CHAPTER

18 Recent Developments in Indian Politics

Introduction:
The Mandala issue began when the National Front government decided to implement the Mandala Committee's
recommendation that central government jobs should be left to other backward classes, leading to violent anti-mandal
protests among supporters and opponents of Mandala in the country. lost OBC reservations. The political parties that make
up Janta, such as the Bhartiya Kranti Dal and Samyukta Socialist Party, are part of the OBC and i.e., BAMCEF. The
Confederation of Backward and Minority Workers was formed in 1978 and took a strong position in supporting the political
powers of Bahujan - SC, ST, OBC and ethnic minorities. This led to the emergence of the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) under the
leadership of Kanshi Ram.

1. Democratic Upsurge and Coalition Politics-1990s Episode

● After the assassination of Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi became the Prime
Minister and won a landslide victory over the Congress in the 1984 Lok
Sabha elections.
● Five developments in the eighties had a lasting impact on our politics. They
are:
● The Congress party lost the 1989 elections.
● The ‘zonal problem’ has become entrenched in national politics.
● Economic policy (also known as the new economic policy) is followed by
different governments.
● Many events culminated in the demolition of a controversial structure (known as the Babri Masjid) in Ayodhya in December
1992.
● The assassination of Rajiv Gandhi in May 1991 led to a change in the leadership of the Congress party.

2. The fall of Congress

In the late sixties, the supremacy of the
Congress party was challenged, but
during the reign of Indira Gandhi the
Congress was able to re-establish its
dominance. Political developments in
India after the 1989 elections ushered in
an era of coalition governments at the
center in which regional parties played
a key role in forming the ruling coalition.

3. Coalition politics
The 1989 elections marked a new
turning point in Indian politics
and ushered in an era of coalition
government. Regional parties
played a key role in the United
Front government that came to
power in 1996. The BJP continued
to consolidate its position in the
1991 and 1996 elections and
emerged as the largest party in the 1996 elections and was invited to form the government. The 1989 elections mark ed the
beginning of a long phase of coalition politics in India. Since then, there have been nine governments at the center, all of which
are coalition governments or minority governments with the support of other parties.

4. The political rise of other backward classes

When support for the Congress waned in many
sections of the 'backward castes', it provided an
opportunity for non-Congress parties to seek
their support. Many sections of the Janata Party,
such as the Bhartiya Kranti Dal and the United
Party, have a strong rural base within certain
sections of the OBCs.

5. 'Zone' implementation
During the 1980s and 1990s, a number of parties emerged that demanded better opportunities for OBCs in education and
employment, and also questioned the share of power that OBCs enjoyed. The Mandal Commission was set up to look into the
level of educational and social backwardness among different sections of Indian society. The commission, after scrutiny,
recommended that 27 per cent of seats in educational institutions and government jobs be reserved for these groups. In August
1990 the National Front government implemented the recommendations of the Commission.

6. Political developments
Caste-based politics has dominated Indian politics since the 1980s. In 1989 and 1991, the Dalit-backed political party (BSP)
achieved historic political victory for the first time in independent India. In many parts of India, Dalit politics and OBC politics
developed independently and often in competition with each other.

7. Religiosity, Secularism, Democracy

The politics of religious identity emerged in India
in the 1990s and there were discussions about
secularism and democracy. The BJP became the
'Hindutva Party' after the 1985 Shah Bano case.
Babri Masjid is a 16th century mosque located in
Ayodhya and was built by the Mughal Emperor
Babur General Mir Bakshi. Some Hindus believe
that it was built by demolishing the temple of
Lord Rama. The controversy went into court case
form and lasted for several decades. The Babri Masjid was demolished on December 6. 1992. After the demolition, this news led
to clashes between Hindus and Muslims in many parts of the country. Large-scale violence against Muslims took place in Gujarat
in February-March 2002. The violence started from Godhra. This incident warns us of the dangers of using religious sentiments
for political purposes.

8. The Rise of the New Consensus

Analysts say that after the 1989 elections, the two parties - Congress and BJP - did not get more than 50 per cent of the total
votes polled. Political competition in the nineties was divided between the BJP-led alliance and the Congress-led alliance.

Lok Sabha elections 2004

In the 2004 elections, the BJP-led
coalition led by the National Democratic
Alliance lost and a new Congress-led
coalition called the United Progressive
Alliance came to power.
Growing consensus
Among the many parties after 1990 were the following:
1. Agreement on new economic policies. Accepting the political and social arguments of the backward castes.
2. Accepting the role of state level parties in governing the country.
3. Prioritizing practical considerations over ideological positions and political alliances without ideological consensus.
4. They also act as a pressure group in Indian politics. Sometimes regional parties influence the central government to divert
more annual budget funds to their states at the expense of other states.

Important Facts
During the decade of the 1980s, in this country the dissolution of parliament in 1980, the mandala issue in 1990, new economic
reforms in 1991, the Ayodhya conflict and the assassination of Rajiv in 1992. 1991 Gandhi the defeat of the Parliamentary Party
in the 1989 election opened the era of a coalition government, and in the Parliamentary elections held since 1989, several
political parties emerged without any party gaining a majority. It played a decisive role in forming the era, regional party-
dominated alliances. The 90s witnessed the emergence of strong parties and movements representing not only regional claims,
but also Dalits and backward castes. Now there were nine governments in the center, either coalition governments or minority
governments supported by other or local parties. Hindutva literally means Hinduism, and V.D. Savarkar, the foundation of the
Indian people, to become a member of the Indian peoples, they must not only accept India as their homeland "Pitru Bhu", but
also as their own land "Punahou".
Five events in the 1980s, after the 1980s, the 1980s, and the 1990s, 1991 New Economic Reformation, Divulge in 1992, 1992,
Rajiv Gandhi Murder in 1991. The 1989 election led to the United States as a defeat of parliamentary party, and the Parties have
been conducted since 1989 and later, in this era, the regional parties played a crucial role in the formation of the dominant
alliance. The 90s also saw the emergence of strong parties and movements that represent the Barry and Reverse Casters as well
as local statements. Currently, this center had nine governments with the union government or minority government supported
by other parties or local parties. Appeal to Mandala shall adopt the government's decision of the government to implement the
recommendation of the Monday Committee, and the central government's job should be reserved for other reverse classes. The
supporter of the OBC reservation and induce the protest of the violent protection between the other party. The political parties
that make up Janata, such as the Bhartiya Kranti Dal and Samyukta Socialist Party, are part of the OBC and BAMCEF. The
Confederation of Backward and Minority Workers was formed in 1978 and took a strong position in supporting the political
powers of Bahujan - SC, ST, OBC and ethnic minorities. This led to the emergence of the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) under the
leadership of Kashi Ram.

SUMMARY:
Hindutva literally means Hinduism, and V.D. Savarkar, the foundation of the Indian nation, must accept India as their
homeland "Pitru Bhu" as well as their land "Punya Bhumi" in order to become a member of the Indian nation. The Ayodhya
issue began with the demolition of Babri Masjid in Ayodhya in December 1992 to symbolize various political changes and
debates against Indian nationalism and secularism. These developments are related to the rise of BJP and Hindutva politics.
The political process since the 1990s has shown the emergence of a total of four party groups: the party alliance with the
parliament, the party alliance with the BJP, the parties on the left front, and other parties not belonging to the party. For rest,
political multilateral competition. Godhra 2002, in the station, from the station, in the form of violence of Muslims. GODHRA
2002 I fulfilled Karsevakas, a gay carrier, and suspicious of Islamic hands. The Human Rights Commission could not control
violence and showed that government technology warns us of risks related to the use of religious mood for enthusiasm and
political goals.
Among the powerful competitions and many conflicts, consensus, contracts, or adoption of new economic policies,
politics and social claims, adoption of political and social claims, and consensus appeared. Part of the national level of national
management and practical considerations focuses on the ideological attitude and political partnership without ideological
agreement.
 In a coalition government, several parties work together to reduce the control of one party in the coalition. In it, the
government is constituted on the basis of the general minimum plan. The main reason for this arrangement is that no single
party alone gets a majority in Congress. Coalition governments are also created during national crises such as wartime and
economic crises. When a coalition is dissolved, a vote of confidence is held or a vote of no confidence is passed. In 20042009
and 2009, the United Nations in the Context of India: The National Democratic Union (NDA) after the Congress election in
May 2014 (NDA) has supplied power to the national prime minister with Mr. Narender Modi. BJP received the most complete
majority of them. At the national level, India's first federation government has been from March 24, 1977 to July 15, 1979,
and Janata Party led from July 15, 1979. This government can not complete the residence. India's first federation government
has become the Bhartia Janata Party National Democratic Alliance with Atala Bihari Vajpayee with Atala Bihari Vajpayee since
19992004. Another coalition, the United Progressive Alliance (UPA), made up of 13 political parties across the country,
successfully ruled two terms.

Questions For Practice

1. Which party adopted Hindutva 8. Which coalition government was 14. The recommendations of the
politics and followed the strategy of formed at the Center in 1989? Mandal Commission were
mobilizing Hindus? (a) National Front implemented during the year?
(a) Bhartiya Janata Party. (b) United Front (a) 1990 (b) 1991
(b) Congress (c) Super Front (c) 1992 (d) 1993
(c) Communist Party of India. (d) None of the above
(d) Bahujan Samaj Party. 15. In which year was the Janata Dal
9. Choose the right word for two or
formed?
2. The recommendations of the more political parties to come
Mandal Commission have been (a) 1975 (b) 1982
together to form a government?
implemented during the year? (a) United Government (c) 1985 (d) 1988
(a) 1990. (b) 1991. (b) Coalition Government 16. Who headed the Central
(c) 1992. (d) 1993 (c) National Government Government of India after the 1998
3. There was widespread violence (d) None of the above Parliamentary Elections?
against Muslims in February and 10. Who headed the Central (a) Atal Bihari Vajpayee
March 2002? Government of India after the 1998 (b) PV Narasimha Rao.
(a) Rajasthan (b) Gujarat Parliamentary Elections? (c) H D Dev Gowda.
(c) Punjab (d) Uttar (a) Atal Bihari Vajpayee (d) I K Gujral.
Pradesh. (b) PV Narasimha Rao
(c) H. D. Dev Gowda 17. Which coalition government was
4. As a result of the 2004 general
(d) IK Gujral formed at the Center in 1989?
election?
(a) Congress dominance. (a) National Front
11. Two or more political parties
(b) Coalition Government. (b) United Front
choose the right word to form a
(c) BJP victory is assured. government together? (c) Super Front
(d) The rise of the Akali Dal. (a) United Government (d) All of the above
5. In the year of the assassination of (b) Coalition Government 18. The cause of the 2002 Gujarat riots
Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi (c) National Government (a) The earthquake relief center
(a) 1989. (b) 1990. (d) None of the above was not provided?
(c) 1991. (d) 1992. 12. Who led the 1989 coalition (b) The train coach returning from
6. Political developments after the government? Ayodhya was set on fire by the
1990s illustrate that point (a) Chandra Shekhar landlords.
(a) Coalition Government. (b) V.P. The lion (c) Demolition of Babri Masjid.
(b) Unification of BJP. (c) I.K. Gujral
(c) Congress dominance. (d) Rajiv Gandhi. (d) State of emergency.
(d) Regional politics. 13. Which party adopted Hindutva 19. As a result of the 2004 general
7. Who is the Chairman of the Mandal politics and followed the strategy of
election?
Commission? mobilizing Hindus?
(a) Congress supremacy
(a) Bindeshwari Prasad Mandal. (a) Bhartiya Janata Party.
(b) Nandeeshwari Prasad Mandal. (b) Congress. (b) Coalition Government
(c) Chandeshwari Prasad Mandal. (c) Communist Party of India. (c) BJP permanent victory
(d) None of the above (d) Bahujan Samaj Party. (d) The rise of the Akali Dal
20. As a result of the 2004 general (b) Coalition Government (c) BJP victory is assured.
election? (c) National Government (d) The rise of the Akali Dal.
(a) Congress dominance. (d) None of the above
(b) Coalition Government. 35. In the year of the assassination of
28. Who headed the Central
(c) BJP victory is assured. Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi?
Government of India after the 1998
(d) The rise of the Akali Dal. Parliamentary Elections? (a) 1989. (b) 1990.
21. There was widespread violence (a) Atal Bihari Vajpayee (c) 1991. (d) 1992.
against Muslims in February and (b) PV Narasimha Rao
36. Political developments after the
March 2002? (c) H. D. Dev Gowda
(a) Rajasthan (d) IK Gujral 1990s illustrate that point?
(b) Gujarat (a) Coalition Government.
29. The recommendations of the
(c) Punjab Mandal Commission have been (b) Unification of BJP.
(d) Uttar Pradesh. implemented during the year? (c) Congress dominance.
22. As a result of the 2004 general (a) 1990 (b) 1991 (d) Regional politics.
election? (c) 1992 (d) 1993
37. Who is the Chairman of the Mandal
(a) Congress dominance. 30. Choose the right word for two or
(b) Coalition Government. Commission?
more political parties to form a
(c) The victory of the BJP is certain. (a) Bindeshwari Prasad Mandal.
government together?
(d) The rise of the Akali Dal. (a) United Government (b) Nandeeshwari Prasad Mandal.
23. In the year of the assassination of (b) Coalition Government (c) Chandeshwari Prasad Mandal.
Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi? (c) National Government (d) None of the above
(a) 1989. (b) 1990. (d) None of the above
(c) 1991. (d) 1992. 38. Which coalition government was
31. Which party adopted Hindutva formed at the Center in 1989?
24. Political developments after the politics and followed the strategy of
(a) National Front
1990s reveal the emergence? mobilizing Hindus?
(a) Coalition Government. (a) Bhartiya Janata Party. (b) United Front
(b) Unification of BJP. (b) Congress (c) Super Front
(c) Congress dominance. (c) Communist Party of India. (d) True front
(d) Regional politics. (d) Bahujan Samaj Party.
39. Choose the right word for two or
25. Who is the Chairman of the Mandal 32. The recommendations of the
more political parties to come
Commission? Mandal Commission have been
(a) Bindeshwari Prasad Mandal. implemented during the year? together to form a government?
(b) Nandeeshwari Prasad Mandal. (a) 1990. (b) 1991. (a) United Government
(c) Chandeshwari Prasad Mandal. (c) 1992. (d) 1993 (b) Coalition Government
(d) None of the above 33. There was widespread violence (c) National Government
26. Which coalition government was against Muslims in February and (d) None of the above
formed at the Center in 1989? March 2002?
40. Who headed the Central
(a) National Front (a) Rajasthan
(b) United Front (b) Gujarat Government of India after the 1998
(c) Super Front (c) Punjab Parliamentary Elections?
(d) All of the above (d) Uttar Pradesh. (a) Atal Bihari Vajpayee
27. Choose the right word for two or 34. As a result of the 2004 general (b) PV Narasimha Rao
more political parties to come election? (c) H. D. Dev Gowda
together to form a government. (a) Congress dominance. (d) I K Gujral
(a) United Government (b) Coalition Government.

Solutions
1. (a) 5. (c) 9. (b) 13. (a) 17 (a) 21. (b) 25. (a) 29. (a) 33. (b) 37 (a)
2. (a) 6. (a) 10. (a) 14. (a) 18. (b) 22. (b) 26. (a) 30. (b) 34. (b) 38. (a)
3. (b) 7 (a) 11. (b) 15. (d) 19. (b) 23. (c) 27 (b) 31. (a) 35. (c) 39. (b)
4. (b) 8. (a) 12. (b) 16. (a) 20. (b) 24. (a) 28. (a) 32. (a) 36. (a) 40. (a)