d) provided = 3430/125 = 27.44

(L/d) provided < (L/d) allowed

Hence design is safe.

Reinforcement in edge strip:
Minimum Ast = 150 mm2
Provide 10 mm bars
No. of bars = Ast/ast = 180/78.54 = 2.29 ~ 3
Therefore, provide 3 no of bars in each edge strip along both X and Y directions.
Torsion reinforcement:

Should be provided on discontinuous edges both on top and bottom.

Lx/5 = 3430/5= 686 mm
Steel in each layer = 3/4 * Ast max of mid span = 3/4 * 261.8 = 196.35 mm2
Provide 10 mm dia bars
Spacing = 1000*ast/Ast = 400 mm
Provide 10 mm bars @ 400 c/c upto length of 686 mm.
Slab S3 at floor:

Length of longer span Ly = 4490 mm

Length of shorter span Lx = 3450 mm
Ly /Lx = 1.30< 2
Therefore, the slab is two way.
Effective spans:

Clear span/ 12 = 3450/12 = 287.5mm > 250mm

As per Clause (22.2 (b)) of IS-456:2000

Effective span = Clear span between supports
Therefore,
Effective length lx = 3450 mm
ly = 4490 mm
ly/lx = 1.30

Moment Calculations:

As per Clause (D-1.1 and Table 26) of IS-456:2000 Slab with one short edge discontinuous
Shorter span:
-ve moment at continuous edge = 𝛼− = 0.051
𝑥
+ve moment at mid span = 𝛼+ = 0.039
𝑥
Longer span:
-ve moment at continuous edge = 𝛼− = 0.037
𝑦
+ve moment at mid span = 𝛼+ = 0.028
Moments: 𝑀− = 𝛼− × 𝑤 × 𝑙𝑦2 =0.051*11.92*3.4502 = 7.23 KN-m
𝑢𝑥 𝑥 𝑢 𝑥
𝑀+ = 𝛼+ × 𝑤 × 𝑙2 =0.039*11.92*3.4502 = 5.53 KN-m
𝑢𝑥 𝑥 𝑢 𝑥
𝑀− = 𝛼− × 𝑤 × 𝑙2 =0.037*11.92*3.4502 = 5.24 KN-m
𝑢𝑦 𝑦 𝑢 𝑥
𝑀 = 𝛼 × 𝑤 × 𝑙 =0.028*11.92*3.4502 = 3.97 KN-m
+ + 2

𝑢𝑦 𝑦 𝑢 𝑥

Check for depth:

Mmax = 0.133*𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏 𝑑2 = 7.23 KN-m By

calculation d = 52.13 mm < 125 mm
Hence assumed depth is ok.
Reinforcement along X-direction:

Moment 𝑀− = 7.23 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑢𝑥

d = 125mm

0.5𝑓𝑐𝑘 4.6𝑀𝑢
Ast ,x = 𝑓𝑦
(1 − √1 − 𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑏𝑑2 ) 𝑏𝑑

=137.53 mm²

For 10 mm bar ast = 78.54 mm2

Spacing = 1000*ast/Ast = 436.33 mm
Check for spacing:
As per Clause (26.3.3 (b)) of IS-456:2000
Spacing should be not more than the least of the
following: 1) 3 d = 3*125=375 mm
2) 300 mm
3) 436.33 mm
Hence provide 10mm diameter bars @ 300
mm c/c. Ast provided = 1000*78.54/300 =
261.8 mm2
Reinforcement along Y-direction:

Moment 𝑀− = 5.24 𝐾𝑁 – 𝑚
𝑢𝑦

0.5𝑓𝑐𝑘 4.6𝑀𝑢
Ast ,y = 𝑓𝑦
(1 − √1 − 𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑏𝑑2 ) 𝑏𝑑 = 99.47mm²

For 10 mm bar ast = 78.54 mm2

Spacing =1000*ast/Ast
=436.33 mm Check for
spacing:
As per Clause (26.3.3 (b)) of IS-456:2000
Spacing should be not more than the least of the following:
1) 3 d = 3*125= 375 mm
2) 300 mm
3) 436.33 mm
Hence provide 10mm diameter bars @ 300
mm c/c. Ast provided = 1000*78.54/300 =
261.8mm2

Check for deflection: From Fig.4 of IS-

456:2000 Basic (L/d) ratio = 26
Main steel provided = 261.8 mm2
Therefore, fs= 0.58 x (fy) Ast reqd/Ast provided = 0.58*500*180/261.8 = 199.38 N/mm2
Pt = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 × 100 = 261.8*100/(1000*125) = 0.209
𝑏𝑑
Therefore, modification factor, F = 2
Hence, (L/d) allowed = 2 x (26) =
52 (L/d) provided = 3450/125 =
27.60 (L/d) provided < (L/d)
allowed
Hence design is safe.

Reinforcement in edge strip:

Minimum Ast = 180 mm2
Provide 10 mm bars
No. of bars = Ast/ast = 180/78.54 = 2.29 ~ 3
Therefore, provide 3 no of bars in each edge strip along both X and Y directions.
Torsion reinforcement:

Should be provided on discontinuous edges both on top and bottom.

Lx/5 = 3450/5= 690 mm
Steel in each layer = 3/4 * Ast max of mid span = 3/4 * 261.8 = 196.35 mm2
Provide 10 mm dia bars
Spacing = 1000*ast/Ast = 400 mm
Provide 10 mm bars @ 400 c/c upto length of 690 mm.
Slab S4 at floor:

Length of longer span Ly = 3970 mm

Length of shorter span Lx = 3900 mm
Ly/Lx = 1.01< 2
Therefore, the slab is two way.
Effective spans:

Clear span/ 12 = 3900/12 = 325mm > 250mm

As per Clause (22.2 (b)) of IS-456:2000
Effective span = Clear span between supports
 Therefore,
Effective length lx = 3900mm
ly = 3970mm
ly/lx = 1.01

Moment Calculations:

As per Clause (D-1.1 and Table 26) of IS-456:2000

Slab with one long edge discontinuous
Shorter span:
-ve moment at continuous edge = 𝛼− = 0.037
𝑥
+ve moment at mid span = 𝛼+ = 0.028
𝑥
Longer span:
-ve moment at continuous edge = 𝛼− = 0.037
𝑦
+ve moment at mid span = 𝛼+ = 0.028
Moments: 𝑀− = 𝛼− × 𝑤 × 𝑙𝑦2 =0.037*11.92*3.92 = 6.70 KN-m
𝑢𝑥 𝑥 𝑢 𝑥
𝑀+ = 𝛼+ × 𝑤 × 𝑙2 =0.028*11.92*3.92 = 5.07 KN-m
𝑢𝑥 𝑥 𝑢 𝑥
− −
𝑀 = 𝛼 × 𝑤 × 𝑙 =0.037*11.92*3.92 = 6.70 KN-m
2

𝑢𝑦 𝑦 𝑢 𝑥
𝑀 = 𝛼 × 𝑤 × 𝑙 =0.028*11.92*3.92 = 5.07 KN-m
+ + 2

𝑢𝑦 𝑦 𝑢 𝑥
Check for depth:

Mmax = 0.133*𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏 𝑑2 = 6.70 KN-m By

calculation d = 50.18 mm < 125 mm
Hence assumed depth is ok.
Reinforcement along X-direction:

Moment 𝑀− = 6.70 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑢𝑥
d = 125 mm
 0.5𝑓𝑐𝑘 4.6𝑀𝑢
Ast ,x = 𝑓𝑦
(1 − √1 − 𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑏𝑑2 ) 𝑏𝑑 = 126.97mm²

For 10 mm bar ast = 78.54 mm2

Spacing = 1000*ast/Ast = 436.33 mm
Check for spacing:
Spacing should be not more than the least of the following:
1) 3 d = 3*125= 375 mm
2) 300 mm
3) 436.33mm
Hence provide 10mm diameter bars @ 300 mm c/c.
Ast provided = 1000*78.54/300 = 261.8 mm2

Reinforcement along Y-direction:

−
𝑢𝑦 = 6.7 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
Moment 𝑀

0.5𝑓𝑐𝑘 4.6𝑀𝑢
Ast ,y = 𝑓𝑦
(1 − √1 − 𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑏𝑑2 ) 𝑏𝑑 =126.97mm²

For 10 mm bar ast = 78.54 mm2

Spacing = 1000*ast/Ast=436.33 mm
Check for spacing:
Spacing should be not more than the least of the following:
1) 3 d = 3*125= 375 mm
2) 300 mm
3) 436.33 mm
Hence provide 10mm diameter bars @ 300 mm c/c.
Ast provided = 1000*78.54/300 = 261.8 mm2
Check for deflection:

Basic (L/d) ratio = 26

Main steel provided = 261.8 mm2
Therefore, fs= 0.58 x (fy) Ast reqd/Ast provided = 0.58*500*180/261.8 = 199.38 N/mm2
Pt = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 × 100 = 261.8*100/(1000*125) = 0.209
𝑏𝑑

Therefore, modification factor, F = 2

Hence, (L/d) allowed = 2 x (26) = 52
(L/d) provided = 3900/125 = 31.2

(L/d) provided < (L/d) allowed

Hence design is safe.

Reinforcement in edge strip:

Minimum Ast = 180 mm2
Provide 10 mm bars
No. of bars = Ast/ast = 150/78.54 = 2.29 ~ 3
Therefore, provide 3 no of bars in each edge strip along both X and Y directions.
Torsion reinforcement:

Should be provided on discontinuous edges both on top and bottom.

Lx/5 = 3900/5= 780 mm
Steel in each layer = 3/4 * Ast max of mid span = 3/4 * 261.8 = 196.35 mm2
Provide 10 mm dia bars
Spacing = 1000*ast/Ast = 400 mm
Provide 10 mm bars @ 400 c/c upto length of 780 mm.
Slab S5 at floor:

Length of longer span Ly = 4000 mm

Length of shorter span Lx = 3970 mm
Ly /Lx = 1.007 < 2
Therefore, the slab is two way.
Effective spans:

Clear span/ 12 = 3970/12 = 330.83 mm > 250mm

Effective span = Clear span between supports
Therefore,
Effective length lx = 3970mm
ly = 4000mm
ly/lx = 1.007

Moment Calculations:

As per Clause (D-1.1 and Table 26) of IS-456:2000

Slab with interior panels

Shorter span:
-ve moment at continuous edge = 𝛼− = 0.032
𝑥
+ve moment at mid span = 𝛼+ = 0.024
𝑥
Longer span:
-ve moment at continuous edge = 𝛼− = 0.032
𝑦
+ve moment at mid span = 𝛼+ = 0.024
Moments: 𝑀− = 𝛼− × 𝑤 × 𝑙𝑦2 =0.032*11.92*3.97 2 = 6.01 KN-m
𝑢𝑥 𝑥 𝑢 𝑥
𝑀+ = 𝛼+ × 𝑤 × 𝑙2 =0.024*11.92*3.972 = 4.50 KN-m
𝑢𝑥 𝑥 𝑢 𝑥
𝑀− = 𝛼− × 𝑤 × 𝑙2 =0.032*11.92*3.972 = 6.01 KN-m
𝑢𝑦 𝑦 𝑢 𝑥
𝑀+ = 𝛼+ × 𝑤 × 𝑙2 =0.024*11.92*3.972 = 4.50 KN-m
𝑢𝑦 𝑦 𝑢 𝑥

Check for depth:

Mmax = 0.133*𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏 𝑑2 = 6.01 KN-m By

calculation d = 47.53 mm < 125 mm
Hence assumed depth is ok.
Reinforcement along X-direction:

Moment 𝑀− = 6.01 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑢𝑥

d = 125 mm

0.5𝑓𝑐𝑘 4.6𝑀𝑢
Ast,x= 𝑓𝑦
(1 − √1 − 𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑏𝑑2 ) 𝑏𝑑 = 113.84mm²

For 10 mm bar ast = 78.54 mm2

Spacing = 1000*ast/Ast = 436.33mm
Check for spacing:
Spacing should be not more than the least of the following:
1) 3 d = 3*125=375 mm
2) 300 mm
3) 436.33 mm
Hence provide 10mm diameter bars @ 300 mm c/c.
Ast provided = 1000*78.54/300 = 261.8 mm2

Reinforcement along Y-direction:

−
𝑢𝑦 = 6.01 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
Moment 𝑀

0.5𝑓𝑐𝑘 4.6𝑀𝑢
Ast,y = 𝑓𝑦
(1 − √1 − 𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑏𝑑2 ) 𝑏𝑑 = 113.84mm²

For 10 mm bar ast = 78.54 mm2

Spacing = 1000*ast/Ast =436.33mm
Check for spacing:
Spacing should be not more than the least of the following:
1) 3 d = 3*125= 375 mm
2) 300 mm
 3) 436.33 mm
Hence provide 10mm diameter bars @ 300 mm c/c.
Ast provided = 1000*78.54/300 = 261.8mm2

Check for deflection:

Basic (L/d) ratio = 26

Main steel provided = 261.8 mm2
Therefore, fs= 0.58 x (fy) Ast reqd/Ast provided = 0.58*500*180/261.8 = 199.38 N/mm2
Pt = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 × 100 = 261.8*100/(1000*125) = 0.209
𝑏𝑑

Therefore, modification factor, F = 2

Hence, (L/d) allowed = 2 x (26) = 52
(L/d) provided = 3970/125 = 31.76
(L/d) provided < (L/d) allowed

Hence design is safe.

Reinforcement in edge strip:

Minimum Ast = 180 mm2
Provide 10 mm bars
No. of bars = Ast/ast = 180/78.54 = 2.29 ~ 3
Therefore, provide 3 no of bars in each edge strip along both X and Y directions.
Torsion reinforcement:

Should be provided on discontinuous edges both on top and bottom.

Lx/5 = 3970/5= 794 mm
Steel in each layer = 3/4 * Ast max of mid span = 3/4 * 261.8 = 196.35 mm2
Provide 10 mm dia bars
Spacing = 1000*ast/Ast = 400 mm
Provide 10 mm bars @ 400 c/c upto length of 794 mm.
Slab S6 at floor:

Length of longer span Ly = 3970 mm

Length of shorter span Lx = 3450 mm
Ly/Lx = 1.15< 2
Therefore, the slab is two way.
Effective spans:

Clear span/ 12 = 3450/12 = 287.5 mm > 250mm As

per Clause (22.2 (b)) of IS-456:2000 Effective span = Clear
span between supports Therefore,
Effective length lx = 3450mm
ly = 3970mm
ly/lx = 1.15
Moment Calculations:

As per Clause (D-1.1 and Table 26) of IS-456:2000

Slab with interior panels
Shorter span:
-ve moment at continuous edge = 𝛼− = 0.040
𝑥
+ve moment at mid span = 𝛼+ = 0.030
𝑥
Longer span:
-ve moment at continuous edge = 𝛼− = 0.032
𝑦
+ve moment at mid span = 𝛼+ = 0.024
Moments: 𝑀− = 𝛼− × 𝑤 × 𝑙𝑦2 =0.040*11.92*3.4502 = 5.67 KN-m
𝑢𝑥 𝑥 𝑢 𝑥
𝑀 = 𝛼 × 𝑤 × 𝑙 =0.030*11.92*3.4502 = 4.25 KN-m
+ + 2

𝑢𝑥 𝑥 𝑢 𝑥
𝑀− = 𝛼− × 𝑤 × 𝑙2 =0.032*11.92*3.4502 = 4.54KN-m
𝑢𝑦 𝑦 𝑢 𝑥
𝑀+ = 𝛼+ × 𝑤 × 𝑙2 =0.024*11.92*3.4502 = 3.40 KN-m
𝑢𝑦 𝑦 𝑢 𝑥

Check for depth:

Mmax = 0.133*𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏 𝑑2 = 5.67 KN-m

By calculation d = 46.16mm< 125 mm
 Hence assumed depth is ok.
Reinforcement along X-direction:

Moment 𝑀− = 5.67 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑢𝑥

d = 125 mm

0.5𝑓𝑐𝑘 4.6𝑀𝑢
Ast,x = 𝑓𝑦
(1 − √1 − 𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑏𝑑2 ) 𝑏𝑑 = 107.30mm²

For 10 mm bar ast = 78.54 mm2

Spacing = 1000*ast/Ast = 436.33mm
Check for spacing:
Spacing should be not more than the least of the following:
1) 3 d = 3*125=375 mm
2) 300 mm
3) 436.33 mm
Hence provide 10mm diameter bars @ 300 mm c/c.
Ast provided = 1000*78.54/300 = 261.8 mm2

Reinforcement along Y-direction:

−
𝑢𝑦 = 4.54 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
Moment 𝑀

0.5𝑓𝑐𝑘 4.6𝑀𝑢
Ast,y = 𝑓𝑦
(1 − √1 − 𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑏𝑑2 ) 𝑏𝑑 = 85.20mm²

For 10 mm bar ast = 78.54 mm2

Spacing = 1000*ast/Ast=436.33 mm
Check for spacing:
Spacing should be not more than the least of the following:
1) 3 d = 3*125= 375 mm
 2) 300 mm
3) 436.33 mm
Hence provide 10mm diameter bars @ 300 mm c/c.
Ast provided = 1000*78.54/300 = 261.8mm2

Check for deflection:

Basic (L/d) ratio = 26

Main steel provided = 261.8 mm2
Therefore, fs= 0.58 x (fy) Ast reqd/Ast provided = 0.58*500*180/261.8 = 199.38 N/mm2
Pt = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 × 100 = 261.8*100/(1000*125) = 0.209
𝑏𝑑

Therefore, modification factor, F = 2

Hence, (L/d) allowed = 2 x (26) = 52
(L/d) provided = 3450/125 = 27.6

(L/d) provided < (L/d) allowed

Hence design is safe.

Reinforcement in edge strip:

Minimum Ast = 180 mm2
Provide 10 mm bars
No. of bars = Ast/ast = 180/78.54 = 2.29 ~ 3
Therefore, provide 3 no of bars in each edge strip along both X and Y directions.
Torsion reinforcement:

Should be provided on discontinuous edges both on top and bottom.

Lx/5 = 3450/5= 690 mm
Steel in each layer = 3/4 * Ast max of mid span = 3/4 * 261.8 = 196.35 mm2
Provide 10 mm dia bars
Spacing = 1000*ast/Ast = 400 mm
Provide 10 mm bars @ 400 c/c upto length of 690 mm.

Design of Slab S13 (Cantilever slab)

D = 200 mm, d = 176 mm
DL = (20*0.2)+(0.03*20)+(0.06*4.494) = 4.87 kN
LL = 3kN
qu =1.5*(4.87+3) = 11.8 kN/m2
Pu = 4.42 kN
lx = 1.06 m, ly = 3.9 m
11.8∗1.06
Mu = + 4.42 × 1.06 = 10.94 kN – m
2

Vu = 11.8×1.06 + 4.42 = 16.92 kN

𝑀
Check for depth, dreq = √0.133𝑓𝑢 = 64.13 < d (OK)
𝑐𝑘 𝑏

0.5𝑓𝑐𝑘 4.6𝑀𝑢
Area of steel along shorter span (main bar) Ast,x = 𝑓𝑦
(1 − √1 − 𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑏𝑑2 ) 𝑏𝑑 = 147.40mm2

Area of steel along longer span (dist. Bar) Ast,y = 0.12%bD = 240 mm2
Minimum area of steel, Ast,min = 0.12%bD = 240 mm2
Spacing of bars along shorter span = 1000×50.24/240 = 209.33 mm [controls]
= 3d = 528 mm
= 300 mm
Spacing of bars along longer span = 1000×50.24/240 = 209.33 mm [controls]
= 5d = 530 mm
= 450 mm
Provide 8 mm Փ bar @ 200 mm c/c along shorter span.
Provide 8 mm Փ bar @ 200 mm c/c along longer span.
Check for shear, τv = 16.92 × 1000/( 1000 × 176) = 0.09 MPa
Pt=100As/bd = 100*240/(1000*176) = 0.13%
𝜏𝑐 = 0.27 MPa > 0.14 MPa (OK) [table 19 , IS 456]
Check for deflection, fs = 0.58×500×251.2/240 = 303.53 Mpa
% steel = 0.0012
MF = 1.5
L/dreq = 1.5×7 = 11.5
L/dprovided = 1060/176 = 6.02 < 11.5 (OK)
Slab Depth Reinforcement Reinforcement
along shorter span along longer span
(mm)

S1 125 10mm Փ bar @ 300 10 mm Փ bar @ 300

mm c/c mm c/c
S2 125 10 mm Փ bar @ 300 10 mm Փ bar @ 300
mm c/c mm c/c
S3 125 10 mm Փ bar @ 300 10 mm Փ bar @ 300
mm c/c mm c/c
S4 125 10 mm Փ bar @ 300 10 mm Փ bar @ 300
mm c/c mm c/c
S5 125 10 mm Փ bar @ 300 10 mm Փ bar @ 300
mm c/c mm c/c
S6 125 10 mm Փ bar @ 300 10 mm Փ bar @ 300
mm c/c mm c/c
S7 125 10 mm Փ bar @ 300 10 mm Փ bar @ 300
mm c/c mm c/c
S8 125 10 mm Փ bar @ 300 10 mm Փ bar @ 300
mm c/c mm c/c
S9 125 10 mm Փ bar @ 300 10 mm Փ bar @ 300
mm c/c mm c/c
Slab S1 at roof:

Length of longer span Ly = 3900 mm

Length of shorter span Lx = 3430 mm
Ly /Lx = 1.13 < 2

Load Calculations:

a) Self weight = 25 x 0.150 = 3.75 KN/m2

b) Floor finishes = 24*0.025 = 0.6 KN/m2
c) Plastering = 24*0.006 = 0.144 KN/m2
Total dead load = 4.494 KN/m2
Live Load as per IS 875 Part-II = 2 KN/m2
Factored load = 1.5*(LL+DL) = 9.741 KN/m2

Therefore, the slab is two way.

Effective spans:

Clear span/ 12 = 3430/12 = 285.83mm > 250 mm

As per Clause (22.2 (b)) of IS-456:2000
Effective span = Clear span between supports
Therefore,
Effective length lx = 3430 mm
ly = 3900 mm
ly/lx = 1.13
Moment Calculations:
As per Clause (D-1.1 and Table 26) of IS-456:2000 Slab with two adjacent
edges discontinuous
Shorter span:
-ve moment at continuous edge = 𝛼− = 0.055
𝑥
+ve moment at mid span = 𝛼+ = 0.041
𝑥
Longer span:
-ve moment at continuous edge = 𝛼− = 0.047
𝑦

+ve moment at mid span = 𝛼+ = 0.035

𝑦
Moments: 𝑀− = 𝛼− × 𝑤 × 𝑙2 =0.055*9.741*3.432 = 6.30 KN-m
𝑢𝑥 𝑥 𝑢 𝑥
𝑀+ = 𝛼+ × 𝑤 × 𝑙2 =0.041*9.741*3.432 = 4.69 KN-m
𝑢𝑥 𝑥 𝑢 𝑥
𝑀− = 𝛼− × 𝑤 × 𝑙2 =0.047*9.741*3.432 = 5.38 KN-m
𝑢𝑦 𝑦 𝑢 𝑥
𝑀+ = 𝛼+ × 𝑤 × 𝑙2 =0.035*9.741*3.432 = 4.01 KN-m
𝑢𝑦 𝑦 𝑢 𝑥
Check for depth:

Mmax = 0.133*𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏 𝑑2 = 6.30 KN-m By

calculation d = 48.66 mm < 125 mm
Hence assumed depth is ok.
Reinforcement along X-direction:

Moment 𝑀− = 6.30 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑢𝑥

d = 125 mm

0.5𝑓𝑐𝑘 4.6𝑀𝑢
Ast,x= 𝑓𝑦
(1 − √1 − 𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑏𝑑2 ) 𝑏𝑑 = 118.82²

For 10 mm bar ast = 78.54 mm2

Spacing = 1000/no. of bars = 1000*ast/Ast = 436.33 mm

Check for spacing:

As per Clause (26.3.3 (b)) of IS-456:2000
Spacing should be not more than the least of the following:
1) 3 d = 3*125=375 mm
2) 300 mm
3) 436.33 mm
Hence provide 10mm diameter bars @ 300 mm c/c.
Ast provided = 1000*78.54/300 = 261.8 mm2
Reinforcement along Y-direction:

−
𝑢𝑦 = 5.38 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
Moment 𝑀
 0.5𝑓𝑐𝑘 4.6𝑀𝑢
Ast,y = 𝑓𝑦
(1 − √1 − 𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑏 𝑑2) 𝑏𝑑 = 102.08mm²

For 10 mm bar ast = 78.54 mm2

Spacing = 1000*ast/Ast=436.33 mm
Check for spacing:
As per Clause (26.3.3 (b)) of IS-456:2000
Spacing should be not more than the least of the following:
1) 3 d = 3*115= 345 mm
2) 300 mm
3)436.33 mm
Hence provide 10mm diameter bars @ 300 mm c/c.
Ast provided = 1000*78.54/300 = 261.8mm2
Check for deflection: From Fig.4 of IS-456:2000
Basic (L/d) ratio = 26
Main steel provided = 261.8 mm2
Therefore, fs= 0.58 x (fy) Ast reqd/Ast provided = 0.58*500*180/261.8 = 199.38 N/mm2
Pt = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 × 100 = 261.8*100/(1000*125) = 0.209
𝑏𝑑

Therefore, modification factor, F = 2

Hence, (L/d) allowed = 2 x (26) = 52
(L/d) provided = 3430/125 = 27.44
(L/d) provided < (L/d) allowed
Hence design is safe.

Reinforcement in edge strip:

Minimum Ast = 180 mm2
Provide 10 mm bars
No. of bars = Ast/ast = 150/78.54 = 2.29 ~ 3
Therefore, provide 3 no of bars in each edge strip along both X and Y directions.
Torsion reinforcement:

Should be provided on discontinuous edges both on top and bottom.

Lx/5 = 3430/5= 686 mm
Steel in each layer = 3/4 * Ast max of mid span = 3/4 * 261.8 = 196.35 mm2
 Provide 10 mm dia bars
Spacing = 1000*ast/Ast = 400 mm
Provide 10 mm bars @ 400 c/c upto length of 686 mm.
Slab at s2

Length of longer span Ly = 4000 mm Length of

shorter span Lx = 3430 mm Ly /Lx = 1.17 < 2
Therefore, the slab is two way.
Support width = 250 mm
Reinforcement along X-direction:
Hence provide 10mm diameter bars @ 300 mm c/c.
Ast provided = 1000*78.54/300 = 261.8 mm2
Reinforcement along Y-direction:
Provide 10mm diameter bars @ 300 mm c/c.
Ast provided = 1000*78.54/300 = 261.8 mm2
Reinforcement in edge strip:
Therefore, provide 3 no of bars in each edge strip along both X and Y directions.
Torsion reinforcement:

Provide 10 mm bars @ 400 c/c upto length of 686mm

Slab S3 at roof:
Length of longer span Ly = 3450
mm Length of shorter span Lx =
3430 mm Ly /Lx = 1.005< 2
Therefore, the slab is two way.
Support width = 250 mm
Reinforcement along X-
direction:
Hence provide 10mm diameter bars @ 300
mm c/c. Ast provided = 1000*78.54/300 =
261.8 mm2 Reinforcement along Y-
direction:
Provide 10mm diameter bars @ 300
mm c/c. Ast provided =
1000*78.54/300 = 261.8 mm2
Reinforcement in edge strip:
Therefore, provide 3 no of bars in each edge strip along both X and Y
directions. Torsion reinforcement:
Provide 10 mm bars @ 400 c/c upto length of 686 mm.

51
 Slab S4 at roof:

Length of longer span Ly = 3970 mm

Length of shorter span Lx = 3900 mm
Ly/Lx = 1.01< 2
Therefore, the slab is two way.
Support width = 250 mm
Reinforcement along X-direction:
Hence provide 10mm diameter bars @ 300 mm c/c.
Ast provided = 1000*78.54/300 = 261.8 mm2
Reinforcement along Y-direction:
Provide 10mm diameter bars @ 300 mm c/c.
Ast provided = 1000*78.54/300 = 261.8 mm2
Reinforcement in edge strip:
Therefore, provide 3 no of bars in each edge strip along both X and Y directions.
Torsion reinforcement:
Provide 10 mm bars @ 400 c/c upto length of 780 mm.
Slab S5 at roof:

Length of longer span Ly = 4000 mm

Length of shorter span Lx = 3970 mm
Ly /Lx = 1.007 < 2
Therefore, the slab is two way.
Support width = 250 mm
Reinforcement along X-direction:
Hence provide 10mm diameter bars @ 300 mm c/c.
Ast provided = 1000*78.54/300 = 261.8 mm2
Reinforcement along Y-direction:
Provide 10mm diameter bars @ 300 mm c/c.
Ast provided = 1000*78.54/300 = 261.8 mm2
Reinforcement in edge strip:
Therefore, provide 3 no of bars in each edge strip along both X and Y directions.
Torsion reinforcement: Provide 10 mm bars @ 400 c/c upto length of 794 mm

52
 Length of shorter span Lx = 3450 mm
Ly/Lx = 1.15< 2
Therefore, the slab is two way.
Support width = 250 mm
Reinforcement along X-direction:
Hence provide 10mm diameter bars @ 300 mm c/c.
Ast provided = 1000*78.54/300 = 261.8 mm2
Reinforcement along Y-direction:
Provide 10mm diameter bars @ 300 mm c/c.
Ast provided = 1000*78.54/300 = 261.8 mm2
Reinforcement in edge strip:
Therefore, provide 3 no of bars in each edge strip along both X and Y directions.
Torsion reinforcement:
Provide 10 mm bars @ 400 c/c upto length of 690 mm.

Slab S7 at roof:

Length of longer span Lx = 3900 mm

Length of shorter span Ly = 3580 mm
Lx /Ly = 1.08< 2
Therefore, the slab is two way.
Support width = 250 mm
Reinforcement along X-direction:
Hence provide 10mm diameter bars @ 300 mm c/c.
Ast provided = 1000*78.54/300 = 261.8 mm2
Reinforcement along Y-direction:
Provide 10mm diameter bars @ 300 mm c/c.
Ast provided = 1000*78.54/300 = 261.8 mm2
Reinforcement in edge strip:
Therefore, provide 3 no of bars in each edge strip along both X and Y directions.
Torsion reinforcement:
Provide 10 mm bars @ 400 c/c upto length of 716 mm.
53
Slab Depth Reinforcement Reinforcement
along shorter span along longer span
(mm)

S1 125 10mm Փ bar @ 300 10 mm Փ bar @ 300

mm c/c mm c/c

S2 125 10 mm Փ bar @ 300 10 mm Փ bar @ 300

mm c/c mm c/c

S3 125 10 mm Փ bar @ 300 10 mm Փ bar @ 300

mm c/c mm c/c

S4 125 10 mm Փ bar @ 300 10 mm Փ bar @ 300

mm c/c mm c/c

S5 125 10 mm Փ bar @ 300 10 mm Փ bar @ 300

mm c/c mm c/c

S6 125 10 mm Փ bar @ 300 10 mm Փ bar @ 300

mm c/c mm c/c

S7 125 10 mm Փ bar @ 300 10 mm Փ bar @ 300

mm c/c mm c/c
S8 125 10 mm Փ bar @ 300 10 mm Փ bar @ 300
mm c/c mm c/c

S9 125 10 mm Փ bar @ 300 10 mm Փ bar @ 300

mm c/c mm c/c
 Design Of Stair case

d. Top finish of 12.5 mm= 12.5 x 24 = 300 N/m2

e. Live load on waist slab= 2000 N/m2
Total load on waist slab = 6600 + 1825 + 300 + 2000 = 10,725
N/m2

Moment on Waist Slab

Maximum bending moment per metre width of the stairs,

M = wl2/8;

= (10,725 x
4.6452)/8 M =
28925 Nm

Ultimate Moment, Mu = 1.5 x M = 1.5 x 28925 = 43388 Nm

Check for Depth of Waist Slab

From SP 16-1980, From Table C, Clause 2.3;

Mu,limit = 0.138fckbd2;

Therefore, dreq = sqrt [Mu,limit / (0.138 x fckb)

= sqrt [43388 x 1000 / (0.138 x 25 x 1000)]

dreq = 122 mm

If 10 mm diameter bars are provided, the effective cover = clear cover + half bar
diameter = 15 mm + 5 mm = 20 mm

Then, overall depth required D = 122 + 20 = 142;

Provide an overall depth of 220 mm.

Effective depth = overall depth – effective cover = 220 – 20 = 200 mm;

2.6. Calculation of Reinforcement

Main Reinforcement for Stairs

From SP 16-1980, Table-3

Mu/bd2 = [43388 x 1000] / [1000 x 2002] = 1.08

By interpolation, percentage steel pt = 0.33%

Ast,req = (pt x bd)/100 = (0.33 x 1000 x 200)/100 = 660 mm2

Assume 10 mm diameter bars;

Area of single bar = (3.14 x r x r) = 3.14 x 5 x 5 = 78.5 mm2

Spacing of main reinforcement bars = 1000/ [Ast,req / Area of single bar]

= 1000/[660 / 78.5]

= 120 mm c/c
Provide main reinforcement of 10 mm diameter bars at 120 mm c/c
Distribution Reinforcement for Stairs
Provide 0.12% of cross-sectional area as distribution rebars as per IS:456-2000,

= 0.12% x (1000 x 220) = 264 mm2

Assume 8 mm diameter bars

Spacing of main reinforcement bars = 1000/ [Ast,req / Area of single bar]

= 1000/ [264 / 50.24]

= 190 mm c/c

Hence,Provide distribution bars of 8mm diameter @ 180mm c/c

Preliminary Dimensioning of the Stairs

Floor to Floor Height is 3.3meters. Hence, it is purposed to have
two flights for the stairway.
The height of each flight = Total height to be covered / No.
of flights = 3.3/2

The height of each flight= 1.65

Assume the height of risers = 150 mm

No. of Risers = Height of flight / height of riser= 1650/150

No of Risers =12

Therefore, actual height of riser ‘R’ = 1650/12

Riser Height, r = 146 mm

No. of threads = No. of risers – 1= 12 – 1= 11 no’s

Let,

1. The width of the stair = 1600 mm

2. The width of thread ‘T’ = 270 mm

 Design of Flight AB
As shown in Figure above, the flights are spanning longitudinally by means of landing slabs at
the top and bottom of the flight. Let the bearing of the flight be 150 mm.

Effective Horizontal Span

Effective Horizontal Span =2.97 + 1.60 + (0.150 /2) = 4.645 m

Thickness of Waist Slab

The thickness of waist slab can be assumed as 40 mm to 50 mm per metre run of horizontal
span. Here, a waist slab thickness is taken as 220 mm.

Load Calculation
Load on Waist Slab

a. Self-weight of waist slab = weight of concrete x thickness of waist slab

= 25 x 0.22 = 5.5 kN/m2

= 5500 N/m2

b. Ceiling Finish of thickness 12.5 mm = weight of P.C.C x thickness of finish

= 24 x 0.125 = 0.3 kN/m2

= 300 N/m2

Therefore, total load on waist slab 'ws'= 5500 + 300 = 5800 N/m2

The above load obtained is inclined. This must be converted into a horizontal load (w) by
multiplying it with the factor. If the length of riser and thread is 'R' and 'T,' then,
Corresponding horizontal load per sq.m = 5800* 1462+2702 ÷270= 6600 N/m2

c. Dead load of steps = (½) x Riser length x Concrete unit weight

= 0.5 x (146.2) x 25 = 1825 N/m2

d. Top finish of 12.5 mm= 12.5 x 24 = 300 N/m 2

e. Live load on waist slab= 2000 N/m 2

Total load on waist slab = 6600 + 1825 + 300 + 2000 = 10,725 N/m2

Moment on Waist Slab

Maximum bending moment per metre width of the stairs,

M = wl2/8;

= (10,725 x 4.6452)/8

M = 28925 Nm
Ultimate Moment, Mu = 1.5 x M = 1.5 x 28925 = 43388 Nm

Check for Depth of Waist Slab

From SP 16-1980, From Table C, Clause 2.3;

Mu,limit = 0.138fckbd2;

Therefore, dreq = sqrt [Mu,limit / (0.138 x fckb)

= sqrt [43388 x 1000 / (0.138 x 25 x 1000)] dreq

= 122 mm

If 10 mm diameter bars are provided, the effective cover = clear cover + half bar diameter = 15
mm + 5 mm = 20 mm

Then, overall depth required D = 122 + 20 = 142; Provide an

overall depth of 220 mm.

Effective depth = overall depth – effective cover = 220 – 20 = 200 mm;

Calculation of Reinforcement Main

Reinforcement for Stairs
From SP 16-1980, Table-3

Mu/bd2 = [43388 x 1000] / [1000 x 2002] = 1.08

By interpolation, percentage steel pt = 0.33%

Ast,req = (pt x bd)/100 = (0.33 x 1000 x 200)/100 = 660 mm2 Assume 10 mm diameter
bars;

Area of single bar = (3.14 x r x r) = 3.14 x 5 x 5 = 78.5 mm2

Spacing of main reinforcement bars = 1000/ [Ast,req / Area of single bar]

 = 1000/[660 / 78.5]

= 120 mm c/c

Provide main reinforcement of 10 mm diameter bars at 120 mm c/c Distribution

Reinforcement for Stairs

Provide 0.12% of cross-sectional area as distribution rebars as per IS:4562000,

= 0.12% x (1000 x 220) = 264 mm2

Assume 8 mm diameter bars

Spacing of main reinforcement bars = 1000/ [Ast,req / Area of single bar]

= 1000/ [264 / 50.24]

= 190 mm c/c

Hence,

Provide distribution bars of 8mm diameter @ 180mm c/c

Frame Analysis
ISOMETRIC AXIAL FORCE DIAGRAM
SHEAR FORCE 2-2 DIAGRAM
SHEAR FORCE 3-3 DIAGRAM
ISOMETRIC MOMENT DISTRIBUTION
 SEISMIC LOAD ANALYSIS

Size of the beam= 350 mm x 350 mm

Size of the column = 450 mm x 450 mm

Thickness of the slab = 150 mm

Live load = 2 KN/m2
Parapet wall ( height of 1m and thickness = 0.125 m )
Calculation of seismic loads (W):

Dead load of beam = 25 x 0.35 x 0.35 x ((12.04 x 8) + (25.28 x 5))

= 682.08 KN
Dead load of column = 25 x 0.45 x 0.45 x (34 x 3.3)
= 568.0125 KN
Dead load of slab = 25 x 0.15 x (12.04x25.28)
= 1141.392 KN
Weight of the wall = 20 x 0.125 x 3.3 x [2 x (12.04+25.28)]
= 615.78 KN
Live load = 0.25 x 2 x (12.04 x 25.28) = 152.18KN
Weight of the parapet wall = 20 x 0.125 x 1 x [2 x (12.04 + 25.28)]
= 186.6 KN

At roof level

Load = 682.08 +(0.5 x 568.0125) +1141.392 +(0.5 x 615.78) +0 +186.6 = 2601.96KN

Total seismic load (W) = 4x(682.08+ 568.0125+ 1141.392+ 615.78+ 152.18+186.6)

+2601.96

= 15239.738KN

Determination of An ( horizontal seismic coefficient ):

An = (ZI / 2R).(Sa / g) (According to IS 1893:2002 Clause 6.4.2)

Z = 0.36 ( Assam comes under zone-V )

I = Importance factor = 1 ( For residential buildings (Table 6) )
R = Response Reduction Factor = 3 ( Table 7 )

Ta = (0.09 x 16.5) / √16.5= 0.36

Sa/g = spectral acceleration coefficient

For medium soil sites,

Sa/g = 2.5 For 0.10 <= Ta <= 0.55

An = (ZI/2R).(Sa/g) = (0.36x 1 x2.5)/(2 x 3.3) = 0.136

Base shear, Vb = An x W = 0.140 x 15239.738 = 2133.56 KN

Vb/3 = 2133.56 /3 = 711.18KN

Qi = Vb x Wi hi2 /ΣWi hi2

Qi = 711.18 x Wi hi2 / ΣWi hi2

Floor Wi hi Wihi2 Qi Vi

1 3159.44 3.3 34406.30 14.05 711.15

2 3159.44 6.6 137625.206 56.23 697.1
3 3159.44 9.9 309656.71 126.52 640.87
4 3159.44 13.2 550500.82 224.92 514.35
Roof 2601.96 16.5 708383.61 289.43 289.43

Σ 1740572.676

Column shear:

For roof: P5 + 2P5 + 2P5 +2P5+ 2P5 +2P5+2P5+ P5 = 289.43KN

=> P5 = 20.67 KN
For storey 4: 14 P4 = 224.92+ 289.43=> P4 = 36.73 KN

For storey 3: 14 P3 = 126.52+224.92+ 289.43=> P3 = 45.77 KN

For storey 2: 14 P2 = 56.23+126.52+224.92+ 289.43=> P2 = 49.79 KN
For storey 1: 14 P1 = 14.05+56.23+126.52+224.92+ 289.43=> P1 = 50.79KN

Column Moment:

Column EF=I3J3= P5 x distance from point of contraflexure

= 20.67 x 1.65 = 34.105 KN-m

Column KL = QR = WX =C1D1 = I1J1 = I2J2 =2x 20.67x 1.65 = 68.21 KN-m

Column DE = H3I3= 36.73 x 1.65 = 60.60 KN-m

Column JK = PQ = VW =H1 I1 =B1C1 = H1I1= 2x 36.73 x 1.65= 121.209 KN-m

Column CD =C3H3 = 45.77x 1.65 = 75.52 KN-m

Column IJ = OP = UV = A1B1 = C1H1 = C2H2=2x 45.77 x1.65= 151.04 KN-m

Column BC = F3C3 = 49.79 x 1.65 = 82.15KN-m

Column HI = NO =TU =ZA1 =F1C1 = F2C2= 2 x49.79 x1.65 = 164.30KN-m

Column AB =E3F3= 50.79 x 1.65 = 83.80KN-m
Column GH = MN = ST = YZ= E1F1 = E2F2=2 x 50.79 x1.65 = 167.60 KN-m
WIND LOAD ANALYSIS

According to IS 875: 1987 ( Part 3 ) wind load has been calculated.

Height of storey = 3.3 m

Height of the structure = 3.3 x 5 = 16.5 m

Location: Guwahati ( Assam ) Category 3

Topography = plane with wind slope less than 3 0

Step 1: Design wind speed ( V2 )

V2 = Vb.K1.K2.K3 (According to IS 875 Part 3)

where K1 = Risk coefficient ( Clause 5.3.1 )

K2 = Terrain height and structure size factor

K3 = Topography factor ( Clause 5.3.3 )

Vb = basic wind speed = 50 m/s ( Guwahati by Appendix A )

K1 = 1 + K3 ( For θ < 3 )0

K1 = 1
k3 = 1
k2 -> Interpolation
Height(m) K2
10 0.88
15 0.94
20 0.98

K2 determination: Terrain category = 3 of class B

By Interpolating, K2= 0.955 at height = 16.5m

Height Vb K1 K2 K3 Vz
10 50 1 0.88 1 44
15 50 1 0.94 1 47
16.5 50 1 0.955 1 47.75

Step 2: Design wind pressure ( Pz )

Height Vz Pz Pz =
0.6
10 44 1161.6 Vz2

15 47 1325.4

16.5 47.75 1368.03

Step 3: Design wind load ( F )

F = Cf . Ae . Pz

Cf = Force coefficient of building ( Page 33

)
 Ae = Effective frontal area

Pz = design wind load

Calculation of Cf:

a / b = 12.04 / 25.28= 0.47

h / b = 16.5 / 25.28= 0.65

From figure 4B of IS Code, Cf = 1.2

Frontal area, Ae = 2.58 x 1 = 2.58 m2

Height Pz F (N/m) F (KN/m)

0-10 1161.6 4321.15 4.32
10-15 1325.4 4930.48 4.93
15-16.5 1368.03 4235.42 4.23

Storey No. Loading Level Ht. Of Storey Design Force Force at each
story level
5 13.2-16.5 3.3 4.23 13.959
4 9.9-13.2 3.3 4.93 16.269
3 6.6-9.9 3.3 4.32 13.824
2 3.3-6.6 3.3 4.32 13.824
1 1-3.3 3.3 4.32 13.824
 Design of Beams
A beam is a structural member that is capable of withstanding load by primarily
resisting bending. The designing of the beam mainly consists of fixing the breadth
and depth of the beam and arriving at the area of steel and the diameter of bars to be
used. The breadth of the beam is generally kept equal to the thickness of the wall to
avoid offset inside the room. It shall also not exceed the width of the column for
effective transfer of load from beam to column. The depth of the beam is taken
between L/10 to L/16. The dimensions of the beam that we have chosen are 350 x
350.
Analysis: The beam is analysed first in order to calculate the internal actions such
as Bending Moment and Shear Force. A simplified substitute frame analysis can be
used for determining the bending moments and shearing forces at any floor or roof
level due to gravity loads. The Moment distribution method is used for this purpose.
2) Loads: In order to analyse the frame, it is needed to calculate the loads to which
the beams are subjected to. The different loadings are as follows:
i) Uniformly Distributed Load: (w) in kN/m
The load transferred from the slab per metre length will be either rectangular
from one way slab or trapezoidal/triangular from two-way slab. Depending on the
position of the slab, the loading may be decided. In the case of two-way slabs,
trapezoidal load comes from the longer side while the triangular load comes from
the shorter side.
Design Parameters used:

Beam Trial Section = 350 x 350 mm

Nominal Cover = 25 mm

Rebar Diameter = 25 mm

Concrete Grade M20 = 20 N/mm2

Rebar Grade Fe500 = 500 N/mm2

Shear r/f Diameter = 12 mm

Shear r/f grade Fe415 = 415 N/mm2

Wall thickness = 115 mm

Wall Height floor 1 = 2.9 m

Wall Height floor 0 = 3.3 m

Wall Height below plinth = 1.1 m

f/f height = 3.3 m

f/g height = 3 m

Plinth Level = 0.4 m

Slab Thickness = 150 mm

Column Trial Section = 450 x 450 mm

Unit wt. RCC = 25 KN/m3 Table 1 :22 IS:875 (Par1)

Unit wt. PCC = 24 KN/m3 Table 1 :22 IS:875 (Par1)

Unit wt. of Brickwork = 20 KN/m3 Table 1 :36 IS:875 (Par1)

Z = 0.36 IS1893 (table 3,clause 6.4.2 , page 10)

I = 1 IS1893 (clause 6.4.1 , page 9)

R = 5 IS1893 (Table, 9clause 7.2.6 , page 20)

T = 0.6251 /s IS1893 (clause 7.6.2, page 21)

Sa/g = 2.5 IS1893 (clause 6.4.2 , page 9)

Ah = 0.09 IS1893 (clause 6.4.1 , page 9)

Load Specifications

Live Load:

Staircase = 4 KN/m² Table 1: i) a) IS: 875 (Part 2)

All rooms and kitchens = 2 KN/m² Table 1: i) a) IS: 875 (Part 2)

Corridors = 3 KN/m² Table 1: i) a)

Dead Load:

Brickwork = 6.785 KN/m

Beam = 3.0625 kN/m

Slab = 3.75 kn/m²

 Fig1: Floor plan

Critical cross sections through C1,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,C8

Load Calculations

Structural Analysis

Once the loads have been calculated, the next part is analysis. The structural analysis part can be
done with the help of the Moment distribution method. Moment distribution method offers a
convenient way to analyse statically indeterminate beams and rigid
frames. In the moment distribution method, every joint of the structure to be analysed is fixed to
develop the fixed-end moments. Then, each fixed joint is sequentially released, and the fixed-end
moments are distributed to adjacent members until equilibrium is achieved. It falls into the
category of displacement method of structural analysis.
Fixed end moments

Fixed end moments are the moments produced at member ends when the joints are fixed.
For a uniformly distributed load acting on a beam, the Fixed end moments is calculated as shown
below: -

Flexural Stiffness

The flexural stiffness (EI/L) of a member is represented as the product of the modulus of elasticity
(E) and the second moment of area (I) divided by the length (L) of the member. Additionally, what
is needed in the moment distribution method is not the exact value but the ratio of flexural stiffness
of all members.

Distribution Factor

Distribution factor can be defined as the ratio of relative stiffness to the total stiffness.

Carry over Moment

Unbalanced moments are carried over to the other end of the member when the joint is released.
Added to that, the ratio of the carried-over moment at the other end to the fixed-end moment of
the initial end is the carryover factor. Lastly, For prismatic members, the carryover moment in
each span has the same sign as the distribution end moment, but is one-half as large.

Procedure

The steps involved in moment distribution method are as follows:

1) Calculate fixed end moments due to applied loads following the same sign
convention and procedure, which was adopted in the slope-deflection method.

2)Calculate relative stiffness.

3)Determine the distribution factors for various members framing into a particular
joint.

4) Distribute the net fixed end moments at the joints to various members by
multiplying the net moment by their respective distribution factors in the first
cycle.

5) In the second and subsequent cycles, carry-over moments from the far ends of
the same member (carry-over moment will be half of the distributed moment).

6) Consider this carry-over moment as a fixed end moment and determine the balancing moment.
This procedure is repeated from the second cycle onwards till convergence.

Once the moment distribution process has been completed, we will be able to obtain the bending
moment diagram for the respective loads i.e. Dead Load and Live load.

Calculation the Sheer force of the beam

Shearing forces occur when a perpendicular force is applied to static material (in this case a beam).
These forces occur along with numerous points of a beam, and it is important to determine where
these shears are at the greatest points as this may be where a beam fails.
To calculate the shear forces of a beam, the following steps should be followed:

Start with the far-left side of the beam

If there is an upward force (i.e., a support) then the SFD will start at this force above the x-axis. If
there is a downward point load and no support, then the shear force diagram will start as a negative
at the value of the point load. Move across the beam as you come across loads, you simply add (or
subtract) these loads from the value you
already have, keeping a cumulative total.
Distribution factor:

Moment distribution factor for dead Load:

Moment Distribution factor for Live Load:
Structural design
Table for PSFs (IS 475:2000)
The shear forces for the beams are calculated from the shear force diagrams at the
right and left ends.

The respective design value of shear is obtained by multiplying 1.5 with the summation
of shear due to dead and live load.
Similarly bending moments are calculated from the bending moment diagrams for all the
beams at the right and left end and at the centre. However in the case of calculating
shear forces we don't consider the mid-section or the shear because shear is most likely
to be very small at the centre.

The design value of bending moment is calculated by adding the bending moments of
the loads and by multiplying it to 1.5.
Sagging moment takes place in the centre and hogging moment occurs at the supports i.e left and
right end. In order to design Mu/bd2 value is calculated for each beams(for both hogging and
sagging) from Table 2( SP 16 IS handbook) Pt value is obtained. Ast value is calculated by

Ast= Pt x bd/100

And for checking Ast

Check Ast = 0.85 x bd^2 / fy

We take the value of Ast for further calculation only if it's greater than check Ast.
Otherwise the value of check Ast is considered.
If the value of Mu/bd^2 is too small for obtaining the value of Pt from SP 16 Handbook IS code.
Ast value is considered as 312.375.
(Minimum reinforcement (clause 26.5.1.1 , IS:456-2000))
The no of bar required is calculated by
4 x Ast/ 3.14 x d^2.
After the calculations the no of bars are provided accordingly. (Minimum 2 bars are usually
provided)

Seismic design
Seismic design is a vital process of structural analysis while designing a building, which
is subjected to earthquake ground motions. Design code IS:1893-2001(Part 1 ) is
followed in India for designing against seismic load. This IS code divides Indian terrain
into 4 specific zones namely: Zone II, Zone III, Zone IV and Zone V established on the
basis of vulnerability of a specific location to seismic activity. Zone I is obsolete in India
and hence not mentioned in IS:1893(part 1).
For earthquake-resistant buildings, adequate vertical and lateral stiffness and strength
is recommended while designing.
A) Lateral Stiffness of a building is governed by the shape of the plan. If the building
shape is irregular with protrusions of rooms from the central structure, then that building
is considered laterally irregular and has lesser lateral stiffness.
B) Vertical Stiffness in a multi storeyed building is determined by the distribution of load
on each floor. If consecutive floors are loaded with vast disparity then , that building will
be considered as vertically irregular.
C)Redundancy is possibly one of the most important safety characteristics when
designing for safety. Redundancy ensures there are multiple strategies in place in case
one fails
There are 3 types of redundancies in a structure:
i) Structural redundancy: It is defined as redundancy that exists as a result of the
continuity within the load path. Any statically indeterminate structure may be said to be
redundant.
ii) Load path redundancy: It refers to the number of supporting elements, usually
parallel, such as girders or trusses. For a structure to be non-redundant, it must have
two or fewer load paths The greater the number of girders, the greater the capacity to
share peak load by the adjacent members
iii) Internal redundancy is when a structural component has alternative and sufficient
load paths existing within the component itself.
iv) A stable foundation is a major characteristic of building a large structure regardless
of natural disaster risks. It is critical for a building’s long-term survival, and a stronger
foundation is necessary to resist an earthquake's powerful force.
Analysis of lateral load (seismic load)
Three basic methods are available for analysing the responses of a structure subjected
to seismic ground waves: Static analysis. Response spectra analysis. Time history
analysis.
Seismic analysis is explained using Static analysis in this document.
Load Calculation
Factored seismic load (base shear, Vb) is distributed as lateral forces into different
floors, with the topmost floor experiencing maximum lateral seismic force. Following
expressions are used for the calculation of seismic loads and lateral forces.
i)For calculating seismic weight of each floor:
Wi = Total dead load of the slab of floor in consideration + Total weight of beams in that
floor + Dead load of half of upper floor & lower floor +25% of (Total live load of the slab
of floor in consideration + Live load of half of upper floor & lower floor)
Total seismic weight , W=𝛴Wi
ii)For the calculation of design base shear Vb :
iii)Calculation of Time period:
iv)Lateral Force on each floor is given by the expression

Seismic Live Load Dead Total Total Seismic

Weight Due to (kn) Load(kn) Load(25%LL+DL)(kn) load(W)

S3 1.12 2.1

S6 1.14 2.1

S8 0.84 1.6

W5 Slab S9 0.46 0.9 68.954 998.332

 S13 0.84 1.6

S14 1.12 2.1

S15 1.08 2.0

B1 - 7.651875

B2 - 7.555625

B3 - 6.545

B4 - 4.860625

B5 - 6.545

Beam B6 - 7.5075

C1 - 8.353125

C2 - 8.353125

C3 - 8.353125

C4 - 8.353125

C5 - 8.353125

C6 - 8.353125

C7 - 8.353125

C8 - 8.353125

Column C9 - 8.353125

Above floor
level - -

Below floor
Brickwork level - 14.262875

S3 1.12 2.1

W5 Slab S6 1.14 2.1 158.395

 S8 0.84 1.6

S9 0.46 0.9

S13 0.84 1.6

S14 1.12 2.1

S15 1.08 2.0

B1 - 7.651875

B2 - 7.555625

B3 - 6.545

B4 - 4.860625

B5 - 6.545

Beam B6 - 7.5075

C1 - 8.353125

C2 - 8.353125

C3 - 8.353125

C4 - 8.353125

C5 - 8.353125

C6 - 8.353125

C7 - 8.353125

C8 - 8.353125

Column C9 - 8.353125

Above floor
level - 14.262875

Below floor
Brickwork level - 14.262875
 S3 1.12 2.1

S6 1.14 2.1

S8 0.84 1.6

S9 0.46 0.9

S13 0.84 1.6

S14 1.12 2.1

Slab S15 1.08 2.0

B1 - 7.651875

B2 - 7.555625

B3 - 6.545

B4 - 4.860625

B5 - 6.545

Beam B6 - 7.5075

C1 - 16.70625

C2 - 16.70625

C3 - 16.70625

C4 - 16.70625

C5 - 16.70625

C6 - 16.70625

C7 - 16.70625

C8 - 16.70625

Column C9 - 16.70625

Above floor
W4 Brickwork level - 14.262875 233.573
 Below floor
level - 14.262875

S3 1.12 2.1

S6 1.14 2.1

S8 0.84 1.6

S9 0.46 0.9

S13 0.84 1.6

S14 1.12 2.1

Slab S15 1.08 2.0

B1 - 7.651875

B2 - 7.555625

B3 - 6.545

B4 - 4.860625

B5 - 6.545

Beam B6 - 7.5075

C1 - 16.70625

C2 - 16.70625

C3 - 16.70625

C4 - 16.70625

C5 - 16.70625

C6 - 16.70625

C7 - 16.70625

C8 - 16.70625

W3 Column C9 - 16.70625 233.573

 Above floor
level - 14.262875

Below floor
Brickwork level - 14.262875

S3 1.12 2.1

S6 1.14 2.1

S8 0.84 1.6

S9 0.46 0.9

S13 0.84 1.6

S14 1.12 2.1

Slab S15 1.08 2.0

B1 - 7.651875

B2 - 7.555625

B3 - 6.545

B4 - 4.860625

B5 - 6.545

Beam B6 - 7.5075

C1 - 16.70625

C2 - 16.70625

C3 - 16.70625

C4 - 16.70625

C5 - 16.70625

C6 - 16.70625

W2 Column C7 - 16.70625 233.573

 C8 - 16.70625

C9 - 16.70625

Above floor
level - 14.262875

Below floor
Brickwork level - 14.262875

B1 - 7.651875

B2 - 7.555625

B3 - 6.545

B4 - 4.860625

B5 - 6.545

Beam B6 - 7.5075

C1 - 9.365625

C2 - 9.365625

C3 - 9.365625

C4 - 9.365625

C5 - 9.365625

C6 - 9.365625

C7 - 9.365625

C8 - 9.365625

Column C9 - 9.365625

Above floor
level - 14.262875

Below floor
W1 Brickwork level - - 139.219
 Fig:Calculation of seismic weights

Fig:Calculation of seismic weights

Force calculation
The 2D building frame can be analyzed using approximate methods of lateral analysis
such as
i)Portal Method
ii)Cantilever method
Portal method
The portal method is based on the assumption that, for each storey of the frame, the
interior columns will take twice as much shear force as the exterior columns.This
method is more appropriate for low rise buildings with uniform framing.
There are three major assumptions that apply in the approximate portal method of
analysis. These assumptions are as follow:
1. An inflection point is located at mid-height of each column.
2. An inflection point is located at the center of each beam.
3. The horizontal shear is divided among all the columns on the basis that each interior
column takes twice as much as the exterior column.
Calculation of forces:
i)The column shears are determined by balancing it against the lateral forces in
horizontal direction
ii)The column moments are then calculated by multiplying with half the height of their
respective column .
iii)The beam moments are calculated by equating total moment at a joint to 0
iv) The beam shears are finally determined by dividing the beam moments by the length
of the respective beams.
Cantilever method
The cantilever method is very similar to the portal method. Point of contraflexure is still
assumed at the center of beams. The only difference is that for the cantilever method,
instead of finding the shears in the columns first using an assumption, we will find the
axial force in the columns using an assumption.
The cantilever method assumes that the whole frame will deform laterally in the same
way as the vertical cantilever. The location of the neutral axis of the whole frame is
found by considering the cross-sectional areas and locations of the columns at each
storey:
where, x=the horizontal distance between the location of the neutral axis and the zero
point
Ai=the area of column i
xi =the horizontal distance between column i and the zero point.
The location zero does not matter, but is commonly set as the location of the leftmost
column.
Once we know the location of the neutral axis, using the assumption that the frame
behaves as a vertical cantilever, we know that the axial strain in each column will be
proportional to that column's distance from the neutral axis, just like the strain in any
fiber a distance x away from the neutral axis of a cantilever is proportional to the
distance x. Since we are assuming that all of our materials are linear (stress is linear to
strain), then this also means that the axial stress in each column is proportional to its
distance from the neutral axis of the frame. Also, columns on one side of the neutral
axis will be in tension, and columns on the other side of the neutral axis will be in
compression.
Since this method relies on the frame behaving like a bending cantilever beam, it should
generally be more accurate for more slender or taller structures, whereas the portal
method may be more accurate for shear critical frames, such as squat or short
structures.
Fig: Portal method of analysis of forces in structural elements
Design of structural elements for earthquake load

IS:456-2000 and handbook IS:Sp 16 is used for design of structures.

Load Combinations used for consideration of earthquake loads are:
a)1.2(D.L.+L.L+E.L.)
b)1.5(D.L.+E.L.)
c)0.9D.L.+ 1.5E.L

Fig: Calculation of design loads

1. Design of main reinforcement
● Maximum of the two factored(x1.5) hogging bending moment of supports
is taken ‘Mu’ and found percentage of tension steel for it using IS:Sp16
handbook by comparing values of 𝑀𝑢/𝑏𝑑2 (Table 1, Table 2, Table 3,
Table 4)
● Similarly the maximum sagging bending moment from the midspan is
taken as ‘Mu’ and found percentage of tension steel for it using IS:Sp16
handbook by comparing values of 𝑀𝑢/𝑏𝑑2 (Table 1, Table 2, Table 3,
Table 4) .
● If values of 𝑀𝑢/𝑏𝑑2 exceeds singly reinforced beam given in IS:Sp16
handbook then , we further compare them to steel percentage values from
table (Table 45- Table 59)
● Subsequently total area of main reinforcement is calculated from
percentage steel and then found total number of bars required by dividing
it by area of single rebar.
2. Design of shear reinforcement
● Maximum factored shear (x1.5) in beam is found ‘Vu’ by observing the
SFD and found the value of stirrup spacing from ISSP 16 handbook by
comparing values of 𝑉𝑢/𝑏𝑑.
Both steps are repeated for all 3 load pattern cases.

Percentage Steel table for Load case II

Table 2 ,Table 54(Sp16 IS handbook)
Shear rebar reinforcement for load case II
Sp16 IS handbook Table 62,61

Percentage steel Table for load case III

Table 2,Table 54 (Sp16 IS handbook)
d'/d=0.05

Shear rebar reinforcement for load case III

Sp16 IS handbook Table 62,61
Fig: Calculation of Reinforcement
Design of Column
Load Calculations

(i)Typical Floor:

Live Load =3 kN/m2

Self-Weight of Slab = 0.150 x 20 x1 x 1 = 3 kN/m2

Floor Finish = 0.6 kN/m2

Total = 6.6 kN/m2

Factored Load = 6.6 x 1.5 = 9.9 KN/m2

(ii)Roof:

Live Load = 2 kN/m2

Self-Weight of Slab = 0.150 x 20 x1x1 = 3 kN/m2

Roof Finish =0.8 kN/m2

Total = 5.8 kN/m2

Factored Load = 8.7 KN/m2

(iii)External wall:

Weight of External Wall = [Width of wall x (Height of each floor – Depth of Beam)] x
Density

[0.25 x (3.3 - 0.35) x 20 =14.75 kN/m

Factored Load = 1.5 x 14.75 kN/m = 22.125kN/m

(iv) Main Beam:

 Size of beam = 350 x 350 mm

Beam Rib = Depth of beam – depth of slab = 0.35 - 0.150 =0.2 m

Weight of beam = (0.35 x 0.2) x20 kN/m = 1.4 kN/m

Factored load= 2.1 kN/m

Now,

Floor Area transferring load to column C1 = 4 x 3.97 m2 = 15.88 m2

Length of wall= 4.0/2+ 3.97/2 = 3.985 m

Length of primary beam = (4.0/2 + 3.97/2) = 3.985 m

Load on Column in KN

1) Roof Floor to 4th floor:

Roof Load = 8.7 x 15.88 = 138.156 KN

Beam Load = 3.985 x 2.1 = 8.37 KN

Wall Load= = 3.985 x 22.125 = 88.17 KN 234.7 kN

Total = 234.7kN

2) 4th floor to 3rd floor:

Floor load = 9.9 x 15.88 =157.212 KN 488.45 kN

Beam Load = 3.985 x 2.1 = 8.37 KN

Wall Load= 3.985 x 22.125 = 88.17 KN

 Load from above floor = 234.7 KN 742.20 kN

Total = 488.45 kN

3) 3rd floor to 2nd floor :

Floor load = 9.9 x 15.88 =157.212 KN 995.952 kN

Beam Load = 3.985 x 2.1 = 8.37 KN

Wall Load= 3.985 x 22.125 = 88.17 KN Load

from above floor = 488.45 kN

Total = 742.20 kN

4) 2nd floor to 1st floor :

Floor load = 9.9 x 15.88 =157.212 KN 1271.43 kN

Beam Load = 3.985 x 2.1 = 8.37 KN

Wall Load= 3.985 x 22.125 = 88.17 KN

Load from above floor = 742.20 kN

Total = 995.952 kN

5) 1st floor to plinth level :

Floor load = 9.9 x 15.88 =157.212 KN

Beam Load = 3.985 x 2.1 = 8.37 KN

Wall Load= 3.985 x 22.125 = 88.17 KN

Load from above floor = 995.952 kN

Total = 1249.70 kN

6) Plinth level to Footing

 Primary Beam Load = 8.37 kN

Column Load = 0.45 x 0.45 x height of column x density

= 0.45 x0.45 x3.3 x 20

=13.365KN

Load from above structure = 1249.70 KN

Total =1271.43kN

As here we are calculating approximate load we have to take an increment value as allowance for
bending due to effect of fixity

The increment are as follows:

Interior Column = 0-10% increment

Side Column =11-15% increment

Corner Column = 16-33% increment

Therefore,

Incremented Total Load = 1271.43x1.33= 1691 KN ≈ 1700 kN

DESIGN OF COLUMN ON GROUND FLOOR

Pu = 1700 kN

Mux= 199.14 KNm

Muy = 201.12 kNm

Assuming size of column 450 x 450 mm

Effective cover = 50mm

B=450mm, D=450mm , d’=50mm

Maximum unsupported length of column,

L=c/c height – depth of beam/2 –depth of beam/2

L=3300- 350 =2950mm

Effective length (IS 456:2000; Table 28)

Lc=0.65 L= 0.65 x 2950 = 1917.5 mm

Lex/D=1917.5/450 =4.26 < 12

Ley/D=1917.5/450 =4.26< 12

∴Considering as short column

Selecting trial section

Pu=1700 kN

Mu=1.15(Mux2+Muy2)1/2= 1.15 (199.142 + 201.122)1/2 = 283.03 kN-m

d’/D=50/450 =0.11 ≈ 0.15

Pu/fckbd= 1700x 103/20x450x450 =0.42

Mu/fckbd2 = 283.03 x 106 /20 x 450 x 4502 =0.155

p/fck = 0.14

SP16 Chart 49

P= 0.14 x 20 = 2.8 %

Asc=(2.8/100) x 450 x 450 = 5670 mm2

n x Π / 4 x 25² = 5670

n = 11.55 ~= 12 bars

Providing 12 no bars of 25 mm Φ main bars

Actual Pt=100 x 5887.5/450 x 450 = 2.90%

Checking Iteration formula;

[Mux/Mux1]µ𝑛 + [Muy/Muy1]µ𝑛 ≤1 (IS456;2000)

To find Mux1;

p/fck = 2.9/20 = 0.145

pu/fckbD= 1700x 103/20 x 450 x 450 = 0.42

d’/D=0.15

Mux1/fckbD2= 0.18(SP-16 Chart 49)

Mux1=0.18 x 20 x450 x 4502 = 328.05KNm

∴Mux1 = 328.05kNm

To find Muy1 :

p/fck = 0.145

d’/D = 0.15

Pu/fckbD = 0.42

Muy1/fckbD2 = 0.18 (SP-16, Chart 49)

Muy1 = 328.05 kNm

To find Puz;

Puz = 0.45fck.Ac + 0.75fyAsc

Ac = (450 x450)- 5887.5 = 196612.5 mm2

Asc = 5887.5 mm2

Puz = 0.45 x 20 x 196612.5 + 0.75 x500 x 5887.5 = 3977.32 kN

Now,

Pu/Puz =1700 / 3977.32= 0.43

From Table

Pu/Puz µn

0.2 1.0

0.8 2.0

∴µn = 1.4

[Mux/Mux1]µ𝑛 + [Muy/Muy1]µ𝑛 ≤1 (IS456;2000)

[199.14/ 328.05]1.4 + [201.12/328.05]1.4

= 0.95 < 1

Providing lateral Ties

Diameter of ties according to (IS 456-2000, P -49)

(i) Largest Diameter/4 = 25/4 = 6.25 mm

(ii) 16mm

We can use any diameter between 6.25 and 16 mm.

Using 8mm diameter ties.

Pitch

Least of
(i) Least lateral Dimension = 450mm

(ii) 16 x smallest longitudinal diameter bar = 400 mm

(iii) 300 mm

Providing 8 mm dia@300 c/c distance.

Design of Footing

Given
Depth of the foundation below ground level = 1800 mm
Column size = 450 x 450 mm
Safe Bearing Capacity of soil ( SBC ) = 200 KN/m2
(assume)

Size of the footing:

Axial load = 1700 KN

Self weight of the footing = 170 KN ( 10% )
Total weight = 1870 KN

Area of the footing = 1870 / 200= 9.35 m2

Providing the size of the footing = 3.1×3.1 m2

Soil Reaction ( qu):

 qu = axial load / area = 1700 / (3.1 x3.1) = 176.89 KN/m2
= 0.176 N/mm2

Depth of footing (d):

BM about section X – X is given by

𝑀1 = 𝑃𝑜𝐵× (𝐿 − 𝑎) 2 /8

176.89(3.1−.45)2 ×3.1
M1= = 481.35KNm
8

M1u = Ultimate moment = 1.5×481.35=722 KNm

1
Depth required, d=√𝑀𝑢
0.138×20×B

=290.49m

Provide 50mm cover (minimum cover for column

footing) D = d + d’ = 290 + 50 = 340mm Due to
shear checks, we will be increasing the ‘d’ value
Therefore, Adopt d = 600mm and d’ = 50mm
Overall depth = D = 650mm

Area of reinforcement:

Area of reinforcement along X-X direction

.5𝐹𝑐𝑘 4.6𝑀𝑢
Ast= (1-√1 − 𝐹𝑐𝑘𝐵𝑑2 )×Bd
𝑓𝑦

2
=2883 mm

𝐴𝑠𝑡
%𝑃𝑡 (p)= × 100=.19%
𝐵𝑑

Here p = 0.19% and as per IS code Minimum

Ast is 0.12%. So, P > 0.12% Therefore, Ok
Using 12mm ϕ, ast = 𝜋 /4 (12) 2 = 113m2

No. of bars = Ast1 /ast bars = 25.51

Provide= 27 bars

Spacing between bars= 3100/27=114.81

∴ Provide 12mm ϕ @115mm c/c

Check for One way shear:

For 1 – way shear, critical section is located at

distance ‘d’ from face of the column Along X
– direction

1
𝑉𝑥 = 𝑃𝑜B×{ (𝐵 − 𝑏) − 𝑑}
2

Vx= 397.56 Kn
Ultimate shear = 𝑉𝑥𝑢 = 1.5 × 397.56 = 596.34𝐾𝑁

Nominal shear stress (As per IS 456 Page 72)

𝑉𝑢
𝝉𝒗 =𝐵𝑑

=.32 N/mm2

Design shear strength of concrete ( 𝝉𝒄 ′ ):

As per clause 42 of page No 72 IS 456

𝝉𝒄 ′ = 𝝉𝒄 × 𝒌

Here k = 1, because depth is greater than 300

as per clause 42 Now, 𝜏𝑐 for p = 0.19% and
20 Grade concrete (From page 73, table 19)
For 0.25% → 0.36 and 0.15% → 0.28 by
interpolation method, we can find out 𝜏𝑐 for
0.17%

Here 𝝉𝒗 > 𝝉𝒄 , therefore depth provided i.e

600mm is insufficient (Not safe) So, we need
to provide shear reinforcement using 8mm ϕ,
8 legged stirrups. By using Page 73 formula
(clause: 40.4a)

𝐴𝑠𝑣 = 8 ∗ 𝜋 /4 (8)2 = 402mm2

.87𝐹𝑦𝐴𝑠𝑣𝑑
Sv = = 176mm
𝑉𝑢𝑠

So, provide 8mmϕ @176mm c/c.

Check for Two-way shear: Check for two-

way shear or (punching shear) section lies
@ a distance by ‘d/2’

The width B0=b+d=450+600=1050mm

Now, the net shear force on the perimeter

F=Qu[B2-b02]=1504.89 KN

Ultimate Punching shear=1504.89×1.5

=2257.33 Kn
Now, page no 57 IS 456 of clause 31.6.2

𝝉v=Fu/4b0d

=0.89N/mm2

Now, Permissible shear stress=𝐾𝑠𝜏𝑐

(pageNo.58)

𝝉𝒄 = 0.25√𝑓𝑐𝑘 =1.11N/mm2

Permissible shear stress=𝐾𝑠𝜏𝑐 = 1.11 > 𝜏𝑣 ,

Hence it is safe in Two-way shear.
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, punching shear stress (𝐾𝑠𝜏𝑐 ) >
𝜏𝑣, hence safe.
 Conclusion
In the project "Analysis and design of G+4 resdential building with 3BHK flats", a
structure of 4storey's is analysed and designed.The load calculations are done to find
out the loads on beams, slabs and stair case. The frame is analysed using moment
distribution method. The design of various components are done by limit state method
of design.

IS Codes and Aids are used as per requirement. The plan and elevation are done using
Autocad. However all the calculations and analysis are done manually without using
any software.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

NIT SILCHAR